THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


JBOOIi    I. 

HISTORY  OF  JAPAN, 

From  GGU  B.C.  to  1872  A.D. 

HOOK     II. 

PERSONAL  EXPERIENCES,  OBSERVATIONS, 
AND   STUDIES   IN   JAPAN, 

1870-1874. 


BY  WILLIAM  ELLIOT  GRIFFIS,  A.M., 

I.ATK    OF    THE    IMPERIAL    UNIVERSITY    OF   TOKIO,  JAPAN. 


FIFTH  EDIT10X, 
WITH  SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTERS: 

JAPAN    IN    1883,  AND    JAPAN    IN    18St;. 


NEW    rORK: 
HARPER   &   BROTHERS,  FRAXKLIX   SQUARE 


\  o 


Entered  aceoniin_'  to  Act  of  fonpv-?,  in  tin.-  year  1*7»'.  t-y 

HAIU'KU    \    IMIMTIIERS, 
In    the   Oilici-    of   tin.'    Liiji-aiian    of   < 'oinrre^.-,  at    Washin.ctoii. 


Copyright,  IsSo,  by   HAHI-KI;  X  ]>ROTHK.US. 


TO 


JAPANESE    LOVERS    OK    KNOWLEDGE    IN    EVERY    AGE  . 

THE     DEAD, 
WHO    FIRST    KINDLED    THE    SACRED    KIRK,    WHO    PASSED    ON    THE    TORCH, 

THE     MAHTVIIS, 

WHO     SUFFERED     DEATH     FOR    THEIR     LOYALTY,    PATRIOTISM,    DEVOTION     TO     NATIONAL 
UNITY,   RESTORATION,    AND    REGENERATION; 

THE     STUDENTS, 
WHO,   IN    NOBLE  THIRST   FOR  TRUTH,  FOUND   HONORED  GRAVES   IN    ALIEN   SOIL; 

THE     LIVING, 
WITH   WHOM    RFSTS    THE   FUTURE   OF  THEIR    BEAUTIFUL    LAND, 

THIS   SKETCH 

OF    THEIR   COUNTRY   AND    PEOPLE,   MADE    IN   TIIK   INTEREST  OF  TRUTH,    AND 

SET     DOWN     WITHOUT     EXTENUATION     OR     MALICE,    IS, 

WITH    FRATERNAL    REGARD, 

DEDICATED 

RY    THEIR    COMRADE     AND    FRIEND. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


PREFACE. 


JAPAX,  once  in  the  far-off  Orient,  is  now  our  nearest  Western  neigh- 
bor. Her  people  walk  our  streets;  her  youth  sit,  peers  and  rivals  oi 
our  students,  in  the  class-room;  her  art  adorns  our  homes,  and  has 
opened  to  us  a  new  (rate  Beautiful.  The  wise  men  from  the  \Vest 
are,  at  this  writing,  opening  their  treasures  of  tea,  silk,  gold-lacquer, 
bronzes,  and  porcelain  at  the,  tirst  centennial  of  our  nation's  birth. 

\Ye  hail  the  brightness  of  the  rising  of  this  first  among  Asiatic  na- 
tions to  enter  modern  life,  to  win  and  hold  a  place  among  the  fore- 
most peoples  of  the  earth.  It  is  time  that  a  writer  treated  Japan  as 
M>meth'mg  else  than  an  Oriental  puzzle,  a  nation  of  recluses,  a  land  of 
fabulous  wealth,  of  universal  licentiousness  or  of  Edeiiic  purity,  the 
fastness  of  a  treacherous  and  tickle  crew,  a  Paradise  of  guileless  chil- 
dren, a  Utopia  of  artists  and  poets.  It  is  time  to  drop  the  license  of 
exaggeration,  and,  with  the  light  of  common  day,  yet  with  sympathy 
and  without  prejudice,  seek  to  know  what  Dai  Xippon  is  and  has  been. 

It  has  been  well  said  by  a  literary  critic  and  reader  of  all  the  books 
on  the  subject  that  to  write  a  good  history  of  Japan  is  difficult,  not  so 
much  from  lack  of  materials,  but  from  the  differences  in  psychology. 
This  I  realize.  My  endeavor,  during  eight  years'  living  contact  with 
these  people,  has  been,  from  their  language,  books,  life,  and  customs,  to 
determine  their  mental  parallax,  and  find  out  how  they  think  and  feel. 

I  have  not  made  this  book  in  libraries  at  home,  but  largely  on  the 
hoil  of  the  mikado's  empire.  I  have  slight  obligation  to  acknowledge 
to  foreign  writers,  except,  to  those  working  scholars  in  Japan  who 
have  written  during  the  last  decade  with  knowledge  of  the  language. 
To  them  I  owe  much  ;  first  and  most  of  all  to  Mr.  Erne-t  Satow,  who, 
in  the  special  department  of  historical  research,  stand--  leader.  To 
Messrs.  \V.  Dixon,  Aston.  Mitford,  Hepburn,  Brown,  Blakiston,  Yon 
Brandt,  and  Parkes,  I  am  also  indebted.  I  am  under  many  obligations 


PREFACE. 

to  tin:  editor  «f  Tin-  Jitjxm  J////7.  This  scholarly  paper,  published  in 
Yokohama,  is  a  in»^t  valuable  mirror  of  contemporaneous  Japanese 
histon.  and  a  ric'n  M"iv-hou-e  of  facts,  especially  the  papers  of  tin- 
Asiatic  Society  of  .Japan.  Tic  ,/djnnt  HtrulJ  and  The  Jujxtn  Gazette 
have  al-o  KM;  n  of  LTivat  service  to  me,  for  which  I  here  thank  the 
proprietors.  The  constant  embarrassment  in  treating  many  subjects 
has  been  from  wealth  of  material.  I  have  been  obliged  to  leave  out 
-everal  chapters  on  important  subjects,  and  to  treat  others  with  mere 
pa—  inu'  allusions. 

In  the  early  summer  of  l^G^,  two  Hi^o  student-.  1-6  and  Nuina^a- 
wa.  arrived  in  the  United  States.  Thev  were  followed  bv  retainers  of 
the  daimiOs  of  Satsiima  and  Echi/en.  and  other  feudal  prince-.  I  was 
-urpri-ed  and  delighted  to  find  these  earnest  youth  equals  of  Ameri- 
can students  in  tjuod-breedinpf,  courtesy,  and  mental  acumen.  Some 
of  them  remained  under  my  instruction  two  year-,  other-  for  a  .-hort- 
t-r  time.  Ainoii^-  my  friends  or  pupil-  in  New  Brunswick,  New  Jer- 
sey,  are  Mr.  Vosliida  Iviyonari,  II.  I.  .).  M.  Minister  I'leiiipotentiarv  at 
NVa-hinu'ton  ;  Mr.  Takairi  Samro.  II.  I.  J.  M.  Yi"e-con-ul  at  San  Kran- 
I'is.-u;  Mr.  Tomita  Tet-uno^uke.  II.  I.  ,J.  M.  <  'on-ul  at  New  York  :  Mr. 
Ilatakeyama  Vosiiinari,  President  of  the  Imperial  University  of  .Ja- 
pan :  Captain  Matsumura  Junxo,  of  the  Japane>e  navy.  Amoiiii  oth- 
.•!•-  were  the  two  sons  of  Iwakura  Tomomi,  Junior  Prime  Minister  of 
•Japan;  and  two  yoiiiii:'  nob!e<  of  the  Shimady.fi  familv  of  Sat-iima. 
I  a!-o  met  Prince  Ad/mna,  neph..\v  of  the  mikado,  and  manv  of  the 
prominent  men,  ex-daimios,  Tokim'awa  retainer-,  -oldier-  in  the  war  of 
1  ^ti*.  and  repri'-etitative-  of  every  department  of  >rr\  ice  uinlei-  the  old 
-ho^iinate  and  new  National  <  lovi-rnnieiit.  Six  white  marble  -hafts  in 
the  cemetery  at  New  Jlrun-u  i'-k,  \r\v  .Jer-ev,  mark  the  iv-tin^-place 
of  Ku-iikab(''  Tai'o.  of  I'ukui,  and  hi<  fellow-countrymen.  \\ho<e  devo- 
tion to  -tudv  eo-t  them  their  live-.  I  wa-  invited  bv  the  Prince  of 
Kclii/en,  v  hi!'-  K.-vnt  of  the  Univi'i'sitv,  tliroti^h  the  American  -upei'- 
mteit'h  n:.  K'  -\.  <>.  \:.  \'erbeck.  to  •_;•..  out  to  ov--,i!,i/i'  a  -ei.-ntilic  -c'nool 
"ii  the  American  prineiple  in  J-'-ikui.  Iv-hi/'-n.  and  Li'ive  instruction  in 


r.-maiiied  until  Jii!  v  L'.")'  h.  1  V7  1.  1  >iii-in^  all  m  v  iv-ideii'T  t  en  jovei]  tin- 
-o.-jctv  of  culti\ated  M-holar-,  arti>t-,  pri'--l-,  anti>jiiarii'S  and  student-, 
b  'th  in  the  pro\  iii.-ial  and  nali-nal  capita!-.  l-'r-in  the  li\in_;-  1  liore 
letti  r-  of  introduction  to  the  pr-'iniiirnt  m--n  iti  tin-  Japanese  (Juvi-rn- 
m'-iit.  and  tliu-  were  uriVi<ii  t"  ne-  opp  irtunitie-  f.,r  iv-t  arch  and  ob-er- 
vatioii  not  often  aiTord.-d  to  for.-i-j.-n-  r-.  Mv  facilities  for  regular  and 


PREFACE.  9 

extended  travel  were  limited  only  by  my  duties.  Nothing  Japanese 
was  foreign  to  me,  from  palace  to  beggar's  hut.  I  lived  in  Dai  Nip- 
pon during  four  of  the  most  pregnant  years  of  the  nation's  history. 
Nearly  one  year  was  spent  alone  in  a  daimio's  capital  far  in  the  in- 
terior, away  from  Western  influence,  when  feudalism  was  in  its  full 
bloom,  and  the  old  life  in  vogue.  In  the  national  capital,  in  the  time 
well  called  "the  flowering  of  the  nation,"  as  one  of  the  instructors  in 
the  Imperial  University,  having  picked  students  from  all  parts  of  the 
empire,  I  was  a  witness  of  the  marvelous  development,  reforms,  dan- 
gers, pau'cants,  and  changes  of  the  epochal  years  1872,  1873,  and 
1874.  \Yith  pride  I  may  say  truly  that  1  have  felt  the  pulse  and 
heart  of  New  Japan. 

1  have  studied  economy  in  the  matter  of  Japanese  names  and  titles, 
risking  the  charge  of  monotony  for  the  sake  of  clearness.  The  schol- 
ar will,  1  trust,  pardon  me  for  apparent  anachronisms  and  omissions. 
For  lack  of  space  or  literary  skill,  1  have  had,  in  some  cases,  to  con- 
dense with  a  brevity  painful  to  a  lover  of  fairness  and  candor.  The 
title  justities  the  emphasi>  of  one  idea  that  pervades  the  book. 

lii  the  department  of  illustrations,  I  claim  no  originality,  except  in 
their  selection.  Manv  are  from  photographs  taken  for  me  bv  natives 
in  Japan.  Those  of  my  artist -friend,  O/awa,  were  nearly  all  made 
from  life  at  my  sun-o-ostion.  I  have  borrowed  manv  tine  sketches 
from  nnfti'c  look*,  through  Aime  Humbert,  whose  marvelously  beau- 
tiful and  painstaking  work,  "Japon  Illustre,''  is  a  mine  of  illustra- 
tion. Few  artists  have  excelled  in  spirit  and  truth  Mr.  A.  \Virgman, 
the  arti>t  of  The  London  Illustrated  AY/''.v,  a  painter  of  real  uvnius, 
whose  works  in  oil  now  adorn  many  home  parlors  of  ex-residents  in 
Japan,  and  whose  gems,  line  gold,  and  dross  til!  the  sprightly  pages  of 
Tlic  Jiii/i/n  Pnnclt.  Manv  of  his  sketches  adorn  Sir  Rutherford  Al- 
cock's  book  on  the  vicissitudes  of  diplomatists, commonly  called  "The 
Capital  of  the  Tycoon,"  or  "Three  Years  in  Japan/'  I  am  indebted 
both  to  this  gentleman  and  to  Mr.  Laurence  Oliphant,  who  wrote  the 
charming  volume,  "Lord  Elgin's  Mission  to  China  and  Japan,"  for 
many  illustrations,  chieilv  from  native  sketches.  Through  the  liberal- 
ity of  my  publishers,  I  am  permitted  to  use  these  from  their  stores  uf 
plates.  I  believe  1  have  in  no  ca>e  reproduced  old  cuts  without  new 
or  correct  information  that  will  assist  the  genera!  reader  or  those  who 
wish  to  study  the  various  styles  of  the  native  artists.  Jive  of  which  are 
herein  presented.  Ilokusai,  the  Dickens,  and  Katio.  the  Audubon 
of  Japanese  art,  are  well  represented.  The  photographs  of  the  living 


10  PREFACE. 

and  of  tlic  renowned  dead,  from  temples,  statins,  or  oM  picture-,  tV"in 
tin-  collection-  of  daimio-  and  nobles  are  chiefly  by  t'chida,  a  native 
photographer  i-t'  rare  a!>ilitv,  skill,  and  enthusiasm,  who  unfortunately 
died  in  1^7").  Foai  \  i^iicttes  are  copied  from  the  steel-plate  enufrav- 
iiii;--  on  tin'  LH'eenback-  printed  in  New  York  for  the  CMio  National 
r.ankin-'  Companv  of  Tokio,  bv  the  Continental  Dank-note  Company 
»f  Neu  Ym-k. 

1  '_;Ta'efuli\  a' •  k n«i\\  leduv  the  assistance  derived  from  native  <chob 
ar-  in  I'likni  and  Tokio.  especially  Me— rs.  I\\al>iichi,  Takaka-hi,  and 
Ideiira.  mv  reader-  and  helpers.  To  the  member-  of  the  Mei  Roku 
Sha,  who  ha\e  honurcd  me  with  inembeiship  in  tlieir  honorable  body. 
1  iv;:ini  m\  be-t  thank-.  Tin-  chib  «>f  .-mthor-  and  reformer-  inelude< 
-ueli  men  as  Fukuzawa,  Arinori  Mori.  Nakamura  Ma-anawo,  kato  Hi- 
i-o\iiki,  Ni-hi  Shin,  the  Mit-uknri  brothers.  Shiuhei  and  Uin-!io.  I'ehi- 
da  Ma-a\\o.  Ilatakeyaina  Yo-hinari.  and  others,  all  name-  of  tame  and 
honor,  anil  earne-t  \\orker-  in  the  reuviu-ratioii  of  their  eonntr\.  To 
m\  former  student-  now  in  New  York,  who  have  kindly  a>si-t«-d  me 
in  proof  -  reading',  and  la-t  and  first  of  all  to  Mr.  Tosui  Imadate,  m\ 
friend  and  con-taut  fompanion  durinn1  the  last  six  year-,  I  retiirn  mv 
thank-  and  obligations.  1  omit  in  this  place  the  name-  of  hivji  otli- 
eers  in  the  .)apane-e  ( io\ •ernnient.  becaii-e  the  re-poii-iiiilit \  for  an v 
oj.inioii  advanccil  in  ;hi-  work  rest-  <>\\  no  native  of  ,lapan.  That  is 
all  mv  own.  To  my  -i-ter,  the  companion,  diirin-j.'  two  \  ear-,  of  -c\ - 
•  •nil  of  mv  joiirin  v-  and  vi-it>  in  the  home-  of  the  i-land  empire.  ! 
u\vo  manv  an  idea  and  inspiration  to  research.  'Y«  the  pul'li-her<  of 
the  X^rlh  Aunr'inn,  Ru'h"'\  .  \rl,l.  I;,,*'  Jnnntnl.  and  TL<  I „.!,(,<  -./,/./ 
my  thank-  are  due  f. ,r  permi--ion  to  print  part  of  certain  cjiaptei- 
tir-t  piibli-hed  in  the-e  periodicals. 

I  tru-t  th''  tone  of  I  he  work  will  not  -eeiii  dogmatic,  f  -nbmit 
with  itioij,  -t;.  what  I  have  written  on  the  Aim'*-.  I  am  imTm.'d  to 

believe  that  India  i-  their  ori-'inal  ho :  that  the  ba-ic  -tock  <>!'  the 

.lapaif-e  ji.M.pli.  i~  Aino  ;  and  that  in  thi-  fact  "lie-  the  root  of  the 
marveloii-  .lilf.-reiice  in  the  p-\-cliolo^v  of  the  ,lapane-e  and  tic  ir 
r.,-iirlil'or>,  .  -e. 

"('aii  a  nati'  n  be  born  at  once!'"      "\\ith  *iod  all  tiling-  are  po— 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


A  XEW  issue  of  this  work  having  been  called  for  in  a  little  over 
four  months  from  the  date  of  its  publication,  the  author  has  endeav- 
ored to  render  the  second  edition  more  worthy  than  the  first.  This 
has  been  done  by  the  addition  of  valuable  matter  in  the  appendix 
and  foot-notes,  and  the  recasting  of  a  few  pages,  on  which  oviginal 
has  been  substituted  for  compiled  matter. 

Critics  have  complained  that  in  Book  I.  the  line  between  the  mvth- 
ical,  or  legendary,  and  the  historic  period  has  not  been  clearly  drawn. 
A  writer  in  Tlw  Japan  Mail  of  November  ^5th,  1870,  says: 

"After  an  introductory  chapter  on  the  physical  features  of  the  country,  the 
author  plunges  into  the  dense  mists  of  the  historic  and  the  prehistoric  uu;es, 
where  he  completely  loses  his  way  for  about  a  millennium  and  a  half,  until  lie  at 
length  strikes  into  the  true  path,  under  the  guidance  of  the  Ai/to/t  Guui  .b'AiV 

Did  the  critic  read  Chapter  III.  }  The  author,  before  essaying  the 
task,  knew  only  too  well  the  difficulties  of  the  work  before  him.  II«' 
made  no  attempt  to  do  the  work  of  a  Niebuhr  for  Japan.  His  object 
was  not  to  give  an  infallible  record  of  absolute  facts,  nor  has  he  pre- 
tended to  do  so.  He  merely  sketched  in  outline  a  picture  of  what 
thirty-three  millions  of  Japanese  believe  to  be  their  ancient  history. 
lie  relied  on  the  intelligence  of  his  readers,  and  even  on  that  of  tin- 
critics  (who  should  not  skip  Chapter  III.),  to  appreciate  the  value  uf 
the  narratives  of  the  Kojiki  and  the  Xt1ion//i—i\\^  oldest  extant  bunk-. 
in  the  Japanese  language,  and  on  which  all  other  accounts  of  the  an- 
cient period  are  based.  He  was  not  even  afraid  that  any  sehnni-bov 
who  had  been  graduated  beyond  his  fairy  tales  would  think  the  drag- 
on-born Jimnm  a  character  of  equal  historic  reality  with  that  of  Ca-sar 
or  ( 'harlemagno. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  author  believes  that  history  begin-  bef"iv 
writing,  and  that  he  who  would  brand  the  whole  of  Japanese,  tradi- 


in*  i'iu-:i'.\<  /•:  TO  THE  >/•;' c.\7>  i-:i>rn«\. 

\\..\\  I'ef.'iv  lip-  -ixth  eeMurv  A. i).  :i-  "all  luit  vahn  le-- "  mii-t  dem- 
"ii-trate,  and  ii"!  meivlv  allinn.  The  author  preferred  1"  introduce 
•lin^ii  ainl  Vainati'  Pake  t<>  <  >ccidental  readers,  and  let  them  take  tlu-ii 
changes  hefor  •  {lie  li-'hi  of  re-eaivh.  \Yill  thi-  eeiitury  see  the  -cholar 
and  hi-torian  eajial-le  of  ivr!in<_;-  oil'  the  thread  i 'f  pure  hi-lorv,  clear 
and  without  fracture,  from  the  cocoon  of  Japanese  myth,  legend,  and 
laiiLTua^'e  .'  'l';p  author,  even  \\ith  his  profonud  reverence  for  Anido- 
Japane-e  -cholar-hip,  h"pe-  for,  yet  d»u!>t<  it. 

In   one  point   (lie  author  ha-  lieeii    misapprehended.      He  nowhere 

it-   to    explain    whence   eanie   the   dominant    (Vainato)   tri!>c    i.r 

tri''  -  to  Japan,      lie  oelieves  the  Ja]iane.-e  people  are  a  Tiiixed  race,  a- 

m   pa^-e   Ml  ;    luit    where   the   ori-'inal   -eat-  of  that    coiKjuerinij; 

p'-.'ple  ina\    have  lieeii    on   whom  the  li-ht   ,if  written,  tindoiilited   hi  — 

•  :\    dawn-    in    the    -eventh    eenturv,    he    ha-    n»t    -tated.      That    the-c 
u ere    in    Mantcluiria   i-    jirohaMe,  since   their   invtliolo^y    i-    in    -omc 
point-;  hut  a  traiisfi^iiratioii  of  Mantelui  life.     The  writer  left  the  .pic— 
tioii    an    open    one.       lie  i-  ^-lad  to  add,  \\ithoiit   cnininent.  the  word- 
of  the  .]/"/'/  critic,  \\lio  i-,  if  he  mi-take-  not,  one  of  the  mo>t  accoin- 
[ili-hed  lin-'ui-t-   in  Japan,  and  the   author   of  -tandard   -'raiuniar-   "1 
tii--  writ!'.  !i  and  -pok<->)  lanu'uau'1'  of  Japan  : 

"A?-   n-j'.iril-  tin-  ]M'-ition  nf  t!;-1  Jai'inir.-i1  l-.iii^iiM^'1,  it    L'ivr-  no  duliinii-.  iv 

-I'  Ml-c.       .I;!'.-.!]!!--!1  li;i-   ;ill   tin-   -t  met  lll';il   ;l!ul   -  \  lit  ;n-t  ii-.i]    ]  "•<  '11  !i;l!'i  t  !'•-    c.iniiiiuii   t'« 

tli<-  Alat\:'!i  ••;•  I" fa! -A Hair  uT'Hip;  ami  ih'-  i  vidcncc  nl'  tin,-  iiiiy-inuMiuitfical  tc-ts 
j'l'int-  iinmi.-t-ikat'ly  in  thr  -'inir  iiri^in  I'.  M-  tin-  [n'liple.  'I'l-,.-  -liurt,  rniiinl  -kull, 
il.'-  oljliiiiiL1  '-;.  •-.  tlf  pinniiiii'iit  eh' -rk -In in.--,  the  dark  tmiHii  hair,  and  tiie  cciinl 
i"..:rd,  all  pr.irlaini  t!"  M  and  Cmvans  a-  tin  ir  in-ari-l  '--:;-'  II<T,.  In 

lii.-l,  i!  i~  Jin  luiivciT  ra-h  in  a--i-rt  a-i  certain  that  !h'-  .lapain-M'  arr  :;  'I'i;n^ii-ie 
r."  c,  and  lh'-ir  n\vn  t  rad.it  inn-  and  tin-  \vhi  >lr  cour.-.-  i  if  their  lii-t<.-n  arc  ini-niii- 
ia\  ut In  r  c.'iu-lii-iiiii  than  that  Cnrca  i~  tlii-  mate  !•>  wliirh  the  iin- 
t.::_r.i'!t  tr'.'"-  rn-i'li'  th'-ir  pn—-:!^-1  inln  Kia-hii:  iV.'iii  tip  ir  ai:'-' -tral  M.nitchu- 
rian  - 

"ili'    '  •  '.'  the  cliapti  r  mi  the  A-hika^a  ]"  ri-'d.  u!ii   h  ha-  1-eeii 

complained   "f.  ai'"-'-.  not    fr..ni  anv  laek  «(  inateriai-.  !'iit   I'ecaiHe  the 

writer  thi-  epoch  de>erved  a  -pecial  hi  -t"i'ian.      Another' 

I'ca-o'j  tl.a!  '               --i'.n-.  iii»tal>!v,  that    ol   an\   di  tailed   1'et- 

iTi-ni-e  ?o  Japai  il.  i-,  t!    .'    '   ii-  xi'lunie  i-  ii"|  an  encyclopedia. 

Tin-  anil  -   hi-   hearts    'hank-  to   hi-  Japatie-e   friend-,  and 

•  •  thi    critic-    •  -••iulin\    ha-  '-naM'-d  him   in  anv  wav  '"  improve 

v.otk.  '  \v.  i-:.  <.. 


CONTENTS. 


BOOK  I. 
HISTORY  OF  JAPAN  FROM  GOO  B.C.  TO  1872  A.D. 

CHAPTER  PA<;K 

I.  THE  BACKGROUND 17 

II.  THE  ABORIGINES rjtj 

III.  MATERIALS  OF  HISTORY ',](> 

IV.  JAPANESE  MYTHOLOGY , 4o 

V.  Tin;  TWILIGHT  OF  FABLE 54 

VI.    ^P.IIN,    THE    ClVILIZEU CO 

VII.   YAMATO-DAKE,  THE  CONQUEROR  or  THE  KUANTO OS 

VIII.  THE  INTRODUCTION  OF  CONTINENTAL  CIVILIZATION 7.1 

IX.  LIFE  IN  ANCIENT  JAPAN w;_ 

X.  THE  ANCIENT  RELIGION (Hi 

XL  Tin;  THRONE  AND  THE  NOBLE  FAMILIES 101 

XII.  THE  BEGINNING  OF  MILITARY  DOMINATION lir> 

XIII.  YOKITOMO    AND    THE    MlNAMOTO    FAMILY 1:24 

XIV.  CREATION  OF  THE  DUAL  SYSTEM  OF  GOVERNMENT 140 

XV.  THE  GLORY  AND  THE  FALL  OF  THE  IIO.jo  FAMILY 140 

XVI.  BUDDHISM  IN  JAPAN 15S 

XVII.  THE  INVASION  OF  THE  MONGOL  TARTARS 1T(i 

XVIII.  THE  TEMPORARY  MIKADOATE 1x2 

XIX.  THE  WAR  OF  THE  CHRYSANTHEMUMS 1s*? 

XX.  THE  ASIIIKAGA  PERIOD , !'.»:; 

I       XXL  LIFE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES 107 

XXII.  THE  GROWTH  AND  CUSTOMS  OF  FEUDALISM '.'14 

!     XXIII.    XOBUNAGA,    THE    PERSECUTOR    OF    THE    BUDDHISTS •.'•.>'. I 

I    XXIV.  HIDEYOSIII'S  ENTERPRISES. — THE  INVASION  OF  COREA .'.'ijiJ 

XXV.   CHRISTIANITY  AND  FOREIGNERS '347 

XXVI.   IYEYASU,  THE  FOUNDER  OF  YE  no    '-'<'>  I 

I  XXVII.  THE  PERFECTION  OF  DUARCIIY  AND  FEUDALISM ,...  '.'70 

i  XX VIII.  THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN '-'.'I 


BOOK  TT. 

PERSONAL  EXPERIENCES.  OBSERVATIONS.  AND  STUDIES  IN 
JAPAN,  1S70-1S7.-;. 

I.   FIRST  GLIMPSES  or  JAPAN ;!-7 

II.  A  RIDE  ON  THE  TOKAIDO :>3;-> 


..HI-ITU  ,,  \,,r 

III.  IN  Ti'Ki'i.  TIII:  F.  \-TF.HN  (  'APITAI ::i;:i 

IV.  MI iii  r.-  AND  So;  MI-  i\    \  PA  t,  AN  Ti: Niri.i; ;;;s 

\".   MI  mi:-   IN    I  HI:  (    \ri  i  \i ;;'.i- 

\'I.   AMONI,    MII:   MI.N  MI    Ni;\v  JAPAN :;',i'.» 

VII.    IN    i  in:  Hi:  AKT  OF  JAPAN 4^;, 

VIII.   Hi..  iriinN   i---    rin:   DAIMI<\  —  M  v  M  i  DEVI  s -j-jt; 

IX.    I.IFI:   IN    \  .1  \i-ANi>i:  lloi >]-: .):;5 

X.    <    illl   nUKN'-    (iAMK-    AND    Sl'DlJl- -).V3 

XI.   ll-ir-i:iiou>  t'r-io.M-  AND  SI-J'EI;-TITK>N- 4r,t; 

XII.   'I'm:  M  VMIH  AI.  /<><H.<,';Y  or  .1  A  TAN 477 

XIII.    I-''  'i.K-i.MKi:    \ND  FII;I:-IDI:  STOUII:-? 4',il 

\!\".  -l\r\Ni>i:   I'KI)VI:I:I!- r)U4 

XV.   Tin:  LAST  VKAI;  OF  FKIDALI-.M r.1'2 

XVI.     A     TKAMl'    T  H  KOI   1,11     .1  AI'AN .VI  1 

X\II.    Tin:    I'o-ITlON    OF    \Vo.MAN .Vtl 

XVIII.  .\i:\\   JAPAN..,  :,.;•' 


>Uri'I.KMKNTAHY    ClIAl'TF.U:     I.    JAPAN    IN    1  ^i 

II.  JAPAN   IN    ISMJ 


NOTES   AND   APPENDICES: 

Tin:  JAPANK-E  OKI'-IN  OF  TIIF,  NORTH  AMEKICAN  INDIANS i'>n."> 

A-^'  H  IATED  IDKA-  IN  AKT  AND  POF.TKV »in7 

Tin:  TF.--T AM FNT  < >Y  I YI:V A -r <JO',i 

C'KN>rs  OF  JAPAN   F<  n:   1>7'J  AND  l^T'J (Jl'J 

MINI:-  AND  MINF.UAI.  KL.-OUKCIIS fil-t 

"     J.vND  AND  A'.KK  '"i.Trui: I'il7 

MINT  AND  I'rr.i.ic   WOKKS til'.' 

SII.K  CHOP  OF  i^rri f,->(i 

\Vi:i.,ilT.-    AND    MEASritES 'i'JI 

MoNKY <''^ 

Nor  vT!"N  (>!••  TIM K ('<'->:> 

FOI;I:II,N  TP.ADF.  OF  JAPAN tl-ii 

LI:I,I  Ni.Ain    AKT  AT  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXPOSITION »'rJ7 

Ti:  \  (_'KI  .p  OF  l^To 0:;i 

Tin:  CKUAMK    AUT  OF  JAPVN 'i-!l 

DK.  J.  C.  lii.pm'KN'ri    METEOKOI.OI,ICAL  TAHI.I:S.  FIMM    OH.-EUV  \TIONS 
MA  UK  FIIOM  !•>•;:]  TO  1S'J'.',  iNri.i~.-ivL   t;:U 


INDEX 


Los 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Map  of  Dai  Nippon  (the  Empire  of  Japan) faces  page  17 

1.  Xichiren  and  the  II  "jo  Fxecutioncr.     (llumliert,  from  a  temple  painting) Frontispiece. 

•2.   High  and  Fow  Type  of  Face.     (Ilokusai  school) 30 

3.  All  Aim".  Chief  from  Ye/o.     (Photograph  by  JVhida) 32 

4.  lli>  Imperial  -Majesty,  Mutsuhito.      (Photograph  l.y  Uchida) 37 

,">.   Pa-saue  in  the  Inland  Sea.     (Alcock) 57 

»!.   Mikado's  Method  of  Travel  in  very  Ancient  Times.     (Native  drawing) 02 

7.   Imperial  or  f  iovernment  Seal.     (Native  draw  ing) CO 

x.   Imperial  Crest,  or  Mikado's  Seal,     votive  drawing) <J7 

it.  Japan,  as  known  to  the  Ancient  Mikados.      (From  the  scries  of  historical  maps  in  the 

••Nihon  Kiyaku  Shi") 09 

in.  Junk  in  the  Hay  of  Ycdo.     (Native  drawing) 71 

11.  Her  Imperial  Majesty  Harnko.     (Photograph  by  Uchida) 81 

12.  Shhifo  \Vaysjdi   Shrine.     (Aloock) K'J 

V',.   Tin    Peasant  of  To-day.     (Hokusai) ill 

14.  A  Court  Niihlc  in  Ancient  .Japan.      (Native  drawing) '.)3 

l'>.  The  Mikado  on  his  Throne.     (Native  drawing) 102 

I''..  A  Samurai  in  Winter  Traveling-dress.      (Alcock) KM! 

17.  A  .Iapane.se  Fanner.     (Hokusai) 107 

ix.   View  in  Hi-  Inland  Sea.     (Alcock) 118 

I'.i.   View  near  Hioiro.      (Alcock) 120 

2".  Tamctimio  defying  the  Taint  Men.     (Hank-note  vignette) 121 

21.  The  .Mountains  and  Luke  or'  llakone.     (Alcock) 12!> 

22.  War-junk  of  the  Twelfth  (,';:ntury.     (l>ank-note  vignette) Utfi 

'ii.  Kojima  writing  on  the  Cherry-tree.     (Hank-note  vignette) 153 

24.  Nitta  Yoshisada  casting  the  Sword  into  the  Sea.     (Hank-note  vignette) l-r>") 

2.\  Kobe.  Hai^hi.     (Photograph  from  a  temple  statue) l'1'- 

2tl.  The  Mother's  Memorial.     (Naukoku  O/awa) 167 

27.  iielfry  of  a  Hnddhist  Temi-le.     (Alcoek,  from  a  phototrraph) 171 

2«.  lie-pulse  of  tiie  Mongol  Tartars.      (Native  painter) 17'> 

'1\'-  Ashikaira  Takauji.     (Photograph  from  a  temple  statue) 1S5 

30.  Temple-hell  from  Kioto,      (llnnil.eit) 2IK) 

31.  ChaMiiL;-  Floral  Designs  on  Copper.      (Humbert) 21):; 

32.  Picnic  H.M.th.      (Mumliert) 2U", 

33.  Court   I.adv  in  Kioto.     (Humbert) 2o9 

34.  kusuniiki  Ma^atsnra.      (Native  drawing) 220 

3.1.   The  Challenge.      (Mokusai) 223 

:<i;.   Archer  on  Ca-tle  i:ani]iart.     (H'unliert) 2-T, 

37.    Symbols  of  the  Carpenter's  (luild.     (Humbert) 227 

3*.   View  of  the  Castle  of  O/.aka.      (Alcock) '234 

3!l.   Xolninaua's  \  ietims  :   Priest  and  Monk.      (Alcock) 235 

40.  A  Familiar  Country  Scene.     (Ilokusai  school) 23f, 

41.  Camp  of  Hideyoshi,  before  Fukui.     (Humbert) 239 

12.    Image  of  Deitied  Ili-ro.     (Native  drawing) 241 

43.  Far  Monument  in  Kioto.     (Photograph) 245 

44.  "  The  Tarpeian  JJoek  of  .Japan."     (Oliphant) 25S 

45.  Hollander  on  Deshima.     (Alcock) 1W 

4C    Crest  of  the  Tokugawa  Family.     (Native  drawing) 271 


1  4 


/-  />  T  <>1*  II-  1<  '  ">'  /'/.'.  i  T 


II.  i-  l'"ur  Cla-M--  of  >,H-:,-ty.      (Naiikoku  O/a«a^ 
1  iri-l.iok.mt-  in  \Y.li>.      i  Native  .Irauinc.     ••  Kro.a.l.-"  Myle) 
M.itMMaira  'i  c".ltma-,'a,  lA-l'aiinio  of  Krhi/i-n.      (i'huto-ra|'h) 
Ki-iki.  i  he  l.i-t  M-.Viiii  of  .'a;..  in.     (,1'hotoL'rai'h) 
I'lt-h-cart  in  Yokohama.     \ll"Kii»;ii; 

or  "  I'nli-man  Cur"  of.lai.an.     ^'hoto-ni'l 


-rik 


Yon:)-  i.irl  i-arryiiin  lit-r  Uil-y  Hn.iher.     (AU-oek)    ...................................   ;c>4 

(  'ixilie  waiting  tor  a    lull.      (Ai.-ork)  ..................................................    :!.-,5 

rnii]*TS  I  [MI  i],  in-  a  \':it.      (,1'u  I'M  ct  il"ku>ai)  .........................................   ;i:.7 

l'ri)--:-'._  tin-  IN'kuu'"'  Kivcr.      (llnkusii1  ..............................................   :\i\i) 

Nit^uki.  c.r  hi'f>   lint  ton.     (Oli]iliuiit)  ................................................   ;ir.5 

r.iitcni  lH-M_'iu-r.      (llnkur-iii1  .......................  _  ..............................   lit;-, 

••  Niln'M  T.a-lii  "  in  'lokio.     Tin-  Ko-iat-u.     (NaiiUnku  (  i/.ma  ..........................   UiIT 

\  !,-\i  ,,•'  1  u  ii,  !Y"in  SuniL'a  I'ai.     (llnliici-d  "  linnaik-  "  I'lciinT   ........................   :;~i 

Artist  at  \Sork.      (Hnkusii)  .........................................................    ;I71) 

r,:_'...!a  >i  in.  or  Kiu-'lo.     (••  llrocadi-  "  iiii-tuivi  ......................................   ;(M 

A   I  I'.MIT  I  air  at  Ni_'ht  in    lokio.      (Na;ikuku  O/aw  a   ................................    ;!•>.'. 

Sakiii-;i'la  AM-IMU-  ami  Kasuiniya  Stn-i-t.      ("  l;ro>a'li-  "  jiii-tuiv)  ........................    ;-,;t."> 

'l'iMVi-li-r->  in  a  Snow-storm.      1  uji  ban.      (Nativi-  ili'.iwin^)  .............................    4'l4 

r.ii'i'liii^t  I'll^nins.      (AlriK-k)  .......................................................   407 

Tin-  Saini-cn.      ((  iliplianti  ...........................................................    41  H 

.   1  '.rin.  'in-  Wat  IT  to  «a^h  TnucluV  1-i-i-t.     Jlokn>ai)  ..................................   41ii 

A   N.'iiniono.      lAU.R-k   .............................................................    117 

\'i!!.  !-_',.•  in  Ki-liixi-n.     '\ati\v  drawiiiL'!  ............................................    t.'l 

.    1  ;n-->iniilc  ct  '  Kin^,a-n.      K^ur  ot  '  isi'.'.i  ..............................................    \^r, 

(in  tlu-  T..w-],atli.     dlnkusii  ......................................................    1-J'l 

A  I.itt-c  Daiinio.      (riioto-ra|,li  l.y  t'rlu.la)  ...........................................    4'.".» 

Servant  l«-!on-  hi-  \Ia>t«  r.     (  Alrork)  ................................................    l;tu 

.   Stiuk-nt  l.iiniin-  Miilni-ht  Oil.     (  l'iioto_-ni]>h)  .......................................   4:1-2 

.   Tin-  Stticliini^  (•at<--ki-i-].<-r.      ,  .Natiu-  ilra«  in.'i  .......................................    4Hti 

.   Tin-  Wi-.l.litiu'  1'iirty.     -  Al.-o.-k,  Iroin  nativi-  paint  in_-  ..................................    4:is 

.    Hoys  i.layin.'  on   I'.amlH.n  liars     (Hnkusai;  ...........................................    411 

.  Tli'c  driji  "'  Victory,     vllokn-ai)  .....................................................    11-2 

.  1'innH  in  a  I!nr  U.-o.-k)  .................................................    Ifi 

.    Ni.'lit  S,-,.],,.  on  tin-  Ilivi-r  1  laN.      .Hokif-ai1  .........................................    4  17 

.    1-atlnT  ami  CliiMn-n.      (  lliuni'crt  ;  ...................................................    l.'.u 

.   Ciiil.lp-n'-i  (iainc^  am!  >;iort-.      (.Hnnil-cr:   .........................................    4.'.:1 

.    liovx1  (,anicv       (llnnilu-rt1  .........................................................    4.1i 

.    I5(iyv'  Ciuni-i.       (Ili-.nili-rt    ........................................................    4.VJ 

..   Tin-  l'.-a~t  of  U..1N.      (Nankoku  O/awa-  ..............................................    i'U 

.    Cliil.ln  n'-  --i-ort-.      MluintuTf  .................................................    4i'4 

.   'I'll.-  Ji-uloiis  Avt-u.'Cr.     (Nankoku  O/jiwai  ...........................................    -175 

.    i  he  llain   I  'ra_on.      ,  Kan.  '  .........................................................    4711 

.    1  ut.-n.  tin-  \Viml-iiup.     (Native  drawing  .........................................   4-'i 

.   K.I  l.-n.  tin-  Thiiiiilt-r-'lruniiniT.     >  Native  ilrawintr    ..................................   4-4 

.   Te;:_-:i      ninj  on  a  I'i.-liir.      (!lokll<ai)    ............................................    4-7 

.   «ir:i'i'l:i!'itliiT  ti-lli!<  M'irii'S.      \\anl.  ok:i  u/.ma   .................................    4-'.» 

]•::-.  I-;-.  --.-i-.-.  an.  1  To!..uvo-].o  u,  •),.       (ili],liant)  ................................  ...    r.'t'i 

.    What  t".  Il'nv   i  M.-al  cm  llorse-tli-h.      (AU'o.k)  .......................................    ,M7 

;.    Ki-f.    !  a:;-:i.ak-rv      (I  !uii:l..-rt  i  ....................................................    M'.l 

.    S-veii-<tP  ki-  ^kt-t.  !i  i.f  \\  iM  I  lor--.    Illokusn'    .....................................    :,-j'2 

.  Whi^j«-nn-  hi-liin.l  thr  S.-r.-i-n.     (llokn-ai  -i-hool'.  .................................     ;,-jl 

.    Sann.rai,  in  K,iTiii->liiiiin  1  m  --.      (AK-ork1  ............................................    "-^ 

I.  TI,..  sii-»ta      (Hokn-ai)  ............................................................   W 

.   The  Cain.-  of  Pakin.  or  -  P..1.-."     (AU-o(  k,  fp.ni  nath-  ilrawinir!  ......................   ">:«' 

oiK.-.lik.-^.  or  •-  Snak.--l.a-ki  ;-."      (Al.  o,k,)  ..........................................    :.:!! 


Mv  Mou- 


I'lik- 


a  ].! 


.'.41 
.V.4 
'.'''I 
50'j 


BOOK   I. 

HISTORY  OF  JAPAX  FROM  600  B.C.  TO  1872  A.D. 


THE    OlITITOCPiAPIIY   AND    PKOXUXCIATIOX    OF    JAPANESE 

\\'<>KI)S.  * 

IT   i-    mrp"--iMi'   to    represent   .Tapanc-i-    words   exactly   l>y  any   finvlirn    alpha- 
bet :   !'iit  a  knowledge  nl'  tin;  .-omul:-  In  anl  in  Japan.  and  1>\   II-MIL:  h-i  ter-  \\  Inch 
have  each   niie   in\  ariaMc   value,  will    enaide   a    tnivin'inT    In   repn  'dun1  Japane-e 
name-  «:'.h  t'>lerai>ie  aeriii'aev.      When   tin-   liativt-  alltlmr-   and   ^Taliimarian-  d>> 
HIM  a_Tiv.  aii-nlute  unanimity  aiimii:;'  t'Mvi^ii  -elml;;r-  i~  n^l  t<>  i"1  rxpi-ctt-d  ;    1'iit 
palpal'li-  ai'-nrdilii1-,  iini"  i>-i!dr  ciiiiiliiiiatiiPii'  nl'  li-tti-iv.  and  ini-laki--  ari^ini:1  mil 
nl  pun'  iu'iH'rantT  nl'  tin-  lanu'tiau'f  mav  In1  avn'uli'd.      'I'll'-  ~\  -ti'in  ^i\  -n  lu-lnw,  and 
ll-rd  tlirniii;'iiniit  tlii-  work.  i-.  al   lra-i.  ratinnal.  and  i>  ba--d  mi  lln-  -trndurc  and 
la\\~    '1  rninbinatinn  iii  Ihc  lan^ua^''  it-.  -IT.      Tlii-  -y-triii  i-  >iilist:uitial!\  (tin1  dil'- 
-  aiming  \<>  -i-rurc  invati-r  .-ii!ii>lirit\  i  thai  ni'  Hr]'!iiii-ii'~  .lapuni  -'    ]-".ni:T;-h 
and   Kn^li-li-.Jai'a!ii--r,  and   ul'  rjatuw'.-   I-!ii^!i-h-.Iai>:un--f  ilirtinliary  ;   tin    IJuniaii- 
i/i-d  VtTr-i  ......  I  tlif  Scriptures,  iMiMMinl   !.\   thr  Ann-rii-an   liii.l.'  Sn,  jr;y  :    nf  th,- 

••  Aiiu-riraii  (  'yclnpa'dia  ;"  the  n-vir-ud  I'llitimi-.  nl'  Wm-fr-tcrV,  an!  Wt-h-tcr's,  dii- 
lii  inary  ;  ii:  limwn'.-,  A>tmiV,  Satow'^,  HrincklryV.  aixl  Ili']'!'urn'-  u'ranunar  and 
\vi>rk>  nil  I!H-  .lapaiii'.-f  lanu'iiai;'c  :  Mmit  rith'-,  Mitclii-lt's,  (  '"nit  11'.-,  AVarivn's, 
and  llai'pi-i''-  I  Aliu-rii-ui  i,  and  tin'  SiudriitV  i  l-'.n^li-li  i  u'i-  i-'i'aiiliy  and  at!a-; 
Mill'nrdV  '•  Tai  -  nfl  )ld  Japan  ;"  Adani-'-  "  Ili-tnry  nlMajuin  :"  tin-  nllidal  tlofii- 
uiriii-  n!'  th"  Japan-  -•  (in\  rrninrnt,  Drpartni'-nt  nl'  Kdih-at  inn,  -i-linid.-,  and  cul- 
IfH'r-  ;  llir  l'>riti-li  and  Ann  I'icall  1.-  ^atinll-  and  ('u||-lll:tti>  :  tin  Alnrln-J:i|':ir.i-r 
]'!•!•-•-.  and  a!inii-t  ail  r-i'lmlni--  mid  \vriU'i>  whn  maki'  accuracy  a  mat  tiT  ol'  t-nn- 

C'M'II. 

Tin'  -tandard  lan-iia^v  i  imt  the  local  diali-d  i  nf  Tnkin  —  n,i\\  Hi"  !:t.T;iry  a- 
wdl  a-  tin-  politit-al  (  apital  nl'  tin-  nation—  U  takm  a-  thu  ha-i-,  and  tin  \v,.rd- 
an-  tln-n  trails-lit  rrat"d  I'mni  tin'  lcnt,i;i,n,n  ^\«-\\\\\^.  a-  ^iwn  \<y  tin  hot  name 
-fholar-.  Tlii-  VnWi-1-  a!'"  -miiidi-d  a-  t'lillnws  : 

•    .    -..mill  uf  '/  in  I'a:  (.(•!•.  ann  :  '"<  lia-  'he  Miami  "I"  »<i  in  f]:iarantini-  : 

in  jiiijnc.  uiiK-hiiic  :  i  i  IIM-  I  In1  -oiii.d  i.f  u.;  .n  -a>  in.r  ; 

n  ha-  I  ,ulc.  or  '.'.  in  hunt  ;          ><  ha-  ;ln-  xioini  ul'<    ill  I'uii'.  MJ. 


-       :•'.'•'   \    '••!-.''..   i. 

n   "'<;  i-  -,  iiind'd  a-  >>'<''  :   i"a.-//",-   /.  nr  <',  a-  •    in  j>i'<  >j  ;  1'ilt  -  , 
.v;.y-  hard,  and  ••  -u  ril,  11-  in  >•'.>'/'. 

in  ;;•>.;,•>"  :   '•  '/.  ^  r-oiianV:   /,  ;.nd  the  di^i'apli-  /•'-  and 


?•**  ./W\K*X;X%  '- 

..<••]      .  r  rwkv 


..i-     :  i  ^xv^,/\ 

,.^v!      2    '/•   •     ^"^/^\ 

>  ^f^^^    ^ 

K-x  .*S          •      L  _^' SS-. -•*  _V>~ 


--^v  -<>^;c  ^r-  ^_./ ; 
/  \-'.'""W",t* ;% ,£  v^ 


THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


i. 

THE  BACKGROUND. 

IT  is  manifest  that  to  understand  a  people  and  their  national  life, 
the  physical  conditions  under  which  they  live  must  he  known.  To 
enjoy  the  picture,  we  must  study  the  background. 

I'ai  Nippon,  as  the  natives  call  their  beautiful  land,  occupies  a  sig- 
nificant portion  on  the  globe.  Lying  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the 
temperate  zone,  it  bends  like  a  crescent  off  the  continent  of  Asia. 
In  the  extreme  north,  at  the  island  of  Sakhalin,  the  distance  from 
the  main-land  of  Asia  is  so  slight  that  the  straits  may  be  crossed  eas- 
ily in  a  canoe.  From  Kiushiu,  with  the  island  of  Tsushima  lying  be- 
tween, the  distance  from  Corea  is  but  one  day's  sail  in  a  junk.  Foi 
4000  miles  eastward  from  the  main  island  stretches  the  Pacific,  shored 
in  by  the  continent  of  America.  From  Vezo  to  Kamtchatka,  the  Ku- 
riles  stretch  like  the  ruins  of  a  causeway,  prolonged  by  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  to  Alaska.  The  configuration  of  the  land  is  that  resulting 
from  the  combined  effects  of  volcanic  action  and  the  incessant  mo- 
tion of  the  corroding  waves.  The  area  of  the  empire  is  nearly  e<|iial 
to  that  of  our  Middle  and  New  England  States.  Of  the  150.0(10 
square  miles  of  surface,  two-thirds  consist  of  mountain  land.  The 
island  of  Saghalin  (Ceded  to  Russia  in  May,  1875)  is  one  mountain 
chain;  that  of  Ye^o  one  mountain  mass.  On  the  main  island,*  a 
solid  backbone  of  mountainous  elevations  runs  continuously  fri>m 


*  Dai  Nippon,  or  Nihon,  means  Great  Japan,  and  is  the  name  of  th>  entire  em- 
pire, not  of  the  main  island.  The  foreign  writers  on  Japan  have  aliuo-t  unani- 
mously blundered  in  eallintr  the  largest  island  '•  Niphon."  Hondo  i<  the  name 
iriven  to  the  main  island  in  the  Military  Geography  of  Japan  <  Ileiy.i  Nippon  Chiri 
Yoshi,  Tokio,  187:3)  published  by  the  War  Department,  and  which  is  used  in  this 
work  throughout. 


is 

Ilikiioku  to  Shinano.  \\hcnce  it  branches  oil  into  subordinate  chains 
that  arc  prolonged  irregularly  to  Na^ato  and  into  Kitishiu  and  Shiko- 
kii.  Speak  itr_r  L,'enerally,  the  heights  of  the  mountains  gradually  in- 
crea-e  from  ihc  e\tivmitie-  t"  tin-  centre.  In  Sakhalin,  tlu-v  arc  low; 
in  Ye/o.  th<-\  arc  higher:  increasing-  gradually  on  the  north  of  the 
main  i-!and,  thev  cuhninate  in  the  centre  in  the  lofty  rank's  of  Shi- 
naiio.  and  the  peaks  of  Nantai/.an,  V-itsiiLTadakr,  Ilaku/.an  (nine  thou- 
sand t'c'-t  liiu'i').  and  Fuji,  whose  summit  is  over  twelve  thoii-and  feet 
ab"\<-  tlie  sea.  Thence  toward  the  smith  thev  ^raduallv  decrease  in 
height.  '['here  are  few  hi<_rh  nioiintains  alon^  the  sea-coast.  The 
land  slopes  up  gradually  into  hills,  thence  into  lesser  peaks,  and  tinal- 
1\  into  1,  .ft  v  ranges. 

A-  Fuji,  with  his  tall  satellites,  s\ve<  ps  up  from  the  land,  so  Japan 
it-elf  ri-es  up.  peak-like,  from  the  sea.  From  the  shore-  the  land 
piutiiiv-  abruptly  down  into  deep  water.  Japan  is  but  an  emerged 
•  •rest  "f  a  submarine  mountain — perhaps  the  ednv  of  hard  rock  left 
bv  the  subiiK-rirenee  of  the  earth-cru-t  which  now  tloors  the  Sea  of 
Japan  and  the  (Julf  of  Tartary.  There  seems  little  reason  to  doubt 
that  Sakhalin,  ^  e/.o,  Hondo,  and  Kiu-hiu  \\cre  in  ^eolou;ie  a^cs  united 
ing  one  island.  Surrounded  on  all  sides  by  swift  and 
the  island-  ovcrvwlicrt1  on  the  sea-borders  exhibit 
the  etb-.'t  of  their  action.  At  mo-t  points  the  continual  detritus  is 
such  a-  to  -rrioiislv  encroach  on  the  land  area,  and  the  belief  holds 
amoii--  certain  native  s«ja-coast  dwellers,  streiiirtheiH'd  by  the  tradi- 
tional tale-  of  pa-t  ravages,  that  in  process  of  tune  the  entire  countrv, 
devoured  !i\  -ucce-s ive  LTna\\inur-  of  the  ocean,  will  linallv  sink  into 
it-  in>atiablc  mau . 

Th--  Lr' '"logical  formations  of  the  country — the  natural  foundations 
• — :(]•'•  rp'1  :;-  yet  iicciiratelv  dftermiiH'd.  KnoUirli,  liowevcr,  is  known 
to  L;"I\I-  ii-  a  taii-  outline  of  fact,  uhich  iutui'e  research  and  a  thorough 
sur\e\  inn-t  till  up.*  <  >f  the  soil,  more  is  known. 


*  I',..,-..:,  i;  in  :i  paper  n-:l,l  hrfori1  tl:<-  (Jcnln^if:!]   Society  of  Merlin, 

J'HM    4th.  \"~.-     '  •  •/.(-   tin'   ^i-olniry  of  Jajian  :    The  ur-t    and   e:i.~t   ]>«r- 

tiull    (if  thr   ll_'-.rr:   _',i'''    '      n',\    (.1    Ihe   ,l;l]i;ill'--'-    i-l;Hld~    i-    ill    CViTV    \\11V   the   direct    cnll- 
tiliUUl'pill    "1    the    ili'illiil  •     III    uhicll    OCClIpie.    tip-   .-M|i;h-e;l-teni    ].'ir:iiill    nf 

( 'hiiiii.  the  uxhil  ch  tends  IY"!ii  1  he  fn  111  lid-  »f  . \imum  t"  the  i-l.uid 

,  fChr.-iiii.  ill   tin1  ilii  r  \\     :,»    S..  ]•'..  :i()     N.      It   i-   necompunied  ,,n   eillier 

I-',  !'-  !'V  n  nuiiil'ef  el'  ]M!'  .;:>•:   •  !:,:'.• .-.      T)..-   j .  r>  i !  i '  n ::,  i !  i .  > ;  i   of  thi.-  trroiip  of  linear 

•  ..--.  -  thr'HiL'h  the  i  -:.,:••!  .,1   K i 'i-h ill  to  the  ^reat  Lend  uf  J:ip;ui    MiniL'si 

.t.d  >!..'   mm      'I  Ill-mi  i_rh  Kiu-hia  an.i   \}-,<-  -en;  hen.  part  of  tin1  main  i- land,  the 

-t     ,    '   .:•    •/!'  the  hiilr  and   the   ruc'ka    >1   \\hieh    they  ;,ru  made  Up  i  ch  ielly  til  urial! 


THE  JJACKGliOL^'D.  19 

Even  in  a  natural  state,  without  artificial  fertilization,  most  of  the 
tillable  land  produces  good  crops  of  grain  or  vegetables.     On  myriads 


and  Devonian  strata,  accompanied  by  granite)  and  the  lines  of  strike  are  the 
Kline  as  tho^e  observed  in  South-eastern  t'hiinu  This  system  is  intersected  at 
either  end  by  another,  which  runs  S.S.NV.,  N.X.E.  On  the  west  it  commences  in 
Kiushiu,  and  extends  southward  in  the  direction  of  the  Liu  Kin  Islands,  while  on 
the  east  it  constitutes  the  northern  branch  of  the  main  island,  and,  with  a  slight 
deviation  in  its  course,  continues  through  the  islands  of  Ye/o  and  Saghalin.  A 
third  system,  which  properly  does  not  belong  to  Japan,  is  indicated  by  the  S.W. 
and  N.F,.  line  of  the  Kuriles. 

The  above  outline  throws  light  on  the  distribution  of  volcanoes.  The  first 
system,' where  it  occupies  the  breadth  of  the  country  for  itself  alone,  is  as  free 
from  volcanoes,  or  any  accumulation  of  volcanic  rocks,  as  it  is  in  South-eastern 
China.  The  second  system  is  accompanied  by  volcanoes.  But  the  greatest  ac- 
cumulation of  volcanic  rocks,  as  well  as  of  the  extinct  volcanoes,  is  found  in  the 
places  of  interference,  or  those  regions  where  the  lines  of  the  two  systems  cross 
each  other,  and,  besides,  in  that  region  where  the  third  system  branches  off  from 
the  second.  To  the  same  three,  regions  the  volcanoes  which  have  been  active  iu 
historic  times  have  been  eonlined. 

In  the  ideological  structure  of  Kiushiu,  the  longer  axis  is  from  N.  to  S.,but  in- 
tersected by  several  i-olid  bars  made  up  of  very  ancient  rocks,  and  following  the 
strike  of  W.  :-i(PS.,  I-'..  :!0°  X.  They  form  high  mountain  barriers,  the  most  cen- 
tral of  which,  south  of  tin'  provinces  of  Iligo  and  Bungo,  rises  to  over  seven 
thousand  feet,  and  in  extremely  wild  and  rugged.  In  Satsuma,  the  various  fam- 
ilies of  volcanic  rocks  have  arrived  at  the  surface  in  exactly  the  same  order  of 
succession  as  in  the  ease  of  Hungary,  Mexico,  and  many  other  volcanic  regions, 
viz.,  first,  propylite,  or  trachytie  greenstone;  second,  andcsite;  third,  trachyte 
and  rhyolite  ;  fourth,  the  basaltic  rocks.  The  third  group  was  not  visited  by 
him.  Thomas  Antisell,  M.U.,  and  Professor  Benjamin  J.  Lyman,  M.E.,  and  Hen- 
ry S.  Munroe,  M.E.,  American  geologists  in  Ye/o,  have  also  elucidated  this  inter- 
esting problem.  From  the  first  I  quote.  The  mountain  systems  of  Ye/o  and 
farther  north  are  similar  to  those  in  the  northern  part  of  the  main  island.  There 
are  in  Ye/o  two  distinct  systems  of  mountains.  One,  coming  down  directly  from 
the  north,  is  a  continuation  of  the,  chain  in  Karafto  (Sakhalin),  which,  after  pass- 
ing down  south  along  the  west  shore  of  Yczo,  is  found  in  Kihuoku,  I'u'o,  I'/cn, 
and  farther  south.  The  second  enters  Ye/o  from  the  Kuriles  islands  and  Kaint- 
chatka,  running  X.  ™0-:*."i0  E.  and  S.  :20-:35°  W.,  and  crossing  in  places  the  first  svs- 
tem.  It  is  from  the  existence  and  crossing  of  these  chains  that  Ye/o  derives  its 
triangular  form.  The  two  systems  possess  very  different  mineral  contents  for 
their  axes.  The  first  has  an  essentially  granitic  and  feldspathie  axis,  produced, 
perhaps,  by  shrinkage,  and  is  slow  of  decomposition  of  its  mineral--  forming 
the  soils.  The  second  has  an  axis,  plutonic  or  volcanic,  yielding  basalt-,  traps, 
and  diorites,  decomposing  readily,  producing  deep  and  rich  soils.  Hence  the 
dillerent  kinds  of  vegetation  on  the  two  chains.  Where  the  two  chains  cross, 
also,  there  is  found  a  form  of  country  closed  up  in  the  north  and  ea-t  h\  hills,  the 
valleys  opening  to  the  south  and  west.  This  volcanic  chain  is  r-econdary  in  the 
main  ir-laml  of. Japan;  but  in  Yc/o  and  in  Kiushiu  it  attain*  great  prominence. 

Professor  Benjamin  S.  Lyman,  an  American  urologist,  has  also  made  valuable 
surveys  and  explorations  in  Ye/o,  the  results  of  which  are  u'hvn  in  the  "  Keports 
of  Horace  Capron  and  his  Foreign  Assistants,'1  Tokio,  Ib^.j. 


•20  lilt:  MlKAUu'S  EXPIRE. 

of  rice-lields.  which  have  vielded  richly  for  .ILTOS.  the  fertility  is  easily 
maintained  by  irrigation  and  the  ordinary  application  of  manure,  the  na- 
tives beinif  proficient  in  doth  these  branche.s  of  practical  husbandry. 

The  rivers  <>n  such  narrow  islands,  where  steep  mountains  and 
sharply  excavated  valley-  predominate1,  are  of  necessitv  inainlv  useless 
for  navigation.  Ordinarily  they  are  little  mure  than  brooks  that  llow 
la/ilv  in  narrow  and  shallow  channels  to  the  sea.  After  a  >torm,  in 
rainv  weather,  or  in  winter,  they  become  swollen  torrents,  often  miles 
wide.  -weeping  iv-i-tles-lv  over  larire  tracts  of  land  which  they  keep 
perpetually  de-olate — wildernesses  of  >tom  s  and  gravel,  \\hcrc  fruitful 
tichi-  ouirht  to  be.  The  area  of  land  kept  permanently  wa-te  in  .la- 
pan  on  this  account  is  enormous.  The  traveler.  who  tn-dav  cro--es  a 
clear  brook  on  a  plank,  mav  to-morrow  In-  terrified  at  a  ri-ariiiL,'  flood 
of  muddv  water  in  \vhich  neither  man.  beast,  nor  boat  can  live  a  mo- 
ment. There  are.  however,  some  larire  plain-,  and  in  tho-e  \\e  rnu-t 
look  to  tind  the  navigable  river-.  In  the  mountains  of  Miinaiio  and 
Kod/uke  are  found  the  sources  of  most  of  the  stream-  useful  f<«r  nav- 
igation on  the  main  i-land.  (  hi  the  plains  of  tlicJXLiantu  (from  Sum- 
pi  to  Iwaki),  O-hiu  (Rikuchin  and  liiku/eii).  Min<>.  and  Kchi^K,  are  a 
few  rivi-r>  on  which  <>ne  mav  travel  in  boats  hundreds  of  mile-.  One 
mav  !_T"  bv  water  from  Tokio  to  Niiirata  bv  makinir  a  few  portage*,  and 
from  O/aka  \»  the  end  «\'  Lake  Hiwa  bv  iiatural  \\ater.  In  the  north- 
ern part  of  Hondo  arc  -everal  1"H^  river-,  notably  the  Khatami  and 
Sakata.  In  Ye/.o  is  the  I.-hikari.  In  Shikoku  are  -everal  fine  -tivams, 
which  are  lar-^e  f'-r  the  si/e  of  the  i-land-.  Kiu-hiii  ha-  but  one  or 
two  of  any  importance.  Ahno-t  everv  one  of  the-e  river-  abouncU  in 
ti>h.  atTordiiiur.  \\ifli  the  surrounding  ocean,  an  inexhaustible  and  ea-ily 
attainable  ->:p]>ly  "f  f""d  of  the  be-t  (jiiality.  I  lefoi-e  their  hi-tory 

bcifan.  the  ab.  li^inal  i-lamlers  made  tin-  lirain-nouri.-hinc;  f }  ihi-ir 

chii-f  diet,  ;mii  through  the  recorded  centuries  to  the  (jUJck-witted  Jap- 
aue-c  pr<ppei  it  ha-  been  the  dailv  meat. 

In  the  >_feo!o'_nc  a^e-  volt-anii1  action  mu-t  have  bci-n  evtremelv  vio- 
lent, a-  in  hi-torii-  time  it  ha-  be. n  almo-t  continual.  IlundreiU.  at 
lea-t.  of  mountain^.  n«i\v  -jtii'-t.  were  mice  bla/iriLT  furnace-;.  The  ever- 
ifreenerv  that  d'  •  k-  them  fo-.|av  n  mind-  '«ne  of  the  i\y  that  mantles 
the  rnin-,  or  the  [].  ,\\  .-r-  that  o\ ,  r^row  the  ne^li-,-tecl  camion  on  the  bat- 

','e-field.         Kvell     uithill    tile    Il|el)|,,r\     of    ll|e||     ] ;  o  \\     1  i  V  i  11  If    have    the    t!lo-t 

a  v.  ful  and  di-adlv  exhibition-  ,,f  voli-anic  d'-"lation  been  \vitin--etl. 
Th.  annal-  of  Japan  are  replete  with  the  record-  of  the-e  llaiii'-ari'l- 
la\a-\ oinitiii"  mountains,  ami  the  mo-t  harruwinpr  tales  of  human  life 


THE  BACKGROUND.  21 

destroyed  and  human  industry  overwhelmed  are  truthfully  portrayed 
by  the  pencil  of  the  artist  and  the  pen  of  the  historian  in  the  native 
literature.  Even  now  the  Japanese  count  over  twenty  active  and  hun- 
dreds of  dormant  volcanoes.  As  late  as  1874,  the  volcano  of  Taromai, 
in  Ve/.o,  whose  crater  had  long  since  congealed,  leaving  only  a  few 
pulling  solfataras,  exploded,  blowing  its  rocky  cap  far  up  into  the  air, 
and  sc;:.tterinn'  a  rain  of  ashes  as  far  as  the  sea-shore,  many  miles  dis- 
tant. Even  tin;  nearly  perfect  cone  of  Shiribeshi,  in  Ye/o,  is  but  one 
of  many  of  nature's  colossal  ruins.  Asama  yama,  never  quiet,  puffs 
off  continual  jets  of  steam,  and  at  this  moment  of  writing  is  groan- 
ing and  quaking,  to  the  terror  of  the  people  around  it.  Even  the 
superb  Fuji,  that  sits  in  lordlv  repose  and  looks  down  over  the  lesser 
peaks  in  thirteen  provinces,  owes  its  matchless  form  to  volcanic  ac- 
tion, beinii'  clothed  bv  a  garment  "f  la\a  on  a  throne  of  granite.  Ila- 
kuzan,  on  the  west  coast,  which  uprears  its  form  above  the  clouds, 
nine  thousand  feet  from  the  sea-level,  and  holds  a  lakelet  of  purest 
water  in  its  bosom,  once  in  tire  and  smoke  belched  out  rocks  and  ul- 
cered its  crater  jaws  with  floods  of  white  and  black  lava.  Not  a  few 
of  these  smoking  furnaces  by  day  are  burning  lamps  by  night  to  the 
mariner.  .Besides  the  masses  and  fields  of  scoria  one  cvervwliere 
meets,  other  evidences  of  the  tierce  unrest  of  the  past  are  noticed. 
Beds  of  sulphur  abound.  Satsuma,  Liu  Kin,  and  Ye/o  are  noted  for 
the  larii'e  amount  they  easilv  produce.  From  the  sides  of  Haku/an 
huge  crystals  of  sulphur  are  dug.  Solfataras  exist  in  active  operation 
in  maiiv  places.  Sulphur-springs  mav  be  found  in  almost  even  prov- 
ince. Hot-springs  abound,  manv  of  them  highly  impregnated  with 
mineral  salts,  and  famous  for  their  geyser-like  rhythm  of  ebh  and  flow. 
In  Shinano  and  Ediiu'o  the  people  cook  their  food,  and  the  farmer 
may  work  in  his  fields  by  night,  lighted  by  the  inflammable  gas  which 
isMies  from  the  ground,  and  is  led  through  bamboo  tubes. 

('onnected  with  volcanic  are  the  seismic  phenomena.  The  records 
of  Japan  from  the  earliest  time  make  frequent  mention  of  these  devas- 
tating and  terrifying  visitations  of  subterranean  disorder.  Not  only 
have  villages,  towns,  and  cities  been  shaken  down  or  ingulfed,  hut  in 
manv  neighborhoods  tradition  tells  of  mountains  that  ha\e  disap- 
peared utterly,  or  been  leveled  to  earth.  The  local  hi-torie>.  so  nu- 
merous in  Japan,  relate  many  such  instances,  and  muiicrnu-  gullies 
and  depressions  produced  bv  the  opening  and  partial  closure  ol  the 
earth-lips  arc  pointed  out.  One,  in  the  province  of  Echizen,  is  over  a 
mile  long,  and  resembles  a  great  trench. 


In  :i.Miti"M  t"  a  ur"'"l  -"'-I-  Japan  ha-  \«-<-n  ^.•!icn«ii>ly  endowed  dy 
tin-  Creator  vv'nh  iiiiii'-ral  riehe-.  M"-t  of  tin-  u-eful  \arietie-  uf  -tone 
are  found  t  hro;;--!].  >ut  the  empire,  'iranite  ami  the  harder  roek-. 
through  varioii-  decree-  «>f  -oftne-s,  down  to  the  ea-ilv  ear\ed  or 
ehipped  -and-toiie-  and  -eeoiidarv  formation-  u-eful  for  t'crtitii-ati-ms 
huildiii'j--.  ("in!'-,  walk-,  or  wall-,  c\i-t  in  alnio-t  every  pro\in<v. 

A:m«-;  all  l!ie  u-et'nl  nietaU  K'li'j;  knnun  t"  man  an-  I'l'inpl  in  thi^ 
;_; ;,.  j  ,•]  i|,ire.  (JuM  and  -ilver  in  \\Mi-kaMe  i|iiantitie-  are  t'nuinl  in 
iiian\  |'i:i'-e<.  'The  i-land  "f  Sad"  i-  a  ina«  i-f  irnM-LfariiiLT  <\\i;n-\y.. 
I'nj.j.er  i-  verv  ai'iindanl,  and  of  the  purest  kind.  Lead,  tit),  antinio- 
ny.  and  maiiiraiH-r  aliound.  Of  /ine  and  liiereury  lln-n-  i-  inn  liltle. 
|p, ,n  j~  ,'hietl\  in  the  f.>nn  <>f  iiia^iieti.'  oxiiU-.  It  oi-curs  in  the  dilu- 
vium of  rivi-is  and  aionur  the  st-ji-coast,  !yinur  in  I'ed-.  of'trii  ..f  ^q-eat 
thi'-kne— .  The  tirM  ijualitv  of  in-n  may  In-  extraeted  from  it.  Ir.,n- 
stone  and  man\  other  \arietie->  of  ore  are  al>o  f.nnid.  retroleum 
i>^iie^  fr-'in  the  ground  in  Hehi^o,  Suniifa,  Kelnxen.  "\  <•/.».  and  in  Sa^- 
haiin  :  the  o.-can  at  some  portion-  on  the  enast  of  the  latter  i-  -aid 
to  lie  smeared  \\iih  a  tloatiti^  -'Mini  of  .-il  f<.r  miles.  << 

Tin  hotanieal  \\ealth  of  .lapan  i-  \'erv  Lfreat.  A  e(in«uirr;tl'k'  mim- 
l.er  of  ve^etaMe  -peeie<  have  double--  Keen  i nt rodiieed  1  iy  human 
aiTeii'11.  into  , lapan  from  the  A-iatie  e.,ntinent.  Init  the  indi^eiioii- 
jilatit-  aii'i  tho-c  inijiorted  \<\  natural  mean-  are  \  e|-\-  nunierou-. 

The  timlier  of  the  mail:  i-land.  Kiii-hiii.  and  Shikoku  i-  -nperK  in 
appearatiee  atid  Lfiouth.  of  -'ivat  \ariet\.  l'eaiit\,  and  adaptal-ility  to 
the  u-es  of  man.  \c/.'<  i-  one  \a-t  liooin  and  luml'er  vard.  Thirtv- 
six  varieties  of  u-eful  timher-tree-,  inehuliu^  true  oak,  are  found  there. 
Tii-  Kurile-  a!-o  atTord  rieh  -upphe-,  and  are  eapal'le  <>f  iieei.min^  to 
the  empire  proper  what  foiv>1-ela<l  \,>rwa\  i-  to  l-!n_dand.  Vamato. 
on  ih.  •  fid.  i-  al-o  fanioii-  for  il-  fo|'e-t>.  ran^iiiL''  M'"m  talli  -t 

e\  e  JTI-I  •  t  re'--  of  ^ri'al  -i/e,  tin  em---  of  ^i-ain.  and  -!  ren^t  h  of  HI  .re.  to 
the  vi. ft  a;  i  ea-  \  whittled  pine-;  hut  the  ince— -ant  dunand-  for  tii'- 
in_r  and  e.arp'-ntr\  make  .h-\  a-t  at  i  !)•_;•  inroad-  on  the  -'r"wiii'j;  timlier. 
Split  vvoi.d  .  .  :;!id  ehareoal  f^r  warmih.  iiere--itate  the  -vs- 

tein  .  .f  fo;-  .t  i  _  n  -,.._-:>•  in  -ome  part-  of  t  lie  empire  re.  jnirinu'  a 

tl'i-e     to      lie      ,  I     for    e\  el'V     o]|e     r'llt     do\V|i:     alld      ll!|!'-e]-ie-    uf     V.il]n'_f 

foi'e-t     tl'ee-    al'e     I  •      ,    lit.    though     the     ''ll-tolll     i-     Hot      UIli\el'>al, 

M"-     ot   the  tree-  and  manv  ',f    the  p|;in;-  are  e\ .  r^f'en.  thu-   k'-epm^ 


THE  BACKGROUND.  23 

The  various  varieties  of  1>aml>oo,  graceful  in  appearance,  and  l>v  its 
strength,  symmetry,  ho]  low  ness,  and  regularity  of  cleavage,  adapted 
to  an  almost  endless  variety  of  uses,  are  almost  omnipresent,  from  the 
scrub  undergrowth  in  Ye/o  to  that  cultivated  in  luxuriant  groves  in 
Satsuma  so  as  to  be  almost  colossal  in  proportion.  There  is,  how- 
ever, as  compared  with  our  own  country,  a  deficiency  of  fruit-trees 
and  edible  vegetables.  The  first  use  of  most  of  the  bread  grains 
and  plants  is  historic.  In  very  ancient  times  it  is  nearly  certain 
that  the  soil  produced  very  little  that,  could  be  used  for  food,  except 
roots,  nuts,  and  berries.  This  is  shown  both  by  tradition  and  history, 
and  also  by  the  fact  that  the  names  of  vegetables  in  Japan  are  mostly 
foreign. 

The  geographical  position  of  the  Japanese  chain  would  lead  us  to 
expect  a  flora  American,  Asiatic,  and  semi-tropical  in  its  character. 
The  rapid  variations  of  temperature,  heavy  and  continuous  rains,  suc- 
ceeded by  scorching  heats  and  the  glare  of  an  almost  tropical  sun,  are 
accompanied  and  tempered  by  strong  and  constant  winds.  Hence  we 
find  semi-tropical  vegetable  forms  in  dose  contact  with  Northern  tem- 
perate types,  in  general  the  predominant  nature  of  the  Japan  flora- 
is  shrubby  rather  than  herbaceous/'' 

The  geographical  position  of  Japan  hardly  explains  the  marked  re- 
semblance of  its  flora  to  that  of  Atlantic  America, f  on  the  one  hand, 
and  that  of  the  Himalaya  region,  on  the  other.  Such,  however,  is  the 


*  In  tlu-  "Enumeratio  Plantarum,"  which  treats  of  nil  the  known  cxo^-ens  and 
conifers  in  Japan,  KJ'.H)  species  arc  enumerated,  distributed  in  04:!  genera,  which 
arc  collocated  in  1:"  orders.  In  other  words,  an  imperfect  botanical  survey  of 
the  Nippon  chain  of  islands  shows  that  in  it  arc  represented  nearly  hull' the  nat- 
ural orders,  ten  per  cent,  of  the  u'enera,  and  nearly  three  per  cent,  of  the  species 
of  dicotyledons  known  to  exist  on  the  surface  of  the  u'lobe.  Future,  research 
must  larin-ly  increase  the  number  of  species. 

t  Very  lar^e  and  splendidly  illustrated  works  on  botany  exist  in  the  Japanese 
lanuunu'c.  The  native  botanists  classify  according  to  the  Linnivan  system.  In 
their  ••  Kiiumeratio  Plantarum"  (Paris,  1ST4).  Drs.  A.  Franchet  and  L.  Savatier 
have  Driven  a  /•/'••••  im/e  of  all  the  known  dicotyledonous  plants  in  Japan.  It  is  a  work 
of  li'reat  research  and  conscientious  accuracy.  I  have  seen  excellent  and  volumi- 
nous native  works,  richly  illustrated,  on  ichthyology,  eoneholoiry,  zoology,  vtl- 
tomoloiry,  reptilolon-y,  and  mineralogy.  Some  of  these  works  are  in  ninety  vol- 
umes each.  Ten  thousand  dollars  were  spent  by  a  wealthy  scholar  in  Mino  in 
the  publication  of  one  of  them.  They  would  not  satisfy  the  requirements  of  the 
exact  science  of  this  decade,  but  they  constitute  an  invaluable  thesaurus  to  the 
botanical  investigator.  I  am  indebted  for  most  of  the  informaiion  conecrniiur 
the  Japanese  flora  to  a  paper  in  the  Jiipnu.  JA/iV  of  September  :.'."; ;h,  1ST5,  from 
the  pen  of  a  competent  reviewer  of  Dr.  Savatier' s  areat  work, 


L'4  Till-:  MIKADO' .S  i:Ul'lRE. 

fact  :  tin-  Japanese  flora  resembles  that  of  Eastern  North  America 
nioiv  than  that  of  \Ne-tern  North  America  ur  Europe.'* 

The  fauna  »f  the  i-laixl  is  a  verv  meagre  one,  ami  it  is  also  onite 
prohable  that  the  larger  dome-tic  animals  have  been  imported.  Of 
\\ild  hea-t-.  ihe  hear,  deer,  \volf,  badger,  fox,  and  nionkev,  and  the 
sma!l'T  Around  animals,  are.  most  probably  indigenous.  So  far  as 
.studied,  however,  t ho  types  approach  those  of  tlie  remote  American 
ratlp  r  than  those  of  the  near  Asiatic  continent. 

Il  is  mo-t  probable,  and  nearly  certain,  that  prehistoric  Japan  did 
not  pos-ess  the  co\v,  hor-e,  sheep,  or  v;oat.  Kven  in  modern  Japan, 
the  po\i-rtv  of  the  fauna  >trikes  the  traveler  with  surprise.  The  birds 
are  mostly  those  of  prev.  Katies  and  hawks  are  abundant.  The 
rrows.  \\ith  none  to  molest  their  ancient  multitudinous  rei-jn,  are  now. 
as  always  in  the  pa-t,  innumerable.  The  twittering  of  a  noticeably 
small  iiumlier  of  the  smaller  birds  is  occasionally  heard;  hut  bird-soii<; 
seems  t<>  have  heeii  omitted  from  the  catalogue  of  natural  glories  of 
this  i-land  empire.  Two  hirds.  tlie  stork  and  heron,  now,  as  ancient- 
ly, tread  the  tidds  in  statelv  beauty,  or  strike  admiration  in  the  he- 
holder  a<  they  sail  in  perfect  j^raee  in  mid-air.  The  wild  ducks  and 
jjfee>e  in  tloeks  have,  from  time  immemorial,  summered  in  Ye/o  and 
wintered  in  Hondo. 

The  d"me>tic  fowls  eonsi-t  alnio.-t  eiitirelv  of  ducks  and  diickeiis. 
The  othi-r~  have,  doiil'llc",  hei-n  imported.  Of  sea-birds  there  are  le- 
!_rions  on  the  uninhahited  eoa^t-.  and  from  the  ro-'ks  the  fishermen 
leather  harvests  of  e^^s. 

Surrounding  their  land   is  the   irreat    reservoir  of  food,  the  ocean. 

i. 

The  seas  of  Japan  arc  probably  unexcelled  in  the  world  for  the  mul- 
titude ;md  \arietV  of  the  ehoic'e-t  -pecies  of  edilile  tisll..  The  lliallV 
bays  and  Bull's  indenting  the  Maud-  have  been  for  a^es  the  happy 
huntinLT-urounds  of  tlie  ti-herman.  The  rivers  are  well  -locked  \\ith 

*  Tin'  r.  -n't-  •  f  Dr.  A-a  dray'-  invc-tiir:iti'>n>  "f  tin'  ln'rl-iiriiitn  brought  to  the 
Uniti'il  Si  ;'  •-  •.  ':.  I'I-ITV  cxjuHlitinii  ;in- siiinrnt-d  ii]i  as  folhuv.s  : 

•I-  ;••••  o-i  '.  !.,;'!  •:••:•  rr-p'  iiidlnj  K!irn)ic:iii  rr;-r,'MMit  itivi-". 
'•;',     •'      ••        "  \\'i •-:!•:•!]  Nnv;!i  AnuTii  :m  roprecpntntives, 

Cl     ••      "        "  "  K.s'""i;  N  'fth  AnnTi'.in  rfprehcutativea; 

while 

i7  i  IT  cpi'.t.  \ri'"<.'  i  U-iitii'a!  \v':!,  Iv;r''iic;iti  -[.(•••  :«•-, 

I'd    ••       '•          ••  ••  "     \\"i--rr-;  N'  i ; !,  A'D'-ri'Mii  Hix'ripw, 

"!)]•.  fliviv'.-  repel-'  war-  (Iri'.wii  up  in  l~-.".s^  \\h-n  Jupanr-e  t-ntany  wos  liitlc 
kii"\vi..  aii'l  coti-iili.'raM1.'  iiH<-r:itiuu  Tniirlit  In-  niado  in  liis  figures;  but  there  tan 
be  little  duiibt  that  the  general  re.-'uit  wuuiil  be  t!ie  --aine." 


THE  BACKGROUND.  25 

manv  varieties  of  fresh-water  tish.  In  Yezo  the  finest  salmon  exist  in 
inexhaustible  supply,  while  almost  everv  species  of  edible  shell-fish, 
mollusra  and  Crustacea,  enlivens  the  shores  of  the  islands,  or  fertilizes 
the  soil  with  its  catacombs.  So  abundant  is  tish  that  fish-manure  is 
an  article  of  standard  manufacture,  sale,  and  use.  The  variety  and 
luxuriance  of  edihlc  sea-weed  arc  remarkable. 

The  aspects  of  nature  in  Japan,  as  in  most  volcanic  countries,  com- 
prise  a  variety  of  savage  hideonsness,  appalling  dcstructiveness,  and 
almost  heavenlv  beauty.  From  the  mountains  burst  volcanic  erup- 
tions; from  the  land  come  tremblings;  from  the  ocean  rises  the 
tidal  wave;  over  it  blows  the  cvdone.  Floods  of  rain  in  summer 
and  autumn  give  rise  to  inundations  and  land-slides.  I  hiring  three 
months  of  the  year  the  inevitable,  dreaded  typhoon  may  be  expected, 
as  the  invisible  au'ent  of  hideous  ruin.  Along  the  coast  the  winds 
and  currents  arc  very  variable.  Sunken  and  emerging  rocks  line  the 
short'.  All  these  make  the  dark  side  of  nature  to  cloud  the  imagina- 
tion of  man,  and  to  create  the  nightmare  of  superstition,  lint  Nat- 
ure's u-lorv  out-hinos  her  temporarv  gloom,  and  in  presence  of  her 
cheering  smiles  the  past  terrors  are  soon  forgotten.  The  pomp  of 
vegetation,  the  splendor  of  the  landscape,  and  the  heavenly  gentleness 
of  air  and  climate  come  to  soothe  and  make  vivacious  the  spirits  of 
man.  The  seasons  come  and  go  with  well -nigh  perfect  regularity; 
the  climate  at  times  readies  the  perfection  of  that  in  a  temperate  zone 
— not  too  siiltrv  in  summer,  nor  raw  in  winter.  A  majority  of  the 
inhabitants  rarelv  see  ice  over  an  inch  thick,  or  snow  more  than  twen- 
tv-four  hours  old.  The  average  lowest  point  in  cold  weather  is  prob- 
ably ~l(y  Fahrenheit.* 

"1  he  surrounding  ocean  and  the  variable  winds  temper  the  climate 
in  simimer;  the  Kuro  Shiwo,  the  (.inlf  Stream  of  the  Pacific,  modifies 
the  cold  of  winter.  A  sky  such  as  over  arches  over  the  Mediterra- 
nean bends  above  Japan,  the  ocean  walls  her  in,  and  ever  green  and  fer- 
tile land  is  hers.  A\  ith  healthful  air,  fertile  soil,  temperate  climate,  a 
land  of  mountains  and  valleys,  with  a  coast -line  indented  \\ith  hays 
and  harbors,  food  in  plentv,  a  cotintrv  resplendent  with  natural  beau- 
ty, but  liable  at  any  moment  to  awful  desolation  and  hideous  ruin, 
what  influences  had  Xature  in  forming  the  physique  and  character  of 
the  people  who  inhabit  Japan  ? 


THE  JI1KA1W3  J-:. Ml 'IRE. 


II 

THE   A 


1\  -eckitiLT  tho  origin  of  the  Japanese  people,  we  must  take  into 
consideration  the  ideographical  po-ition  <>f  their  i-land  chain,  with  ref- 
erence to  its  proximitv  to  the  main-land,  and  i;-  Htuation  in  the  ocean 
currents.  Japanese  tradition-  and  history  may  have  much  to  tell  us 
mi!'  ,-rninjf  the  present  people  of  Japan — whether  tin  v  are  exclusively 
an  indigenous  race,  or  the  composite  of  -everal  ethnic  stocks.  From 
a  -tudv.  however  imperfect,  of  the  lanu'ua^'e,  physiognomy,  and  liodilv 
eliaracteri-tics,  survivals  of  ancient  culture,  hi-loric  ^eolo^y,  and  the 
relies  of  man'-  struck1  with  nature  in  the  earlv  a^e-.  and  of  the  act- 
ual varietie-  of  mankind  now  included  within  the  mikado's  domin- 
ions, f  we  mav  learn  much  of  the  ancestors  of  tin  present  .Iapane-e. 

The  horn-  of  the  ere.-cent -shaped  chain  of  1  >ai  Nippon  approach 
the  A-iatic  continent  at  the  southern  end  of  (',>rea  and  at  SiKeria. 
Nearlv  the  whole  of  Sakhalin  is  within  easy  ivach  of  the  continent 
l.y  canoe.  At  tin-  point  called  \orato,  a  little  north  of  the  tifty-ec- 
ond  parallel,  the  opposite  shore.  !>ut  live  miles  di-tant,  i-  ea-ily  >eeii. 
The  water  i-  here  so  -hallow  that  junk-  can  not  cross  it  at  low  tide. 
At't'-r  IOIILT  prevalent  f.uoi'al'le  winds  the  ground  is  left  dry,  and  the 


*[•:-•        •    •  n  ••  almri^iiirs  "  fur  tlir -ake  of  convv-nii'iict1,  bi-inir  I'y  no  means 

nl'.-'>lu;«-';    -  .        '          th"-f    I    MI   ili'-iiriuiti1   were   tin1   !ir-t    ].i'n|.|i-   //-  situ.      It    lias 
l.i-i-n  i-,.  [ii]  h,  lil  |.\  -cine  native  srliolar-  tint   tlnTi    was  in  .lai>;ui  a  prc- 

Aiim  •  ';'.;:,/.'     •:  ;    tliuuuli  "f  thi-  tlnTc  i-  scarci-lv  a  r-hailow  nf  jirunf.  ;i-  then-  i- 
|irinif  fin      •  t    Malay  i-i\!     :atinn  higher  1  lian  tin'  juT-i'iit  (.•nnditinn  nl' the 

Mal:i\-        l'c.  i  'I    tlirali   the  ]>'.-i  >],>!<•  r.pinnl  ni;  thr  .-nil  a!   the 

clau  !,  .rf  hi-1 

•t    In  cuiiii  .  •        •    •    1   have  U-''il,  in  aiMil';.>!i   t"   in\   nwn   mat'-fia:   :iinl 

th-it   dcrhi-d   f'-i-ni   .  .  -tuil.-n!-.  aii'l   n^ideut-  in  Yrzo,  the  rarrful 

iml.-s  ni' the  Kii'.'li   '  '      ['tail;-  I'.n.l'j  <  f.  ml  am  i  lilaki.-1iin.an;!  M  r.  Ki'iv-t 

S.it'iw,  ami  t  he  iv]        '        •    :  1 1:1        f  I  In1  Ai'i'T'l'-ali  engineer.-  ;ilnl  Lri'"lo- 

J    •-    in    Hi,-   ser\ie,     "I   th'     K.ii    'I':,K:"l    Shi     I  >    !  •  .  rl  n  i<  in    l'..r   thr    Develnriin-nt    of 
\      •  \W\\\\\    !-''/.'''>    tie-  ]|  I  !'!||ll'-li!    ,,l'.T:i;i;ll).       (  )f  the-!'   lat  t<T, 

i  ll\  inde1  t'  il  t"  I'm)'  — :  -  V>.  >    I. u  11  an,  I  (•  :,r>  >   MuDi'iu1.  and  Tljuinu? 

,  M.I). 


THE  ABORIGINES.  27 

natives  can  walk  dry-shod  into  Asia.  During  three  or  four  months 
in  tin;  year  it  is  fro/en  over,  so  that,  with  dog-teams  or  on  foot,  com- 
munication is  often  a  matter  of  a  single  hour.  In  Japanese  atlases, 
on  the  map  of  Karafto,  a  sand-liank  covered  l>y  very  shallow  -water 
is  figured  as  occupying  the  space  between  the  island  and  the  conti- 
nent. A  people  even  without  canoes  might  make  this  place  a  ^ate 
of  entrance  into  Saghalin.  The  people  thus  entering  Japan  from  the 
north  would  have  the  attraction  of  richer  supplies  of  food  and  more 
genial  climate  to  tempt  them  southward.  As  matter  of  fact,  com- 
munication is  continually  taking  place  between  the  Asiatic  main-land 
and  Saghalin. 

Japan  occupies  a  striking  position  in  the  ocean  currents  which  ilow 
up  from  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the  Malay  peninsula.  That  branch  of 
the  great  equatorial  current  of  the  Pacific,  called  the  Kuro  Shiwo,  or 
Black  Stream,  on  account  of  its  color,  flows  up  in  a  westerlv  direction 
past  Luzon,  Formosa,  and  the  Liu  Kin  Islands,  striking  the  >oiilh  point 
of  Kiushin,  and  sometimes,  in  summer,  sending  a  branch  up  the  Sea  of 
Japan.  \Yith  great  velocity  it  scours  the  east  coast  of  Kiushin,  the 
south  of  Shikoku  ;  thence,  with  diminished  rapidity,  enveloping  both 
the  group  of  islands  south  of  the  ]>ay  of  Yedo  and  Oshima  :  and,  at 
a  point  a  little  north  of  the  latitude  of  Tokid,  it  leaves  the  coast  of  Ja- 
pan, and  Hows  north-east  toward  the  shores  of  America.  With  tin- 
variable  winds,  cyclones,  and  sudden  and  violent  storms  continually 
arising,  for  which  the  coasts  of  Eastern  Asia  are  notorious,  it  is  easily 
seen  that  the  drifting  northward  from  the  Malay  Archipelago  of  boats 
and  men.  and  sowing  of  the  shores  of  Kiushiu,  Shikoku,  and  the  west- 
ern shores  of  Hondo  with  people  from  the  south  and  west,  mii-t  have 
been  a  regular  and  continuous  process.  This  i.s  shown  to  be  the  fact 
in  Japanese  historv,  in  both  ancient  and  modern  times,  and  is  taking 
place  nearly  every  year  of  the  present  century. 

It  seems  most  probable  that  the  savages  descended  from  the  north, 
tempted  >oiith  by  richer  iisheries  and  a  warmer  climate,  or  m^vd  <m 
bv  successive  immigration^  from  the  continent.  'I  here  is  abundant 
evidence  from  .Japanese  historv  of  the  habitation  of  the  main  i-land 
bv  the  Ainos,  the  savages  whose  descendants  now  occup\  ^  e/o.  Shi- 
koku and  Kiu-hiu  were  evidently  peopled  bv  mixed  race-,  -prun^  of 
the  wait's  from  the  various  shores  of  Southern  Asia.  \\hen  the  con- 
querors landed  in  Kiushiu,  or,  in  ^acred  Japanese  plira-r.  "  when  our 
divine  ancotors  descended  from  heaven  To  the  earth."  thev  found  the 
land  peopled  by  savages,  under  tribal  organizations,  living  in  ullages, 


i  a -h  governed  b\  a  head-man.  CoiHjuerini;  first  the  aborigines  of 
Kiu-hiii  and  Shikoku.  they  adxam-ed  into  the  main  island,  fought  and 
tran'|uili/ed  the  Aino-,  then  called  Kbisu,  or  barbarians,  and  fixed  tlnir 
capital  not  far  from  Kioto.  The  Aino-  were  not  subjugated  in  a 
da\ ,  howe\  -T.  and  continual  military  operations  were  nece— arv  to  keep 
them  ijiiiet.  ( >nly  after  centuries  of  ti^htiiii;'  \\eiv  they  thoroughly 
-ubdued  and  trainmili/ed.  The  traveler  to-dav  in  the  northern  part 
of  tin  main  i-land  mav  sec  the  barrow-  of  the  Ainu-'  bone-  -Iain  by 
Japaiie-e  armies  more  than  a  millennium  a^'o.  <  >m-  of  the-e  mounds, 
ir-ar  Morioka.  in  llikuchiu.  very  lar^e.  aiid  named  "\ >••/.<>  mori  "  (Aino 
mound),  i-  e-peciallv  famous,  containing'  the  bone-  of  the  aborigines 
-!au'_ditcivd,  lieaps  upon  heap-,  bv  the  .lapaiie-e  -ho^iin  (general).  Ta- 
mura,  who  \\a-  noted  for  hein-j;  -i\  teet  hi'_rh.  and  for  hi-  maiiv  bloody 
\  ii-t'  >ries  over  the  Kbi-U. 

l-'or  centuries  more,  the  distinction  between  coiniiieror-  and  coii- 
(jiiered.  a-  between  Sa\on  and  \orman  in  Kujjand.  \\  a-  kejit  up:  but 
at  length  the  fusion  of  races  wa-  complete,  and  the  hoiao^vne»u.-  Jap- 
an.'-,- people  i-  the  re-ult.  The  remnants  of  Ainu-  in  Ye/o.  -hut  otf 
by  the  -traits  of  Tsiiu'aru  from  Hondo,  ha\e  pre-er\ed  the  aboriginal 
bi I  in  p  i 

The  traditional  origin  of  the  Ainu-,  -aid  to  lie  ^iveii  by  them- 
-cl\e-,  th"U-j;h  I  -ll-peet  tile  story  to  be  all  invention  of  the  con.|Uer- 

oi-s,  or  of  the  .lajiaiie-e.  i-  a-  follo\\-:  A  certain  princ".  named 
K'amui.  in  one  of  the  kingdom-  in  A-i.-i.  had  three  daughter-.  <  >nc 
of  them  ha1,  inn'  become  the  nbj.-i-t  of  ;he  ince-tilou-  pa--ion  (.f  her 
father,  by  \^!ii.-h  her  bodv  became  covered  \\ith  hair,  (jiiit  hi-  palace 
in  the  middle  of  the  ni-'ht.  and  tied  to  the  s,  a-sln>iv.  Thej-e  -he  found 
;t  di--ei'te(|  canoe,  on  lioard  uhi'-h  \\as  on!\-  a  lar^'e  d"--.  Th<-  \oun_r 
u'iri  r'--oluii-l\  embarked  \\ith  In-r  onlv  cuinpanion  to  |ourin-\'  to  -..me 
place  in  th-  1-la-t.  After  many  month-  of  tra\«-l.  tin-  youni:'  prin.-e-s 
n-arhi-d  an  uninhabited  p!a>-e  in  th>-  mountain-,  and  tln-iv  <_r;\\-i-  birth 
to  t\\o  chi:  ll'en.  a  bo\  and  a  ^irl.  Tip--.-  \\  el'e  the  an.-c--1..r-  of  the 
Ainu  race.  'I  :  -  ir  "tV-pi-inu  in  turn  married,  -..nn-  amoii^  ea'-h  other, 
other-  uirh  th'-  bear-  of  th'-  mountain-.  Tin-  fruit-  of  thi-  latter  un- 
ion Ken-  m.  ii  ..f  i  \traordinar\  valor,  and  nimbje  hunter-,  uh".  after 
a  lon_r  lit'.-  -p>  n  vicinity  of  their  birl  li.  departed  t"  tin-  far 

north,  where   they    -till    !i\,-   on    the    hiu'h    and   inacce->ible   ta:.'1--iand- 
abo\i-  t!:e  mountain-  :    an-1.  b.  in--  immortal,  lin-v  dir.-.-t.  1>\    tin  ir  maur- 
i.-a'  iiolin-ii'-e-.  th.-  action-  and  the  d>--tiii\   of  men.  that  i-.  the  Aino-. 
Th'-  '-  rm  "  Ainu  "  i-  a  r.imparalivi  1\   mod«-rn  '  pit  In  t.  ajipii'-.i  by  the 


THE  ABOPJGLXES.  -2Q 

Japanese.  Its  derivation,  as  given  by  several  eminent  native  scholars 
whom  I  have  consulted,  is  from  inn,  a  dog.  Others  assert  that  it  is 
an  abbreviation  of  at  no  k<>,  "offspring  of  the  middle;'1  that  is,  a 
breed  between  man  and  beast.  Or,  if  the  Japanese  were  believers  in 
a  theorv  called  of  late  years  the  "  Darwinian,"  an  idea  by  no  means 
unknown  in  their  speculations,  the  Ainos  would  constitute  the  "miss- 
ing link,"  or  "intermediate"  between  man  and  the  brutes.  In  the 
ancient  Japanese  literature,  and  until  probably  the  twelfth  century, 
the  Ainos  were  called  Ebisu,  or  savages. 

The  proofs  from  language  of  the  Aino  ancestry  of  the  Japanese  are 
von*  strong.  So  far  as  studied,  the  Aino  tongue  and  the  Altai  dia- 
lects are  said  to  be  very  similar.  The  Aino  and  Japanese  languages 
differ  no  more  than  certain  Chinese  dialects  do  from  each  other. 
Ainos  and  Japanese  ha\c  little  dillii-ulty  in  learning  to  speak  the  lan- 
guage of  each  other.  The  most  ancient  specimens  of  the  Japanese 
tongue  are  found  to  show  as  great  a  iikeuesss  to  the  Aino  as  to  mod- 
ern Japanese. 

Further  proofs  of  the  uvneral  habitation  of  Hondo  by  the  Ainos 
appear  in  the  geographical  names  which  linger  upon  the  mountain* 
and  rivers.  These  names,  musical  in  sound,  and  possessing,  iu  their 
significance,  a  rude  grandeur,  have  embalmed  the  life  of  a  past  race, 
as  the  -wect  names  of  "Juniata"  and  "  Altamaha,"  or  the  sonorous 
onomatopes  of  "  Niagara,"  "  Katahdin,"  and  "  Tuscai'ora "  echo  the 
ancient  glories  of  the  well-nigh  extinct  aborigines  of  America,  who  in- 
deed may  be  brethren  of  the  Ainos.  These  names  abounding  in  the 
north,  especial! v  in  the  provinces  north  of  the  thirty-eighth  parallel, 
are  rare  in  the  south,  and  in  most  cases  have  lost  their  exact  ancient 
pronunciation  by  being  for  cetiturio  spoken  by  Japanese  tongues. 

The  evidences  of  an  aboriginal  race  arc  still  to  be  found  in  the  rel- 
ics of  the  Stone  ALTC  in  Japan.  Flint,  arrow  and  spear  heads,  ham- 
mers, chisels,  --crapers,  kitchen  refuse,  and  various  other  trophies,  arc 
frequently  excavated,  or  may  be  found  in  the  museum  or  in  homo  of 
pmale  persons.  Though  covered  with  the  soil  for  centuries,  thev 
seem  as  though  freshly  brought  from  an  Aino  hut  in  Yezo.  In  scores 
of  striking  instances,  the  very  peculiar  ideas,  customs,  and  super.-;  :i  i'  >ns. 


Amid>t  many  variations,  two  distinctly  marked  type-  of  fralures 
are  found  amotiLT  the  Japanese  people.  Amon^  the  upper  classes,  the 
tine,  loTiif,  oval  face,  with  prominent,  well-chiseled  features,  deep-sunk- 
en eye-sorkets,  oblique  eyes,  IOJILT,  drooping  eyelids,  elevated  and  arch- 


ed  e\'el>r<i\\  -.  liii_'h  and  narr>>u  fun-head.  Pnni'lcd  no-e.  luul-liki'  IlliHltll, 
[minted  chin,  siu.-tll  hand-  and  feel,  contrast  strikiiijflv  \vitti  the  round, 
flattened  face.  ie>s  ol.ii.jiie  eyes  aluio-t  le\  el  \\itli  the  face,  and  straight 
ii"-c-,  expanded  aii'l  upturned  at  the  ro.'t-.  The  former  type  pre\ails 

aiii"!!^  the  higher  cla»e: the  nobility  ami  gentry  :   the  latter,  aiinm^ 

the  aurricultural  and  lal"irini:  da»e>.  The  one  i~  the  Ainu,  ur  nurth- 
ci'ii  t\jie;  the  utluT,  the  southern,  or  \aiuato  tvpo.  In  the  aecoin- 


Kat-r— Aristocratic  nncl  rU-bc-i.-ii).     ;i,nd 


|paiiviii'i  cut  tl'i-  ditfeivnce  i-  fairlv  -h"\\n  in  the  stroiiirly  cinitrastiiiij: 
tvjics  nf  the  .lapaiic-e  lad\'  and  II.T  servant,  or  child'-  ninve.  The 
ni"d>T!i  Aiiu'K  are  f.iiind  inhaliitiiiL'  the  i>la?nls  nt  \  f/.n,  ^a^halin.  the 
Kiiri'c-.  and  a  few  «>f  the  >'iiti\inur  inland-.  'I  !n  \  nuinln-r  |.-ss  tliaii 
tuent\  tli.  'ii-aiid  in  all. 

A-  the  \ino  .if  ti'-'lav  i-  and  lives,  so  .lapaiie-e  art  and  traditi.iiis 
dt  •]>]••'  hiiii  in  tin-  dawn  <.f  lii-t.irv:  of  ]«\\  stature,  thick -set.  full- 
l'eard'-d,  ''•,-'•.  hail'  of  a  true  Mack,  eves  -et  at  nearlv  ri^ht  angles 
v,  it!)  tic-  1 1  — .  \>  i:i.-li  j~  >horl  and  thick,  and  c'hip|iMl  at  the  did.  inu  — 
cular  in  fr;ini'  n  .  uith  !'i_r  hand-  and  fe.-t.  Hi-  lan^'iia^e.  i'e- 

li_ri.'ii.  div--.  and  Lr<  ni  ral  luaniier  .>f  life  arc  the  same  a-  "t  old.  lie 
iia-  ii'i  alpha!"';.  \\i\  \\!-itin'_r.  !i"  !iuinli<-r-  alu.vr  a  th.  'ii-.'ind.  II:-  ri.-e, 
t.iliacco.  and  | '!["-.  c.itt.'ii  ^anin-nt".  and  \\ .  -i--!iip  of  Yo~.hit.-uiH'1.  are  .if 

course  lat.-r  inii"\  ati"ii .teji-  in  the  -call    ..f  civilixati"ii.      Sine,,  ihi- 

Iie-t"rati"U  of    1-0^.  a  nninl'i-r  of  Alno-  of  l...th  r-exo>  have  lieen   !iv- 


THE  ABORIGINES.  :U 

inu'  in  Tokio,  under  infraction  of  the  Kai  Takii  Shi  (Department  for 
the  Colonization  of  Ve/o).  1  have  hail  frequent  opportunities  of  study- 
ing their  phvsieal  characteristics,  language,  and  manners. 

Their  dwellings  in  Ye/o  are  made  of  poles  covered  over  with  thiek 
straw  mats,  with  thatched  roofs,  the  windows  and  doors  being  holes 
covered  with  the  same  material.  The  earth  beaten  down  hard  forms 
tiie  floor,  on  which  a  few  coarse  mattings  or  rough  hoards  are  laid. 
Many  of  the  lmts  are  divided  into  two  apartments,  separated  bv  a 
mud  and  wattle  partition.  The  tire-place,  with  its  pot-hooks,  occupies 
the  centre.  There  being  no  chimney,  the  interior  walls  become  thick- 
Iv  varnished  with  creosote,  densclv  packed  with  flakes  of  carbon,  or 
festooned  with  masses  of  soot.  Tliev  are  adorned  with  the  imple- 
ments of  the  chase,  and  the  >kulls  of  animals  taken  in  hunting. 
Scared v  anv  furniture  e\ce[)t  cooking-pots  is  visible.  The  empyreu- 
matical  odor  and  the  stench  of  tish  do  not  conspire  to  make  the  visit 
to  an  Ainu  hut  verv  pleasant. 

Rai-ed  benches  alonu-  t\yo  walls  of  the  hut  afford  a  sleeping  or 
loiinu'iiiLi1  place,  doubtless  tlu:  original  of  the  tokonoma  of  the  modern 
Japanese  houses  Tliev  sit,  like  the  Japanese,  on  their  heels.  Their 
food  is  niainlv  ti.-h  and  -ea-weed,  with  rice,  beans,  sweet-potatoes,  mil- 
let, and  barlev,  which,  in  Southern  Ye/.o,  thev  cultivate  in  small  plots. 
They  obtain  rice,  tobacco,  sake,  or  rice-beer,  an  exhilarating  beverage 
which  they  crave  as  the  Indians  do  "  tire-water,"  and  cotton  clothing 
from  their  masters,  the  Japanese.  The  women  weave  a  coarse,  strong, 
and  durable  cloth,  ornamented  in  various  colors,  and  ropes  from  the 
barks  of  trees.  Thev  make  excellent  dug-out  canoes  from  elm-trees. 
Their  dress  consists  of  an  under,  and  an  upper  garment  having  ti^ht 
sleeves  and  reaching  to  the  knees,  very  much  like  that  of  the  Japanese. 
The  woman's  dress  is  longer,  and  the  sleeves  wider.  They  wear,  also, 
straw  leiiv'uin's  and  straw  shoes.  Their  hair,  which  is  astonishin^v 
thick,  is  clipped  short  in  front,  and  falls  in  masses  down  the  back  and 
sides  to  the  shoulders.  It  is  of  a  true  black,  whereas  the  hair  of  the 
Japanese,  \\lien  freed  from  unguents,  is  of  a  dark  or  reddish  bn>\\n. 
and  1  have  seen  distinctly  red  hair  amonu'  the  latter.  The  bean!  and 
mustaches  of  the  Ainos  are  allowed  to  attain  their  fullest  develop- 
ment, the  former  often  reaching  the  length  of  twelve  or  fourteen  inch- 
es. Hence,  Ainos  take  kindlv  to  the  "  hairv  foreigners,"  Kn^Ii-hmen 
and  Americans,  whose  bearded  faces  the  normal  Japanese  despise,  \\  hile 
to  a  Japanese  child,  as  I  found  out  in  Fukui.  a  man  \\ith  nni-tache>  ap- 
pears to  be  only  a  dragon  without  win^-  or  tail.  Some,  not  all,  of  the 


older  men.  1'iit  very  few  of  tip-  youn^r.  have  their  Kodies  and  liml>s 
covered  uitli  thiek  1-iaek  hair,  al>out  an  ineli  loii'_r.  The  term  "  hairv 
Kurile-,"  applied  1"  tlicin  as  a  I'liaraeti-ristii'  liairv  race,  i-  a  nivthiral 
e  \piv--i  i  'ii  ot'  1""  ik-niakors.  as  the  e  xee>-ivelv  hir-utc  eov  erin^r  -upp"-ed 
to  l>e  universal  ainon^  tin1  Ainos  i-  not  to  he  found  l>v  the  inve-ti- 

pitor  on  the  ground.  Their 
skin  is  in-own,  their  eves  arc 
horizontal,  and  their  n<>-e- 

lo\\.       with       the        lolx-S       \Vell 

rounded  out.  The  women 
are  of  proportionate1  -tature, 
to  the  men.  hut,  unlike  them, 
are  verv  u^h.  I  ne\er  met 
\\  it  h  a  hand-'  >nie  A  mo  fe- 
male, tlioiiLi'li  I  ha\e  Men 
main  of  the  ^  e/i  >  \\  <  mien. 
'I'Jieir  mouth-  -rein  like  i  ho-e 
of  o'jfiv<.  and  to  -treteh  from 
ear  t»  car.  T!ii-  ari-e-  from 
the  faet  that  they  tattoo  a 

An  Aim"'  i  hicf  from   Vc/.o.       (From  a  phot.ii_'r:ii.h     \vid«.-    lialld    of   dil'tv    Mile,  like 
i.ik.-n  in  Tr.kin,  1-7-J.)  L.     ,         '    .          ,,   . 

t  lie    Woad   ot    tile  allelelit     I  >I'lt- 

on-.  ai'ound  their  lip-,  to  the  extent  of  three-quarter-  of  an  ineh,  and 
-till  longer  at  thr  tapering  rxtreinities.  The  tattooing  i-  -o  eoiii- 
plefel\  done,  that  many  per-mi-  mi-take  it  for  a  daul>  of  l>lnr  paint, 
like  the  artificial  oxai£LT*'ratioii  of  a  eireu-  e]o\\n'-  mouth.  The\  in- 

lTea-e    their   l;ideoU-lle.—   1>V    joillill^    their    eVeliroU-    dVel1  the    llo-e    |.\-   a 

fiv-li  hand  of  tattooing.  Thi-  praetier  i-  re-orted  to  in  the  ra-r  of 
inarrii'd  \\omen  and  female-  \\lio  are  of  a^v.  ju-t  a-  that  of  Llaekeii- 
iiiLr  ill''  teeth  and  -having  the  eyehrow-  i-  amoirj;  the  .l.-qiane-e. 

Tlh  \  are  -aid  t»  l>r  faithful  \\i\e-  and  latiorioii-  helpmate-,  their 
moral  «|Ualilie-  ••.  iinpeii-atin^  for  their  laek  of  phv-ieal  eliarm-.  The 
\voiiieii  a--i-i  iii  hunt  in Lf  and  ti-hmi:'.  o| ten  po-^i  --in^  equal  -kill  \\  ith 
the  11,1  n.  '1  h'  \  '-arr\  their  hal'ie-  pi'-kapa-'k.  a-  the  ,)apaiie-e  nioth- 
i'is  ewpt  that  the  -traji  pa--inur  under  the  child  i-  put  round  the 
nii'ther'-  forehead.  l'"!\_ram\-  i-  prrniitted. 

Their  \\eapon-  are  of  tip-  vide-t  f'.rm.  T!i  •  thivr-piMn'jyd  -pear  is 
usi-il  f .  ,r  the  -a!ni''ii.  The  -in--l,- - 1. laded  l;uicr  i-  f.-r  the  !n-ar,  tli.-ir 
nio-i  ti-rrilili'  eii'-m\',  \\hi'-h  the\  regard  \\ith  -uper-tiiiou-  re\-erenee. 
'Iheir  I'.AV-  are  >implv  jieelcd  houjfh-,  three  feet  lon^.  The  arrows 


CUE  ABORIGINES.  33 

are  one  foot  shorter,  and,  like  those  used  hy  the  tribes  on  the  coast  of 
Siberia  and  in  Formosa,  have  no  feather  on  the  shaft.  Their  pipes  are 
of  the  same  form  as  those  so  common  in  Japan  and  China;  and  one 
obtained  from  an  Ainu  came  from  Santan,  a  place  in  Amurland. 

The  Amos  possess  dogs,  which  they  use  in  hunting,  understand  the 
use  of  charcoal  and  candles,  make  excellent  baskets  and  wicker-work 
of  maav  kinds;  and  some  of  their  tine  bark- cloth  and  ornamented 
weapons  for  their  chiefs  show  a  skill  and  taste  that  compare  verv  fa- 
vorably with  those  exhibited  by  the  Xorth  American  Indians.  Their 
oars,  having  handles  fixed  crosswise,  or  sculls  made  in  two  pieces,  are 
•ilmost  exactly  like  those  of  the  Japanese.  Their  river-canoes  arc  dug 
out  of  a  log,  nsuallv  elm.  Two  men  will  fashion  one  in  five  davs. 
For  the  sea-coast,  they  use  a  frame  of  wood,  lacing  on  the  sides  with 
bark  fibre.  They  are  skillful  canoe-men,  usine,-  either  pole  or  paddle. 

The  language  of  the  Ainu  is  rude  and  poor,  but  much  like  the  Jap- 
anese. It  resembles  it,  so  closely,  allowing  for  the  fact  that  it  is  utter- 
ly unpolished  and  undeveloped,  that  it  seems  hi^hlv  probable  it  is  the 
original  of  the  present  Japanese  tongue.  Tliev  ha\e  no  written  char- 
acter, no  writing  of  anv  sort,  no  literature.  A  further  stndv  mav  pos- 
sibly reveal  valuable  traditions  held  among  them,  which  at  present 
they  are  not  known  bv  me  to  have. 

In  character  and  morals,  the  Ainos  are  stupid,  good-natured,  brave, 
honest,  faithful,  peaceful,  and  gentle.  The  American  and  English  trav- 
elers in  Yexo  au'ree  in  ascribing  to  them  these  qualities.  Their  meth- 
od of  salutation  is  to  raise  the  hands,  with  the  palms  upward,  and 
<troke  the  heard.  Thev  understand  the  rudiments  of  politeness,  as 
several  of  their  verbal  expressions  and  gestures  indicate. 

Their  religion  consists  in  the  worship  of  kami,  or  -pints.  They  do 
not  appear  to  have  any  special  minister  of  religion  or  sacred  struct- 
ure.* Thev  have  festivals  commemorative  of  certain  events  in  the 


*  Sonic  visitors  to  tin1  Aino  villages  in  Yezo  dee  hire  that  they  have  notued 
then-  the  presence  of  the  phallic  shrines  and  symbols.  ]  t,  mi^'lit  In.1  iiitcre-iinij 
if  this  Assertion,  and  the  worship  of  these  symbols  by  the  Aino-.  were  eY.irly 
proved  ft  would  help  to  settle  delinilely  the  question  of  the  origin  in  J:ip:ii!  of 
this  oldest  form  ol'l'etieh  worship,  the  evidences  of  which  are  found  all  over  the. 
Nippon  island-chain,  including  YC/.O.  1  have  noticed  the  prevail  nee  <•!'  these 
shrines  ami  symbols  especially  in  Kasteni  and  Northern  Japan,  havinu  counted 
as  manv  as  a  dozen,  and  these  bv  the  roadside,  in  a  trip  to  NiKKo.  'I  he  barren 
of  both  sexes  worship  them,  or  utter  them  i  j  rutn.  In  Salami.  Kad/n-a.  and  e\  en 
in  TOkio  itself,  they  were  visible  as  late  as  1*74,  cut  in  stone  and  wood,  FornnT- 
iy  the  toy -shops,  porcelain -shops,  and  it  inerant  venders  of  mat.\  ware.-  were  u  ell 
supplied  with  them,  made  of  various  materials  :  they  were  t"  I"1  seen  in  the  cor- 


;U  Til K  MIKADO'S  KM  TIRE. 

past,  and  tlirv  wor-hip  the  spirit  of  Yoshitsune,  a  Japanese  hero,  who 
is  supposed  to  ha\e  lived  amon^  tliein  in  tin-  twelfth  century,  and 
who  taught  them  some  of  the  art-  of  Japanese  civilization. 

The  outward  svnibols  of  their  religion  are  >ticks  of  wood  two  or 
three  feet  l»ii;i.  vvhich  thev  whittle  all  around  toward  the  end  into 
shaving-,  until  the  -month  wand  contains  a  ma-<  of  pendent  curl-,  as 
seen  in  the  cn^nn  inn".  pau'1'  '•>-.  Thev  insert  several  of  ihe-e  in  the 
!_Totmd  at  certain  place-,  which  they  hold  sacred.  The  Ainns  also 
deifv  mountains,  the  sea.  which  furnishes  their  daily  food,  hears,  the 
foiv-N,  and  other  natural  object-,  whieh  they  l)elieve  to  p,>--e-s  intel- 
ligence. These  wand>  with  the  curled  .-having-  are  set  up  in  every 
place  of  supposed  danger  or  evil  omen.  The  traveler  in  Ye/o  sees 
them  on  precipices  «j;oi-"vs  of  mountains,  dangerous  pa— e-.  and  river- 
banks. 

AYhcii  deseewlinti  the  rapid-  of  a  ri\er  in  Ye/o,  he  will  notice  that 
hi-  Aino  boatmen  from  time  to  time  will  throw  one  of  these  wands 
into  the  river  at  everv  dangerous  point  or  turning'.  The  Aino-  pray 
raising  their  hand-  above  their  head-.  The  Iluddhi-t  bon/e-  have  in 
vain  att'-mpted  to  convert  them  to  Huddhi-in.  They  have  rude  xm^s, 
which,  the\  chant  to  their  kami.  or  u'od-,  and  to  the  deitied  -ea,  fd'e-t, 
mountain-,  and  liears,  especially  at  the  close  of  the  limiting  and  1i-h- 
inj;  -ca-oti,  in  all  all'air-  of  ^reat  importance,  and  at  the  end  of  the 
year.  The  following  i-  ;_:''. \eti  a-  a  -pc-cimen  ; 

"To    the    -ea    wll'lcll    nourishes    U-,    \«    the    jol'e-t     that     pl'Mtect-    I!-.    UC 

pri'-ent  our  grateful  thanks.      Y,,II  ari'  tuo    limthei1-   that   n-'iiri-h  the 
same  child  :   do  not  be  an^'rv  if  \\'c  leave  one  to  ^-o  t. .  t  h"  other." 
" 'I'he  Aino-  will  alwav-  be  the  pride  of  the  foiv>t  and  the  sea." 
The   in.juircr   into  the   origin    of  tin*  Japanoe   mu-l    i-e^n  t    that   as 
\  et    we    kii"W   comparatively   little   i.f   the    Aino-  and   tlh-ii1   lan^uan'c. 
An\   "pininn  ha/arded  on  the  >ul»|ect   ma\'  be  pronounced  ra-h.      ^  et, 
after  a  studv  "f   all   tin'   obtainable  facts,  I   believe  they  unmi-takaMv 


llUfupiit-l'Mlilii  "-  . .:  \>--.v  ycnr's,  ]':l]M'lc'il  ill  tin  fc-liv.ll-.  :M'il  ;,;  i;nc\]n-ctcil  'ililr- 
;t:nl  I'litffs  fli  I  tin  !• ':•  :-n  -]>r, •];,;,,;-.  It  \v:i-  lik.  :i  -11  in  i  -.•  nt'  I  if.-  in  t  lie 

:l!lt>  .'111  II  \  hill    Wf  ill    !.    nr    n|    :c:,   i,   111     I  ll'li;l.    «  ili-lK-c    (li'U''tl'-->    i  !M'\    (Mllir,   Id    M-i1    e\  i- 

(|'-!H-'--   I'f'tlii-   mil  |in-v:ili'til    fnni!    i.t'iMi'];.    ri-ii^iuii.      l'.ui!ilhi-t   jiricst-; 

\\  i  HIM  I  h.ive  coil-lilt'  '1  :itlir:n.  \\ith  -niih  \v;ir!iil!i,  tli:i1  !!i--\  ;irn-i'  in  111"  "  \virK- 
<  '\  tain  n|'  A-hik;iLra."  Ili"ii-!i  tli-  1  I,:IM  Tit  v  uf  liativi  -.  learned  :iliii  intle;inn-il.  -:i_V 
ih'-v  .e-.-  t!ic  rdii-.  <.\'  tin'  iiiit-ii  n!  i  i-i.jili-.  ..)•  ii'.nrbiiie-.  Iii  !-;•.'  tin'  inikiido's 

li'i\i   n. Illi-llt     prnhi!'i!'-i|    till'    -.:!••    nr    c\|«'-'I!-"-    nf   li,.--c    I'lllhli-lll-    ill    iniV    lullll    "]• 

-  mil'-,  tnj-i  'In  r  witli  tip-  in"!'''  :ir!i-tii'  i-ii-i-i-iiitii--,  |  i.-tap-s,  I.ii'/Ks,  farviii^'-,  and 
nh"t"_'-".q'ii-.  -L-nt  nut  IVniii  the  -t'i'lii.-  of  I'.iri-  uiul  l.'ind'in. 


THE  ABORIGINES.  35 

point  to  the  Ainos  ;is  the  primal  ancestors  of  the  Japanese ;  that  the 
mass  of  the  Japanese  people  of  to-day  are  substantially  of  Aino  stock. 
An  infusion  of  foreign  blood,  the  long  effects  of  the  daily  hot  baths 
and  the  warm  climate  of  Southern  Japan,  of  Chinese  civilization,  of 
agricultural  instead  of  the  hunter's  method  of  life,  have  wrought  the 
change  between  the  Aino  and  the  Japanese. 

It  seems  equally  certain  that  almost  all  that  the  Japanese  possess 
which  is  not  of  Chinese,  Corean,  or  Tartar  origin  has  descended  from 
the  Aino,  or  has  been  developed  or  improved  from  an  Aino  model. 
The  Ainos  of  Ye/o  hold  politically  the  same  relation  to  the  Japanese 
as  the  North  American  Indians  do  to  the  white  people  of  the  United 
States;  but  ethnically  thev  are,  with  probability  bordering  very  closely 
on  certainty,  as.  the  Saxons  to  the  English.* 


*  I  need  scarcely,  except  to  relieve,  by  borrowed  humor,  the  dull  weighing  of 
facts,  and  the  construction  of  an  opinion  void  of  all  dogmatism,  notice  the  as- 
sertion elaborated  at  length  by  some  Americans,  [Scotchmen,  and  others  too. 
for  anu'lit  I  know,  that  the  Ainos  are  the  ''ten  lost  tribes  of  Israel,"  or  that 
they  are  the  descendants  of  the  sailors  and  gold-hunters  sent  out  by  King  Solo- 
Dion  to  U'ii-in  spoil  for  his  temple  at  Jerusalem.  Really,  this  search  after  the 
••  ioM  tribes  " — or  have  they  consolidated  into  the  Wandering  Jew  "i — is  hi-coining 
absurd.  Thry  are  the  7nost  discovered  people,  known.  They  have  been  found  in 
America,  Britain,  Persia,  India,  China,  Japan,  and  in  Ye/o.  I  know  of  but  one 
haystack  left  to  find  this  needle  in,  and  that  is  Corea.  It  will  undoubtedly  be 
found  there..  It  has  been  kindly  provided  that  there  are  more  worlds  for  these 
Alexanders  to  compier.  It  is  now  quite  necessary  for  the  arelneological  respect- 
ability of  a  people  that  they  be  the  u  lost  tribes."  To  the  inventory  of  wonders 
in  Japan  some  would  add  that  of  her  containing  "  the  dispersed  amonn;  the  (icn- 
tiles,"  notwithstanding  that  the  same  claim  has  been  made  for  a  do/en  other 
nai  imis. 

The  Aitio  Arrow-pohon. — Dr.  Stuart  Eldredge,  who  has  studied  the  properties 
of  tin.1  Aino  arrow-poison,  states  that  it  is  made  by  macerating  and  poundmir  tin- 
roots  of  one  or  more  of  the  virulent  species  of  aconite,  mixing  the  mass  into  a 
pa>tc,  with  (perhaps,)  inert  ingredients,  and  burying  it  in  the  ground  for  some 
time.  The  still',  dark,  reddish-brown  paste  is  then  mixed  with  animal  fat,  and 
about  ten  "Tains'1  weight  of  the  paste  is  applied  to  the  bamboo  arrow-lips  whieh 
are  used  to  M-t  the  bear-traps.  The,  wounded  animals  are  found  dead  n.-ar  the 
trap,  and  I  heir  llcsli  is  eaten  with  impunity,  though  the  hunter  cut*  oil'  the  part:- 
immediately  near  the  wound.  The  Ainos  know  of  no  antidote  for  the  poison. 
(See  "Transactions  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Japan,  1*70."; 


III. 

M.  1  77.7,'  /.  i  /.  *    n  r  JffS  T(  >  I!  Y. 

P.KioKE  attempting  a  hrief  .-ketdi  of  .lapatie-c  hi-torv.  it  mav  he 
inlcrc-iiirj-  to  the  reader  to  know  something  of  the  -..iirce-  of  -uch 
hi-tory,  and  the  charaeter  and  amount  of  the  material-.  A  >lvna-lv 
of  ruler-  who  ostentatiously  hoast  of  twentv-tivv  centuries  of  unl.roken 
siiecession  should  ha\e  solid  foundation  of  fact  for  their  l»ia-t.  The 
aiiiMi-t  ivpre-eiitatives  of  the  mikado  Mut-u hito.:/:  the  one  hundred 
and  twenty-third  of  the  imperial  line  of  i  >ai  Nippon,  who,  in  ihe  pres- 
ence of  tile  I'lv-ideiit  and  CoiiLlTess  of  the  I'liited  State-,  and  of  the 
-overei'j;n-  of  Kin-ope,  claimed  the  immemorial  antii|uit\  of  tin-  ,!ap- 
ane-e  inijM  rial  rule,  should  have  civdentiaL-  to  sati-t'v  the  foreigner 
and  silence  the  skeptie. 

In  tlii-  eiiliiditi  lied  aii'e,  \vhen  all  aul  IP  >rit  v  i-  challenged,  and  a  <-cnt- 
urv  afti-r  the  m..--  of  "Mivion  lia-  covered  the  hi-t"ric  ^rave  of  the 
doctrine  of  di\inc  ri_rhr.  the  .Iapane-c  -till  clin--  t,.  the  divinitv  of 
the  mikado,  not  onlv  making  it  the  do-'ma  of  religion  an<!  the  engine 
of  "jiV'-rnmeiit.  ii'it  accrediting  their  envov-  a-  representatives  of.  and 
a-kim_r  of  foreign  dipl»mali-N  that  they  addiv--  hi-  imperial  JapatieM- 
IV  a.-  tin  K'ili'l  of  Heaven  (Teiino).  A  iiatioii  that  ha-  pa—  d 
through  t!ie  -ueee-sive  stag's  of  al'ori^iiial  migration,  trihal  Lfovern- 
iir  :  :.  eoni|ijc-t  I'V  invadi-r-,  pure  iimnan-liy.  feiidali-m.  anarchx.  and 
niodei'ii  eoii-"lidatcd  emjiirc.  -hoiild  have  secreted  the  mat'  rial  for 
much  inte]  •  _;•  hi-'orv.  hi  the  manv  lull-  ot  peace,  -.  h"lar-  \\oiild 
ari-e.  ,,'i'i  op]  rtui  ;'i--  \\"i;ld  oil'i-r.  to  record  th"  hi-torv  which  }'V-- 
vioiis  ._f  •]  •  • '  .v-  had  mad''.  The  foreign  hi-loriaii  vv  ho  will  hi'iiii;- the 

*  Mat-i'iliit.i    •   •       '     "i  MI  "  :.  the   [.rc-'-nt    I'TIIJUT. .i1.  i-    the   -i  cnin!  .-.m    nl'  tin- 

:  .  - 1:    :  -.:       .•.  :,  -in    i."  .  .     tin-    Kiiit.n—     l-'ii':\v:ir:i 

\  .;  S  :;.!.  iv,n.       II-     -  .     ,    ,|,  ,|   I,;-   i:, ;:..;•   l-'cLiiiary 

ri     :         -         >'!i..|  :!..•  1  I        '  -  -.  ••!!-.  .  -j-l'-r  (.('  li-liij.i  Tii'lak:!, 

;.   •  ••.-.-::  '  -  l.di-li   i>!i   tlii-    1  o'li   of  tin' 

1       .  •  '       •          '        !  -'•' '         .  ;••  in;  •)•'--     \  -.:'.-.'..  in  't  li.  r   .  'I    t  Ic1   .  in !  .  r<  .r.  i- 

ui'tii''  :.          r  Ku          i  v  .-  •  .i-  .  '.  ;...  ;  r  M!  •.  ..nin-  'i'ui-;rn,  n...nt!..  i-:;:.. 


His  Imperial  Japanese  Majesty,  Mutsuhito,  Emperor  of  Japan,  and  the  12lld  Mikado 

of  the  Liue. 


MATElilALti    UP  HISTORY.  :51) 

necessary  qualifications  to  the  task  of  composing  a  complete  history 
of  Japan,  /.  c.,  knowledge  of  the  languages  and  literature  of  Japan,  Chi- 
na, C'>rea,  and  the  dialeets  of  the  Malav  Archipelago,  Siberia,  and  the 
otht-r  islands  of  the  North  Pacific,  historical  insight,  sympathy,  and 
judicial  acumen,  has  liefore  him  a  virgin  field. 

The  body  of  native  Japanese  historical  writings  is  rich  and  solid. 
It  is  the  largest  and  most  important  division  of  their  voluminous  liter- 
ature. It  treats  verv  fully  the  period  between  th"  rise  of  the  noble 
families  from  about  the  ninth  century  until  the  present  time.  The 
real  history  of  the  period  prior  to  the  eighth  century  of  the  Christian 
era  is  very  meagre.  Jt  is  nearly  certain  that  the  Japanese  possessed 
DO  writing  until  the  sixth  century  A.D.  Their  oldest  extant  composi- 
tion is  the  Kojiki,  or  ".Book  of  Ancient  Traditions."  It  may  be  called 
the  Bible  of  the  Japanese.  It  comprises  three  volumes,  composed 
A. n.  71  1.  Tli'.  It  is  said  to  have  been  preceded  by  two  similar  works, 
written  respectively  in  A.D.  o-M)  and  A.D.  (>si  ;  but  neither  of  these 
has  been  preserved.  The  tiist  volume  treats  of  the  creation  of  the 
heavens  and  earth;  the  gods  and  goddesses,  called  kami  ;  and  the 
e\  i  nt>  of  the  holv  a^v,  or  mythological  period.  The  second  and  third 
irhe  the  hi-tory  of  the  mikados*  from  the  year  1  (GOO  n.c.)  to  the 
iL'-^th  of  the  Japanese  era.  It  was  first  printed  during  A.D.  Kii'4- 
1(14:.'.  The  XHtomji,  completed  A.D.  7-MJ,  also  contains  the  Japanese 
co-iuo^-oiiy,  records  of  the  mythological  period,  and  brings  down  the 
annals  of  the  mikado  to  A.D.  00'.).  These  are  the  oldest  books  in 
the  language.  Numerous  and  very  valuable  commentaries,  upon  them 
ha\  e  been  written.  They  contain  so  much  that  is  fabulous,  mvthical, 


*  "The  term  'mikado'  is  in  uvneral  adhered  to  throughout  this  work.  Other 
titles  linn  id  in  tin-  native  literature,  and  now  or  t'ormcrl  y  in  coin  in  en  use,  are.  Ten- 
!*lii  (Sun  of  Heaven  i;  Tenno,  or  Ton  < )  ( I  Iea\  en-kin;:1) ;  Kotei  (Sovereign  linlcrol 
Nations)  ;  Kinri  (  The  Forbidden  Interior):  Dairi  (Imperial  Palace) :  C'liolei  (Hall 
oi'  Audience) ;  O-o,  or  T)ai  0  (Great  Kinn'i;  O  I'ji  (The  (ireat  Family);  <iu-h> 
( 1'ahice).  Jn  usiim1  these  titles,  the  coin  in  on  people  add  an/tit,  a  respectful  terin. 
after  them.  Several  of  them,  as  is  evident,  were.  Used  originally  to  denote  place-, 
it  was  quite  common  Cor  the  people  in  later  time  to  speak  of  the  mikado  a-  Mia- 
ko  sum  a.  or  I've  sain  a  (Superior  Lord),  in  distinction  from  the  shoirun,  \\  ln>m  t  hey 
designated  as  Yedo  >ama.  Tin;  (Chinese  characters  employed  to  expre-s  the  term 
1  mikado  '  mean  Ilonnrahle  Gate,  tin  idea  akin  to  the  Turkish  Sublime  Porlo.  Sa- 
tow,  however,  derives  it  from  wi,  threat,  august,  awful ;  and  in  (</<-  in  composi- 
tioin,  jilaee;  the  notion  beiiiij  that  the  mikado  is  too  far  above  ordinary  mortals 
to  he  spoken  of  directly.  Hence  the  (-iate  of  tin'  Palace  is  u-ed  a-  a  limire  for 
him.  So,  also,  lien-ka  (  Ha-e  of  the  Chariot,  or  Belo\\  tin.1  I'ahmijiiin  >  :  and  Hei- 
ka  (Foot  of  the  Throne,  or  of  the  Step-  leading  to  the  Da'i-i,  are  u-ed  to  denote 
the  imperial  person.  A  term  anciently  Used  was.  Nin  ( .'  iKini;'  ol'Men)." 


or  e\aLT:Icrated.  that    their   statements,  especially    in   respect    of    date-, 

•  •ail      lint       l>e      accepted      a-      tHle      lli-torv.  According      to      tile      I\i>/iki. 

Jiiiinii  Teiino  \\a-  the  iir-t  emperor:  vet  it  is  extremely  doubtful 
\\hether  he  vva-  a  hi.-Iorical  personage.  The  be-t  foreign  scholars  and 
critic,  regard  him  a-  a  mythical  character.  The  accounts  of  the  tir-t 
mikado-,  are  verv  meagre.  The  acees>ion  to  the  throne,  marriage  and 
death  of  the  sovereign,  with  iiotice>  of  occa-ional  rebellion-  put  down, 
tours  made,  and  wor-hip  celebrated,  are  recorded,  and  intere-tinir 
u'hmp-e.-  (,f  the  proinv--  of  chili/ation  olitained. 

A    number    of    \vorks,  containing    uhat    is    evidently    u' 1    hi-t->rv. 

illu-trate  the  period  I >et \\eeii  the  eighth  and  eleventh  centurie-.  A 
-till  richer  cullect ion  of  l.oth  cri^inai  work-  and  modern  compilations 
treat  of  the  media'val  period  from  the  eleventh  to  the  -ixteeiilh  cent- 
ury—  the  au'e  of  inte-tine  -trife  and  feudal  war.  The  li^'ht  uhieh 
the  -lately  pn>M'  of  hi-tory  casts  upon  the  pa-t  i-  further  In  i^hteiiecl 
l'_v  the  man\-  poem-,  popular  romance-,  founded  i-n  historic  fact,  and 
the  da--ic  coinpo>itions  called  mniin'jiit'iri,  all  of  \\hich  hdp  to  make 

the      pt'J'Spectivo     of     I'V-U'olIC    ceiltliries     lllelt      <»!lt     illto     1  i  \  i  1 1  •_;'     picture-. 

That  portinii  ..f  the  hi-toi'y  \\hich  treats  of  the  introduction,  proe-jv— , 
and  expui-i,.!)  ,,f  (  'hri-t  ianit  \  in  Japan  ha-  ni"-t  intere-t  to  ourselvt-s. 
<  ''  'iicermn^1  i;  there  i-  much  deficient  of  material,  and  that  not  of  a 
kind  t"  >ati-fv  <  '.-ei/i.-ntal  ta-te-.  The  profound  jn-aee  \\  hidi  follo^rd 
th-  victories  ,,f  ]\e\a-u.  and  which  la-ted  from  I  tiin  i-l  sr,s  — ,},,, 
.-ch"la-tic  era  of  Japan  —  u'.'i\c  the  peaceful  Id.-uri-  nece.--arv  for  the 
,-tudv  of  ancient  !ii-t'.r\-  and  the  creation  of  a  lar^v  lil'i'ary  of  hi-tor- 
ic-al  literature,  of  which  the  niauniitii't'lit  work-  called  the  ]>ni  .\,/n,/t 
>'/-''(••  II  i-t  u-y  of  <irea;  Japan  ").  and  Xilnn  '/>/<//  >'A/  (  "  .lapaiie-e 
Outer,  or  Military  Hi-tory").  are  the  l.c-t  example-. 

l"n  h  ;•  i!!  TokiiLi'awa  -hr.^un-  ( 1  (»0:i-l  S(;s)  lilerty  to  explore,  diron- 
ii-lc.  and  anal  v/e  t  lie  pa-t  in  hi-tor\-  was  ^i\  en  :  l>ut  the  -,,-al  of  silence, 
the  liaii  of  i-eii-o]v]iip.  an  1  the  mandate  forbidding  all  piiMication  wt  re 
put  ii|i"ii  t'ne  pi'odu.-tion  of  contemporary  lu-torv.  Hence,  the  peace- 
*':il  j.eriod,  Itiuu  to  J  -.",:;.  i-  lr—  known  than  other-  in  earlier  time-. 
Sey, -ral  '_r"'d  native  annali-ts  ha\e  treated  of  the  po-t- Terry  period 
(  1  SO:?-  I  ^7^' ).  and  tli--  event-  leading  to  the  \[>  -i oral! oil. 


coin-,  \vi-ajioti-,.  111  i-. '11111-.  memorial  -tone-,  tabli  t>.  temple  records,  etc., 

tln-r-1    i-    much    valuable    material.       Scan-dv    a     vear    pa-->'-    but    -OHM! 

>\  «-r  i-  announced  t"  delight   the  numeroii-  native  areha-olojj^;-.. 

Th"  .la]>aiie-e  are  inteii-e|\    pp'iid    ot    their    hi-torv,  and    take    i;'!-eat 


41 

care  in  making  and  preserving  records.  Memorial -stones,  keeping 
L>Tcen  tlie  memory  of  some  noted  scholar,  ruler,  or  benefactor,  are 
ainonu'  the  m<><t  striking  sights  on  the  highways,  or  in  the  to\vns,  vil- 
lages, or  temple-yards,  betokening  the  desire  to  defv  the  ravages  of 
oblivion  and  resist  the  inevitable  tooth  of  Time. 

Almost  every  large  citv  has  its  published  historv  ;  towns  and  villages 
have  th  'ir  annals  written  and  preserved  by  local  antiquarians;  family 
records  are  faithfully  copied  from  generation  to  generation  ;  diaries, 
notes  of  journeys  or  events,  dates  of  the  erections  of  buildings,  the 
names  of  the  officiating1  priests,  and  manv  of  the  subscribing  worship- 
ers, are  religiously  kept  in  most  of  the  lar^e  JJuddhist  temples  and 
monasteries.  The  lx»izts  (Jap.  b<lza)  delight  to  write  of  the  lives  of 
their  saintlv  predecessors  and  the  mundane  affairs  of  their  patrons. 
Almost  every  province  lias  its  encyclopedic  history,  and  even  high- 
road its  itineraries  and  guide-books,  in  which  famous  places  and  events 
are  noted.  Almost,  every  neighborhood  boasts  its  Old  .Mortality,  or 
local  antiijiiarv,  whose  delight  and  occupation  are  to  know  the  past. 
In  the  lai'u'e  eitio  professional  storv-tellers  and  readers  gain  a  lucrative 
livelihood  by  narrating  both  the  classic  historv  and  the  legendary  lore. 
The  theatre,  which  in  Japan  draws  its  subjects  for  representation  al- 
mo>t  exclusively  from  the  actual  life,  past  or  present,  of  the  Japanoe 
people,  is  often  tlie  most  faithful  mirror  of  actual  historv.  Few  peo- 
ple seem  to  be  more  thoroughly  informed  as  to  their  own  historv: 
parents  delight  to  instruct  their  children  in  their  national  Ion-;  and 
there  are  hundreds  of  child's  histories  of  Japan. 

Besides  the  sober  volumes  of  history,  the  number  of  books  purport- 
ing to  contain  truth,  but  which  are  worthless  for  purposes  of  historical 
investigation,  is  legion.  In  addition  to  the  motives,  equally  operative 
in  other  countries  for  the  corruption  or  distortion  of  historical  narra- 
tive, was  the  perpetual  desire  of  the  Buddhist  monks,  who  were  in 
many  cases  the  writers,  to  glorify  their  patrons  and  helpers,  and  lo 
damn  their  enemies.  Ueiice  their  works  an-  of  little  value.  So 
plentiful  are  these  garbled  productions  that  the  buver  of  books  always 
asked  fni'jttxu-rokiii  or  "true  records,"  in  older  to  avoid  the  ",:.'-:^//," 
or  "editions  of  /u,"  so  called  from  /u,  a  noted  Chinese  former  of 
history. 

In  the  chapters  on  the  history  of  Japan.  I  shall  occasionally  <iuote 
fr  mi  the  text  of  some  of  the  >tandard  IfiMories  in  literal  :ran-Iation. 
I  shall  feel  only  too  happy  if  I  can  imitate  the  terse,  \  i^onnis  ami 
luminous  style  of  the  Japanese  annali>t-.  The  \i\idiu-<>  and  pictorial 


detail  «>f  Tin-  ela--ic  hi-1oriai!-  fa-e'matc  the  reader  uho  can  analvze 
tin'  clo-rlv  ma— ed  svntax.  Manv  of  the  paijv-  of  the  Xihnii  <tnni 
Siii,  e-pecial!\ .  an-  ni"d<-N  ..f  compression  and  elegance,  ainl  Li'low 
\\iih  tin'  cha-tei>ed  «'!oi |!ience  that  springs  from  clear  ilisccriiiiH'nl  and 
conviction  of  tnith.  gained  after  patient  sifting  of  fact-;,  and  ^ropin^ 
through  dillieulties  that  lead  to  di>covery.  Many  of  it>  sentence-  are 
1'pi-Tani-.  To  the  -indent  of  Japane-e  it  is  a  narrative  of  inten-e-t 
int.  n  -t. 

The  l\«j'ik'i   and  JV///o//y/.  \\hicli  ^i\e   the   onlv  n nls  of  verv  an- 

cieiit   Japan,  and  on  \\hich  all  other  \\ork-  treat  iii'j;  of  this  period  are 

I  .;,-.  -d.   c;(||    Hot     \>C    accepted    a-    -ol'el'    Ili-lorV.         Ilelice,    in    outlining    'he 

events  prior  to  the  -econd  eeiiturv  of  the  ('hri-tian  era,  I  head  the 
chapter>,  not  a<  the  "  I  >a\\  n  of  Hi-tory,"  hut  the  "  T\\  ili-'ht  of  Fahle." 
From  ihe-e  l>o<d<>,  and  the  collections  of  ancient  myths  (  A' W/ /»/'/>///,), 
a-  \\ell  as  the  critical  coinnientaries  and  explanations  of  1  he  ,Iapane-c 
I'al  ionali-t-.  \\hich,  l>v  the  a-- 'stance  of  native  -cholar-.  I  ha\e  heeii 
,'il'le  to  coii-ult,  the  tuo  follouin^;  chapter-  have  Keen  Compiled.* 

"*  In  tin'-  lulldwinii  clinpI'M'-.  I  ii-i-  tlinniLi'hout  t!ic  modern  names  nl'  plitci'r-  and 
I'r.'\  iiiei'-.  to  iivnid  riiDl'ii-i'Mi.  '1'lie  niH-ieiit  num.'  <•{'  Kiu-liiu  wa-  'I'-iiku-lii, 
uliieli  v\a-  iil-n  ai'i'l'u-d  t"  thr  then  iinit''d  ]'rovii:ee-  nf  ( 'liil\u/en  and  ( 'hik  iiu'u. 
I'll/I'll  and  l''!i"_''  \veri1  alieii'iitlv  utn1  pruvinee,  called  Ti>v<>.  Hi^'o  and  Ilixrll 
ai-e  nii'di-ni  di\i-iiiii>  "i  Hi  m,  ki;ni  ."Tin1  Land  uf'Fire").  Tamlia.  en'Ti:|ited 
IVi'in  T.iiiiNva,  and  Tanu"  '  "  Kaek  of  Taniw  a  "  i  \\  rrr  t'nnnrrh  nnr.  Kadxu-a  and 
Sliiiii'i-a.  i'"ii!  rai-t'-il  :V"tn  Kami  t  -u-lu-a  ;ii:d  S!iim> '  i  -u  t'n-a  i  /,'•'/;//'.  u:  '1'i-r;  ,v//-'///';, 
I<I\\IT;  /.<".  aneiejit  term  »\'  m> ;  fu*i,  a  pruj.rr  imme,  ta.--rl  i.  \\<T<'  oliee  mdtetl. 
Knil/iike  and  Sliimiit-aki'.  I'-rnn-il  iikr  Ilie  |ireceili!iU.  \verc  "  l'|>l'i  r"  and  "  i.uw- 
«•:•  "  KI-.  Ai!  the  rc^i.m  mirth  id'  F.idii/i'ii.  knuu  n  and  unkm>u  n.  including  I'.-hi- 
/. •  ::.  Kt eli ill,  Ki-lii^n,  K  '_  ;.  Nut".  I"/' 'P.  and  I'^o,  \va-;  inrliided  under  tlir  naiiic 
K"-'hi  ii'ikuni.  Later -ynniiym-  I'"|-  Kin-hia  :uv  Saikoku  {  Wi-.-trni  I'rn\  im-i— ), 
/'i  in  '  ••  >  •  '!\ -.  ( 'hiiin'i  'kn  i  ( 'i-iit  ral  1't1'  iviiu1'-- 1  ir-  a;  'plied  t"  the  ivui»n  I  rum 
T.iiiiSa  t'i  N. '_,.!'>.  K.iiniuaia  N  a  \amir  term  lor  llic  euuiUrv  at'cund  anu  tuwurd 

K|M!.    . 

T!".  L       .  itilr-  t'ur  thr  -ttidv  nf  tin1  Japanesi'  l;ini:i.aLre  and  the 

eri  tie  i]          •  ,|,   i  .1  i:  -  te\  t-  i-  D(  i\\ ,  t  hank--  tu  Anu  i"  .l.ipaiierr  :..'huhu>.  i'ut  h 

i  xei-lli  -                             '1'hr  I'uilu^  iiiLi'  ar--  -iicli  :    1 1 1:  \  MM  \  r;s —  \V.  ( i.  A.— 

;•!!,'-••  i  ,...',,•  -                       :i;.i-e"  i  N. ,_.!-,  iki.  iM'.'.t,.  ;,i|,  1  ••drammar  ..(  lie  • 

\Vi-;tt'  i:  !..':_  :  •,  _     •  \  .!,• :   u  .  \\  jt.li  .,  -Inc't  (  ii  n--t  "in.i  i  h  \  :"   Lundun,  lsi'.'  :  M-CIUH! 

r. lit;. in.  1-77.  K.  >.i!   UN    -   •    K  ...    ,MI  II    :  .  '::,  KM-H  IM-  :n  the  Vedu  ( '.diui|iiia!,  I'm- 

tic-    l"-e   i,l   S:  ,   ,                    '   i    S,,l     -.   '    I   \u!~.  ;     Vuki.hailia.   1^7:,.       .1.  .1     II.  ill  man.  "  A 

.I.e.Mii'  -    (,•  ii,,ii,  1^70.     S.  K    Uniwii.  ••  t  ul!u- 

',,,.'  .F.i;  .HH'-e  ;"  -.  .,  •  .  ..  '.-'...  ••  I'-,  lider-.,-:'-  M.i-li-r\  Sy-tem.  ada]'li-d  tu 
He  >t;i'iy  nt'.I,i]  -•  •  ,  1  '._  ';  .  'h.nii,!.  I-;.",  DICTION  A  iui>  .1.  (  .  He],- 

1      _  I'     .       -  •     -;  .'.-•:       -hall-li.ie.   IM,;  :    -.-i-nm!    ,  ,|i- 

inuiatie.il  int  '  >i].ii)_h,e-,  I-?'.':    pnekei  I'ditiu'i.  N'e'A   Vurk, 

-    '    «    and  F-i,iti;i-lii.   "  Ki  _  '-  ,    .'    :  ai  •  -i     I)ietiuiuiry  i.|   th>    Sp"ken  L.iu- 

'     1^7»i      >       ,.:-.-,.    :..      paper-?!;    Mi.-.->rs.  Satuw,  A-t-.n.  l)all:i-, 

li  -^'n-  '  :!e    ••Tr:c,-..  ••',.;,.  ,.,  :i,,    .\-i.,ti"  S."  '    '     ,.'  .!.,•   .,,." 


JAPANESE  MYTHOLOGY.  4:5 


IV. 

JAPA NESE  MYTHOLOG Y. 

T\  the  beginning  all  things  were  in  cluios.  ITeavon  and  earth  were 
not  separated.  The  world  floated  in  the  cosmic  mass,  like  a  fish  in 
water,  or  the  yolk  in  an  eirir.  The  ethereal  matter  sublimed  and 
formed  the  heavens,  the  residuum  became  the  present  earth,  from  the 
warm  mold  of  which  a  ^vriu  sprouted  and  became  a  self-animate  be- 
inir,  called  Kuni-toko-tachi  no  mikoto.*"  T\vo  other  beings  of  like  e.;en- 
esi*  appeared.  After  them  came  four  ])airs  of  beings  (/en mi).  These 
were  all  single  (lutnr't-num'i.  male,  sexless,  or  self-begotten). 

*  It  will  he  seen  at  once  that  tin:  Japanese  scheme  of  creation  starts  without 
a  Creator,  or  any  First  ('ause;  and  that  tlic  idea  of  space  apart  i'roni  matter  is 
foreign  to  the  Japanese  philo-ophical  system.  Mikotu  (masc. ).  iniknini  (t'crn.), 
mean  "  auirustness."  It  is  >i<>(  tlie  same  term  as  mikado.  A'c  is  the  particle  of. 

The  opening  sentence  of  the  Kojiki  is  as  follows:  At  the  time  of  the  bc^inn'mir 
of  heaven  and  earth  there  existed  three  htixhira-yami  (pillar  or  chief  kmni,  or 
U'ods).  The  naniL-  ut'one  kami  was  Anit:-iw-naka-nunki->io-ktt>tii  (Lord  of  the  Mid- 
die  of  Heaven);  next,  Taka-mi-itiitsttbi-no-fcami  (Ilii^h  Inetl'alile  1'roereatori :  next, 
Kaiiii-in'i!«i.b[-nu-k<uni  (Inell'aliie  Proereatoi-).  These  three,  existing  single,  hid 
their  bodies  {'died,  or  passed  away,  or  became  [Hire  s]iirit  [ V] ).  Next,  when  the 
yotintf  land  floated  like  oil  musing  about,  there  came  into  existence,  sproutiim' 
upward  like  the  <o</ii  (rush)  shoot,  a  kami  named  I'ltmji-aishikabi-kikoji-HO-liittiii 
(Delightful  Hush  -  s[)roiit ) ;  next,  Anw-no-loko-tachi-no-kami.  These  two  chief 
kami,  cxi.-tinu;  single,  hid  their  bodies.  Next,  came  into  existence  these  three, 
Kn>i.i-n'>-ti>kii-t<i<-ltl--n<>-iiiik<>t<>,  etc.,  etc. 

The  .\ih<.»tr/i  ojjens  as  follows:  (If  old,  when  heaven  and  earth  were  not  yet 
separated,  and  the  in  /male,  active,  or  positive  principle)  and  the  //'»  (female,  pa-s- 
ive,  or  negative  [irineiple)  were  not  yet  separated,  chaos,  enveloping  all  things, 
like  a  fowl':-  cii'i£,  contained  within  it  a  ^erin.  The  clear  and  ethereal  Mih-tanec 
t'.\[iandinir,  became  heaven;  the  heavy  and  thick  substance  au'u'lut  'mat  inn1,  became 
earth.  The  ethereal  union  of  matter  was  easv,  but  the  thickened  r-ub-tanee  hard- 
ened with  dillienity.  Therefore,  heaven  cxi.-ted  firsl:  the  earth  \\  a-  lixi'd  at'ier- 
ward.  Subsequently  deity  (k'Unit  was  liorn  ( u>/mr>(  \.  Now,  it  i>  said  thai,  "in 
the  beirinninu;  of  heaven  and  earth,  the  r;oil  floated  about  like  a  ti-h  lloaiin^  on 
the  top  of  the  water,''  etc. 

Evidently  in  the  Kojiki  we  have  the  purely  Japanese  theory  ol' creation,  and  in 
the  Xiliuinji  the  same  account,  with  Chinese  [iliilo?ophieal  ideas  and  term-  added. 
In  both,  matter  appears  before  mind,  and  the  deities  have  no  existence  before 
matter. 


1 1 

IVocct-diliiT    no\\    ti,    the   work    of  creation,  the    kami    .-eparated    the 

primordial   -u!>-tance  into  the  live  element: wood,  tire,  im  tal,  earth. 

and  \\ater — and  ordain* -d  t"  eaeh  its  pn>pertie-  and  combination.  A- 
yet.  the  di\i-i"ii  into  sexes  had  not  taken  place.  In  [<'hiiie-e|  philo- 
>"phieal  laiiiruaire.  the  male  (//")  and  female  (//<)  principles  that  per- 
vade all  tliin-j.'-  had  not  yet  appeared.  The  tir-t  manife-tation  of  the 
male  e--e]ice  \\  a-  I~nn<i<lt  ,'  of  the  female,  l-iin<lini.  Staildilli;'  togeth- 
er i«Il  the  llo.-itilliT  1'ndu'e  of  hea\ell,  the  male  piuillTcd  hi-  jeweled  fal- 

.  or  -pear,  into  the  un-tal>le  water-  lieiieatli  them,  and  \\ithdra\v- 
iiiiT  it.  the  triekliinr  drop-  formed  an  i-land.  upon  which  they  de-ci-nd- 
ed.  'I  he  creative  pair,  or  divine  man  and  \\oman.  de-i^nimr  to  make 
tiii-  i-land  a  pillar  fora  continent, -eparated — the  male  to  the  left,  the 
female  to  the  I'i^'ht — t"  make  a  journev  round  the  i-land.  At  their 
meetinir.  tin  female  -pirit  -poke  tir-t,  "Jlow  jo\ful  to  meet  a  lovely 
man  '."  The  male  s]>irit.  "tl'ended  that  the  tu'-t  u-e  of  the  toiiirne  had 
i,ei-n  1'V  a  \\oinaii,  reijiiired  the  circuit  to  In-  repeated.  <  Mi  llnii 
M-eo!id  nieetiiii;',  the  man  cried  out,  "How  jnvfnl  to  meet  a  lovelv 
uomaii!"  The\-  w ern  the  tir-t  couple;  and  tliis  was  tla-  ln'iriimiiin- (,f 
the  art  of  love,  and  of  the  human  race.  The  i-land  ( Av\  aji ).  with 
-e\,-n  other  lar-e.  and  manv  thoii-and  -mall  ones,  In-came  the  l-]\erla-t- 
iiiv;'  <ireat  Japan.''""  At  l/.anami'-  tir-t  conception,  the  female  essence 


*  'I'hr   '  .    -  nl   J.ijnU)  \\liirli    I   haV''  i'naiul  in  1ln'  native  !:!>  r;;t  lire,  nr 

liaVr    lll-;il-i|    ili     I'nli.i.jlli;.!     ll-r.    are    a-     t'lill'lU-:      1.     \  !/i<m,    uV    A"./-/,-'/,    r,  in;).,  iillllh-il 

i  >!'  I  hi'   \\  '  >ni-    /./'.  ni:- hi,  nr  a 'i  ••"  I  -Mil,  (!a\   '  alnl   /.  "//  i  I'enl ,  .  iri^ill.   I  "'^  Mil.  i  ML:    ;     Ill-lux- 

Stllll'i-i'.  I  );e.v  ii.  nr  I  la\  -]  T; !._'.       .la pa II   i-  thr  \<  'l'i  iirne.1'"-  ciirnipli«>ll  "!'  t  lie  (    iiil.r.-c 

II.       'II:,-    tialln-   llia\    ha\.-   t"-i-||   i;'i\i-n    i'\    tin-   I    liilir.-i-    nr   ( 'nr,-:iilr- 

;   lip-in,   \\ln-in-i-   Hi,    -Mil   !•(.-,-.  nr  !.y   !!.•    ,-  'i:, jilernrr-   i-niil- 

i  i .  _  I  mi:  i  Main-]  nri.t.  l>\   u'av  nt  ( 'ni'i-a,  ea-t  waril.     ( )r.  it  may  lia\  i-  ari-rn  aiu-i,  nllv 

'     .     -    nl'   th'-    \vr-tiTll    prnvilicr-    n!'.!a|all.       It    i-    t"Ulnl    ili    t'ililieM' 

tillif    uf  tin'    Tall-    il\lia-tv    iC.lx-'.iiCi    A.D.I,       '.'.    I  hi',    \, >,.,,<    l\,,!,n 

i     iini!  ,-:    .  '    .1  ,:    .i:   .      '.',.    ii    Y'tJiiiii'i    a-'   Km, i    iCniilitrv  nl   tic-    l'.i_!.i    di'i-at 

1-li'inl-  '     .  I,    :     _:    anil    l/.anaini.       I.    t >, „.,/.„:.};,,. ,i    il-laiui    nl'  tin-    ('me 

iri-al'->l  I'1  iVnin  ill-    \,'\\ ,-!,-, 1  faicliii'ii  iir-piarnl  Ixaiiaii'i,     .">.  >/,;/,-; 

>',/,:,.;     Ii   ll  -i  name   ruin  III  nti    ill    1 "  "  '  I1  \  .  a  1 1 1  i    r,  |r]  i  in-    In   t  Ih'ir   In- 

,"_    -jiv,  •                 •     •              -tniirr-    ill    a   .Ia|  aiu--'-    ^anli'ii.      i1,.    "/',,,, ,, /,.//-,(    .!/,'>,/ 

A'-/- 1,     (  •  -  ".M-i'ii   Hi  ivi-n   ami    I-'.artli-.      7.    T»>,<«I>;>'»H    Kmii  i  Dmirnii    tl\- 

i  -,-ml'lanri-  t-  >  1  hi-  in--  -  t    w  itli    i'  -  \\'inu-   nut-pi',  ail. 

:  I    •  •  .-     I1     ••      •    - .'.  i-i-i    Ha-- 1      c.i.  »"/   )'.,,„, i/. *  ,,,,  A',/,.; 

•   i    •  •    I'                 Tl  -     -                         ii  r-  an-  n  a.l    It'-/   l\..k»  !-v  tin-  Chim--e, 

v.-'--  '        -'                       :  !     /           A'' •/.-'.       Fii-n   i~   Ilir   mum-  n!   a   1 1.-(> 

-.-•••      •  •  -1  aliility.      11.    11,1   l\i,!:n 

i    ..-•--,        :•:    - ;       A'  -       i  •       n.,;\  Spi-it-..     i:;.  A".-,,,-  »„ 

i  I,..,!      lalill.    nr    I.  lie      Ii  :  -i    ...-     A'".--'       I. ami    ,'!'    Hi,' 

i  •    ..rt,-:i:\  ..  ..n  allu>iuii  t"  th'.  h  L.-,-t,d  tliai  .,  <  'him  -w  c-mn  tier  c-amc  to 


JAPANESE  MYTHOL OGY.  45 

in  being  more  powerful,  a  female  child  was  born,  greatly  to  the  cha- 
grin of  the  father,  who  wished  for  male  offspring.  The  child  was 
named  Ama-tcrasii  o  inikaini,  or,  the  Heaven  -  illuminating  Goddess. 
She  slioiie  l>eautifully,  and  lighted  the  heavens  and  the  earth.  Jler 
father,  tlierefore,  transferred  her  from  earth  to  heaven,  and  gave  her 
the  ethereal  realm  to  rule  over.  At  this  time  the  earth  was  close  to 
heaven,  and  the  goddess  easily  mounted  the  pillar,  on  which  heaven 
rested,  to  her  kingdom. 

The  second  child  was  also  a  female,  and  was  called  Tsuki  no  kami, 
and  became  the  Goddess  of  the  Moon.  The  third  child,  Iliruko  (leech), 
was  a  male,  but  not  well  formed.  \Vhen  three  years  old,  beinu'  still 
unable  to  stand,  his  parents  made  an  ark  of  camphor-wood,  and  set 
him  adrift  at  sea.  He  became  the  first  fisherman,  and  was  the  God  of 
the  Sea  and  of  Storms. 

After  two  girls  and  a  cripple  had  thus  been  born,  the  father  was  de- 
lighted with  the  next  fruit  of  his  spouse,  a  tine  boy,  whom  they  named 
Sosanou  no  mikoto.  Of  him  thev  entertained  the  highest  hopes. 
He  grew  up,  however,  to  be  a  most  mischievous  fellow,  killing  people, 
pulling  up  their  trees,  Mid  trampling  down  their  fields.  He  u-ivw 
worse  as  he  grew  up.  He  was  made  ruler  over  the  blue  sea;  but  he 
iu'ver  kept  his  kingdom  in  order.  He  let  his  beard  u'row  down  over 
his  bosom.  He  cried  constantly;  and  the  land  became  a  desert,  the 
rivers  and  seas  dried  up,  and  human  beings  died  in  great  numbers. 
IJis  father,  inquiring  the  reason  of  his  surly  behavior,  was  told  that  he 
wished  to  go  to  his  mother,  who  was  in  the  region  under  the  earth. 
lie  then  made  his  son  ruler  over  the  kingdom  of  ni^ht.  The  august 
scape-grace  still  continued  his  pranks,  unable  to  refrain  from  mischief. 
( 'ne  day,  after  his  sister,  the-  Sun-goddess,  had  planted  a  field  with  rice, 
In1  turned  a  wild  horse  loose,  which  trampled  down  and  spoiled  all  her 
work.  Au'ain,  having  built  a  store-house  for  the  new  rice,  lie  defiled  it 
so  that  it  could  not  be  used.  At  another  time,  his  sister  was  >ittin^ 
at  her  loom,  weaving.  Sosanod,  having  skinned  a  live  horse  by  draw- 
ing its  skin  off  from  the  tail  to  the  head,  tiling  the  reeking  hide  over 
the  loom,  and  the  carcass  in  the  room.  The  goddess  was  so  frightened 
that  she  hurt  herself  with  the  shuttle,  and,  in  her  wrath,  ret i ml  to  a 


Japan  in  search  uf  the  elixir  of  immortality.  He  brought  a  troop  n!' \  mmir  men 
and  maidens  with  him.  Dyinu'  in  Japan,  ho  was  Imried  in  Kii,  and  the  younrr 
couples,  marrying,  colonized  Japan.  IT).  1\<>  K»kn  (The  Mikado'-  Kmpiivi,  Land 
ruled  I iy  a  Theocratic  Dynasty.  Id.  Til  l\okn  \ilion  (The  Kinpire  ruled  l«y  a 
Theneratic  Dynasty,  or,  Japan,  the  Empire  ^overned  bv  Divine  Hulers). 

4 


m  Tin:  JUKMXJ'S  EMPIRE. 

cave.  .-';. i-ini;  tlb1  mouth  \\iih  ;i  la  rife  rock.  Heaven,  earth,  and  the 
t'niir  ipiarti  rs  Lecanie  en.-hrouded  in  darkness,  and  the  distinction  Le- 
iween  da\  and  tii^ht  eea>e<l.  Si  •nit:  of  the  turLulent  and  ill-mannered 
!_'od-  t>  "k  advantage  of  the  darkness  to  make  a  noise  like  the  luix/inir 
<>f  t'ie-.  and  the  confusion  wa-  dreadful. 

Then  ail  the  e.-od-  (ei'_fht  hundred  thousand  in  number)  asseniMed 
on  the  li.-avfiily  riser-plain  of  Ya-u,  to  discuss  what  was  to  he  done 
[ii  i-e  tlie  aiijyr  of  tiie  ^Teat  -'odde-s.  The  wi-e-t  of  the  p>d* 
wa-  intrusted  with  the  charge  of  thinking  out  a  Mratauvm  to  entice 
her  forth.  The  main  part  of  the  plan  was  to  make  an  ima^e  of  the 
-df-inipri-oned  ^"ddess,  \\hieh  was  to  lie  inure  l.eautiful  than  herself. 
and  thu-  e\eiti'  at  OIHT  IK-T  curiosity  and  her  jealoiisv.  It  \\a.>  to  he 
a  I'oiincl  mirror  like  the  MIII. 

A  lai'^'e  rock  troiu  near  the  soiir.v  of  the  river  was  taken  to  f(>nn 
an  ainil.  To  make  the  hcllows,  tln-v  look  the  \\hole  >kin  of  a  deei'. 
and,  \\ilh  ii'on  from  the  mines  of  heaven,  the  hlaek-mit h-u'od  made 
t\\o  mirror.-,  \\liidi  >ii'-ee>-i\  elv  failed  \»  plea-e  the  ii'<>ds.  lirin^  too 
-mail.  The  thii'd  wa-  lar^'e  and  heaiitiful.  like  the  sun. 

The  lna\eiily  aiti-an-  no\v  prepaivij  to  make  the  finest  elothes  and 
je\\elr\-.  and  ;t  -plendid  palaee  for  the  Sun-bodiless,  \\hen  >lu'  >hoiild 
eoine  oiu.  Tuo  ._.•,, d<  planted  the  paper-m H  1 1 >errv  and  hemp,  and  pre- 
pared Lark  and  tiLiv  ;  \\hile  thi'ee  other  ^ods  \\o\e  them  into  coarse, 
striped,  and  tine  doth,  to  deck  her  daintv  liml-.  Tw..  uod-.  the  tir-t 
eai'pciiter-.  i\\\-jf  Jiolc-  in  the  ground  \\ith  a  -pade,  erected  po>ts.  and 
I'uilt  a  palace.  Another  ddtv.  the  tir>t  jeweler,  made  a  -ti'in^  of  //'"- 
/////////"/  (curved  jeud-).  the  material  for  a  necklace,  hair-pin-,  and 
Lracdet-.  T\\o  other  e-i.il-  lieM  in  their  hand-  the  -acred  \\alid-. 
called  luiini-iinajii. 

TV.. >  ^od-  uere  then  appi'iiite.j  to  find  out,  Lv  divination,  whether 
tin-  Bolide--  wa-  likelv  to  appear.  Tliev  caught  a  l>uck.  tore  out  a 

Lope     tVi.m     olle     "t      It-    forelcj;-,    aild    -et     It     tlee    a^'alP.         '1  lie    liolie    \\a- 

placed  ii:  a  tire  of  cherrv-Lark.  and  the  crack  produced  Lv  the  heat  in 
the  Llade  i.f  theLoiie  wa-  considered  a  -ati-factorv  omen. 

A  -akaki-tive  wa-  tln-n  pulled  up  Lv  tin  roots.  TO  the  upper 
Lraii'die-  wa-  hiiicj;  the  iiecklaci-  of  jevvi-1-,  to  ihe  middle  was  attaehe<l 
the  miiT"!'.  and  tV-m  the  lower  L]-ane]|,.^  d,.p,  nd-'d  the  e.iar-e  and  tine 
eloth.  Thi-  wa-  called  a  <i< >},,<.  A  lar-v  niimher  of  perpt  1  ually  <T. .w  - 

iii'_'  'k-  was  olitaitied  fpim  (what  had  lu-cn)  the  rcLTion  of  perpetual 

'1  hi -e  irrepressible  chanticleer-  were  -et  Lefore  the  rave,  and  Le 
•_fan  to  crow  lu.-tilv    in  coiici-rt.      The  (n.d  ,,f  In\  inciLlv  Str.'iiu'  Hand- 


JAPANESE  MYTHOLOGY.  47 

was  placed  in  concealment  near  the  rocky  door,  ready  to  pull  the  god- 
dess out  at  her  first  peering  forth.  A  goddess  with  a  countenance 
of  heavenly  glossiness,  named  l'/ume,  was  appointed  manager  of  the 
dance.  She  first  hound  up  her  flowing  sleeves  close  to  her  body,  un- 
der the  armpits,  by  a  creeping  plant,  called  nwsaki,imd  donned  ahead- 
dress  made  of  loiiu'  moss.  \\hile  she  blew  a  bamboo  tube,  with  holes 
pierced  in  it  between  the  joints,  the  other  deities  kept  time  to  the  mu- 
sic with  two  Hat,  hard  pieces  of  wood,  which  thev  clapped  together. 
Another  kami  took  six  bows,  and,  from  the  long  moss  hanging  from 
the  {line-trees  on  the  high  hills,  she  strung  the  bows,  and  made  tlie 
harp  called  the  koto.  His  son  made  music  on  this  instrument  by 
drawing  across  the  strings  grass  and  rushes,  which  he  held,  in  both 
hands.  Bonfires  were  now  lighted  before  the  door  of  the  cavern,  and 
the  orchestra  of  fifes,  drum.-,  cvmbals,  and  harp  be^an.  The  goddess 
I'xunu''  now  mounted  the  circular  box,  having  a  baton  of  twigs  of 
kimboo  Q-rass  in  one  hand,  with  a  spear  of  bamboo  twined  with  grass, 
on  which  small  bells  tinkled.  As  she  danced,  the  drum-like  box  pre- 
pared for  her  resounded,  and  she,  becoming  possessed  by  a  spirit  of 
folly,  sung  a  song  in  verse*  of  six  syllables  each,  which  some  inter- 
pret as  the  numerals,  1,  2,  :{,  4,  o,  0,  7,  8,  9,  10,  100,  1000,  10,000. 
The  goddess,  as  she  danced,  loosened  her  dress,  exposing  her  nude 
charms.  All  this  was  caused  by  the  spirit  which  possessed  her.  It 
so  excited  the  mirth  of  the  gods  that  thev  laughed  so  loudlv  that 
heaven  shook.  The  song  and  its  interpretations  are: 

'•  Ilito,  fiitu,  niiyo One,  two,  three,  four, 

Itsu,  inuyu,  nana Five,  si\,  M'Vi-n, 

Y:i,  koko-no,  tari , . Eiii'ht,  nine,  ten, 

Monio,  chi,  yunxlzu Hundred,  thou.-and,  leu  thousand." 


I  lie  Sun-goddess  within,  unable  to  account  for  the  ill-timed  mirth, 
since   heaven   and.   earth   were   in   darknes>,  rose,  and   approaching  the 


4S  Till-:    .1//A'. !/>"'>'    A'.U/VA'/:. 

door    -li^htlY.  and    a-ked   \\li\    I'/iiiiu'1    danced  and  the  puls  laughed.' 

l/lllne    replied.    "    1    dance    I'ccall-e    tlll'iV    1-   all    llOllDRlblc   tll'ltV    W  l|o    -lir- 

iia--e-  \oiir  "'low."      A-  -in1  >aid  thi-,  tin-  I'xm.'diui'lv  beauteous  "-ml 

• 

Km. .,1.11:1;;  -howvd the  mirror.  The  Sun-ijoddi'ss  within,  astonished  at 
her  "wn  lo\eline-s,  \\hirli  -he  now  tir-t  hehcld  in  the  reflection,  step- 
ped mil  a  iittlr  further  t"  gratify  her  curiosity.  The  ('<»i\  of  Iminei- 
1-1\  Strong  Hand-.  wh<>  stood  concealed,  pulled  the  rock  door  open. 
caught  her  l.y  the  hand,  and  draped  her  forth.  The  wisest  «.f  the 
Lf»ds,  uho  -nperiiiteiidi'd  tlie  whole  proceedings,  took  a  1'ope  of  t\\i-i- 
'•d  rice-stm\v.  passed  it  hehind  her.  ami  -aid.  "  !  >o  not  ^o  In-hind  thi-." 
T!ie\'  then  removed  the  Sun  -goddess  to  her  new  palace,  and  put  a 
>tra\\  rope  around  it  to  keep  off  e\il  ^od>.  Her  wicked  l>n>ther  was 
(uini-hed  1'V  having  eaeh  particular  hair  of  hi-  head  pulled  out.  and 
hi-  tinker  and  toe  nails  extractetl.  He  was  then  l>ani-hed. 

l/anaiiii's  fifth  child,  the  last  in  \\ho-c  coiieejition  the  two  -•,„!-. 
-liared.ua-  a  -on,  called  the  (Jod  of  \\"ild  1'iiv.  In  hrin-'iiiL;'  him 
fortli  the  <_;-odde— sutTered  u'l'eat  pain;  and  from  the  matter  which  -he 
vomited  in  her  aiT'-iiv  >[I]-UIIL;'  the  <  Jod  and  <  ioddess  of  Metal.  She  aft- 
erward created  tin  j^ods  of  ('lay  and  l-'iv-h  Water,  who  \\eiv  to  pacif\ 
the  <i"d  of  i'iiv  when  inclined  to  he  tiirlnileiit.  l/anami  had  enjoined 
lier  c-oii-ort  not  t"  look  at  her  during  her  retirement.  Inn  he  di-iv- 
u'ai'ded  her  \\i-h.  She  tied  from  him.  and  departed  to  the  nether  re- 
^i,'ii-.  Ixana;/!.  incen-ed  at  the  ( Jod  of  lire,  cluve  him  in  three  pieces 
with  hi-  -word.  From  ihe-c  fragments  -prini^  the  ^-od-  of  Tlmnder, 
of  Moiir.tain-.  and  of  Haiti.  lie  then  descended  into  the  iv^'nm  of 
ni^'lit  to  indife  l^anami  to  come  hack  to  the  earth.  There  lie  met 
hi-  con-ort,  n  ho  \\,.uld  tmt  return.  lie  found  the  region  t,,  lie  ,,ne 
of  perpi'iiial  :;nd  indc-crilia!.|c  foiiliie.-s.  and.  hefoiv  he  left,  lie  -aw 
the  !"'d\  of  hi-  wife  had  heeoine  a  ma—  of  putrefaction.  F-e;1pin- 
into  the  upper  world,  he  wa-hed  himself  in  the  -ea,  and,  in  the  act  of 
e-c:tp>'  and  purification,  manv  v,-ods  were  created.  AcconliiiLr  to  one 
\er-;oii,  \matira-ii  wa-  produced  out  of  hi-  left  eve,  and  So-aii"o 
out  oi  hi-  no-e.  Tlio-i-  deitie-  created  out  of  the  tilth  from  which  In 
cleansed  him-' It  liecame  the  \vicked  L;od-.  who  DOW  war  a^'ain-t  the 

iT 1  LT"ds  and  ti'oiihle  mankind.      The  (,,,d  of  Cla\   and  the  (i.-dde- 

ot  I'fe-h  \\ater  married.  'I'heii-  otT-prin^  wa-  Naka  mii-uhi.  l'V"in 
his  head  '_;Teu  the  mn!!H  rr\  and  -ilk-worm,  and  from  hi-  nave]  -prmrj1 
'\i<-  Ii\e  cereal-.  I'iec,  wheat,  loan-,  millet,  and  -c.p_rhum. 

AlP'theC    leLfell-l,    e  ||  all  U'i  1 1  Lf    tile    -e  \    of    Sn>!H|()O.    SSIVS    tile    Si  [I  I  --'.  "  Id  <  •  — 

-poke   to   So-aijoi")   (tin-  M '  .oii-'j'odde-- ).  who   rein'ned  joimlv  with   her 


JAPANESE  MYTHOLOGY.  49 

OUT  tho  high  plain  of  heaven,  and  said,  "I  have  heard  that  there  is 
a  food-possessing  goddess  in  the  central  country  of  luxuriant  reedy 
moors  (Japan).  Go  and  see."  Descending  from  heaven,  he  came  to 
the  august  abode  of  the  Goddess  of  Food,  and  asked  for  refreshment. 
The  goddess,  creating  various  forms  of  food,  such  as  boiled  rice  from 
the  land,  tish  from  the  sea,  beasts,  with  coarse  and  tine  hair,  from  the 
hills,  set  them  on  a  banqueting-tablc  before  Sosanoo,  who,  enraged  at 
the  manner  of -the  creation  of  the  food,  killed  her. 

Reporting  the  matter  in  heaven,  Amaterasu  was  angry  at  Sosanoo, 
and  degraded  her  (the  Moon-goddess)  from  joint  rule,  and  condemned 
her  to  appear  only  at  night,  while  she.  the  Sun-goddess,  slept.  Ama- 
terasu then  sent  a  messenger  the  second  time  to  see  whether  the 
Food-goddess  was  really  dead.  This  was  found  to  be  the  case.  Out 
of  the  dead  body  were  growing,  millet  <>n  the  forehead  ;  silk-worms 
and  a  mulberry-tree  on  the  evebrosvs  ;  grass  on  the  eves;  on  the  bellv, 
rice,  barley,  and  large  and  small  beans.  The  head  finally  changed 
into  a  cow  and  horse.  The  messenger  took  them  all,  and  presented 
them  to  Amatera>u.  The  Sun -goddess  rejoiced,  and  ordained  that 
these  should  be  the  food  of  human  beings,  setting  apart  rice  as  the 
seed  of  the  watery  iields,  and  the  other  cereals  as  the  seed  of  the  drv 
fields.  She  appointed  lords  of  the  villages  of  heaven,  and  began  for 
the  first  time  to  plant  the  rice-seeds.  In  the  autumn  the  drooping 
eais  ripened  in  luxuriant  abundance.  She  planted  the  mnlberrv-trees 
•  in  the  fragrant  hills  of  heaven,  and  rearing  silk-worms,  and  chewing 
cocoons  in  her  mouth,  spun  thread.  Tims  be^an  the  arts  of  agricult- 
ure, silk-worm  rearing,  and  weaving. 

When  Sosanoo  was  in  banishment,  there  was  a  lin^e  eight-headed 
dragon  that  had  devastated  the  land  and  eaten  up  all  the  fair  virgins. 
Sosanoo  enticed  the  monster  to  partake  of  an  intoxicating  liquor  >rt 
in  eiu'ht  jars,  and  then  slew  him  while  in  stupor.  In  the  tail  of  the 
dragon  he  found  a  sword  of  marvelous  temper,  which  he  presented 
to  Amaterasu.  This  sword,  called  "Cloud-cluster,"  afterward  became 
one  of  the  three  sacred  emblems  constituting  the  regalia  of  the  Jap- 
anese sovereigns.  In  these  last  days  of  commerce,  Sosmoo'-,  exploit, 
i-  pictured  on  the  national  paper  money.  lie  i-  also  said  1"  h.i\e  in- 
vented  poetry.  Bein^1  as  irregnlarlv  anioroii-  as  the  Jupiter  <>!  anoth- 
er mythology,  he  was  the  father  of  manv  children  b\  various  mothers. 
<  Mie  of  the  most  illustrious  of  his  oll'>priii'_r  was  Daik'nku.  now  wor- 
shiped in  every  household  as  the  (Jod  of  Fortune-  In  th'  later  stages 
•>f  the  mythology,  heaven  and  earth  are  found  peopled  \\ith  myriads 


.-.i)  /V//:   .I/MM //"•>'   KMl'lRK. 

of  kami.  .-oine  of  whom  have  inhahited  heaven  from  the  b 
\\liil. •  till--.'  nil  thf  i-;irih  have  lieeii  ruling  (»r  contending  together 
from  an  nnl'  -finite  period.  Rnally,  before  ushering  in  tin.-  third  «T 
tinal  stair-1  "I  thf  mythical  hi-tory,  there  arc  Lreneral  war  ami  confu- 
-ion  ani"M_:  tin1  ^od-  on  earth,  ami  Aniaterasu  re-olve-  to  l>rini;  order 

•  1 lit  i-f  the  troiiMcs,  and  to  .-uKdue  and  develop  the  land  for  herself. 

S!i.  d>-iivd  1"  make  a  -on  of  her  own  a  ruler  over  the  terrestrial 
world.  <  >ne  had  l>een  produced  from  her  necklace,  called  O-hi-ho- 
ini  ii"  niikoto,  \\li.i  married  Tamavori  hiine  no  milo-to.  nnc  of  the 
i'liiL'hteix  (,f  \/.:\\\;i^\  and  1/anami.  Their  i>tT-]>rmi:'  \va>  Xiniiri 
!i"  niikoto.  After  much  delay,  caused  1>\  the  di-patdi  and  failure  nf 
eiivo\-<  to  the  e/.'d-  of  the  earth,  lie  prepared  to  de>e,-nd  from  hea\eii 
to  hi-  realm  ..n  earth.  The  Sun  -  e.-odd--s-  <^a\c  lier  --rand-nn  vari"!i< 
tri-a-iirc-.  e!ii.-f  nf  whieh  were  the  mirror,  cmldein  of  her  own  -oiil, 
and  no -,\  worshiped  at  I-e.  the  sword  ('loud-fluster,  taki-n  1>v  So-anoo 
from  t!ie  dra^'-n's  tail,  and  a  stone  or  -eal.  Concerning  the  mirror 
-In-  >a:d.  "Look  upon  thi-  mirror  a-  my  -pirit  :  keep  it  in  the  -a me 
hou-c  and  on  the  -anie  tloor  with  \our-elf,  and  wor-hip  it  a-  if  von 
were  wor>!iipiiiLT  ni\'  actual  pre-eiici1." 

Another  version  of  thi-  dhine  in\e-titure  i-  ^iven  in  the-e  word-: 
"  l-'or  eeiiturie-  upon  n-nturics  -hall  thv  follower-  I'ule  thi-  kin^iloni. 
H'-rewitli  reeeive  from  me  the  -ucce— ion  and  the  three  crown  tali-- 
man-. Should  you  at  anv  future  time  d>--iiv  to  >ee  me,  look  in  thi- 
mirror.  (Jovern  thi-  coimtrv  with  the  pure  lu-ti'e  that  radiate-  fi'oia 
it-  surfaee.  1  >.  ai  w'nli  t!iv  -ulijeeT-  \\ilh  the  ^entli-iie—  whieh  the 
-mooth  roiiiidin-j;  of  tiic  -tone  upiiie-.  ('oiuliat  the  eiiemier-  of  tii\ 
kingdom  \\ith  thi-  -word,  and  -lav  tie  in  on  ihc  ed^'1  "f  it." 

A mpanied  !'\  a  numher  of  inferior  '_;-od-  of  iioih  si-xcs,  lie  de- 
scended on  the  •'  -M-v  of  heaven,  mi  which  the  tii'-t  pair  had 
stood  *'•!;•  ii  -'  [laratiii'j;  the  dr\'  land  1 11'  m  the  water,  to  the  mountain 
of  Kiri-hi:  n  Iliu-ra  and  O/umi.  in  Kiu-hiu.  After  hi-  di- 
-eent,  th"  -'in  and  eai  t  ii,  \\  tiieh  had  aln-adv  iveeded  from  eaeh  other 

to    ;•    Coli-'ul'  |'a!'|e    di-ta!|ee.   I.eeallle     fllllll''!'    -epal'at  I'd.    alld    e, 'lilll.Uliiea- 

tioii  li\   the  tloatiir_f  heaven  een-rd.      Aeeordinu;  to  the  eom- 

rin  ntator-  on  t;  k-.  a-  ,1-ipan  la\    liireeth    oppo-ite  to  the 

-  in  \v  h'-n  it   -epai'ati  d  t  rom  the  eai  ?h.  it   i-  e|car  ( t  •  •  a  d'-v  out  .lapane-e) 
that    Japan    lie-  on   th-   -ummit    <•(  the   -•],,!,..       A-   it    wa-  created  tir-T. 
it    i-  .  -peeially  the  [,ai          f  the  (i,.  !-.  tin     Hoi\    Laud,  the  Country  of 
••       I  >':•, ';;,,•    Spirit-.      All    otlcr    e,.r.ntrie-    were    formed    later    hy    th" 

•     •  •    -..  oU-  con-olidatioii  of  tin-   foam   and  mud  of  the  -v;!.      A!!  f.  T- 


MYTHOLOGY.  51 

eiii'n  countries  were  of  course  created  by  the  power  of  tlie  heavenly 
u'ods,  hut  they  were  not  begotten  hv  Izanagi  and  Izanami,  nor  did 
thev  give  birth  to  the  Sun-goddess,  which  is  the  cause  of  their  in- 
feriority. Japan  is  superior  to  all  the  world  for  the  reasons  given 
above.  The  traditions  current  in  other  countries  as  to  the  origin  of 
the  world  are  of  course  incorrect,  since,  being  so  far  from  the  sources 
of  truth,  they  can  not  be  accurate,  and  must  be  greatly  distorted. 
From  the  fact  of  the  divine  descent  of  the  Japanese,  people  proceeds 
their  immeasurable  superiority  to  the  natives  of  other  countries  in 
courage  and  intelligence.  This  opinion,  long  held  bv  Japanese  in 
o-eneral,  still  lingers  among  the  fanatical  Shinto  scholars,  and  helps  to 
explain  the  intense  hatred  and  contempt  manifested  toward  foreigners 
as  late  as  within  the  last  decade. 

Xinigi  no  mi  koto  descended  on  Kirishima  yama,  and  was  received 
with  due  honors  by  one  of  the  kami  of  the  place.  He  had  a  son,  who 
lived  live  hundred  and  eighty  years.  This  son  married  a  sea-monster, 
who  appeared  to  him  in  the  form  of  a  woman,  and  by  her  he  had  a 
son,  who  became  ruler,  and  was  succeeded  by  a  son  born  of  an  aunt. 
Xinigi,  the  heavenly  descendant,  was  thus  the  great -grandfather  of 
Jimmu  Teimo,  the  first  emperor  of  Japan. 

It  is  not  easy  to  weave  into  a  continuous  and  consistent,  whole  the 
various  versions  of  the  Japanese  accounts  of  creation  and  the  aets  of 
the  gods,  or  to  be  always  safe  in  deciding  their  origin,  sex,  or  relations 
to  each  other;  for  these  spirits  act  like  Milton's,  and  "as  thev  please, 
they  limb  themselves."  These  myths  arising  among  the  primitive 
Japanese  people  of  various  localities,  who  never  attempted  to  formulate 
them,  are  frequently  at  hopeless  variance  with  each  other;  and  the  in- 
genuity and  abilitv  of  the  learned  native  commentators  on  the  sacred 
books,  especially  the  ^Xihonyi  and  Kojiki,  are  exercised  to  the  highest 
degree  to  reconcile  them. 

One  author  devotes  twenty  volumes  of  comment  to  two  of  the  text 
of  the  Kujiki  in  these  earnest  efforts,  making  his  works  a  rich  mine 
to  the  student  of  Japanese  antiquities.     Translated  into  Kn<_:'lish 
>[>irit  of  a  devout  Japanese,  an  exalted  Biblical  or  Millonic  si\  !<• 
be    used.      Mr.  Aston   thus   renders  a  passage   from  the  A*'/-//' 
lutriii,  one  of  the  most  ancient  monuments  of  the  language,  <]•,  - 
the  descent  of  the   god    Xinigi  to    the   earth    (.Japan):    "The} 
him  to  thrust  from  him  heaven's  eternal  throne,  to  tlinii'  open  heaven"; 
eternal  doors,  to  cleave  with  mi^ht  his  \vav  from  out  heaven's  many 
piled  clouds,  and  then  to  descend  from  heaven." 


.-,!'  Till-:  MIKMJO'S 

A  literal,  IT  even  fn •»  ,  tran-lation  into  plain  English  could  not, 
however,  he  mad'-  in  a  \>'<><k  t"  l>c  read,  iinexpurirated,  in  the  family 
circle.  Man\  phv.-iolou-ical  ill-tails,  and  not  a  tY\v  references  prohablv, 
pur.'  t"  tin-  native  pure,  \soiild  not  he  suffered  l>y  tin-  tastes  or  moral 
cod'1-  in  voj^iH1  ;iiiion^  tin1  mass  of  reader-  in  Europe  or  America, 
Like  i!ie  m\  tliolo^v  of  (i recce,  that  of  Japan  is  full  of  heauty,  pathos, 
[MM  tic  fancv,  charminu'  >t<>rv,  and  valorous  exploit.  Like  that,  it  form- 
tli.  -"i!  of  the  national  art,  whether  expressed  in  l>n>nze.  porcelain, 
colors;  or  poetry,  son^,  picture,  the  dance,  pantomime,  romance',  svm- 
lio!i-m  ;  or  the  ji-sthotics  of  religion. 

In  -pile  of  l>uddlii-m,  rationalism,  and  skeptical  philosophy,  it  has 
eii'i •!•'.  d  a>  fullv  into  the  life  and  art  and  faith  of  the  people  of  Japan 
a-  the  mythology  <>f  the  Aryan  nations  has  entered  into  the  life  and 
art  of  Kur»pe.  Like  that  of  the  nation-  eias-i«'  to  u-.  the  Japatie-e 
i!ivtho!oM-y%  when  critici-cd  in  the  li^ht  of  morals,  and  a-  divorced 
tVoiu  art.  looked  at  l»y  one  of  alien  dime,  race,  and  faith,  contains 
much  that  i-  hideous,  absurd,  impure,  and  even  revolting.  .Indeed  as 
the  uTouth  and  Creation  of  the  imagination,  faith,  and  intellect  of  the 

primitive  inliaMtaiiN  of  Japan,  inthienced  h\'  natural  >urroiindinur>,  it 
i  i  - 

i-  a  faithful  mirror  of  their  countrv,  and  condition  and  character, 
Ipcfore  the-e  were  irn-atlv  modified  hy  out-ide  reliirion  or  |)hilo-o- 
ph\.  Jud^'i'd  a-  a  religions  inlluence  upon  the  descendants  of  the  an- 
cient Nihoiie-e — the  Japanese,  as  we  k»iow  them — it  mav  l>c  fairlv 
helil  r('-p..n-iMc  for  much  of  the  peculiar  moral  trait-  of  their  eliarac- 
l,-r.  liot'i  --o,,,',  mid  f.  il.  The  Japane-e  mvtliolo^v  i-  the  doctrinal  l>a- 
-i-  of  i  heir  ancient  and  indi^'eiiou-  religion,  called  Kami  no  miclii.  or 
Shinto  I  u  a\  or  doctrine  of  the  ifod-,  or,  l>\  literal  I'elidi'l'inil.  theoloe.-\  ). 
<  »iie  of  the  <jTeale-t  ], lea-nre-  to  a  -Indent  of  Japane-e  nr!.  anticjiii- 
tie-,  and  liie  lit1,.  ;,-  -,.,  ii  in  the  Japan  of  to-day,  i-  to  discover  the  >ur 
\i\al-  of  primitive  culture  anioii1^  the  native-,  or  to  tra"e  in  their  cu->- 
t"mx  tiie  f;i-hion-  and  ci  reiiionie-  current  ten-  of  eeiilurie-  a^".  vsho-e 

LfelH-i-    i-    to    he    -oiHit     ill    the    au'e    of    the    LTod-.         I'>e!ieath    the     poetic 

and  mvihi'-a!  co-tiiine  are  nianv    lieaiitiful  truth-. 

(  M:e  of  the  man\  Japaiie-e  ration;ili-tic  writer-  explain-  lh>'  hidini: 
of  Amatera-u  in  tin  cave  a-  an  eclip-e  of  the  -un.  l'11'i-ii,  the  third 
child  of  the  lir-t  pair,  i-  n..\v  wor-hiped  a-  the  <  lo.l  of  haily  Food. 
!>h  I'ein^  the  -taple  of  ,la]iaiie-e  diet.  He  i-  u-iiallv  repre-ent(  d  a^ 
a  j  •  Iv  angler,  with  a  red  ti-h  (/<•//)  under  one  fat  arm,  and  a  rod  and 
i:n<  under  the  other.  <  >ne  need  ie>!  -•"  far  from  Kioto  to  tiud  the 
id'-nti-'al  -pot-  "f  c.iiiinii  .n  earth  \vhi.-h  the  fertile  imagination  of 


JAPANESE  MYTHOLOGY.  »:\ 

tlu-  children  of  Nippon  has  transfigured  into  celestial  regions.  Thus, 
the  prototype  of  "the  dry  bed  of  the  river  Aine  no  yastr'  is  no\v  t<> 
be  seen  in  front  of  the  city  of  Kioto,  where  the  people  still  gather  for 
plea-ure  or  public  ceremony.  The  "  land  of  roots,''  to  which  Sosanoo 
was  banished,  is  a  region  evidently  situated  a  few  miles  north-west  of 
Kioto.  The  dancing  of  Suzume  before  the  cavern  is  imitated  in  the 
pantomimic  dance  still  seen  in  every  Japanese  village  and  city  street. 
The  mirror  made  from  iron  in  the  mines  of  heaven  by  the  Blacksmith- 
god  was  the  original  of  the  burnished  disks  before  which  the  Japanese 
beauty  of  to-day,  sitting  for  hours  on  knee  and  heels,  and  nude  to  the 
waist,  heightens  her  charms.  A  mask  of  Suzume,  representing  the 
laughing  face  of  a  fat  girl,  with  narrow  forehead,  having  the  imperial 
spots  of  sable,  and  with  black  hair  in  rifts  on  her  forehead,  cheeks 
pulled  out,  and  dimpled  chin,  adorns  the  walls  of  many  a  modern  Jap- 
anese house,  and  notably  on  certain  festival  days,  and  on  their  many 
occasions  of  mirth.  The  stranger,  ignorant  of  its  symbolic  import, 
could,  without  entering  the  palace,  find  its  prototype  in  five  minutes, 
bv  looking  around  him,  from  one  of  the  jollv  fat  girls  at  the  well  or 
the  rice-bucket.  The  i>t.<«j«tain(i  jewels,  curved  and  perforated  pieces 
of  soap-stone  occasionally  dug  up  in  various  parts  of  Japan,  show  the 
work  of  the  finger  of  man,  and  ancient  pictures  depict  the  chief's  of 
tribes  decked  with  these  adornments.  In  the  preparations  made  to 
attract  forth  the  Sun-goddess,  we  see  the  origin  of  the  arts  of  music  by 
\\ind  and  stringed  instruments,  dancing,  divination,  adornment,  weav- 
ing, and  carpentry.  To  this  day,  when  the  Japanese  female  is  about 
to  sweep,  draw  water,  or  perform  household  duties,  she  binds  up  her 
sleeves  to  her  armpits,  with  a  string  twisted  over  her  shoulders,  like 
the  sleeve  -  binder  of  the  dancing  goddess.  Before  Shinto  shrines, 
trees  sacred  to  the  kami,  at  New-year's-day  before  gates  and  doors, 
and  often  in  children's  plays,  one  sees  stretched  the  twisted  ropes  of 
rice-straw.  In  the  month  of  August  especially,  but  often  at  the  fairs, 
festivals,  and  on  holidays,  the  wand  of  waving  jewels,  made  bv  -im- 
pending colored  paper  and  trinkets  to  a  branch  of  bamboo,  and  sonu- 
thing  like  a  Christmas-tree,  is  a  frequent  sight.  The  t/oltci  i-  still  the 
characteristic  emblem  seen  on  a  Shinto  shrine.  All  these  reli''<.  triv- 
ial and  void  of  meaning  to  the  hastv  tourist,  or  the  alien,  whose  onlv 
motive  for  dwelling  on  the  island  is  purelv  sordid,  are,  in  the  eye  of 
the  native,  and  the  intelligent  foreigner,  ancient,  sacred,  and  productive 
<>f  innocent  jov,  and  to  the  latter,  sources  of  fresh  surpri-e  and  eiij'>\- 
nient  of  a  people  in  themselves  intenseh  intere>tiiiLi'. 


Till-:   MIkMxi'S  LMl'IRE. 


|'>KT\VKKN  the  li'tii:  niirht  <«f  tin'  unknown  a  ires  th;it  preceded  \\\< 
advent  of  tin-  conquerors,  and  the  morniii'j;  of  what  may  he  railed  real 
hi-torv.  then-  lie-  the  twilight  of  mythology  and  fahulous  narration. 

Tin-  in\  tholo-'v  ,,f  Nippon,  though  in  essence  Chinese,  is  Japaiie-e 
in  form  and  coloring,  and  hears  the  true  tlavor  of  the  soil  from 
whence  it  sprung.  The  patriotic  native  or  the  devout  Shintoi-t  mav 
accept  th"  statement--  of  the  K»j;ki  as  LTenuine  history  :  luit  in  the 
eold,  clear  eye  of  an  alien  they  are  the  inventions  of  men  shaped  t<>  ex- 
alt the  imperial  familv.  They  are  a  living  and  luxurious  e-fowth  of 
fancy  around  the  ri:in>  of  facts  that  in  the  slow  decav  of  time  have 
lo-t  the  -hape  hy  which  recognition  is  jmssihle.  Chinese  history  doe- 
indeed,  at  c,  n  (in  p^int-.  corroii,.rate  what  the  Japanese  traditions  ,),.- 
clare.  and  thus  e/jves  n-^  some  sure  liu'ht  :  hut  for  a  clear  understand- 
ing of  the  p.-rind  antedatiiiLT  tin1  second  century  of  the  Chri-tian  era. 
the  nativ"  mvtholi.^y  and  the  faliulous  narrations  of  the  Knjik',  u-e 
1'iit  a-  iii'  •<  'iiii-'ht. 

.lirum'i  TI  nil'"',  tiie  tii'st  mikado,  was  the  fifth  in  de-ceiit  from  tin 
Siin-^odde^-.  \\]<  original  name  \\a-  Kan  ^"aniato  1  \\are  Ilik"  no 
mik"to.  1  he  title  Jimmu  '1'einio.  meaning  "  spirit  of  v,ar."  uas  po-t- 
liiiinou-!\  a]  ;  ;  I  t"  him  manv  ditturie-  afterward.  \N  h>  n  the  A'"- 
j-k'i  \vi-  e  'i;ipi  !.  pur:'  Japanese  name-  oiilv  were  in  use.  Ilenc.-,  jn 

tliat  i k  '  \\ith  many  very  l"iiur  (piaint  names  and  title- 

\\hich,  \\hei  -:  Chinese  eipiivalents.  are  Breath'  ahhivvi- 

ated.  Th  if  the  \\ritteii  eliaracters  of  ( '!,ina  at  a  later 

["•riod  •  :.•!  '•  to  express  aliuo-t  all  their  own  wo|-.|-, 

'.\ii--ther  i,am---.  tract  idea-,  in  ( 'hine-e  a-  \\ell  a-  .lapa- 

I.'--'.  I  !,-,  ,  of  Japan  t\\o  lair^ua^e-  exi-t  -id'-  '>\ 

~lde,    o,-     i,,,!,,  dd       .  '       r.         Till-     applie-     f     the     Uofd-     ,-!,!«.' 

,lapa::.--e  -\ntax.  I- -in-'  i»i.  -      iv-er\ed  it-.-lf  alni"-t  ei,::ivi\ 


THE  TWILIGHT  OF  FABLE.  ,55 

upon  liis  conquests.  Ho  was  accompanied  by  his  brothers  and  a  few 
retainers,  all  of  whom  are  spoken  of  as  kami,  or  gods.  The  coun- 
try of  Japan  was  already  populated  by  an  aboriginal  people  dwelling 
in  villages,  each  under  a  head-man,  and  it  is  interesting  to  notice  how 
the  inventors  of  the  J\njiki  account  for  their  origin.  They  declare, 
and  the  Japanese,  popularly  believe,  that  these  aboriginal  savages  were 
the  progeny  of  the  same  gods  (Izanagi  and  Izanami)  from  whom  Jim- 
mu  sprung;  but  they  were  wicked,  while  Jimrnti  was  righteous. 

The  interpretation  doubtless  is,  that  a  band  of  foreign  invaders  land- 
ed in  Iliuga,  in  Kiushiu,  or  they  were  perhaps  colonists,  who  had  oc- 
cupied this  part  of  the  country  for  some  time  previous.  The  territory 
of  Iliuga  could  never  satisfy  a  restless,  warlike  people.  It  is  mount- 
ainous, volcanic,  and  one  of  the  least  productive  parts  of  Japan. 

At  the  foot  of  the  famous  mountain  of  Kirishima,  which  lies  on 
the  boundary  between  Iliuga  and  Ozumi,  is  the  spot  where  Jimmu  re- 
sided, and  whence  he  took  his  departure. 

Izanagi  and  Izanami  first,  and  afterward  Xinigi,  the  fourth  ancestor 
of  Jimmu,  had  descended  from  this  same  height  to  the  earth.  Kvery 
Japanese  child  who  lives  within  sight,  of  this  mountain  gazes  with 
reverent  wonder  upon  its  summit,  far  above  the  sailing  clouds  and 
within  the  blue  sky,  believing  that  here,  the  gods  came  down  from 
heaven. 

The  story  of  Jimmu's  march  is  detailed  in  the  /fo/V/v,  and  the  nu- 
merous popular  books  based  upon  it.  A  great  manv  wonderful  creat- 
ures and  men  that  resembled  colossal  spiders  were  encountered  and 
overcome.  Even  wicked  o-ods  had  to  be  fought  or  circumvented. 
His  path  was  to  l.'sa,  in  Buzen  ;  thence  to  Okada  :  thence  by  ship 
through  the  windings  of  the  Suwo  Xada,  a  part  of  the  Inland  S^a,* 


*  Tlic  ''Inland  Sen''  (Scto  Uchi)is  a  name  which  has  been  <_:'iven  by  foreigner-, 
and  adopted  by  the  Japanese,  who  until  modern  times  had  no  special  nanif  I'ur 
it  as  a  whole.  Indued,  the  whole  system  of  Japanese  ideographical  nomenclatuiv 
proves  that  the  u'enerali/ations  made  by  foreigners  were  ab.-ent  from  their  C<MI 
eeptions.  The  laru'e  bays  have  not  a  name  which  unities  all  their  parts  and  liml>- 
into  one  body.  The  Ibni:  rivers  possess  each,  not  one  name,  but  many  loe;d  .ip 
pellation>  alonu'  their  length.  The  main  island  was  namele-s,  so  wen-  Shikuku 
and  Kiushiu  fur  many  centuries.  Ye/co,  to  the  native,  is  a  region,  i!»t  an  i-l.md. 
Even  for  the  same  street  in  a  city  a  Miiiclc  name,  as  a  rule,  i<  nut  in  Use,  each 
block  receiving  a  name  by  itself.  This  was  quite  a  natural  proceeding:  wh'  n  the 
ni>ivci>c,  or  "all  beneath  heaven,"  meant  Japan.  The  Scto  IVhi  lias  been  in  .lap- 
anesc  hi.-tory  what  the  Mediterranean  was  to  the  course  ofcmpire  in  Kuropi  •,  due 
allowaiitrt.  beinir  made  for  proportion.-,  both  physical  and  moral.  1 1  extends  near- 
ly cast  and  \vc-t  two  hundred  and  fortv  miles,  with  a  bivadlh  varvini:'  from  ten  to 


.-,,;  riir  .i//A~  i/">'>  /•: MI 'i /;/•:. 

iandin:-:  in  Aki.  Here  he  !>nilt  a  palace,  ami  remained  seven  years. 
H,.  then  \\,ni  In  llie  tv/toii  "f  lii/en.  and.  after  dwelling  there  ei^lit 
\ear-.  in-  -aile«l  t"  the  Ka-t.  The  waves  were  verv  roiie'li  ami  rapid 
a!  I],,.  ,t,,,i  n,.;ii  the  piv-eiit  >itc  of  Ozakjl,*  when1  he  tinallv  succeeded 
in  landin.:.  and  lie  u'ave  the  >p.>t  the  name  Xm/ti  Jlai/u  (<\\ift  waves). 
Thi-  aft'  ruard  became,  in  the  eolloijuial,  and  in  poetry,  Naniwa. 

1  111  1,,-riii  the  career  of  the  invaders  had  Keen  one  of  vietorv  and 
ea-\  e.'ll.HUM,  but  they  How  received  their  tir>t  IVpllUe.  After  severe 
ti-li!  in--,  .liiiiinn  wa-  defeated,  and  one  of  his  brothers  was  \voiinded. 
A  council  of  war  wa<  held,  and  sacred  ceremonies  celebrated  to  dis- 
,  ,.\  i  r  the  caii-e  of  the  defeat.  The  solemn  verdict  was  that  as  chil- 
dren of  the  Sun  -ii'oddos  they  had  acted  with  irreverence  and  ptv- 
Mimptioii  in  jouriievin^  in  Apposition  to  the  course  ot  the  .-un  from 
\\e-t  to  ea-t,  in-tead  of  moving,  as  the  sun  ino\es,  from  eaM  to  west. 
Thereiipf.ii  thev  rooked  to  turn  to  the  south,  and  advance  westward. 
I,ea\in_r  the  ill-omened  -hoiv-,  they  coa-ted  round  the  M.uthern  point 

tliirp.  inili--.  witli  iiKtny  n-.irrn'.v  ] inquires.  It  lias  >i\  divi-ions  (ninhn,  tnkinu 
Ihfir  naiiif  -  tVuni  tin1  j'i'"\  iii'-c-  \vln.-i-  >liui'i'>  tliry  \va-li.  It  ciiiituiiis  ;i  \-a>t  1111111- 
In  v  nt  i~!;iiiil-,  1'tit  l'.'\v  kii'fAii  <lan^'ers,  ami  ha-  a  M'a-lmanl  dl'  M'Vcn  hmulivj 
iiiii.--.  ili  n -fly  ] "  1 1  uila  t  fil.  al.i  i  undine  wit  li  >at'r  anil  cdiivrniriit  idicliorau'es,  dottril 
\\itli  lii.uiv  lar^f  tn \\ii-  and  prc.x  iin-'.al  capital-  and  ca-tled  eilir-,  and  nutrcl  t'nr 
tin-  a<-thi'  trade  "I '  i!  -  ii,ha''itaiit-.  It  i  f'laiininirato  \\  ith  tin-  I'acilic  l.y  tlic  rlian- 

ll'-l-    i't'    Kii    "11    tlie    e.l-t.    1'illll-M   ell    the    Milltil,    ami    |.y    the    Stl'ait-    of   Sllilllunu-eki 

I  ••  thf  <  ii;>r;dtar  ul'  .lapan  "  ),  liall'  :i  mile  wide,  on  the  \\ ,  -t.  It.  can  \n-  na\  i^ated 
>at'ely  at  all  -ea-on-  "!'  the  year  !>'.  day,  and  now.  uiiiier  nrdinary  eii-eiiin-tanee-, 
I .y  n'uh:.  t!iank>  tn  tin-  v\>t em  uf  1'm'ht- In ni-i--  tin- roiii.rlilyri|uiii|'i-d  with  the  latent 

iu-tram  i.!-  "I  i>;.iie.d  -eiencc,  ineiudi:r_r  di.iiitrie  and  e.itDi.li-i,-.  ii\e,l  ;,nd  revulv- 
ih'_',  \\  hi'.f  .in  1 1  ciihuvi  li^ht-.  in  e.irtli'iuake  ]•  i-i  ml'  tnu  er-.  t  i-ei-t.  (1  l.y  Knuli-h  eii- 
^riiif  •  --  ii:  tin-  -er\iee  of  the  mikadi.'-  ( iiivernmeiit.  Tin  tide-  and  '•urreiit--  nf 
tin-  S.;t-.  1  •  iii  are  n.il  a-  yet  pei-feetly  km.wii.  Imt  arc  fiMiiHl  to  In-  regular  at  tli" 
e.i-'  .'.i.'l  u.  -1  entraii'  --.  the  tide  wave-  euininir  IV-im  the  I'aeiih-.  In  maii\  part.s 
tie  \  I':.',  '.viih  Li'l'ea!  Veiui  ity.  The  ellt  nil  paiye  .")7-ihi\v-  fine  nt'tlie-e  narniw 
]':i--;i_;.  -  wlii'I'e  the  edd\  ilm'  clllTcllt-  ni-h  ji  i-t  a  ruck  in  mi'l  eliiinilel.  -ei)|inilLr 
'he  -l,f  ii''  -.  .I'ld  h'a\  iii_  Mi-t  en  i  "iiuh  I'm  .in  fur  the  pa-~au'c  n|  a  l.iri;e  -t.-iiner. 

A  \  •  r\  >!.  -'  nieti\e  .[«•(. ii-  nf  iindlll-k  inhaliit-  the  lid.unl  Sea.  vvhieli  perfe.- 
I'.ite-  tim1"'!',  makiii:;'  h"!e-  ..|i.  -third  nf  an  indi  ill  iliani-'iiT.  >ailiiiL;'  -  \'e--el-> 
in.iiii'1  tn  \  iLM-aKi  -"lie  1  im  -  liin!  it  I"  tter  in  \\  in  i.  r  t,i  \\  n|-|\  tin-,  .u-h  the  |nl;m,] 
S--a  ,-.'.:  •;•  r  than  t»  I"  .it  IMIIIH!  <  'ape  <  hich;dv>'l' a^ain-l  the  Kuri.  >hiu  u.  'I  hi.-  lat- 
••  r  !•  it  i-  -  '  dillieiili  th..t  -.:ii'ii-  are  ;ipt  1..  .'.r-.p  ihf  ••  IV" m  tin-  .lapani'M'  name 
i  >:.!:. i...  "I  thi-  c.q.ei  ;/,.'-,-  -.' •  .iinl  turn  i!  int.,  all  |-'.:;-!i-h  nr  II.  hre\\  w.ird.  "I'll"-.; 

v\  h.i  are  tr\  iii'_'  tu  IIIMVI  th-it  tin-  .F.i].aii'-i-  an-  I  lie  "  |n-l  t  ril.e-  "  mi- lit  make  

•  if  Hi.  ir  !'•  -t  aririim.  nt-  tr-m  I  hi-  t.ie|  Kaempf.  ;-.  ii  nniv  lie  -.tuteil,  il.-i'iveil  ih" 
.1."  ,.  -•  .  !.\  rapid  tran- it.  fi  .111  1 1..  'l'"-.\,  ••  ,,(  Hal..  I.  ai  n.—  Siheria  t..  the  i-hiiid-. 

•  '("!.•  -j'ellin^  nt'  <  i/.aka  i.i'-ceiii  ,,|,  t  ].,.  , , .  i-  in  :i,.,  ..yd.mee  \\  it  h  1  he  re.  jiiire- 
•  •-  "f  . I., pane-.-  rule-  nf  orthography,  and  the  u-atrc  nf  the  p^'plc  in  (j/aka 

1  K.  •.;••. 


THE  TWILIGHT  OF  FABLE.  57 

of  Kii,  and  landed  nt  Arasaka.  Ik-re  a  peaceful  triumpli  awaited 
them,  for  the  chief  surrendered,  and  presented  Jimimi  with  a  s\v<>rd. 
A  representation  of  this  scene,  engraved  on  steel,  now  adorns  the  green- 
back of  one  of  the  denominations  of  the  national  hank-notes  issued 
in  l's'7_;.  The  steps  of  the  conqueror  were  now  bent  toward  Vamato. 
The  mountain-passes  were  diilicult,  and  the  way  unknown;  but  l>v  act 
of  one  of  the  gods,  Miclii  no  Oini  no  mikoto,  who  interposed  for  their 
guidance,  a  gigantic  crow,  having  wings  eight  feet  long,  went  before  the 
host,  and  led  the  warriors  into  the  rich  land  of  Vamato.  Here,  they 
were  not  permitted  to  rest,  for  the  natives  fought  stoutly  for  their  soil. 


A  X;UTO\V  Passage  in  the  Inlaml  Sea. 

On  one  occasion  the  clouds  lowered,  and  thick  darkness  brooded 
over  the  battle-field,  so  that  neither  of  the  hosts  could  discern  each 
other,  and  the  conflict  stayed.  Suddenly  the  i^loom  was  cleft  by  tin- 
descent  from  heaven  of  a  bird  like,  a  hawk,  which,  hovering  in  a  flood 
of  golden  effulgence,  perched  upon  the  bow  of  Jiminu.  II is  adver- 
saries, dazzled  to  blindness  b\*  the  awful  light,  fled  in  dismay.  .lim- 
mii,  bein<_r  now  complete  victor,  proceeded  to  make  his  permanent 
abode,  and  fixed  the  i/<!<tko,  or  capital,  at  Kashiwabara,  some  miles 
distant  from  the  present  site  of  Kioto.  Here  he  set  up  his  u-"vevn- 
ment,  and  began  to  rule  over  all  the  lands  which  he  had  conquered. 
IVace  was  celebrated  with  rejoicings,  and  religious  ceremonies  <>f  im- 
posing magnificence.  Tie  distributed  rewards  t<'>  his  soldier-  and  offi- 
cers, and  chose  his  chief  captains  to  be  rulers  over  provinces,  appor- 
tioning them  lands,  to  be  held  in  return  for  military  service.  It  will 


l>e  noticed  that  t!ii-  primal  form  of  vvneral  e.-(,Vernment  was  a  species 
<>{'  feudal:-m.  Su.-h  ;<  political  -\-tem  \\  a>  of  the  mo-t  rudinieiitarv 
kin.!  ;  oiih  a  litti<-  Better  than  the  Council  of  the  Six  Nation-  of  the 
Innjiioi-.  or  \\;,-  similar  to  tiiat  of  the  A /.tecs  of  Mexico. 

'I'!,.-  i\    I.eini:1   now   traiKjiiili/ed,  weapons  \veiv  laiil   aside,  and 

a!!'  niioii   was  ^i\«  n  t»  tin-  art-  of  peace.       Aiiion-'  the  Jir-t  thine>  ac- 

C"U;j   iished   vva-   til''    -"lemn    deposit    of   tlie   tlllVe    -acred  eml'lelll: Illil'- 

i  •:.  -\\ord.  and  Kail  —  in  the  palace.  Sacrifices  -were  offered  to  the 
Sun  _••  ..Id.'--  i  >\\  T« irimiiio  \  ama. 

.limmu  married  the  prince--  Tatars,  the  mo-t  Keautiful  woman  in 
l-ipan,  and  daughter  of  one  o!  hi-  captain-.  I  luring  hi-  life-time  his 
•hii-f  energies  were  -pent  iii  consolitlating  hi-  po\\cr,  and  eivili/iiiLT 
hi-  -ui'jects.  Several  relieiiiniis  had  to  I.e  put  down.  After  clu-o-inu; 
an  heir,  he  died,  leaving  three  diildn'ii.  at  the  au'e  of  nno  liundivd  and 
tueir.  \--cv  e;i  years,  acc,.i'(linL:'  to  the  Xilmiiyt.  and  of  one  hundred  and 

tllil'lX  --eV  ell,    according    to    the    Kuj'iki. 

\\  \-  ic,  no  means  certain  that  .limmu  \va>  a  historical  character, 
'i  .ie  onlv  |M>,I]<-  de-crili'niu'  him  are  lull  collection-  of  invths  and  fa- 
I'lc-.  in  which  cxi>ts,  perhap-.  a  mere  -k.'let"!!  of  hi-torv.  Kveii  the 
.lapatic-e  writer-,  a-,  for  in-'aiicc.  the  aiitlior  nf  a  popular  liistorv 
(/J.i'  .V/V/fi//  Knk'i  l\'«i  /!"i/,'»  Ym-ii.'i  A"/),  intcrjitvt  the  narratives 
in  a  ra' ional:-;  je  m, inner.  Thus,  the  "  civ^lit-headi'd  >erpent-''  in  the 
A'"/-.''''  an  explained  to  l>e  p.  '-i-tcnt  aivh-ivl.els,  or- valorous  eiiemie-; 
t  he  "  •j.-roiind— pider-."  to  lie  ivliel-  of  le--er  not'1  :  and  the  ••  -pider-pits 
or  h"le-,"  the  reliel-'  lurking-places.  The  --i^aiitic  i:ro\v.  \\itli  win^- 
ei-'ht  f.  et  li'ii^'.  that  I'd  the  ii"-t  into  ^'al!:a^'  v\a-  prohaMy.  -a\  -  the 
native  writer,  a  fam"U-  eaptain  vv  ho-e  name  wa-  !\'ara-u  (ITMNV  ).  \\lio 
i-'d  the  advaiice-tniard  into  Vamatu,  \vith  -u<  h  \a!'>r.  direct  ne--.  and 
rapidit  v  .  tliat  it  seeim-il  miraculous.  The  m\th  ,  ,f  a-eril'ini;1  the  u'uid- 
aii'-e  "t  ill--  armv  to  a  r\;,\\  was  pr»!,a!'l\  invent'-d  later.  A  larj;e 
numl'iT  .if  th"  ineid'-nt-  related  in  the  l\»j<ki  have  all  the  eharacter- 

i-t  ie-    «  if    the    ln\  ;  h. 

< 'hine-c    tradition    a^-ri!'   -  the    | p!in^   »\   .lapan   t"  the   f,  <}\»\\  in^ 

.an  —  -:  The  --randfath.  r  I  Taik")  of  the  tir--  .  mp,  r-r  (I'.uwo)  i.f  the 
Sh'i  dvn.-i-tv  (thirtv  -ev.ii  •  .: »  r-r-.  ej-'h*  hiiiidi.d  and  silent  \-two 

\  i-Itfs,    H.C.    I   1  L.'H     _'  I  '.'  I    ill    I  'hilia,    hav  !!:-•    thl'ee    -on-,    U  i-hed    t"   I"',  jlleatll 

hi-  title-  and  estate-  to  hi-  \'.'in_fe-t  -, -u.  n,,t  \\  it  h-taiidin^"  that  law 
and  eii-tom  reijiiired  him  t"  end"W  the  i-Me-t.  The  voiiniTiT  >on  n- 
fu-'d  to  receive  the  inhefi  t  atiee  ;  \<\}:  the  ladiT.  knowing  that  hi-  father 
'l'iil<o  vv.'iild  pef-:-T  in  hi-  d'  termination,  ai;d  unvv  iilm--  t"  eati-e  tnni- 


THE  TWILIGHT  OF  FABLE.  50 

Me,  secretlv  left  his,  father's  house  and  dominions,  and  sailed  away 
to  the  South  of  China.  Thence  lie  is  supposed  to  have  gone  to  Ja- 
pan and  founded  a  colony  in  lliu^a.  His  name  was  Taihaku  Ki. 
From  this  legend  the  Chinese  frequently  apply  the  name  Kishi  Koku, 
or  "  country  of  the  Ki  family,"  to  Japan. 

Whatever  may  be  the  actual  facts,  Jimmu  Tenno  is  popularly  be- 
lieved to  have  been  a  real  person,  and  the  lirst  emperor  of  Japan, 
lie  is  deified  in  the  Shinto  religion,  and  in  thousands  of  shrines  ded- 
ieated  to  him  the  people  worship  his  spirit.  In  the  official  list  of 
mikados,  he  is  named  as  the  tir>t.  The  reigning  emperor  refers  to 
him  a>  his  ancestor  from  whom  he  claims  unbroken  descent.  The 
7th  day  of  the  Fourth  month  (April  7th)  is  fixed  as  the  anniversary 
of  his  ascension  to  the  throne,  and  that  day  is  a  national  holidav,  on 
which  the  iron-clad  navy  of  modern  Japan  iires  salutes,  from  Krupp 
and  Armstrong  o-iins,  in  his  honor,  and  the  military,  in  French  uni- 
form-, from  S:iid  >r  and  Remington  rifles,  burn  ai,  monnriani  powder. 

The  era  of  Jimmu  is  the  starting-point  of  Japanese  chronology,  and 
the  year  1  of  the  Japanese  era  is  that  upon  which  he  ascended  the 
throne  ai  Kashiwabara.*  A  large  number  of  Japanese  students  and 
educated  men  who  have  been  abroad,  or  who,  though  remaining  at 
home,  have  shed  their  old  beliefs,  and  imbibed  the  modern  spirit  of 
nihilism,  regard  Jimmu  as  a  myth.  The  majority,  however,  cling  to 
their  old  belief  that  the  name  Jimmu  represents  a  historical  veritv, 
and  hold  it  as  the  sheet-anchor  of  their  shifting  faith.  A  youim;  Jap- 
anese, fresh  from  several  year.-.1  residence  in  Furope,  was  recent Iv  rai- 
iii-d  concerning  his  belief  in  the  divinity  of  the  mikado  and  in  the 
truth  of  the  Kojiki.  His  final  answer  was,  "  If  is,  mv  duty  to  he-Hew 
in  them." 


*  Dr.  .]. .].  ilnll'iiKiii,  who  has.  written  the  best  Japanese  trrammar  yet  published, 
in  expressiii'j;  the  exact  date  uivcn  in  the  Kajiki,  in  terms  of  the  Julian  stvlc. 
says  tin-  r.Hh  n f  February  ((Kit)  n.c.)  was  the  day  of  Jiiiiinu's  ascension.  Pn> 
ti-ssor  F.  Kaiser  has  found  out  by  ealeulation  that  at  eiirht  A.M.  on  that  day  ol 
the  said  ye;;!1  there  was  a  new  moon  at  the  'minkn.  ''Therefore,"  savs  tin-  ^rain- 
marian.  h-ajiinir  on  the  winu:s  of  his  own  lo^ie  to  a  tremendous  coiielu-ioii.  ainl 
seitlinu'  down  into  assured  satisfaction,  "the  correctness  of  the  Japanese  ehro- 
noioii'y  may  not  lie  called  in  (|iiestion."  ('See  page  157,  and  note  of  "A  Japanese 
Grammar, ''  J-  J-  Huil'man,  Leyden,  IbUS. ) 


Till-:  .MlKAlJU'*  EMl'IKK 


VI. 

THI-:  C 


FROM  tin-  death  of  .liiuiim  Tenno  to  that  <>f  Kinmiei,  in  \vlmsc 
[••I- 1 1  r.iiddhi-in  vva-  introdiieed  (\.i>.  ,">7  1  ).  there  \veiv,  acconliiiu'  to 
ih''  lini  .'\",li»n  S/it,  thirt\-one  mikados.  i  Miring  tliis  period  of 
t  \\el\i-  hundred  ami  thiru-si\  \ear-,  l>elie\ed  to  In-  historic  l>y  in<ist 
.lapaiie-e.  tin1  im>-t  intere-tiii^  -nl'jeet-  tu  l>e  noted  arc  the  reforms  of 
Sfijin  'I'miin.  the  military  expeditions  to  Kasicrn  .lapan  1>\  Vamatct 
l»ak«'-.  tin1  in\a-ion  df  Corca  l»y  the  Min]M-r—  .linuru  K'ou'o,  and  the  in 
ti-'»lui-tii'ii  of  ('hiiie-e  i'i\  ili/ation  and  <>f  l>nddlii>in. 

The  X'llon'j'i  detaiU  the  history  and  e\|iloits  of  these  aiieieiit  nili-r- 
with  a  niinuteiie— .  and  exaetne-^  <>t  en-emnstanee  that  are  \erv  sn-- 

]ii<-i"l!-.         It    ^i\e-lln-    JU'ee'lM'    hil'tlldavs   alld   a^'es   of   the   fllljiel'ors.   \v!|o 

in  tho-r  da\-  attained  an  ineivdiUe  lon^vvitv.      Takonouchi,  the  ,lai>a- 

!ic<e     Methtl-aleli,    lived    to    he    oVlT    tlll'ee    lllllldred    and    t'lftV    Veai'S    old. 

and  -'-r\ed  a-  ]irini"  mini^tei-  to  ti\^  Mirec-^ivt'  cmjieror-.  TweKi- 
mikado^  li\i'd  ;,>  in-  uviT  one  hundred  Years  old.  (  >ne  of  them  I'uled 
•  iiu-  ln;!i'iiv.l  and  one  vears.  The  rei^n-  of  ihe  lir-t  seventeen  avc-r- 

;i--,-d    over     M\t\"lie    \  ear>.         I'Volil    the    StVellteelltli    to    the    t  hill  V-Hl'st, 

the  a\ '  ra'ie  n-i^n  i-  little  over  twelve  veais.  In  the  li-t  tin-re  are 
maii\  \\  !:•'-'•' li''  ' I-,  though  (-xaLT^erated  in  the  mirage  »f  taMe.  ai'e,  in 
the  ln:ii:i.  lno-1  [  >i'i  .!  i;i!  >!  \  hl-t'  >ne. 

>ni'm.  al-o  i-niii-d  Shnjin  or  Sunin  (n.c.  '.iT-^in),  \vas  aee.  >rdin<_:'  t<> 
ih..  /'<//'  XUmi,  Si,',,  ,-(  nirui  ..f  inten-e  earnestness  and  j>ietv.  The 
trait-  of  ,  ,  .i;r;.u-.'  and  encr^x  \\hieh  eliaraeterixed  hi-  vouth  ^ave  him 
in  inaiilioo.i  -i^nal  tiliie--  t^r  hi-  eiio-eii  ta-k  of  eIe\atiiiL.'1  hi-  [ieoj)le. 

lie    l!|olini'-d    o\  U  ii'kedlle--.    alld    eali.'d    lljioll    tllelll     to    f..r-al<e 

t.hi-ir  -in-,  a;,.|  turn  th.  ir  mind-  to  the  wor-hip  nf  the  c_;'oil-.  A  ^reat 
|  .-tileiie..  ha\ni'_f  iir.ikin  ..m.  and  tin-  j.e.i|>l,.  liein^  -till  unrepentant, 
tli'-  pion-  nioiiaieh  rii-..  e;ii'l\  n  tip-  iiioi'iiin^.  fa-ted,  and  piiriiied  his 


-.l.-inii  pul>iie  w..r-hi|i  the  --d-  an-v.i-r.-d  him.  and  the  plague  aKati-d. 
A  revival  of  r.'Ii^ioii-  feelm-1  and  w.,r-hi|i  f'>ll"\v.-d.  In  hi-  n  i-'n 
date-  th>-  LuiidiiiLT  "t"  -peeial  -hi'in.--  f.  ,f  the  adoration  df  the  Lfods. 


SKWiV,   THE  CIVILIZER.  61 

* 

Hitherto  the  sacred  ceremonies  had  been  celebrated  in  the  open  air. 
Further,  the  three  holy  regalia  (mirror,  sword,  and  ball)  had  hith- 
erto been  kept  in  the  palace  of  the  mikado.  It  was  believed  that 
the  efficacy  of  the  spirit  \vas  so  great  that  the  mikado  dwelling  with 
the  spirit  was,  as  it  were,  equal  to  a  god.  These  three  emblems  had 
been  placed  within  the  palace,  that  it  might  be  said  that  where  they 
were  dwelt  the  divine  power.  A  rebellion  having  broken  out  during 
his  reign,  lie  was  led  to  believe  that  this  was  a  mavk  of  the  disfavor 
of  the  u'ods,  and  in  consequence  of  his  keeping  the  emblems  under 
hi^  own  roof.  Reverencing  the  majesty  of  the  divine  symbols,  and 
fearing  that  they  might  be  denied  by  too  close  proximity  to  his  car- 
nal bodv,  he  removed  them  from  his  dwelling,  and  dedicated  them  in 
a  temple  erected  for  the  purpose  at  Kasanui,  a  village  in  Yamato. 
He  appointed  his  own  daughter  priestess  of  the  shrine  and  custodian 
of  the  symbols — a  custom  which  has  continued  to  the  present  time. 

The  shrines  of  TJji,  in  Ise,  which  now  hold  these  precious  relics  of 
the  divine  age,  are  always  in  charge  of  a  virgin  princess  of  imperial 
blood.  Later,  being  warned  by  the  goddess  Amaterasii  to  do  so,  she- 
carried  the  mirror  from  province  to  province,  seeking  a  suitable  lo- 
calit\  :  but  having  grown  old  in  their  search,  Yamato  him  e*  continued 
it.  and  finally,  after  many  changes,  they  were  deposited  in  their  pres- 
ent place  A.D.  4.  (.'opies  of  the  mirror  and  sword  were,  however, 
made  by  Sujin,  and  placed  in  a  separate  building  within  the  palace 
called  the  "place  of  reverence."  This  was  the  origin  of  the  chapel 
still  connected  with  the  mikado's  imperial  palace. 

From  the  most  early  time  the  dwelling  and  surroundings  of  the  mi- 
kado were  characterized  by  the  most  austere  simplicity,  quite  like  the 
Shinto  temples  themselves,  and  the  name  nuijti  was  applied  to  both. 
In  imagining  the  imperial  palace  in  Japan,  the  reader  on  this  side  the 
Pacific  must  dissolve  the  view  projected  on  his  mind  at  the  mention 
of  the  term  "palace."  Little  of  the  stateliness  of  architecture  or  the 
splendor  and  magnificence  of  the  interior  of  a  European  palace  belongs 
\-->  the  Japanese  imperial  residence.  A  simple  structure,  larger  than  an 
urdinary  tiist-da-s  dwelling,  but  quite  like  a  temple  in  outward  appear- 
ance, and  destitute  of  all  meretricious  or  artistic  ornamentation  within, 
marks  the  presence  of  royalty,  or  semi-divinity,  in  Japan.  Kven  in  Ki- 
oto, for  centuries,  the  palace,  except  for  its  size  and  slightly  givater  el- 


,;._,  Till-:   M/KADd'S 

edition,  could  not  he  distinguished  from  the  residences  of  the  nobles, 
or  from  a  temple.  Al!  tin-  was  in  keeping  with  the  saeredness  of  the 
personage  en-hrined  \\ithin.  For  vain  mortals,  sprung  from  inferior  or 
wicked  i;'od-.  for  upstart  generals,  or  low  traders  bloated  with  wealth, 
liixiirv  and  di-pla\  were  tjiiite  seemly.  Divinity  needed  no  material 
-how.  The  eireiimstaiiees  and  attributes  of  deity  were  enough.  The 
indulgence  in  iraudv  di-plav  was  oppo-ed  to  the  attributes  and  char- 
acter of  the  living  representative  of  the  Heavenly  Line.  This  rigid 
-implicitv  was  carried  out  even  after  death.  In  striking  contrast  with 
the  roval  burial  customs  of  the  nations  of  Asia  are  those  of  Japan. 


The  Mik:i(|.>'<  MrtiuHt  of  Travel  in  vi-rv  Ancient  Times. 


All  over  the  F:IM.  the  tombs  of  dend  dynasties  are  edifices  of  all  oth- 
er- the  Min-t  ma-j;niticent.  The  durable  splendor  uf  the  homes  of  the 
departed  far  exceed  that  of  the  palace^  of  tlie  li\ni<_r.  Hut  in  Japan, 
in  place  of  the  i_fM|-j.-eous  maii-ol. •]] 1 1 1 -  and  the  eo]o>sal  masterpieces  of 
nioi'tuarv  architecture  of  continental  A-ia.  the  sepulchres  of  the  mika- 
do>  seem  niomnneiit-  of  eha-te  po\(-rtv.  N'earlv  all  of  the  imperial 
tomli<  are  \\ithin  the  three  province-  of  Yamato,  Vamashiro.  and  Set- 
t-u.  A  simple  ba-e  of  -tone,  -uriiioiinteii  b\  a  lo\\  shaft,  set  upon  a 
hillock,  surrounded  bv  a  tivneh,  and  inelo-cd  with  a  neat  railing  of 
timlier.  mark-  the  iv>tinir-place><if  the  dead  emperor.-.  All  this  i-  in 
accordance  with  the  precept.-  of  Shinto. 


SiJJL\\  THE   CIYILUER.  63 

The  whole  life  of  Sujiu  was  one  long  effort  to  civilize  his  half- 
savage  subjects,  lie  ordained  certain  days  when  persons  of  both 
sexes  must  lay  aside  their  regular  employment,  and  give  the  Govern- 
ment his  or  her  quantum  of  labor.  The  term  for  the  labcr  of  the 
men  means  "  bow-point,"  and  of  the  women  "  hand-point,"  implying 
that  in  the  one  case  military  service  was  the  chief  requirement,  and 
in  the  other  that  of  the  loom  or  the  field.  He  endeavored,  in  or- 
der to  secure  just  taxation,  to  inaugurate  a  regular  periodical  census, 
and  to  reform  the  methods  of  dividing  and  recording  time.*  He 
encouraged  the  building  of  boats,  in  order  to  increase  the  means  of 
transportation,  promote  commerce,  and  to  bring  the  people  at  the 
extremities  of  the  country  in  contact  with  each  other.  Communi- 
cation between  Corea  and  Kiushiu  was  rendered  not  only  possible, 
but  promised  to  be  regular  and  profitable.  We  read  that,  during 
his  reign,  an  envoy,  bringing  presents,  arrived  from  Mimana,  in  Co- 
rea, B.C.  33.  Six  years  later,  it  is  recorded  that  the  prince,  a  chief  of 
Shiraki,  in  Corea,  came  to  Japan  to  live.  It  is  evident  that  these  Co- 
reans  would  tell  much  of  what  they  had  seen  in  their  own  country, 
and  that  many  useful  ideas  and  appliances  would  be  introduced  under 
the  patronage  of  this  enlightened  monarch.  Sujin  may  be  also  called 
the  father  of  Japanese  agriculture,  since  he  encouraged  it  by  edict  and 
example,  ordering  canals  to  be  dug,  water-courses  provided,  and  irriga- 
tion to  be  extensively  carried  on.  Water  is  the  first  necessity  of  the 
rice-farmer  of  Asia.  It  is  to  him  as  precious  a  commodity  as  it  is  to 
the  miner  of  California.  Rice  must  be  sown,  transplanted,  and  grown 
under  water.  Hence,  in  a  country  where  this  cereal  is  the  staple  crop, 
immense  areas  of  irrigated  fields  arc  necessary.  One  of  the  unique 
forms  of  theft  in  rice-countries,  which,  in  popular  judgment,  equals  in 


"  Beginning  of  Spring" February  3.  i  "Beginning  of  Autumn" August  7. 

"  Rain-water'1 February  19.  '•  "  Local  Heat'1 August  2ft. 

"Awakeuing  of  the  Insects". .  .March  fi.  ''White  Dew'' Scptrinber  S. 

"Middle  of  the  Spring" March  '20.          '-Middle  of  Autumn" Sepiemb.T  -':-i. 

"Clear  Weather" April  5.  :  "Cold  Dew" Oct.. 

"Seed  Rain" April  20.  |  "Fall  of  Hoar-frost" October  •-':';. 

"Beginning  of  Summer" May  5.  "Beginning  of  Winter" November  7. 


"  Little  Plenty" May  2d. 


1  Little  Snow" November  '22. 

'Great  Snow" IVcemlier  7. 


"Transplanting  the  Rice" June  5. 

"  Ileiirht of  the  Summer" rune  -21.  j  "Height  of  the  Winter" December -'2. 

"  Little  Heat" July  6.  j  "  Little  Frost" January  (i. 

"Great  Heat" July  23.  '  "Great  Frost" January  20. 


,;i  Tin-:  .WAM /"/•>•  /:.)/;•//,•/:. 

iniijiiitv  tin'  stealing  of   "i'1'  •>'    ''|('   mines,  or  horses  on  the  prairies, 
is  tin1  draw  HILT  I'iT  water  from  a  neighbor's  field.      In  those  oM  nulr 

tillles.  1  In-  Japanese    Water-thief,  when   dl'tOl'tcd,  FOCl'lved   but    littlf   more 

meiv\  ih.-tn  the  horse-robber  in  tin-  \\  e>t.  The  immense  labor  neces- 
sar\  to  "-aaiii  the  rojui-itr  water-supply  ran  only  he  appreciated  by 
one  \\ho  has  studied  the  tlumcs  of  ( 'alifoniia,  the  tanks  of  India,  or 
the  various  appliances  in  Southern  A>ia.  In  Japan,  it  is  yery  eoin- 
terrace,  with  LTi'eat  labor,  the  mountain  gulches,  and  utilize  the 
stream  in  iiTi^atin^  the  platforms,  thus  ehan^iiiLj  a  imisy,  foaming 
sir.  am  into  a  M!, -tit  and  u.-eful  servant.  In  many  cases,  the  water  i< 
led  f,  ,r  miles  aloii^  artitieial  eanals,  or  ditches,  to  the  fertile  soil  which 
needs  it.  On  flat  land-,  at  the  l>a>c  of  mountains,  hn^e  reservoirs  are 
i-\ea\ated.  and  tapped  a^  often  as  dcsiri'd.  In  the  boxiin  of  the  Ha- 
koiii'1  Mountains,  between  Salami  and  Suniu;a,  i-  a  deep  lake  of  pure 
eold  water,  over  five  thousand  feet  above  the  --('a-level.  <  hi  the  plain 
below  are  few  or  no  natural  >t reams.  Centuries  a::1",  but  loii^  after 
Sujin'-  time,  the  mountain  wall  was  breached  and  tiimu-led  by  man- 
ual labor,  and  now  through  the  rocky  sluices  flows  a  flood  siillieieiit 
to  enrich  the  millions  of  acre>  of  Suruu'a  province.  The  work  be^un 
by  Sujin  wa>  followed  up  yi-.fi'rou^ly  by  hi-  Mir-eessor,  as  we  read  that, 
in  the  year  A.D.  t>,  a  proclamation  was  issued  ordering  canals  and  >luicc> 
to  be  .'iu^  in  over  ei^'ht  hundred  plaee<. 

The  i-mperor  had  two  -nils,  whom  he  loved  eijuallv.  1  liable  to  de- 
termine which  of  them  should  succeed  him.  he  one  day  told  them  to 
tell  him  their  ;livam>  the1  next  morning,  and  he  >liouM  decide  tin; 
i>.sue  b\  intrr].retatioi!.  The  \oim--  princes  accordingly  washed  their 
bodies,  changed  their  garments,  and  s]rpt.  Next  day  the  elder  >on 
said.  "  1  dreamed  that  I  climiu'd  up  a  mountain,  and,  facing  the  east, 
I  cut  with  the  sword  and  thru-t  with  the  -pear  ci^ht  times."  The 
yminu'i  i  -aid,  "1  climbed  the  same  mountain,  and.  stret<'hiii<;  snares 
of  coi'ds  ,,(i  c\t-ry  side,  tried  to  catch  the  -parrou^  that  destroy  the 
LTrain."  The  emp'-ror  tln-n  interpieteil  the  dream,  "Vim.  my  son," 
said  he  to  the  (  Ider.  "looked  in  one  direction.  Vmi  will  -•••  to  the 
l']a>t,  and  bee.  iin.'  it-  governor."  ''Vmi,  in\  s,,n,"saicl  "he  to  the 
youn _;•' T,  "looked  in  e\ciy  direction.  Von  will  ^'"Verii  on  all  .-ides. 
^  mi  will  become  my  heir."  It  happened  a- the  father  had  ,^ai<l.  The 
vouirj.-r  became  cmpe!1"!'.  and  a  peacefiil  nili  r.  The  elder  became  the 
LT"\cni..r  of.  and  a  warrior  in,  the  Ka-t. 


SUJIN,  THE  CIVILIZER.  05 

upon  the  will  or  whim  of  the  father,  the  councils  of  his  chiefs,  or  the 
intrigues  of  courtiers. 

The  energies  of  this  pious  mikado  were  further  exerted  in  devisim' 

~  .  L  O 

and  executing;  ;x  national  military  system,  whereby  his  peaceably  dis- 
posed subjects  could  be  protected  and  the  extremities  of  his  domin- 
ions extended.  The  eastern  and  northern  frontiers  were  exposed  to 
the  assaults  of  the  wild  tribes  of  Ainos  who  were  yet  unsubdued. 
Between  the  peaceful  agricultural  inhabitants  who  owned  the  sway  of 
the  ruler  in  Yamato,  and  the  untamed  savages  who  gloried  in  their 
freedom,  a  continual  border-war  existed.  The  military  division  of  the 
empire  into  four  departments  was  made,  and  a  shdgun,  or  general,  was 
appointed  over  each.  These  departments  were  the  To,  Xan,  and  Sai 
kai  do,  and  llokurokudo,  or  the  East,  South,  and  West-sea  Circuits, 
and  the  Northern-land  Circuit.  The  strict  division  of  the  empire  into 
(In,  or  circuits,  according  with  the  natural  features  and  partitions  of 
the  country,  which  is  still  recognized,  was  of  later  time;  but  already, 
B.r.  2o,  it  seems  to  have  been  foreshadowed  by  Sujin. 

One  of  these  shoguns,  or  generals,  named  Obiko,  who  was  assigned 
t<>  the  Northern  Department,  lying  north  of  Yamato  and  along  the 
west  coast,  holds  a  high  place  of  renown  among  the  long  list  of 
famous  Japanese  warriors.  It  is  said  that  when,  just  after  lie  had 
started  t,o  join  his  command,  he  heard  of  a  conspiracy  against  the 
mikado,  returning  quickly,  he  killed  the  traitor,  restored  order,  and 
then  resumed  his  duties  in  the  camp  at  the  Xorth.  His  son  held  com- 
mand in  the  East.  In  the  following  reign,  it  is  written  that  military 
arsenals  and  magazines  were  established,  so  that  weapons  and  rations 
were  ready  at  any  moment  for  a  military  expedition  to  repel  incursions 
from  the  wild  tribes  on  the  border,  or  to  suppress  insurrections  within 
the  pale  of  the  empire.  The  half-subdued  inhabitants  in  the  extreme* 
of  the  realm  needed  constant  watching,  and  seem  to  have  been  as 
restless  and  treacherous  as  the  Indians  on  our  own  frontiers.  The 
whole  historv  of  the  extension  and  development  of  the  mikado's  em- 
pire is  one  of  war  and  blood,  rivaling,  if  not  exceeding,  thai  of  mir 
own  country  in  its  early  struggles  with  the  Indians.  This  con-taut 
military  action  and  life  in  the  camp  resulted,  in  the  course  of  time,  in 
the  creation  of  a  powerful  and  numerous  military  class,  who  made  war 
professional  and  hereditary.  It  developed  that  military  genius  and 
character  which  so  distinguish  the  modern  Japanese,  and  mark  them 
in  such  strong  contra>t  with  other  nations  of  Eastern  Asia.  The  loiiir- 
sustained  military  operations  also  served  to  consolidate  the  empire. 


Oh 


TV/A*  MIKADO'S  /:.V /'//,' A". 


In  tlic-o  ancient  il:i\  '-.  however,  there  was  no  regular  army,  no  special 
i-l:i>-  of  warriors,  us  in  later  times.  I'ntil  the  eighth  century,  the 
armie-  were  extemporized  from  the  farmers  ami  people  generally,  as 
ivca-ion  demanded.  The  war  over,  they  returned  to  their  daily  ein- 
plovni' nl-.  The  mikado-;  \\eiv  military  chiefs,  and  led  their  armie-, 
or  nave  to  their  -on-  or  near  relatives  onlv.  the  chaise  of  expedition-. 
It  i-  not  my  purpo-e  to  follow  in  detail  the  loiiir  series  of  I'attlo, 


or  even  court  con-piracie-  and  intrigue-.,  which  till  the  .lapaiie-e  hi-- 
toric-.  ;,iid  !c;iil  -"me  reader-  to  -uppo-i-  thai  war  \\a-  the  normal  con- 
dition of  the  palad-  and  empire.  I  prefer  to  -n<.w  the  condition 
of  the  people,  thf-ir  nuthoil-  ,,f  life.  ctiMoin-,  idea-,  and  l.elicf-.  Al- 
though \\ar-  without  and  intrigue-  within  \\ere  fri'|Ueiit,  the-e  ]>\-  no 
meaii-  mad--  up  the  life  <,f  the  nation.  lY.ie,.  had  it-  \ictorie-,  no 
le--  n-no\Mit-d  than  tlm-e  of  war.  A  -tudv  of  the  life  of  the  people. 
-howin--  their  pro'j-re--  from  1'aiTari-m  to  <-\\  ili/atioii,  will.  I  think,  he 
of  niofe  intefe-t  to  th"  reader  than  <\<  tail-  concri-nini;1  imerial  n-lx-U. 


In  the  .(.-ipane-e  hi-tofie-.  and  in  of!!'  ia!  lati'_rna'j,-e.  literal u re,  and  eti- 
jiii-tte  of  late]'  dav-.  there  e.\i-t-  the  con,-,.ption  of  t\\o  ^ivat  -pheri-- 
t  activity  and  of  t\vo  kind-  of  Iran-action-,  re.nirin^  two  method-  of 


THE  CIVILIZES.  67 

treatment.  They  are  the  nai  and  yuai,  the  inner  and  the  outer,  the  in- 
terior and  exterior  of  the  palace,  or  the  throne  and  the  empire.  Thus 
the  Xihon  Guai  Shi,  by  liai  Sanyo,  or  "  External  History  of  Japan," 
treats  of  the  events,  chiefly  military,  outside  the  palace.  His  other 
work,  jVihon  Seiki,  treats  rather  of  the  affairs  of  the  "  forbidden  in- 
terior "  of  the  palace.  In  those  early  days  this  conception  had  not 
been  elaborated. 


[mperial  Crest,  or  the  Mikado's  Seal,  for  Private  or  Palace  Business.    Leaf  and  Blossom 


of  the  Pitulon-iiiii  ruipcnalii  (.kiri.) 


The  mikado  from  ancient  times  has  had  two  crests,  answering  to 
the  coats  of  arms  in  European  heraldry.  One  is  a  representation  of  a 
chrysanthemum  (kiku),  and  is  used  for  government  purposes  outside 
the  palace.  It  is  embroidered  on  rlau's  and  banners,  and  printed  on 
official  documents.  Since  the  Restoration,  in  18G8,  the  soldiers  of  Ine 
imperial  army  wear  it  as  a  frontlet  on  their  caps.  The  other  crest, 
representing  a  blossom  and  leaves  of  the  Ponlowrti/t  i/njicrinU^  (kiri), 
is  used  in  business  personal  to  the  mikado  and  his  familv.  The  an- 
cient golden  chrysanthemum  has.  since  1 80S,  burst  into  new  bloom, 
like  the  flowering  of  the  nation  itself,  and  has  evcrvwheiv  di>plaeed 
the  trefoil  of  the  parvenus  of  later  feudalism — the  Tokugawas,  the 
only  military  vassals  of  the  mikado  who  ever  assumed  the  preposter- 
ous title  of  "  Tycoon." 


THE  MIKADO'S 


VII. 

YAVATO-flAKJ':,  THE  CO.\qrEKOR  OF  THE  KTAXTO* 

A  NEW  hero  appears  in  the  second  century,  whose  personality  seems 

so  marked  that  it  is  impossible  to  doubt  that  within  the  shell  of  fabu- 
lous narration  is  a  rich  kernel  of  history.  This  IHTO,  a  son  of  tin- 
twelfth  emperor,  Keiko  (71—130  A.D.),  is  pictured  as  of  fair  mien,  manly 
and  spacefill  carriage.  In  his  youth  he  led  an  army  to  put  down  a  re- 
bellion in  Kiushiu;  and,  wishing  to  enter  the  enemy's  camp,  he  di- 
gnised  himself  a-  a  dancing-girl,  and  presented  himself  before  the  sen- 
tinel, who,  dazed  hv  the  beauty  and  voluptuous  figure  of  the  supplied 
damsel,  and  hoping  for  a  rich  reward  from  his  chief,  admitted  her  !o 
the  arch-rebel's  tent.  After  dancing  before  him  and  his  carousing 
guests,  the  delighted  voluptuary  drew  his  prize  by  the  hand  into  bis 
own  tent.  Instead  of  a  yielding  girl,  he  found  more  than  his  match  in 
the  heroic  youth,  who  «eized  him,  held  him  powerless,  and  took  his 
life.  For  this  valorous  effort  he  received  the  name  \  amato-1  >ake.  or, 
the  Warlike.  Thirteen  years  after  this  victory,  A.D.  I  1",  the  tribe-  in 
eastern  Japan  revolted,  and  Yamato-I>ake  went  to  subdue  them.  lie 
stopped  at  the  shrine  of  the  Snn-ojoddess  in  1-e,  and,  leaving  his  own 
sword  under  a  pine-tree,  he  obtained  from  the  prie-te--  the  sacred 
sword,  one  of  the  holy  emblem-  en-hrined  bv  Sfijin.  Armed  \\ith 
this  palladium,  lie  penetrated  into  the  wilds  of  Suni'_ra.  to  fi_dit  the 
Ainos,  who  tied  before  him  from  the  plain-  into  the  woods  and  mount- 
ain fa-tne--e-.  The  Aino  method  of  warfare,  like  that  of  our  North 
Ameri  -an  Indian-,  \\a-  to  ;i\-oi,l  an  encounter  in  the  open  field,  and  to 

*  Kuanto  (e.et  ofthe  harrieri.  The  t<  Tin  Kuanto  was,  j.ndialily  a-  early  :ir-  the 
nint!1.  century,  a | 'pi ii-d  to  that  par!  «f  .Japan  him:  c:i-t  of  t  lie  Lruard  irate,  or  1 'ai- 
rier, at  Ozaka.  a  -mall  villa::-'-  uti  t  in  liurdi-r-  «\'  Vania-hii-n  ami  Onii.  It  inehnl'-d 
thirty-tlin-c  iirnvinci--.  Tin-  n  iiiainin.'.-  Hiirty  thr. •<•  prn\  ini-c-  \\n-c  called  Ku.in- 
:-!•!  (  wc^t  "f  th>-  I'arri'  r  >.  hi  IIH  M'I'  rn  t  'HIK--  and  at  |.p--ent.  the  term  K  nan  in  i  \s  rit  - 
t'-n  al-n  Kan  In)  is  ap!>!;<  d  t"  tin-  citrht  |-r.n  im-i-  i  Kiian  lia--h'nn  ea-t  <  if  the  l|;l 
k'liii-  ranirp.  c-nji^istiiiir  nf  S:iir:irni,  Mu-a-hi.  Kud/uKi'.  Sliim<>1-uke,  Kad/,u-a.  A\MI. 
Shiiim-a.  and  Hitachi.  S(>m>'1  ini'--  Id/.u.  Kai.  and  th<-  pnixinee-  of  lloiid"  noi'tli 
uf  the  thirty-eighth  parallel,  t'onnej-lv  eaiied  Mut.-u  a;:d  bi'-ua.  are  ul.-o  ineliuh  I 


YA1TATO-DAKE,  THE  CONQUEROR   OF  THE  KUAXTO.  (i<) 

fight  in  ambush  from  beliind  trees,  rocks,  or  in  the  rank  undergrowth, 
using  everv  artifice  by  which,  as  pursued,  they  could  inflict  the  great- 
est damage  upon  an  enemy  with  the  least  loss  and  danger  to  them- 
selves. In  the  lore  of  the  forest  they  were  so  well  read  that  they  felt 
at  home  in  the  most  tangled  wilds.  They  were  able  to  take  advan- 
tage of  every  sound  and  sign.  They  were  accustomed  to  disguise 
themselves  in  bear-skins,  and  thus  act  as  spies  and  scouts.  Fire  was 
one  of  their  chief  means  of  attack.  On  a  certain  occasion  thev  kin- 


Japan 


died  the  underbrush,  which  is  still  seen  so  densely  covering  the  un- 
eleared  portions  of  the  base  of  Fuji.  The  flames,  ur^ed  by  the  wind, 
threatened  to  surround  and  destroy  the  Japanese  annv — a  si^hl  ^hieh 
the  Ainos  beheld  with  yells  of  delight.  The  Sun-^-oiM,  "  tlu-u  ap- 
peared to  Yamato-Pake,  who,  drawing  the  divinely  bestowe.l  ^\\ord — 
Murakumo.  or  "Cloud-cluster" — cut  the  fjrass  around  Iiiin.  So  invin- 
cible was  the  blade  that  the  flames  ceased  advancing;'  and  turned  to- 
ward his  enemies,  who  were  consumed,  or  fled  defeated.  Yamato-1  >akc 


7d  TllK  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

then  irrate fully  acknowledging  to  the  <xods  the  victory  vouchsafed  to 
him.  changed  til--  name  <>f  tin1  sword  to  Kusanairi  (Grass-mower). 

< 'ro.--iii^  the  Hakoiic  Mountains,  he  descended  into  the  threat  plain 
of  the  K.i-t,  in  later  dav  s  called  tlie  Kuanto,  \vliich  stretches  from  the 
ha-e  of  the  central  ranges  and  talile-land  uf  Hondo  to  the  shores  of 
the  I'a'-itic,  and  from  Salami  to  hvaki.  On  reaching  the  Hay  of  Yedo 
at  about  Kainixaki.  near  I  raj^a,  olf  which  Commodore  Perry  anchored 
with  his  -[earners  in  is.}:},  the  hills  of  the  opposite  peninsula  of  A\va 
-.eiiied  so  \ery  close  at  hand,  that  Yamato-1  >ake  supposed  it  would  lie 
a  trilling  matter  to  cross  the  intervening  channel.  Jle  did  not  know 
what  we  know  so  well  now,  that  at  these  narrows  of  the  hay  the 
\\inds.  tides,  currents,  and  weather  are  most  treacherous.  Having 
embarked  with  his  host,  a  terrific  storm  arose,  and  the  waves  tossed 
the  boat  so  helplessly  about  that  death  seemed  inevitable.  Then  the 
frightened  monarch  understood  that  the  Sea-trod,  insulted  bv  hi-  di— 
parau'in^  remark,  had  rai-ed  the  storm  to  punish  him.  The  only  way 
to  appease  the  wrath  of  the  deity  wa>  l>v  the  sacrifice  of  a  \ictim. 
Who  would  otTer  .'  One  was  ready.  In  the  l>oat  with  her  lord  was 
hi-  wife,  Tachibaiia  hinie.  Bidding  him  farewell,  she  leaped  into  the 
mad  wa\es.  The  blinding  teiupe-t  drove  on  the  helpless  boat,  and 
the  victim  and  the  -a\cd  were  parted.  I>ut  the  sacrifice  was  accepted. 
So,.n  the  storm  ceased,  the  sky  cleared,  the  lovely  landscape  unveiled 
it;  serene  n  p.  >-e.  Vainat o- 1  »ake  landed  in  Kadxu-a.  and  subdued  the 
tribe-.  At  the  head  •  >f  the  priiin-ula,  at  a  site  -till  pointed  out  within 
the  limit-  of  modern  Tokio,  he  found  the  perfumed  wooden  comb  of 
hi-  v\ife.  which  had  floated  :.shoiv.  Krectin^  an  altar,  he  .ledicate.l  the 
preci..u-  I'elie  ;i-  a  votive  otTerinif  to  the  eo.l-.  A  Shinto  shrine  still 
occupie-  the  -ite  vshi'Tc  her  -pirit  and  that  of  Yamato-J >ake  are  wor- 
shiped by  the  tl-hernieii  and  -ailoi's.  wlio-e  junk-  til!  the  (lay  of  Ye.lo 
with  animation  and  pictniv-.jue  beautv.  A-  usual,  a  pine-tree  stands 
liear  the  -hrine.  The  arti-t  has  put  Mount  I;uji  in  the  di-tance,  a 
beautifiil  view  of  which  i-  had  from  the  stiand.  Yamato-I  take  then 
advanced  n.  irthvsapl.  through  Shimo-a.  sailiiiLT  alon^r  the  coast  in 

boat-     to     the     liol'der.   as     the    Japanese     claimed     it     to     be,    between    the 

empire  proper  and  the  -ava^es,  which  lay  at  or  near  the  thirty-eighth 
parallel.  The  two  Lrreate-t  chief-  . .f  the-  Aino-.  apprised  of  his  c<.m- 
iirj,  e.illectecl  a  '_rr«.'it  army  1o  overwhelm  the  invader.  Se"ini_r  his 
('.<<••  approaching,  ati'l  aweil  at  the  -Hit.  they  were  struck  with  coii- 
-teniation.  and  said.  "The-.-  -hip-  mu-t  be  from  the  n;ods.  If  so.  and 
wi  draw  bow  atfain-t  them,  \\e  shall  be  destroyed."  ^I'u  Courier  liad 


YANATQ-DAE£,  THE  CONQUEROR  OF  THE  KUANTO. 


\ 


Yamato-Dake  landed  than  they  came  to  tlie  strand  and  surrendered. 
The  hero  kept  the  leaders  as  hostages,  and  having  tranquilized  the 
tribes,  exacting  promise  of  tribute,  he  set  out  on  the  homeward  jour- 
ney. His  long  absence  from  the  capital  in  the  wilds  of  the  East 
doubtless  disposed  him  to  return  gladly.  He  passed  through  Hitachi 
and  Shimosa,  resting  temporarily  at  Sakura,  then  through  Musashi 
and  Kai.  Here  he  is  said  to  have  invented  the  distich,  or  thirty-one- 
syllable  poem,  so  much  used  at  the  present  day.  After  his  army  had 
been  refreshed  by  their  halt,  he  sent  one  of  his  generals  into  Echizen 
and  Echigo  to  tranquilize  the  North-west  and  meet  him  in  Yamato. 


Junk  in  the  Bay  of  Yedo,  near  the  Shrine  of  Tachibaua  him6. 


He  himself  marched  into  Shinano.  Hitherto,  since  crossing  the 
Hakone  range,  he  had  carried  on  his  operations  on  the  plains.  Shi- 
nano is  a  great  table-land  averaging  twenty-five  hundred,  and  ri.-in;i 
in  many  places  over  five,  thousand,  feet  above  the  sea-level,  surrounded 
ami  intersected  by  the  loftiest  peaks  and  mountain  ranges  in  Japan. 
Ninety-five  miles  north-west  of  Tokio  is  the  famous  mountain  pa»  of 
Usui  Togo,  the  ascent  of  which  from  Sakamoto,  on  the  hi^'h  plain  be- 
low, is  a  toilsome  task.  At  this  point,  t\ventv--ix  hundred  feet  above 
Sakamoto,  unrolls  before  the  spectator  a  magnificent  view  of  the  Bay 
of  Yedo  and  the  plain  below,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  impress- 
ive in  Japan.  Here  Yamato  stood  and  gazed  at  the  land  and  water. 


,-_>  TIII-:  Mix.iijo's  i:\ii -IRK. 

draperied  in  th1'  a/tire  of  di-tance,  and.  recall'MiLT  the  memory  <>f  his 
I  .clove  1  \\  ifc.  \\  :.  •  !i:i  :  -a  Till'-'-  I  her  I  iff  for  him.  he  murmured,  sadlv, 
"Ad/.uma.  ad/:!:ma"  i  M  v  \\ife,  mv  \\iiV).  The  plain  of  Yedo  is  still, 
in  po,  ;i  \  ,  '  a  1.  -1  Ad/uina.  <  Mir  of  the  prince-  of  the  l.lc>..<l  u-es  Ad- 
.•:;•:,  i  :  ..:-  -urname:  and  the  c\-<  '« mfederate  it'on-clad  fain  >'/<>//«- 

i\\   of  i  he  .lapaiie-e  na\\.  i-  christened  Ad/.nma-kuaii. 

'!'. >   ri'i'ss   ih,.    tlu'ii    ahr.i^t    u:ikti"\\n    nii'iintains   <>f   Shinaim    \va-  a 

'  ikiii^'.  \\lii''h    diil\-    a   chief   <>f    sl.>u!    heart    \\»uld    cssav/" 

'i  •  i  i  ra\  el  in  the  t  In nl \   populated  mountainous  portions  of  Japan  e\  en 

.it  the  piv-eiit  time,  at   lea-t  to  uiie  accustomed  to  the  comfort   of  the 

•cars  of  ci\  iii/ation.  is  not  plm-ant.      In  tho>e  dav>.  roa<U  in  the 

Kiiantn  \\ere  unknown.      The   march  of  an   army  up  the  slipperv  as- 


ir  -uper-t  it  I-  'iis 

fancies,  even  mountain  \\a-  the  ahode  of  a  u'od.  every  cave  and  defile 
the  lurking-place  of  -piril>.  Air  and  \\ater  and  solid  earth  \\eiv  p"p- 
ulous  \\ith  the  creature-  of  their  imagination.  KMTV  ealamitv  \\as 
the  manifestation  of  {he  wrath  of  the  loea!  ifods  :  every  stieeess  a  proof 

that    the   •_;• 1   kami   were   -pe.-iallv    favoring  them   and  their   leader-. 

Tin-  cloud-  and  !'"_;•-  were  the  di-cointitinu'  snares  of  e\il  deitie-  to 
cail-e  them  t"  ]o-e  th'ir  path.  The  a-ph\  xiatini;'  exhalation-  from 
volcanoes,  or  from  the  earth,  \\hidi  to  thi-  dav  jet  out  intlailimal'le 
-•a-.  Were  the  poi.-oiiotis  1'i'eath  of  the  mountain  !_:'<"1-.  in-iilied  l.\-  the 
daring  intru-ion  into  tln-ir  sacivd  domain.  <  >n  one  occa-ion  the  <_;•.  .,1 
of  the  mountain  came  to  "\  amato-I  >ake.  in  the  form  of  a  \\  hite  d'-er.  to 
troiil'le  him.  ^  amato-I  >ake.  sii-pectin^;  the  animal.  ihivu  some  v.iM 
irarlie  in  it-  eye,  can-ill'.:  it  to  -mart  so  \ii.lentl\  that  the  deer  di.'d. 

*  Tli1  '                                       :   Shinaiii  •  i-  -i  \  i-rc,  aipl 

fir'1-   arc   !ii-     h  :               ,    ,.      K    ;  \\    tall-   ni'  -nuvv  in   \\inirr  m.iUr 

tra\  i-lii!^  tcili  :        ll       ill        i            '               '                 '    •   '    V        ato  DaU.-'.-  julirilcv 

in  Is?:;    ,    ,i,i|  ;  •'. ._-  .,  ;      ;:••.-  t.nnilri  -1  mill  -      A-  I  have  U'"'H'  "n  \\»>\  nvrr 

tiie  iii.iiint.ua  :            1'akal             i            •.  ;..  'I'nUin,  in   Mu-..~lii,  ainl 

liki'wi-e  l.avi  •                       .           1  u\n- lie-  pa—  nt'St.  Hrrnanl,  I  tliink.  nil 

thiiiir-  c":i-i'i  !.  1                      •             .!  V    -i!  •'      1)         :.'•    i-.jiiul  in  ('.iiirai;-.1.  .-kill, 

.lariir_',  pat  i>  •:  .    .•    :   :                                  I                   n!'N          i  DTI.      Ttu1  tmiri-I   today 

i;a:i.  A-ama  yama,  Va:  .                          -                           Iliis  thrum1  r<"itn  nt'  nat- 

niv  in  -lataiL      In  !  :                               tin    ri,-],,-!   silk  dir-trid  in  a'l 

Japan,  tin'  irnlil-'ii  '  •  n-:iil.  mv.-rin:,'  ttic  tl.MT- 

i  1  ahim-t  i-vi-ry  li"-.-'    ilur'a:_'  t\\  .1       11,1                  :                 ••  ihr  d.  f;  I'm^i-i1:-  nf-Iai' 

.-.  :                           '  '                 "  i  :i  l'ii-ih 


TA.VATO-L'A  KJ':,  THE  CONQUEROlt   OF  THE  KUANTO.  7;j 

Immediately  tlie  mountain  was  shrouded  in  mist  and  fog,  and  the  path 
disappeared.  In  the  terror  and  dismay,  a  white  dog — a  good  kanii  in 
disguise— appeared,  and  led  the  wav  safely  to  the  plains  of  Mino. 

Again  the  host  were  stricken  l>y  the  spirit  of  the  white  deer.  All 
the  men  and  animals  of  the  camp  were  unable  to  stand,  stupefied  by 
the  niephitic  gas  discharged  among  Them  bv  the  wicked  kami.  Hap- 
pily, some  one  bethought  him  of  the  wild  garlic,  ate  it,  and  gave  to 
the  men  and  animals,  and  all  recovered.  At  the  present  day  in  Japan, 
partly  in  commemoration  of  this  incident,  but  eh  idly  for  the  purpose 
of  warding  off  infectious  or  malarious  diseases,  garlic  is  hun^  up  be- 
fore gates  and  doors  in  time  of  epidemic,  when  an  attack  of  disease  is 
apprehended.  Thousands  of  people  believe  it  to  be  fnllv  as  effica- 
cious as  a  horseshoe  against  witches,  or  camphor  against  contagion. 
Descending  to  the  plains  of  Mino,  and  crossing  through  it.  he  came 
to  Ibuki  yama,  a  mountain  shaped  like  a  truncated  sugar-loaf,  which 
reals  its  colo:-v:;l  Hat  head  in  awful  majesty  above  the  clouds.  Yama- 
to-lJakc  attempted  to  subdue  the  kami  that  dwelt  on  this  mountain. 
Leaving  his  sword,  ''Grass-mower,"  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  he 
advanced  unarmed.  The  god  transformed  himself  into  a  serpent,  and 
barred  his  progress.  The  hero  leaped  over  him.  Suddenly  the  heav- 
en- darkened.  Losing  the  path,  Yamato-J  )ake  swooned  and  fell.  On 
drinking  of  a  spring  by  the  way,  he  was  able  to  lift  up  his  head. 
Henceforward  it  was  called  Same  no  idzumi,  or  the  Fountain  of  Re- 
covery. Reaching  Otsu,  in  Isi>,  though  still  feeble,  he  found,  under 
the  pine-tree,  the  sword  which  he  had  taken  off  before,  and  forthwith 
composed  a  poem:  "0  pine,  were  vou  a  man,  1  should  u'ive  you  this 
-.word  to  wear  for  your  fidelity."  lie  had  been  absent  in  the  Kiianto 
three  vears.  ][e  recounted  before  the  gods  his  adventures,  difficulties, 
and  victories,  made  votive  offerings  of  his  weapons  and  prisoners,  and 
<_rave  solemn  thanks  for  the  deliverance  vouchsafed  him.  He  then  re- 
ported his  transactions  to  his  father,  the  mikado,  and,  bcinu'  weak  and 
ni^'h  to  death,  he  begged  to  see  him.  The  parent  sent  a  me-senu'er 
to  comfort  his  son.  When  he  arrived,  Yamato-I  >ake  was  dead.  He 
was  burii'd  at  Xobono,  in  Ise.  From  his  tomb  a  white  bird  tle\v  up; 
and  on  opening  it,  only  the  chaplet  and  robes  of  the  deail  IHTO  \\ctv 
found.  Those  who  followed  the  bird  saw  it  alight  at  Koio-hiki  hara 
(Plain  of  the  Koto-players)  in  Yamato.  uhidi  was  henceforth  called 
Mi>a/.aki  Shiratori  (Imperial  Tomb  of  the  White  IJird).  Hi-  death 
t'»>k  place  A.I).  I  1 :{.  at  the  aire  of  t  hirt  v-si\.  Manx  temples  in  the 
Kuanto  and  in  various  parts  of  Japan  are  drdi'-ati-d  to  him. 


\   ha\e   ifixeii    ~"    full   nil   aeei.iuil    of  Yamato-I  >akr   to  -how  the  -tvle 

;.ii.l    -(uah:1.    •  :    ;iif:« •!:'    Japanese    tradition,   and    exhiliit    tin-    slate    of 

Ka-ti  r:i  .1    :  IH-.  ait'l   hccau-i'  under  tin-  narration  there  i- 

•  >ne    \\li-i   extended  tin'   real   lioimdaries   of  the   early 

'"i     male  1  *ake  \\  a>  "lie  of  the  parth   !ii>t<>ric  and  partlv  ideal 

....    the  eaii-e  and  the  rlTcct   o)    the  ,J;,| iain •-<•  inili- 


-    ;   •    •  .•  .,-   literan    tra-h.  and  (nit    Vaiiiiito-1  >aki'  and  all  his 

-aine  iinilio  \\ith  Itoinulus  and  hi-  vvulf-nurst'.  \\illiani 
Tell  and  hi-  ap]>le;  hut  I  e^n-ider  him  t«>  liavc  Keen  a  historical  )»T- 
-MiiaLTe,  and  hi-  d.-eds  a  part  of  genuine  lii-tory. 

"•    Tli"    II.  till'--   1'i'lln     vari'in-.   jirnviiicc-   nf.h:p;'li   arc   u'i\ru   licli.w.       K;ich   iianir 

i  .('  .!.(:•.!  ]!'•-'•  nrb'in  ha-  lik>-\vi-r  a  -\  IIDUN  in  n  PMI|»  pumli'd  i  it'  the  Chinc-c  \\,,\-t\  ,-./.,„ 

.      lli\i  .I   In  thi1  I  in  »ll  II  lie  Kit  i<  in   ul'  til  e  I  'hiin--.i-  i-iial'ai-ti-r  «  illi  \v  hii-h  tin- 

:','•-!  -vliniilc  of  tin-  nutivr  \\nr,l  i-  \\ritten.      In  -miir  ca-c<  ihr  Chinr-c  I'unii   i> 

in    -'  in  ii-r.  in  u  hirh  ea-i1  it  i-  iiaiiri/r.l.      lii  a  lew  ca-f-  1'iith  t'or!n>  ai'r  c  urn-  ut. 


r.t, i,l,tl,  or  Tan-hill. 

'/''//'  i".  "  'rail-hill. 

"  Tali-hill. 

li,  HIM,  "  li,Kl,in. 

II      .  ••  II  iku-hiu. 

hi/  inui,  '•  r,,xl'hi. 

"  s,  ki.-liin. 
iml-0. 


Hf_'i'in). 


THE  INTRODUCTION  OF  CONTINENTAL   CIVILIZATION. 


VIII. 

TUT:  INTRODUCTION  OF  CONTINENTAL  CIVILIZATION. 

IF  Japan  is  to  Asia  what  Great  Britain  is  to  Europe — according  to 
the  comparison  so  often  made  hv  the  modern  Japanese — then  Corea 
was  to  Dai  Nippon  what  Norman  France  was  to  Saxon  England. 
Through  this  peninsula,  and  not  directlv  from  Cliina,  flowed  the  influ- 
ences whose  continence  with  the  elements  of  Japanese  life  produced 
the  civilization  which  for  twelve  centuries  has  run  its  course  in  the 
island  empire.  The  comparison  is  not  perfect,  inasmuch  as  Japan 
sent  the  conqueror  to  Corea,  whereas  Xormandy  sent  William  across 
the  Channel.  In  the  moral  and  {esthetic  conquest  of  Rome  by  Greece, 
though  vanquished  by  Roman  arms,  we  mav  perhaps  find  a  closer  re- 
semblance to  the  events  of  the  .second  triad  of  the  Christian  centuries 
in  the  history  of  Japan. 

Is  it  true  among  historic,  nations  that  anciently  the  position  of 
woman  was  higher  than  in  later  times'  It.  has  been  pointed  out  by 
more  than  one  writer  on  Greece  "that  in  the  former  and  ruder  period 
women  had  undoubtedly  the  higher  place,  and  their  type  exhibited 
the  highest  perfection.1'  This  is  certainly  the  case  in  Japan.  The 
women  of  the  early  centuries  were,  according  to  Japanese  history, 
possessed  of  more  intellectual  and  physical  vi^or,  rillm*;'  the  ollices  of 
state,  religion,  and  household  honors,  and  approaching  more  nearlv 
the  ideal  cherished  in  those  countries  in  which  the  relation  of  the 
sexes  is  that  of  professed  or  real  eqnalitv.  Certain  it  is  that,  whereas 
there  are  many  instances  of  ancient  Japanese  women  reaching  a  high 
plane  of  social  dignity  and  public  honor,  in  later  au'es  the  virtuous 
woman  dwelt  in  seclusion;  exemplars  of  ability  were  rare:  and  the 
courtesan  became  the  most  splendid  tvpe  of  womanhood.  Thi-  mu-t 
be  more  than  the  fancy  of  poets.  As  in  the  Greece  of  llomt-r  and 
the  tragedians,  so  in  early  Nippon,  woman's  abilities  and  possibilities 
far  surpassed  those  that  were  hers  in  the  later  days  of  luxury  and  civ- 
ilization. To  a  woman  is  awarded  the  glorv  of  the  conquest  of  Co- 
rea, whence  came  letters,  religion,  and  civilization  to  Japan. 


IK.UJIJ'*  J-:M ///./:. 

In  ;ill  Japanese  tradition  »r  history,  there  is  no  ^vater  female  char- 
acter tliaii  the  i-inj'iv-- .lin^u  (u^'dUke  exploit].  Her  name  was  Okina- 
wa Tara-hi  hime.  l-ut  -he  i-  oetter  known  \<\  IKT  posthumous  title  of 
.lin_'u  K"_f",  "V  .liniru.  tin-  \\ife  or  -poii-e  of  tin-  mikado.  She  was 
eoiiaiU  ivno\\  ned  fur  her  l>rautv,  pietv,  inteili^vnee,  eiiei\rv,  and  mar- 
u  r.  She  ua-  ii"t  "lily  very  ohedient  to  the  LT"<ls,  Uit  tliev  de- 
i  t»  honor  her  1>Y  their  inspiration.  She  feared  neither  the 
u.v.e-  i.f  the  -ea.  the  arr»\vs  of  the  Kattlc-tield,  nor  the  ditlieulties  that 

.:;  nil  all  ifr-'at  eiiterjiri^es.  (ireat  as  >he  \\  as  in  lu1!'  o\\  n  person, 
-lie  i>  greater  in  the  Japanese  eves  as  the  mother  of  the  ej>d  of  \\ar. 

In  the  \ear  l'l;!  a  reliellinn  !n-oke  out  at  Kiinia-",  in  Kiu-hin.  Tlie 
mikado  < 'hiuai  (  I  t»l-L'u(ij  headed  liis  army,  and  maivhed  to  Mil-duo 
the  reliels.  .liii^u  l\o^o,  or  Jin^u,  the  C'lninvss,  folluwod  him  !i\  -hip, 
.111! larking  from  'I'-uniu'a.  in  Eehi/en — a  jiort  a  feu  miles  iK>rth-we>t 
of  the  head  of  Lake  l'>i\va — meeting  her  hu-l'and  at  Tnvo  n«>  nra,  near 
the  modern  Sliiniono.-t'ki,  of  indemnity  fame.  Wliile  \\ •oishipinu  on 
one  of  the  i-land-  of  the  Inland  Sea.  the  --,'d  >p.,ke  to  her.  and  .-aid, 

"   \\  ll\    are    \  ou    SO    deeplv    ('"Iieeriied    to    e<  ilujlUT   Kllllia-o  .'        It    is   I  tilt    ;l 

ji  "'i-.  .-parse  region,  not  uorth  eoiiijueriiiv.'  \vi;h  an  armv.  I'liere  is  a 
m:;'-h  larger  and  rieher  eounti'v,  a-  -\\vet  and  lovelv  as  the  face  of  a 
fair  virgin.  It  i-  da/./liiiu-  lu-i^lit  \\ilh  v;»ld.  -ilver,  and  line  eolors.  and 
e\erv  kind  of  rich  tn  a-ure-  i-  to  lie  found  in  Shiraki  ( in  (  '<  iiva).  \\Hr- 
-hi|>  UK.  and  I  \\ill  Li'i\e  \"ii  power  to  eoiiijiier  tin-  roniitrv  \\ithout 
Mood-hed  ;  and  Kv  my  help,  and  the  ^li.rv  of  voiir  eoin|uest,  l\uma-o 
-hail  1'e  -trai".'ht\\av  -ul"liieil."  Tin-  einp.  rof.  h.-aiin--  thi-  from  hi.- 
wife.  \shieh  -he  declared  ua-  the  me--a-v  of  the  p/odN  doul.ted.  and. 
eliml'inu'  I"  tli'-  -uiiimil  of  a  hiu'h  mountain,  looked  nvi  r  the  sea,  and 

-eeinif    II"    lalld    to    the    \\e-t\\ard.    all-Uel'ed    her:     "1     looked    e\  el'\  U  hefe 

and  >aw  water.  l>ut  no  land.  I-  there  a  eouiitrx  in  the  -ky  .'  It  not, 
you  deceived  nn-.  M\  ain-estors  \\or-hiped  all  tin-  efod- :  i-  there  any 
\v  h"in  th'-\  did  in  4  Vt '  'I'-hip  .'" 

The  <_fod-,  an-\\  t  riir^  ilir"ii^h  the  iii-pire.l  empre--.  ma«h-  ivplv  : 
•'If  vou  1"  •  l\  your  doiilit-.  and  sav  there  i-  no  eoimtrv  when 

I  h;:\e  declared  there  i-  one,  ymi  Ma-phenii-.  and  you  .-hail  not  uro 
tliithi-r:  l'iit  tin-  empre—.  vour  \\ife.  ha-  ei.neeived,  and  the  child 
\\ilhin  her  -hall  conquer  ||,,.  eountrv."  Nevertheless,  the  emperor 
doul'ted.  and  ad\ancecl  a_ra;n-t  Kuma-'.  dut  \va-  \\or-ted  1'V  the  rel-e]-. 
\\'i,ili'  in  can, p.  In-  took  -i'-k  and  died  -uddenlv.  A'^'ordin-r  '"  an- 
other  tradition,  lie  \\  a-  -lain  in  I'.attii  l'\  an  ari'"\\.  II;-  mini-tef. 
T.;!.r!e  'iiclii,  c..!ieealeil  hi-  death  from  the  -"Mier-.  and  earrii'd  the 


777 /•:  L\TA'ODUCTWN   OF  COXTISEXTAL    CIVILIZATION.         77 

corpse  hack  to  Toyo  no  ura,  in  Xagato.  The  brave  Jingu,  with  the 
aid  of  Takenouchi,  suppressed  tlie  rebellion,  and  then  longed  for  con- 
(juot  beyond  the  sea. 

"\Vhile  in  Hizen,  in  order  to  obtain  a  sign  from  the  gods  she  went 
down  to  the  sea-shore,  and  baited  a  hook  with  a  grain  of  boiled  rice, 
to  catch  a  fish.  ''  Now,"  said  she,  "  I  shall  conquer  a  rich  countrv  if  a 
fish  be  caught  with  this  ^rain  of  rice."  The  bait  took.  A  fish  was 
caught,  and  Jingu  exultingly  accepted  the  success  of  her  venture  as  a 
token  of  celestial  approval  of  her  design.  "  Medzurashiki  mono!'' 
(wonderful  thing),  exclaimed  the  royal  ladv.  The  place  of  the  omen 
is  still  called  .Matsnra,  corrupted  from  the  words  she  used.  In  further 
commemoration,  the  women  of  that  section,  every  year,  in  the  first 
part  of  the  Fourth  month,  go  fishing,  no  males  being  allowed  the  priv- 
ilege on  that  clay.  The  pious  Jingu  prepared  to  invade  Corea;  but 
wishing  another  indication  of  the  will  of  the  kami,  she  on  one  occa- 
sion immersed  her  hair  in  water,  saying  that,  if  the  gods  approved  of 
her  enterprise,  her  tresses  would  become  dry,  and  be  parted  into  two 
divisions.  It  was  as  she  desired.  Her  luxuriant  black  hair  came 
from  the  water  dry,  and  parted  in  two.  Her  mind  was  now  fixed. 
She  ordered  her  generals  and  captains  to  collect  troops,  build  ships, 
and  be  ready  to  embark.  Addressing  them,  she  said:  "The  safety 
or  destruction  of  our  country  depends  upon  this  enterprise.  I  intrust 
the  details  to  yon.  It  will  be  your  fault  if  they  are  not  carried  out. 
T  am  a  woman,  and  young;  I  shall  disguise  myself  as  a  man,  and  un- 
dertake this  n-allant  expedition,  trusting  to  the  gods,  and  to  my  troops 
and  captains.  We  shall  acquire  a  wealth v  country.  The  glory  is 
yours,  if  we  succeed  ;  if  we  fail,  the  guilt  and  disgrace  shall  be  mine." 
Her  captain-,  with  unanimity  and  enthusiasm,  promised  to  support 
her  and  carry  out  her  plans.  The  enterprise  was  a  colossal  one  for 
Japan  at  that  time.  Although  the  recruiting  went  on  in  the  variou> 
pnninces,  and  the  ships  were  built,  the  army  formed  slowlv.  Chat'- 
iii";  at  the  delay,  but  not  discouraged,  again  she  had  recourse  to  tin- 
efficacy  of  worship  and  an  appeal  to  the  trods.  Erecting  a  tahcriia<-!' 
of  purification,  \\ith  prayers  and  lustrations  and  sacrifices  ^he  pra\.d 
the  kami  to  <j;rant  her  speedy  embarkation  and  success.  Tin  u'o«l> 
were  propitious.  Troops  came  in.  The  armv  soon  assembled,  and 
all  was  ready.  A.I).  '201. 

Before  starting,  Jingu  issued  orders  to  her  soldiers,  as  fullow>  : 

"No  loot. 

''  "V'ither  despise  a  few  enemies  nor  fear  many, 

G 


7-  ni  f-:  MIKAIXJ-S  /;.i//v  A1/:. 

"  (  Ji\  v  mriw  to  th»-e  \x  li"  vield.  1  nit  n<>  quarter  to  tin-  stubborn. 
'•  Ke^.i1.-'!  •  apportioned  to  the  victors;   punishments  shall  bo 

'    ix  " 

'I          •        word-  "f  the  "jod-  came,  -ayinir.  "  The  Spirit  of  IVacc  will 
le  \  on   and   protect   your  lit','.      The  Spirit    of  \Y;ir  \\ill  ^o 

•  1  ii  ;!•!  \  >  'in1  Chips'' 

,l::  j  "i   au'ain   returned   thanks  tor  these  fresh  exhibitions  of  divine 

.  ;md  made   her   final    preparations  to   -tart,  \\heii  a  ne\v  impedi- 

•   ;lm  atcned  to  delay  h"pele--!y  the  expedition,  or  to  roll  it  of  it- 

nd   leader,  the   Amazonian    ehief.      She   di-co\-civd    that   -he  \\~a- 

ant.      A";ain  the  ^ood  fax  or  of  the  'j.-od-  enabled  her  to  triumph 

o\  .  r  the  olistaeles  xxhieh  nature,  or  the  fate  of  her  -e\.  mi^ht  throw  in 

the  path  of  her  toxxcriipj.'  amliitioii.      She   found  a  -lone  v.  hieli,  liciii'j; 

plaeed  in  her  girdle,  delayed  her  ai-coucliuiiu-nt  until  her  return  from 

(  '..rea. 

It    doe-    not    >eelll    \'.}   haX'e   lieell    perfectly    clear   Mi    the    mind-   of  tho>e 

anei-nt  iililiii-ters  \\here  <  'oiva  \va-.  or  for  \\hat  particular  point  of  the 
hoi'i/on  they  \\cre  to  steer.  They  had  DO  char!  or  coinpa--.  The 
sun.  -tar-,  and  th"  tliu'lit  of  Lird-  xverc  theii-  u'uide-.  In  a  -torm  they 

\\ollM     l,e     helple  —  .        (>lle     ti  -  1  1.  I'l  1  1;  1  1  1     had     1'eell     -ellt     to    -ail    \Vc-t\\ard 

and  report.  He  came  hack  declaring  thei-e  \\'a-  no  land  to  lie  -een. 
Aiiotln  r  man  wa-  di-patched,  and  returned,  haying  sc'-n  ihe  mount- 
ain- "ii  the  main-land.  'I  he  fleet  -ailed  in  the  Tenth  month.  \\  ind-, 
wave-,  and  curreiit-  xvcre  all  fayoraMe.  The  --.nU  xva'diecl  over  the 

riei-t,   :.!ld    -'lit    -lloal-   of    111  life    ti-'l'1-    to    11  !'•_;•  e    oil    the    \\a\e-    that    !iV    tlleir 

impact  ;::'-.  i  the  -tern-  and  mad.-  the  pro\v-  leap  a-  thoiiu'li  alive. 
The  J  ||,  ,]  -afelv  in  Southern  C»rea.  the  ,1,-ipane-i-  army  land- 

ed i;i  '  ry  of  -n         hi  and  the  ^Taiid*  ui'  of  uar  in  -plendid  array. 

Th"  kiii'j  of  thi-  part  of  <  ',,fi  a  ha  1  h-ard  from  hi-  me—ennfcis  of  the 
coming  of  a  -trance  fleet  fi-oin  the  I-^a-t.  and.  teripi!ied.  e\i-Iainied.  "  \\  e 
i  •  \  '  '  I  h'-i  !  oni-ide  of  n-.  i  lax  e  our  '^<  »1-  f.  ir- 

-ak'  ii   i      :"       Tl  i     ilix      i  •!'-  had   no  li  .  do  a-  they  expected.       Ii 

\s  a-  a  I'l  .....  11"--  inx  a-ion.      Th"  <  'oi'eaii-  came,  holding  \\  hit"  f!  a  ••;•-,  and 


thai    th"X    •                                                 -:  th"\    \\oiild    in-vi-r   caii-e 

their  .  ,  >M'|U"r<  if-  to  d  t  ion.  and   that    they  \\  .  iiild 

-I'jid  li-'-ta-v-  I..  Japan.      'i  ri\    r-  i     ;hi    lloxv  haekxvai'd.  or  the  pel>- 

i:i  th'  ;r  Led-  lea]       •  •  •               '  -  >uld  they  n..t   break  their 

oa'h.      .lin^ii  -et    up  \\eaon-  .•         •  ;;i',-  ,,f  th"   kiirj;  iii   t"k"U  of 


INTRODUCTION  OF  CONTINENTAL   CIVILIZATION.         79 

tidos  of  wealth,  silk  and  precious  goods  of  all  kinds,  and  eight}7  hos- 
tages, men  of  high  families,  were  put  on  board. 

The  stay  of  the  Japanese  army  in  Corea  was  very  brief,  and  the 
troops  returned  in  the  Twelfth  month.  Jingu  \vas,  on  her  arrival,  de- 
livered of  a  son,  who,  in  the  popular  estimation  of  gods  and  mortals, 
holds  even  a  higher  place  of  honor  than  his  mother,  who  is  believed 
to  have  conquered  Southern  Corea  through  the  power  of  her  yet  un- 
born illu>trions  offspring.  After  leaving  her  eoueli,  the  queen-regent 
erected  in  Xagato  (Choshiu)  a  shrine,  and  in  it  dedicated  the  Spirit  of 
War  that  had  guided  her  army.  She  then  attended  to  the  funeral 
rites  of  her  deceased  husband,  and  returned  to  the  capital. 

The  eoiKjuest  of  Corea,  more  correctly  a  naval  raid  into  one  of  the 
southern  provinces,  took  place  A.D.  203.  The  motive  which  induced 
the  invasion  seems  to  have  been  the  same  as  that  carried  out  by  Hide- 
yoshi  in  1583,  and  contemplated  in  1873 — mere  love  of  war  and  con- 
quest. The  Japanese  refer  with  great  pride  to  this  thiir  initial  ex-- 
ploit  on  foreign  soil.  It  was  the  first  time  they  had  ever  gone  in 
ships  to  a  foreign  country  to  fight.  For  the  first  time  it  gave  them 
the  opportunity  of  displaying  their  valor  in  making  "the  arms  of  Ja- 
pan shine  bevond  the  seas" — a  pet  phrase  which  occurs  in  many  docu- 
ments in  Japan,  even  in  this  2530th  year  of  the  Japanese  empire,  and 
of  our  Lord  187(5.  Nevertheless,  the  honor  of  the  exploit  is  given  to 
the  unborn  son  on  whom  dwelt  the  Spirit  of  War,  rather  than  to  the 
mother  who  bore  him. 

The  queen-mother  is  worshiped  in  many  temples  as  Kashii  dai  mio 
jin.  The  son,  Ojin,  afterward  a  great  \\arrior,  was,  at  his  death,  313 
A. D..  deified  as  the  god  of  war;  and  down  through  the  centuries  lie 
lias  been  worshiped  by  all  classes  of  people,  especially  by  soldiers,  who 
offer  their  prayers,  pay  their  vows,  and  raise  their  votive  offerings  to 
him.  Manv  of  the  troops,  before  taking  steamer  for  Formosa,  in  1  874, 
implored  his  protection.  In  his  honor  some  of  the  most  magnificent 
temples  in  Japan  have  been  erected,  and  almost  every  tosvn  and  vil- 
lage, as  well  as  many  a  rural  grove  and  hill,  has  its  shrine  erected  to 
this  Japanese  Mars.  He  is  usually  represented  in  his  image-  as  of 
frightful,  scowling  countenance,  holding,  with  arms  akimbo,  a  br. .ad 
t u o-edu'ed  sword.  One  of  the  favorite  subjects  of  Japanese  arti-ts  ot 
nil  periods  is  the  group  of  figures  consisting  of  the  snowy-bearded 
Takenouchi,  in  civil  dress,  holding  the  infant  of  Jinini  K'^-o  in  his 
arms,  the  mother  standing  bv  in  martial  robes.  Jiii'iu  i-  the  heroine 
and  model  for  boys,  not  of  the  girl-.  In  the  collection  of  pictures, 


images,  and  'loll-  which  in  Japanese  households  on  the  .">th  of  May, 
e\vr\  year,  teach  to  the  .-hildr-  n  the  names  and  deeds  of  the  national 
heroes,  and  in-:ill  the  |es>oiis  taught  bv  ilu-ir  exampl-',  this  warrior- 
woman  i-  pi-iced  anioiie.-  the  male,  and  n<>t  amon^  the  female,  uToup-. 

Nine  einpre-- e-  in  all  have  -at  ujion  the  throne  of  Japan  a-  rulers, 
four  of  whom  reigned  at  the  capital.  Nara.  None  have  won  such  mar- 
tial I'eiinwn  as  Jiiiiru.  It  i-  not  probable,  however,  that  militarv  enter- 

I'ri-e    will   ever  a"\ain    "'ive   the   nation   another   ideal   woman    like  the 

i  » 

•oii'|iieror  of  </otva.      It  is  now,  in  modern  days,  given  to  the  Kmpre-s 

of  Japan  to  elevate  the  condition  of  her  female  subjects  by  irracion-ly 
•  nee  urau'inj;  the  education  of  the  irirls,  and  setting  a  noble  example,, 
not  onlv  of  woinanlv  character  and  of  active  deeds  of  benevolence. 
but  al-o  in  di-cardinu'  the  fooli-h  and  barbarous  customs  of  pa-t  auv-, 
notablv  that  of  blacking  the  teeth  and  shaving  oil'  the  evebrows.  Thi- 
the  pre-eut  empre—.  llaruk".  has  done.  Already  thi-  chief  ladv  of  the 
empire  ha-  a'-compli-h- d  ".Teat  reform-  in  social  cu-toms  and  fa-hion-. 
and.  both  bv  the  encouragement  of  her  presence  and  bv  j/ifts  from  her 
private  pur-e,  ha-  greatly  -timulated  the  cau-e  of  the  education  and  the 
elevation  of  woman  in  Japan.  Haplv.  it  may  come  to  pass  that  this 
ladv  in  peaceful  life  may  d->  mor--  for  the  trood  and  Ljlorv  of  the  em- 
pire tliail  <-Vel|  the  r.-nowiied  ijlleen-lV'jVnt,  JillU'll  Ko"-f>. 

The  early  centuri---  of  th"  *  'hri.-tian  era,  from  the  third  to  the 
eighth,  mark  that  period  in  Japane-e  hi.-torv  during  which  the  future 

development   and  character  of  th-  nation  were  mi'_;litih    inthieii 1  by 

the  introduction,  from  tl ontiin-nt  of  A-ia.  of  the  mo-t  potent  fac- 
tor- in  any  civilixation.  They  were  letter-,  religion,  philosophy,  liter- 
ature, law-,  ethic-,  medicine,  -cieii'-e.  and  art.  Heretofore  the  \\v<\  un- 
toldin-_r-  "I  the  ,lapaiic-e  intellect  in  the  ,  ompo-ition  of  -a-Ted  hvmn-, 
<>de-.  poem-,  iiiviii-.  and  tradition  had  IM  prop  upon  which  to  train, 
and  i.o  -h;.  M  a-'ain-t  oblivion  but  the  una--i-t',|  memorv.  The  Jap- 
ane-e  were  DOW  to  liav  I'ecord-.  I  b-i-etofoi-e  i-eli--ion  \\a-  -implv  the 
rude  olT-priii':  ot  human  imagination,  f(  ar.  and  a-pirati"ii,  without 
doctril'al  -\-teni-.  moral  •••  .d.-.  elaborate  t'-mpli-s  or  -acei'dota!  ca-te. 

Il'-licefol-tli     the     Japaiie-e      VVe|V     t.        be     led.     glided,    and     developed     !T: 

moral-,  intellect,  and  vvoi-hip  by  a  feliu'ion  that  had  alread\  brought 
the  natioii-  ,,}  A-:,-',  under  i'-  -v^av — a  -troi !•_<•_  overptiweriiiif.  and  a"f- 
Lpre— ivi-  faith,  thai  wa-  d.-fm.-d  '••  -idd  Japan  to  it-  coii-jiiots.  I5ud- 
dhi-m.  briii'_nnu  IH-W  and  _T'-ati-r  --UM-' i-n-.  p'-nalti'--,  motive-,  and  a 
p  '-hive  th'-olo-fv  and  c...|,.  ,,f  moral-,  \\a-  to  develop  and  broad'-n  the 
whole  nature  of  the  individual  man.  and  t<-  lead  the  entire  nation 


Her   Imperial  Japanese   Majesty,  the  Empress   of  Japan.  Haniko, 
(From  a  photograph  taken  at  T6kii>,  1S7I.) 


llaruko. 


THE  INTRODUCTION  OF  CONTINENTAL    CIVILIZATION.         S3 

forward,  Chinese  philosophy  and  Confucian  morals  were  to  form 
the  basis  of  the  education  and  culture  of  the  Japanese  statesman, 
scholar,  and  noble,  to  modify  Shinto,  and  with  it  to  create  new 
ideals  of  government,  of  codes,  laws,  personal  honor,  and  household 
ordering.  Under  their  influence,  and  that  of  circumstances,  have 
been  shaped  the  unique  ideals  of  the  samurai  j  and  bv  it  a  healthy 
skepticism,  amidst  dense  superstition,  has  been  maintained.  The  coin- 
ing of  many  immigrants  brought  new  blood,  ideas,  opinions,  methods, 
improvements  in  labor,  husbandry,  social  organization.  Japan  received 
from  China,  through  Corea,  what  she  is  now  receiving  from  America 
and  Europe — a  new  civilization. 

For  nearly  a  century  after  the  birth  of  Ojin,  the  record  of  events  is 
blank.  In  249  A.D.  a  Japanese  general,  Arata,  was  sent  to  assist  one 
state  of  Corea  against  another.  Occasional  notices  of  tribute-bearers 
arriving  from  Corea  occur.  In  2s:>  a  number  of  tailors,  in  2S4  excel- 
lent horses,  were  sent  over  to  Japan.  In  2S5,  "\Vani.  a  Corean  schol- 
ar, came  over  to  Japan,  and,  residing  some  time  at  the  court,  gave 
the  mikado's  son  instruction  in  writing.  If  the  Xihonr/i — the  author- 
ity for  the  date  of  Wani's  arrival  in  Japan  —  could  be  trusted  in 
its  chronology,  the  introduction  of  Chinese  writing,  and  probably 
of  Buddhism,  would  date  from  this  time;  but  the  probabilities  are 
against  positive  certainty  on  this  point.  If  it  be  true,  it  shows  that, 
thi.'  lirst  mi.-sionarv  conquest  of  this  nation  was  the  work  of  four  cent- 
uries instead  of  as  many  decades.  Wani  died  in  Japan,  and  his 
tomli  stands  near  Ozaka.  In  A.I).  403  a  court  annalist  was  chosen. 
Envoys  and  tribute-bearers  came,  and  presents  were  exchanged.  In 
402  mulberry-trees  were  planted — evidently  brought,  together  with 
the  silk-worm,  for  whose  sustenance  they  were  intended — from  China 
or  Corea.  Again,  tailors  in  4Y1,  and  architects  in  4!»:>,  and  learned 
men  in  512,  arrived.  An  envoy  from  China  came  in  522.  The  ar- 
rival of  fresh  immigrants  and  presents  from  Corea  in  54:5  is  noted. 
In  551,  during  a  famine  in  Corea,  several  thousand  bu>hels  of  barley 
were  dispatched  thither  by  Japan.  In  552,  a  company  of  doctors, 
diviners,  astronomers,  and  mathematicians  from  Corea  came  to  ihe  at 
the  Japanese  court.  With  them  came  Buddhist  missionaries, 
mav  be  railed  the  introduction  of  continental  civilization, 
ning  with  Jiriu'ii,  there  seems  to  have  poured  into  the  island  empire  a 
stream  of  immigrants,  skilled  artisans,  scholars,  and  teachers,  bringing 
arts,  sciences,  letters  and  written  literature,  and  the  Buddhist  religion. 
This  was  the  lirst  of  three  great  waves  of  foreign  civilization  in  Japan. 


-I  TUK  MIKADO'S  EM  PI  RE. 

The  first  was  from  ('hiii;i,  through  Coiva  in  the  sixth;  the  second 
i'p-iii  \\e-teni  Kurope.  in  tin1  fifteenth  eeiiturv  ;  the  third  \v;is  from 
Amen. -a.  Kur.'pe,  and  the  world,  in  the  decade  following  the  advent  of 
Cntimiodon  1'i-rrv.  These  inno\  ations  \\  ere  deMined  to  leaven  nii^lit- 
il\  th  \\  h»li  Japanese  nation  as  a  lump.  Of  t  hoe  none  \\a>  so  pou- 
if-reaehiiiL:'  in  ell'eet-  as  that  in  the  sixth  eciiturv,  and  no  one 
i 1<  nieiit  a.-  Uiiddhisiii.  This  ini^lny  i'oree  \\a<  declined  to  exert  a  iv- 
-i-t!  •--  and  nnifxinLT  inllueiiee  on  the  \\hole  people.  Nothing  annm^- 
all  the  elements  that  make  up  Japanese  rivilixation,  hsis  Keen  so  potent 
in  forming  the  Japanese  eliaraeter  as  the  religion  of  Buddha.  Tliat 
the  ui.rk  of  tln-M'  lieu  ei\  il'./.ers  mav  he  fullv  a]  ipiveiat  ed,  let  U- 

_!  in  V  at  life  in  I  >ai  Nijipou  U-foiv  their  appearanee.* 


^  Tin-  Kin]']-)---  .T'ni^ii,  :iftiT  lirr  return.  iii;nlc  a  \  >ry  'n\\]'«i'\^u\  i-liatiu'i'  in  tin.' 
(i;\  'I-'MII~  of  the  i-iiii'iri-.  Sri  11 1 11  Ti-nim  i  A.I).  Kill '.HI  i  h.nl  .ii\  iiii-d  tin-  i -in  pin-  into 
]-i-"\  iners.  tin-  iiunilii-r  of  \\hidi  \\a>  thirty-twi)  in  nil.  tin-  land  abovr  the  thirtv- 
-  _  '  paralli-1  IM-III^;  -till  unknown,  ami  inhal-iti-vl  l.y  iln-  \\ihl  triNc--  of  Aim'.-. 
.';:,_•;.  iiniiatin^  thi-  ( 'orcau  arnmuvinrnt,  clh  iih'il  lln-  enij.ii-,'  into  li\r  honu- 
-,  an  i  -•  -\i-n  r/'i,  o;-  cirriiil-.  naming'  tln-ni  in  relation  \(\  theii-  direction 
from  ;;  Tlux-  are  unalo^ou.-  to  our  ••  I-'.a-teni."  ••.Middle,"  '•Soulh- 

c  :•'.."  ••\Vi--ti-ni."  "  Tran-  M  i--i--i  pj-i."  and  ••  I '.i--ilii--eoa-t  "  di\  i-ion-  of  St  ate-. 
Tl  e  "  li  \  -•  liolllf  I'l'ovillee-  "  i  ( io  K  inai  i  al'e  V  all  la. -I  I  i  !'o,  Yamato,  Ka\\  aehi.  Id/ll- 
iii:.  and  >'-;t-u.  The  ToK:iido.  or  l-'.a-ti  rn  M-a  ('irenit.  eon)|irirrd  the  i>rovinct.-.- 
I'  h  '!:  i  le  an  from  I--a  to  Hitachi,  ineliidinu'  K:d. 

Tin-  To/anclo,  or  Ka-'e  ii-i  ml  '  ireuit.  included  tlm-i' pi'tiviiici's  fruin  Onii 
to  the  s.  i  of  Japan,  nor  im-hah-d  u  ithiu  the 

Tokai 

T'M  lloknrokmlo,  01  N'orlherti  land  Cm-nit,  •  "inpri-ed  the  province-  (Vom 
Waka-a  to  Kehiifo  •  on  tin  >e.i  of  .e.ip.m.  ;md  Sado  I-Iaml 

Tl!'       S:.!:il.l...     "!'      \1     ,';!.i  ,::'        !.;,ek     I     il'dlit,     Co]  ||  ] 'fi-ed      \\illi      t!|e     (»k'|     ^I'ollp     of 

i--'  ••''•  '  '       i       •'    itol  .\arni.  hordi  rin^  on  1he  Sea  of  .'apan. 

"'  :      s.iiiN-i  ;-',  or  M  mill  -  d  the  province:-  fnun   llari- 

ina  to  Niej'ato  .or  (  'l;o  [,  s.  a. 

'1  :  '    x  '  '         lit,  compri-e- the  province  of  Kii.  the  four 

J'p'vii,.-.--  ul  I  \o.  San  uk  i,  A  u  a.  and  'l'o-a.  ins.     ,  ,  tour;   /,-../,-//,  pi  o\  inc.- 1, 

and  UK    1   !    • 

'v\   '-I'-rn    M-a   (  ireuit.  eoni;.ri-e-   nine    prox'inee^   of    Kiu-hiu 
(ki-i.  nil  rn-ei 

Th.-    -i  r-ii-hima. 

''  1'i-  '''\  i-'1  •  feature-  of  the  country,  and  ha-  ever 

-hi'1:    iiei'ii  retained,  -A   th  -l;_rht   niodiiieat  ion-  a-  to  provincc-i.      It  i-  very  prolia- 
I'!''   lliat    in   1         '  the  .1       me-e   dill    n,,t    kii'.u    that    Hondo  ua-   an 

i-iand.     A  fop-i-i  !    •  npire,  or  a  i^lohe  repi-e-entinir 

'  avc  no  -peeial  and  i;ilivi-i>;l! 

'    name   for   the  m  •  yrt  • :-  f.,,-t.  that   neither  they  nor 

|'opn!:irly  :i|  IM     |o  th.    main  i-i  iml.       It   ma\   l-c 

•      led    \S  h'-ther   the    ]M  ,,],ie    in   -,  ,,,  ;  i  II  k    o  f  !  ll ' '    II I  a  i  11    i  - 1  a  II  d    a  -   t  "' - 

•  '"•  dtvi.-ion  i-e'iuirin-  a  name,  a-  the  fori  i^m-i-  conceive.-  it,  and  thiio 


THE  INTRODUCTION  OF  CONTINENTAL   CIVILIZATION.        85 

fuels  a  name  to  be  a  necessity.  This  necessity  has  !^iven  rise  to  the  error  of  ap- 
plying the  term  "Niphon''  (Nilion,  Nippon,  or  Niton;,  iirst  done  by  Kaempfer. 
The  Japanese  had  no  more  necessity  to  apply  a  special  name  to  the  main  island 
than  the  early  American  colonists  had  to  uive  a  name  to  the  region  beyoml  the 
Mississippi.  Even  now  \ve  have  no  name  in  general  use  lor  that  now  well-known 
part  of  our  country.  To  foreigners,  the  abscnee  of  a  name  for  the  largest  island 
seems  an  anomaly.  In  the  Japanese  mind  it  ne\er  existed,  lie  rarely  spoke 
even  of  Khishiu  or  Shikoku  as  names  of  islands,  always  tisin^  the  names  of  the 
iir>,  or  circuits,  just  as  an  American  speaks  of  the  New  England  or  the  Eastern 
Slates.  In  modern  times,  native  scholars  who  have1,  from  their  study,  compari- 
sons, and  foreio-n  methods  of  thought,  felt  the,  need  of  a  distinctive  name,  have 
used  Hondo  (main  continent  or  divi-ion),  Jlonjima  (main  island),  or  Jlonjiu 
tmain  country).  Of  these,  Hondo  seems  to  be  the  best;  and  as  it  is  used  in  the 
)llici  il  ircooiYiphy  recently  issued  by  the  \Var  Department,  I  have  made  use  of 
/(..  Nippon  is  not.  nor  ever  was,  the  name  of  the  main  island,  as  Kaempfer  lir:t 
asserted.  Nippon,  or  Dai  Nippon,  is  the  name  of  the  whole  empire.  The  word 
is  Chinese,  and  must  have  been  applied  in  very  ancient  times,  as  the  Nili<mi/i  con- 
tains the  three  characters  with  which  the  name  is  written.  The  \erv  name  of  the 
book,  Nijijjoiiij!,  or,  more  elegantly,  AVAo^y',  shows  that  the  use  of  the  term  Nip- 
pon antedates  the  eighth  century.  Teiichi  Tenno,  in  A.I>.  070,  lirst  oflicially  de- 
clared Nippon  t'i  be  ihe  name  of  Japan.  It  has  been  asserted  that  the  Use  of  Dai 
(divat)  before  Nippon  is  quite  recent,  ami  that  the  motive  of  the  modern  natives 
of  Japan  in  thus  designating  their  empire  is  "from  a  desire  to  imitate  what  they 
mi-take  for  the  pride  or  vainglory  of  divat  Britain,  not  knowing  that  the  term 
dreat  was  used  there  to  distinguish  it  from  a  smaller  French  province  of  the 
same  name."  To  this  remarkable  statement  it  is  sullicient  to  answer,  that  one 
of  the  mo-t  ancient  names  of  Japan  is  (>  Yamalo,  the  word  <~i  meaning  ^n-at,  and 
the  Japanese  equivalent  of  the  Chinc-e  word  /<"'  or  <l«i.  When  Chine-e  writing' 
was  iiitrndiiced,  the  .Japanese,  in  seeking  an  equivalent  for  O  Vamato,  found  it  in 
Dai  Nippon,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  XiJ/uni/i.  The  Chinese  have,  always  been  in 
1h'-  habit,  of  prefixing  <>>i!  or  tui  to  whatever  relates  to  their  country,  ^overn- 
ment,  or  any  tiling  which  they  in  their  pride  consider  very  superior.  Anciently 
they  called  China  Dai  To,  and  they  now  call  it  Dai  Tsin  (or  Dai  (.'him,  dreat 
China.  The  .Japanese  have  done  the  same  analogous  tiling  for  at  least  twehe. 
prol'ably  for  fifteen,  centuries.  That  the  use  of  Dai  <<  iivat  )  before  Nippon  is  not 
the  fashion  of  the  present  century  is  proved  by  the'  fact  that  the  Japaiie-e  cncy 
clo]ietiia  Sun  Si/i  I)~ti  }', ,  linished  in  171:.!.  contains  the  name  with  the  pronuneia 
tion  as  now  u-ed,  and  that  it  is  found  in  the  very  name  !>,ii  I\ihn,i  >/,>',  a  book 
eompleied  in  1715.  The  use  uf  Nippon  (or  Niphon,  or  Nipon  i.  applied  to  the 
main  i.-land,  is  altogether  unwarrantable  and  confu-inir.  The  Japanese  have 
very  properly  protested  against  this  improper  naming  of  their  chief  island,  and. 
notwithstanding  the  IODL;-  u>e  of  the  name  in  Europe  and  America,  !  believe  it 
~h:iuid  be  e\pii!!»v<.l.  The  Japanese  liave  some  j;'eograpliieal  lights  which  we  arj 
'.olllid  to  respect. 

M,</,  <>fJ«pii)i.—T\iK  l)est  map  of  Japan  is  that  by  Mr.  1!.  Ibairy  Bnmton.C  K. 
F.Ii.d.S.,  late  Engineer  in-chief  of  the  hiirht-hou-e  Departnien  1   of  the  Ja;.:.ne.- 
(iovernnient.      It  is  live  feet  by  four,  and  drawn  to  a  scale  of  twenty  mil 
inch.      It  is  well  engraved,  and  i^ives  aNo  rules  ol  prouiiueiation,  c\p!a:i:ilion  ot' 
terms,  Japanese   lineal   measures.  railwa\>,  liiu'hwavs,  by-roads,  telegraph  line-, 
liirht-hou-es,  depths  of  water  alon^  the  coast,  steamer  route-,  li-;-   of  principal 
mijiin  tains,  rivers,  islands,  pn  mi  on  lories,  lake-,  open  port-,  ela  —  e-  ct'  population, 
pro\  inees,  f/i,  hex,  and  a  comparative  scale  ol  F.n-li-h  mile-  and  Japanese  /  /. 


Tlii:  MIKMJU'S 


IX. 

/. //••/•:  /.v  .t.Y'7/,-.\  T./.I/U.V. 

TIIK  comparatively  profound  peace  from  tin-  era  of  Sujin  Tenim  t" 
'In-  introduction  of  Chinese  civili/ation  was  oeca>ionallv  interrupted 
!'V  insurrections  in  tin-  southern  aiiil  western  parts  of  the  empire,  t,,- 
!>v  the  inclusions  of  the  unsubdued  iil>oru;int':s  in  tin-  North  and  Ka-; . 

I  hiring  these  centuries  there  continued  that  welding  of  race- — the 
Aino.  Malay,  Ni^'rito.  Corean,  and  1i  aniato — into  one  ethnie  conipo— 
iti — the  Japanesi — and  the  development  of  the  national  temperament, 
molded  liy  nature,  circumstances,  and  original  lu-nt,  which  have  pr<>- 
dueed  tin-  iini'jiie  Japanrsi.'  char.icter.  Although,  in  later  centnrie-. 
Japan  Imn'owed  largely  from  (  'hina,  Mood,  lan^uan'c,  religion,  letter-. 
education,  lav.-,  politic.-,  science,  art.  and  the  accumulated  tiva-mv-  of 
<'hine-e  rivili/.ation,  her  children  are  to-day,  as  thev  have  ever  i'een.  ;t 
people  di-tin  -t  from  the  (  'hiiie-e,  cthnolo^ic.-tllv,  pli\>icallv.  and  nioi-allv. 

'I'hou^h  freijiieiit  li^'htiiiu1  was  necessary,  and  manv  of  the  alioi-iu'i- 
ne-  were  -l-ni^lit ei'ed.  the  uTeat  ma>-  of  them  weiv  train juilixed.  T" 
nide  nii-n.  in  a  >tatc  of  sava^erv  \\ho-e  exi-teiiee  i-,  mr'.inlv  animal,  it 
matter-  little  who  are  thiir  ma-:< T-.  so  loii^  a-  the\  are  not  ti'-ated 
\\itli  int.'leraMe  rrudtv.  The  a!,.  ,ri-ine~  .-ittached  to  ?he  land  roamed 
over  it  to  hunt,  or  remained  upon  it  to  till  it.  and.  alon^j  the  \\ater- 
ciiurses  and  >ea foa>t,  t"  ti-h.  \\'i;h  a  -i>il  that  repaid  uviieroii-ly  the 
rude  aLrrici:l;ure  of  that  dav,  an  amjiie  food--npplv  in  the  -ea,  uitlnuit 
severe  ial">r.  or  e\or!iitant  ti'il'iitc  to  |>a\,  the  conquered  triiie-.  when 
one,.  ,|i)i..te  !.  iived  in  happiiie--.  content,  and  peace.  The  p>vern- 
nieiit  of  them  was  the  <a-ie-t  po>-i!ile.  Tin-  inxadd's  from  the  very 
l-c^inniiiu'  ('factic,.,]  that  -\-tem  of  eiuicul.ina^e  uhich  i-  practical 
[lolvifamv,  and  liil'-d  then1  har<  m-  \\ith  the  mo-t  attractive  ot  the 
\oim_r  native  female-.  The  daii^'ht'  r  of  the  foniiei'  chief  >hai'ed  the 
couch  of  the  coni jueror.  and  th.-  p  a- mt  'ii-.-ame  the  \\ite  ot  the  sol- 
dier. -ecurin'_r  that  admixture  of  i-ace-  that  the  meiv-t  t\'P«  in  etluiol- 
i io-\-  notice-  in  inodei'ii  Japan,  In  ci-rtain  portions,  a-  in  the  extreme 
north  .-f  Hondo,  the  Amo  type  ..f  face  and  head,  and  the  evneral 
ph\-i'-al  charaeteri-tic-  of  -kin,  hair,  e\e>,  and  form,  have  -utTcred  th<.: 


LIFE  IN  ANCIENT  JAPAN.  S? 

least  modification,  owiuo;  to  later  conquest  and  less  mixture  of  foreign 
blond.  In  Southern  and  Central  Japan,  where  the  fusion  of  the  races 
was  more  perfect,  the  oval  face,  oblique  eyes,  aquiline  nose,  prominent 
features,  and  light  skin  prevail.  Vet  even  here  are  found  compara- 
tively pure  specimens  <>f  the  Malav  and  even  Niu'rito  races,  besides  the 
Aino  and  ( 'on-an  tvpes.  The  clod-hopper,  with  his  flat,  round  face,  up- 
turned nose,  expanded  at  the  roots  and  wide  and  sunken  at  the  bridge, 
nostrils  round,  and  gaping  like  the  muzzle  of  a  pi  ob'oscidian,  bears  in 
his  veins  the  nearlv  pure  blood  of  his  aboriginal  ancestors.  Intellectu- 
ally and  physically,  he  is  the  developed  and  improved  Aino — the  re- 
sultant of  the  action  upon  the  original  stock  of  the  soil,  food,  climate, 
and  agricultural  life,  prolonged  for  more  than  twenty  centuries. 

In  th'j  imperial  family,  and  among  the  kuge,  or  court-nobles,  an.1  to 
be  oftener  found  tin1  nearest  approach  to  the  ideal  Japanese  of  hi_di 
birth.  Yet  even  among  these,  who  claim  twenty-five  centuries  of 
semi-divine  succession,  an  1  notably  among  the  daimios,  or  territorial 
nobles — the  parvenus  of  feudalism — the  grossly  sensual  cast,  the  ani- 
mal features,  the  beastly  expression,  the  low  type,  the  plebeian  face 
of  some  peasant  ancestor  re-appear  to  plague  the  descendant,  and  to 
imbitter  his  cup  of  power  and  luxury.  This  phenomenon  is  made 
abundant  capital  of  by  the  native  fiction  -  writers,  caricaturists,  and 
dramatists.  The  diversity  of  the  two  types  is  shown,  especially  bv 
tiie  artists,  in  strongly  marked  contrast.  In  the  pictures  illustrative 
of  legendary  or  historic  lore,  and  notably  on  the  Japanese  fans,  now 
so  fashionably  common  among  us,  the  noble  her;),  the  chivalrous 
knight,  or  the  doughty  warrior,  is  delineated  with  oblique  eves,  hLrh 
eyebrows,  rounded  nose,  oval  face,  and  smooth  skin;  while  the  peas- 
ant, boor,  vanquished  ruffian,  or  general  scapegoat,  is  invariably  a  man 
of  round,  flat  face,  upturned  and  depressed  nose,  gaping  nostrils,  h<Ti- 
zontal  eyes,  and  low  eye-brows.  In  painting  the  faces  of  actors,  .-in^- 
inii'-girls,  and  those  public  characters  who,  though  the  popular  ido|<. 
are  of  low  birth  and  blood,  the  fan-artist  exaggerates  the  mark<  of 
beauty  to  the  delight  of  his  native,  and  to  the  disgust  of  hi-  foreign. 
patrons,  \\hat  depreciates  the  value  of  his  wares  in  the  eyes  of  the 
latter  enhances  it  in  those  of  the  natives. 

All  savages  worship  heroes,  and  look  upon  their  conquerors,  who 
have  been  able  apparently  to  overcome  not  only  them-cl\  es,  but  even 
the  gods  in  whom  they  trusted,  if  not  as  irods  themselves,  at  !ea-t  as 
imbued  with  divine  power.  The  Ainos  of  Ve/o  to  thi-  day  adore  the 
warrior  Yoshitsune.  Their  fathers  doubtless  consid'  red  Jimmu  and 


Til E  MIKADO'S   EMPIRE. 

hi-  followers  as  ^>d-  or  men  divinely  assisted.  The  conquerors  wore 
not  >l"\v  in  r;iiti\a'iiiir  -neh  a  belief  for  their  own  benefit,  and  thus 
\\hat  \\as  nii'v  the  fancy  of  -avails  became  the  do^ma  of  religion 
and  the  tool  of  the  magistrate.  The  reverence  and  obedience  of  the 
|ie.']ile  \\i-iv  -till  further  secured  liv  making  the  government  puiv- 
lv  theocratic,  and  it-  'jvn.Tal  procedure  and  ceremonial  ideiitieal  with 
tho-e  of  wor-liip.  The  forms  of  local  authority  amoiiLT  the  once 
independent  tribes  \\ere  but  little  interfered  with,  and  the  i^overn- 
lin-nt  t  'Xeivi-'-d  o\  el'  tlieiu  con-i-tcd  at  tiist  ehiellv  in  tlie  exaction 
of  tribute.  The  floating  legends,  local  tradition-;,  and  religious  ideas 

if  the  ahori_'ini  -,  gathered  up,  amplified  by  the  dominant  race,  trans- 
formed and  made  coherent  l>y  the  dogmatics  of  a  tlieoeraev,  beeame 
the  l.a-i-  of  >hinto,  upon  which  a  modified  Chinese  eo-mo^ony  and 
aiistraet  pliilo-ophieal  i<leas  were  afterward  grafted.  It  was  this  l>ack- 
_M'"Uiid  that  has  made  the  resultant  form  of  Shinto  different  from 
what  i>  ni'>-t  ]>ro!>al>iv  it>  prototype,  the  ante-Coiifueiaii  Chinese  re- 
lij-jon.  In  its  origin,  Shinto  i-  from  the  main-land  of  Asia.  In 
uTowtli  and  development  it  i-  "a  ^eniiine  pr.iduct  of  Japanese  >oil." 
A-  yet.  lirfmv  the  advent  of  Buddhism  ;r:d  Chinese  pliilosopliy, 
there  were  no  moral  codes,  no  systems  of  abstract  doctrines,  no 
pric.-th  ca-te.  Tliese  were  all  later  de\,  l.-pments.  There  were  then 
n  ,  eolos-al  t--m](!.-s  \\ith  their  i:'i'eat  belfrj.-,  and  immense  bells  whose 
notes  ciiiivei-.-d  the  air  into  leagues  of  li<iuid  mdodv:  no  sacred  eoiirt- 
vard-  dec-kcd  \\iih  palm-trees;  no  rixtly  >hrine>  decked  out  in  the 
ifaiidv  [iia^nin'eence  e!iaractfri>iic  of  Buddhism,  or  impure  Shinto. 
No  i-xteii-ivi  niona-tcries,  from  uhieh  floated  on  the  hi'ee/e  the  chant- 
ing of  prii-N  or  the  dr-nin^  hum  of  -indent-,  wriv  tlieii  built.  No 
crim-oii  pagodas  p,-.-pi-d  out  from  eainph'T  e/rovcs.  op  conloiis  ,,f  )'H-,.- 
«ardin--  iir-  and  ke\  aki-trees,  No  splendid  \  e-tment>.  ^"rifcous  ritual, 
\\a\e-  of  iiii-i'li-e.  I'ia/nrj1  h'^'lit-.  alii  1 1  ihoiial  re-polisey,  were  seen  or 
heard  in  t!ie  thatehed  hut-  whieh  -erved  a-  .-hriii"-  of  the  kami.  NM 
idol-  deck''d  the  ahar-.  No  wa\-ide  ima-v-  doite.l  the  mountain  or 
the  meadou  path-.  .No  hii--.'  p.-rtaU  (li-r-i\  of  -tone  or  red-laetjuered 

in.ber  -t 1  fi-.'ii:';iiur  or  op.-iiin^  the  path  to  h,,l\   ediliei'-. 

(  »n  th<-  liill-top.  or  rivt  r-idi-.  or  fore-t  '_TO\C,  tin-  p^-ple  a>-embled 
v  hen  invocation-  were  otT.-fi'd  and  thank-_ri\  ini:  rvnder.-d  to  the  ur"d-. 
(  .nfe--ioii  of  -in  wa-  made,  and  Hie  ura'li  of  the  kami.  therefore.  W;L> 
il'-precated.  Th"  prie-t.  afti-r  fa-tini:  and  !u-trations.  purified  him>elf 
and.  robed  in  \<,hit<-.  made  olTerinir>  of  ihr  fruit.-  of  the  eardi  or  tip 
;:•  j.h:--.-  of  the  net  and  the  eha-e. 


7.7/7:   7-V  AXC7EST  JAPAX.  S9 

At  the  court,  a  shrine  of  tlie  Sun-goddess  had  been  set  up  and  sac- 
rifices offered.  Gradual]}'  in  the  towns  and  villages  similar  shrinks 
were  erected,  and  temples  built  :  but  for  loriir  centuries  amon^  the 
mountains,  along  the  rivers  and  sea-coasts,  the  child  of  the  soil  set  up 
his  fetich,  made  the  water-worn  stone,  the  gnarled  tree,  or  the  storm- 
cloud  his  god.  Wherever  evil  was  supposed  to  lurk,  or  malignity  re- 
side, there,  were  the  emblems  of  the  Ainu  religion.  On  precipice,  in 
2-orge,  in  that  primeval  landscape,  stood  the  plume  of  curled  shavings 
to  ward  off  the  evil  influences.  In  a  irony  of  terror  in  presence  of  the 


Shinto  Wayside  iSiiriue  in  Modern  Japan. 


:t\\ful  phenomenon  of  nature,  earthquake,  typhoon,  flood,  or  tidal  wave, 
the  savage  could  but  supplicate  deified  Nature  to  cease  from  wrath 
and  tumult,  and  restore  her  face  in  peace  of  sunshine  and  calm. 

The  houses  of  the  ancient  Japanese  were  oblong  huts,  madr  !>\ 
placing  poles  of  young  trees,  with  the  bark  on,  upriirht  in  the  ground, 
with  transverse  poles  to  make  the  frame,  and  fastened  together  \\ith 
ropes  made  of  rushes  or  vines.  The  walls  were  of  matted  uras-. 
boughs,  or  rushes,  the  rafters  of  bamboo,  and  the  sloping  ]•"<>{  , 
grass-thatch,  fastened  down  bv  heavy  ridge-poles.  The  two  lar „''•!• 
rafters  at  each  end  projected  and  crossed  each  other,  like  two  bay-'ii-  ' 


in  a  stack  cf  '.run-.  A i •!•«>>>  the  rid^o-polo,  and  beneath  it  and  anoth- 
er heavy  tn-e  laid  lengthwise  <>n  top  of  tin'  thatch,  projected  at  ri^ht 
angles  on  cither  -ide  >hort.  heavy  !<>irs  \vliidi  by  their  weight,  and 
from  1'eini:  tinnlv  l«oiind  by  withes  ninnin^  under  the  rid^e-pole, 
kept  tlir  thatch  finnlv  in  its  place.  This  primeval  hut  is  the  model 
of  the  architecture  of  a  pure  Shinto  temple.  A  short  study  of  one 
ea-ilv  iv\eal-  the  fact.  The  tloor,  of  hank-nod  earth,  had  the  tire  in 
the  centre;  the  doors  and  windows  were  holes  covered  at  times  with 
mat- — in  short,  the  AinO  hut  of  to-day.  The  modern  Japanese  dwell- 
ing is  simply  an  improvement  upon  that  ancient  model. 

The  clothing  of  that  period  consisted  of  skins  of  animals,  coarselv 
voveii  stuff  of  straw,  u'rass.  hark,  palm-fibre,  and  in  some  eases  of 
a.-he>t»>>.  Silk  and  cotton  fabrics  \\ere  of  later  invention  and  use. 
It  is  evident,  even  from  modern  proof,  as  exhibited  in  the  normal 
.Japanese-  of  to-dav,  that  the  wearing  of  many  ifarnients  was  not  con- 
genial to  the  ancient  people.  As  for  straw  and  u'l'ass,  these  materials 
are  even  iu>\\  univer-allv  used  in  town  and  country  for  hat-,  rain-coats, 
le^uinirs  sandal-;,  and  a  u'reat  variety  of  wearing  apparel.  A  lon-j; 
hiost-  LTarnient.  with  the  hreech,  or  loin-cloth,  and  ir'irdle,  le^'niLT^.  and 
-andals  of  >traw.  coinpri-ed  a  suit  of  ancient  Japanese  elothin^.  The 
fo.,d  of  the  people  con-isted  cliielly  of  tish.  roots,  and  the  flesh  of  ani- 
mals. They  ale  venison,  hear-meat,  and  other  tlesh,  with  unti'ouMed 
coiiscii-ncos,  until  l)iiddln-m  came  with  it-  injunctions.  The  coinjuer- 
ors  evidejitlv  Krouj.'ht  cereals  with  them,  and  taught  their  cnltivation  ; 
hut  the  mam  reliance  of  the  ma--es  \\a-  iij."ii  the  -poll-  of  the  rivers 
and  sea.  Kveii  now  the  trreat  centres  and  line-  of  the  population  are 

rivers    alld    \\\>-    Sea-C0.1>t.         Root-.     Sea-Weed.    :U;d    t-diMe    wild    Vegetables 

were,  as  at  piv-eiit.  an  important   portion  of  native  diet. 

The  land-'ape  of  moilern  Japan  i-  one  i>f  minute  prettinoss.  It  is 
one  coihiiiii'-d  -ucces-ion  of  mountain-  an<i  valleys.  The  irregularities 
of  the  surfaee  rentier  it  liictiiresuue,  and  the  lahofs  of  centuries  have 
Krouu'hi  aim  '-t  every  ineh  of  the  culti\aMe  soil  in  the  populous  dis- 
tricts into  a  state  of  hi^h  nin'icnltural  tini-h.  The  pea-ant  of  to-day 
i-  in  many  cases  the  direct  de-cendant  of  tiie  man  who  first  plunged 
mattock  and  hoe  into  the  rooty  -oil,  and  !•  d  the  water  from  a  di-taiiee 
of  miles  to  his  new-made  field-.  The  Bullies,  ,_f,  ,]••_'( '-.  and  va!le\-s  are 
evcrywlit-re  t-rrae.-d  for  tic-  LTi'outh  of  ri'-i-.  Millioii-  of  irrigated 
tii  M-  without  fences  or  live— lock,  iiounded  li\-  \\ater-coiii-.-es,  and  ani- 
mate with  unharmed  and  harm!'--  \\  ild  -  f->\\  1.  the  -n<iw\  heron,  and 
the  era!)'-,  aiid  wlios,_.  fertility  astuiii-liL-s  the  -tramrer.  and  the  elaborate 


LIFE  IN  ANCIENT  JAPAN. 


01 


system   of  reservoirs,  ditches,  and  flumes,  are  the  harvest   of  twenty 
centuries  of  toil.     The  faee  of  nature 
has  been  smoothed;  the  unkempt  lux- 
uriance of  forest  and  undergrowth  has 

l>ecn  sobered;  the  courses  of  rivers 
have  been  bridled:  the  once  inaccess- 
ible sid.'s  nl  mountains  graded,  and 
their  summits  crossed  by  the  paths 
of  the  traveler  or  pilgrim.  The  earth 
has  been  honey-combed  by  miners  in 
<}uest  of  its  metallic  wealth. 

In  the  primeval  landscape  of  Japan 
there  were  no  meadows,  hedges,  cat- 
tie.  h<>rses.  prairies  of  ripening  rice, 
irrigated  fields,  and  terraced  gulches. 
Then  also,  as  now,  the  landscape  was 
nude  of  domestic  animal  life.  Instead 
of  eastle'i 


villages,  or  semi-subterranean  huts.  There  were  no  roads,  no  dikes. 
No  water- courses  had  been  altered,  no  slopes  or  hills  denuded  of 
timber.  The  plethora  of  nature  was  uupruned  ;  the  scrub  bamboo, 
wild  llowers,  or  grass  covered  the  hills.  The  great  plains  of  the 
East  anf?  North  were  luxuriant  moors,  covered  with  grass,  reeds,  or 
bamboo,  populous  with  wild  animal  life.  No  laden  junks  moved  up 
the  rivers.  The  mulberry  and  tea  plantations  had  not  yet  been  set 
out.  The  conquerors  found  a  virgin  soil  and  a  land  of  enrapturing 
beauty.  They  brought  with  them,  doubtless,  a  knowledge  of  agricul- 
ture and  metals.  (Gradually  the  face  of  nature  changed.  The  hunter 
bi'came  a  farmer.  The  women  learned  to  spin  and  weave  cotton  and 
hemp.  Division  of  labor  began.  The  artisan  and  merchant  appear- 
ed. Ail.-,  sciences,  skilled  agriculture,  changed  the  face  of  the  land. 
Society  emerged  from  its  savage  slate,  and  civilization  began. 

As  vet  there  was  no  writing.  All  communications  were  oral,  all 
teaching's  handed  down  from  father  to  sou.  Memory  was  the  oiilv 
treasurv  of  thought.  There  is,  indeed,  shown  in  .Japan  at  the  piv-eiit 
day  a  so-called  ancient  Japanese  alphabet — the  kaiui.  or  god,  letters 
— which  it  is  asserted  the  ancient  Japanese  used.  This  assertion  is 
voided  of  truth  bv  the  testimony  of  the  best  native  scholars  to  the 
contrary.  No  books  or  ancient  inscription*  exi-t  in  this  character.  I 


!>;•.•'  mvseif  -oi;-_;-!i;  in  \ain.  in  the  jrravr-vunls  of  Kioto  anil  other  an- 
ci.'iit  plaee.-,  to  il;-e,,\ii'  any  of  these  rharaeters  upon  the  old  toin!-s. 
Tin-  \-<--\  ;i:;-  ':•  ••!•'.:;.•-.  -eholais  \\lio  have  investigated  the  stihjeet,  pro- 
Ijoini.-e  the  J!  i  LT"1 1- letters  a  t'"i'_ri  TV,  th;:t  reveal-  their  artiti'-ial 

;.;i.l  modern  eharac!  r  upon  a  -li_f!:t  exainilialion.  'I'hev  e"ii»i>t  al- 
::i  .-;  i-n;ii  l\  of  :.  -\-tein  «i  -trai'_dit  lilies  and  eireles,  whieh  has,  d»ul>t- 
,  —.either  heeii  l'oiTo\\ed  from  ( 'oiva,  <>r  invented  1>\  soine  pcrxin  i;, 
m  times.  Yet  the  morning  "f  literature  had  da \\ntd  hef  i  • 
_•  \\a~-  kno\\n.  1'iH'ins,  m\c<  to  the  i;'"d-.  |>ra\er--.  fragments  •  \ 
;he  Shinto  liturgy,  which  .-till  e\i-t  in  the  l\'i,j ',!.-',  ;;<•,<[  Xihnniii,  ha  1 
t  een  eoiii|io-ed.  l'r»in  the-e  fragments  \\r  ma\  |ire-iiine  that  a  nnii-h 
larger  nn\\  rit  len  literature  e\  :-ted,  \\  hidi  \\  a-  enjoved  \>\  the  men  \\\\«. 
in  tliosc  i.;irl\  days,  l.y  thought  and  ivtleetioii.  attained  to  a  eertaiu  ile- 
^•ree  of  culture  alxive  their  fellows.  'i'he  ear!\'  sovereiu'iis  \\  <  ir-hiped 
the  L.r"ds  in  [ler-on.  and  |ira\ed  that  tlieir  jn-ojiU1  mi^ht  enj  >\  a  -uf- 
ti''ienc\  . .('  f'ipi.d.  el,, thin^.  and  ,-helter  from  the  (lenient-;  and  t\\iee 
a  vear.  in  the  Sixth  and  Tuelt'th  months,  tin1  peojilc  a—eml'led  a! 
the  river-side,  and.  !>\  ua-hinu'-  and  ]HM\er,  i-elehrated  the  fe-ti\al  of 
lieiieral  I 'uritieat  ion,  l>v  \\lneli  the  «hole  nation  \\a-  jmr^'ed  of  ,.f- 
feli-es  and  1 1-;1 1;;  i>  .n-.  'i'hi-  u;;-  the  nm-t  eliaraeti-ristic  of  >hint.". 
fe-ti\  aN.  and  the  lit  ur-'v  u-ed  in  eeleliivitiiiLT  it  i-  -till  in  vo^iie  at  the 
pre-eiit  da\.  Tiine  \\a-  measured  1>\-  the  phases  ot  the  moon,  and 
the  -umm.-r  and  \\inter  sol-tiees.  '|'!ie  di\i-ion  (,f  months  and  vear- 
ua-  in  n-e.  Tiie  aii-'ieiil  la\\-  and  pnni-hnient--  were  i  xecrdin^iv  -••- 
vi-re.  |'>e-ide-  the  \\auer  of  l.attle  to  dee],!:'  a  i|iiarrel,  the  ordeal  -till 
in  u-e  amoii'^  tiie  Aino-  wa-  then  a\aii<d  of.  '1  he  per-oii-  involved 
imnier-ed  their  hand-  in  hoilinu'  \\ater.  lie  \\ho.-i-  hand  \\  a-  -'-aid- 
id  iiio-t  ua-  the  <_';ii!'\  one.  Th-  uiioll\  ini«'e,  m  (Craped  without 
-eath.  of  wa-  •  1  thai  hi-  hand  rapidh  heaie.l. 

.lapaiic-.'  art    had   it-   I'irth   in   nier-'X ,  aln'iil   t  !ie  lime  of  < 'hri-t's  ad- 

\eiit    on    earih.      A   cii-t"in   lon^  adln  red   to   amoii^   the    nol-le   elas-e- 

\va-    the    1'iiria!    of   the    liv'nrj;   \\ith    the   .1,-ad    (jnn-xlii.  dxiiej.'  \\ilh   the 

ma-tefl.      'I          v\       ,  aii  1    oi       .  .]•    ni-iiv    -er\ant-.  o(    the   ileeea-ed    lord 

i-oininitti'd  '  I  ne  IP  i  kad'  •  Suiiiin, 

-on   of  Su  jin.  attempt     !   i  •  . ,  .  -j  i   to   al'oji  i-nii-1    rite   |.\    imperial 

d.iet.       \,-\   the  old   t'a-hio||   ua-  n»t   imniediatei\    al'andoiii'd.       In    \.i>. 

empri'--    died.       N'oini    no    T-nkuiie.    a    eoiirlier.    ha'-inu    mad' 

iv  inia^t-.  -tie.',  i  di-d  ii  I  lr--'    -ii!'-titiitei|  for  t  he  !i\  in^' 

.      'I'hi-   ua-  ;!  .1  r!        llen-vforth  tin  -•  lir-1 

luei     o|   in  in'     unf'ildin_'  u'cniu-  -i 1   viearioii-   for  the   \,\-,  •iti.,;._ 


LIFE  .LV  ANCIENT  JAPAX. 


93 


beings  they  simulated.     For  this  reform,  the  originator  was  given  the 
honorable  designation,  Ilaji  (ha,  clay;  ski,  ji,  teacher  =  clay  -  image 

teacher,  or  artist). 

The  domestic  life  and  morals  of  those  days  deserve  notice.  There 
were  no  family  names.  The  institution  of  marriage,  if  such  it  may  be 
called,  was  upon  the  same  basis  as  that  among  the  modern  Amos 
or  North  American  Indians.  Polygamy  was  common.  Marriage  be- 
tween those  whom  we  consider  brothers  and  sisters  was  frequent,  and 
a  tiling  not  to  be  condemned.  Children  of  the  same  fathers  by  dif- 
ferent mothers  were  not  considered  fraternally  related  to  each  other, 
and  hence  could  marrv  ;  but  marriage  between  a  brother  and  sister 
born  of  the  same  mother  was  prohibited  as  immoral. 

The  annexed  illustration  is  taken  from  a  native  work,  and  represents 
a  chief  or  nobleman  in  ancient 
Japan.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
beards  and  mustaches  were 
worn  in  those  days.  The  art- 
ist has  depicted  his  subject 
with  a  well -wrinkled  face  to 
make  him  appear  venerable, 
and  with  protruding  cheeks  to 
show  his  lu>ty  physique,  recall- 
ing tin-  ideals  of  Chinese  art, 
in  which  the  men  are  always 


portly  and  massive,  while  the 
women  are  invariably  frail  and 
slender.  His  pose,  expression, 
folded  arms,  and  dress  of  fig- 
ured material  (consisting  of  one 
long  loose  robe  with  flowing 
sleeves,  and  a  second  garment, 
like  very  wide  trousers,  u'irded 
at  the  wai^t  uith  straps  of  the 
same  material)  are  all  to  be 
SIMM),  though  in  modified  forms, 

ill    modern    Japan.       The    fash-  A  Court  Xoble  in  Ancient  ,T;ip;in.     (From  a  X:i- 

c    ,  i  live  Drawing.) 

ions  of    twenty  centuries   have 

changed  but  slightly.  Suspended  from  his  girdle  mav  be  seen  the 
mvijfttrimii  chatelaine,  evidently  symbolizing  hi<  rank.  The  nnnjiildnm 
are  perforated  and  polished  pieces  of  soap-stone  or  cornelian,  of  various 
colors,  shaped  something  like  a  curved  seed-pod.  The\  were  strung 


94  TllK  MIKADO'S  EM  PI  UK. 

toother  lik''  bead-.  ( >ther  ornaments  of  this  au'c  were  the  kudnta/nu. 
je\\el-  of  e.-,,ld.  ^ilvor,  or  iron.  Tin-  ancient  sword  was  a  straight, 
double-, -d  _'-•-!  blade,  about  three  feet  lonp 

Bud-lhi-t-  ai'd  < '->nfuciani-ts  as-ert  that  there  existed  no  words  in 
their  laniriia-v  for  benevolence,  jnstiee,  propriety,  sagacity,  and  trulL 
I  (oiibtle-s  the-c  virtues  exi-ted,  though  not  a<  necessary  principles,  to 
he  taught,  formulated,  and  incorporated  into  daily  life.  Chastity  and 
re-trail, t  am»nL:the  iitiinarried  were  not  reckoned  as  necessary  virtu-1-: 
and  the  nio-t  ancient  Japanese  literature.  t->  sav  nothinu:  of  their 
invtho!(-iry,  proves  that  marriage  was  a  tlim-y  bar  a-'ain-t  the  excur-ior.s 
of  irregular  pas-ion,  dvat  fea-ts  and  drinking-bouts,  in  which  ex- 
ees-ive  eating  wa-  practiced,  were  eoinnion.  Thev  \\ere  fond  of  th-' 
c!ia-e,  and  huntiiiL;'-pailie<  were  freijiient  from  the  nm-t  ancient  time-. 
Ainoii'j;  the  eoinnieiidal'le  feature-  of  their  life  \\civ  the  hal-it  of  daiiv 
l-atliinu'  and  other  nietliod-  of  cleanliness.  Tliev  treated  their  wi-ni- 
eii  with  comparative  kindness  and  re-pect.  Thev  |o\ed  the  lieautit'ul 
in  Nature,  and  seemed  to  have  heeii  ever  -u-crpt il>K-  to  her  charm-. 
In  l>rief,  they  had  neitln-r  the  virtues  nor  vices  of  hi^'li  ci\  ili/.ation. 

The  arts  were  in  the  n;dr-t  -tate.  TaintinL;'.  ear\in^,  and  sculpture 
were  scarcely  kii'  >\\  n.  N>  >  theatre  exi-tcd.  Sacreil  dancing  with  nia-k-. 
at  the  holv  festivals,  \vas  practiced  a-  part  «f  the  public  worship,  with 
mu-ic  fr. >m  Loth  \\inil  and  -l ringed  in-trumeiit-. 

Until  the  -eveiith  cditurv  of  our  era,  when  tin"1  Chinese  contralized 
sv-teiu  wa-  ad"pted.  the  u'"Vernnient  »f  the  ,)apanc-e  cnijiire  \\a-  a 


it  into  fief-  that  were  held  -Miietinie-  1-v  direct  f. -ll-iuer-  i-f  .liinmii. 
or  l>v  the  original  Aino  chief-,  or  n.-lile-  of  mixed  Mood,  .-n  tn,  ir 
reinlition  of  h--ma^e  or  trihute  t->  the  c-'ti-|Uer-'r.  The  freijtieiit  de- 
fecii.-n  i  f  these  native  or  -eini-.lapat:e-e  chiefs  was  the  cause  of  the 

llUHIeroU-    rebellions,    the    a-'CoUlltS    of     \\llich    elite]'    -o     lal'LTelv    illto    tilt.' 

hi-t--rv  of  i.h--  tir-t  i-t-ntiiries  of  the  empire.  The  mikado  him-elf 
ru'.i-d  over  \\hat  i-  now  --ailed  the  Kinai.  --r  I;i\e  Home  l'ro\ince-.  a 
-pace  (,f  coiinm  :  '  tweeii  l.;ike  I'.iu;!  and  the  bavs  of  O/aka 

and  <  >wari.  Th--  pf"\in  e-  in  Shik-ku.  I\iu-hiu.  and  the  cir-'uit- 
we-t,  n-'irth,  and  ea-t,  wen  rule-1  b\  tril-utarv  chief-  u  ho  paid  h»maj;e 
to  ;he  mikad,-  a-  tl  rain,  but  m-i-t  probably  allowed  him  t-- 

interfi-re  t->  a  -li^ht  ext-'ii!  iii  the  d,  tail-  of  the  admini-tratioii  of 
their  land-.  In  ea-e-  of  di-pute  bet \\--ei)  them,  tli--  mikado  d"iibtle-> 
aet--d  as  umpire,  hi-  ^eo-jraphi-'al  po-ition,  -up--rior  p--wer.  and  the 
r-acre-liie--  of  p.-r-'-n  in-ur:n_r  hi-  -!ipr-'ma--v  at  all  time-,  even  in  the 
height  of  turbulence  and  ri--t  -o  "ft-  n  prevailing. 


LIFE  IN  ANCIENT  JAPAN.  <»5 

In  the  ancient  mikadoate,  called  l>y  the  Japanese  the  Osei  era,  or 
the  government  of  monarclis,  there  were  several  features  tending  to 
increase  the  power  of  the  suzerain,  or  central  chief.  The  first  was  the 
essentially  theocratic  form  of  the  government.  The  sovereign  \vas 
the  centre  of  that  superstitious  awe,  as  well  as  of  loyalty  and  personal 
reverence,  which  still  exists.  There  grew  into  beinu  that  prestige, 
that  sense  of  hedging  divinity  and  super-mortal  supremacy  of  the 
mikado  that  still  forms  the  most  striking  trait  of  the  Japanese  char- 
acter, and  the  mightiest  political,  as  it  is  a  great  religious  and  moral, 
force  in  Japan,  overshadowing  even  the  tremendous  power  of  Bud- 
dhism, which  is,  as  Shinto  is  not,  armed  with  the  terrors  of  eternity. 
In  both  a  theological  and  political  sense,  in  him  dwelt  the  fullness  of 
the  gods  bodilv.  He  was  their  hypostasis.  He  was  not  only  their 
chosen  servant,  but  was  himself  a  god,  and  the  vicegerent  of  all  the 
gods.  His  celestial  fathers  had  created  the  very  ground  on  which 
thev  dwelt.  His  wrath  could  destrov,  his  favor  appease,  celestial  an- 
ger, and  bring  them  fortune  and  prosperity.  lie  was  their  preserver 
and  benefactor.  In  his  custody  were  the  three  sacred  symbols.  It, 
was  by  superior  intellect  and  the  dogmatism  of  religion,  as  well  as 
with  superior  valor,  weapons,  and  skill,  that  a  handful  of  invaders  con- 
quered and  kept  a  land  populated  by  millions  of  savages. 

To  the  eye  of  a  foreigner  and  a  native  of  Japan,  this  imperfect  pict- 
ure of  primitive  Japan  which  I  have  given  appears  in  very  different 
lights.  The  native  who  looks  at  this  far-off  morning  of  Great  Japan, 
the  Holy  Country,  sees  his  ancestors  only  through  the  atmosphere  in 
which  he  has  lived  and  breathed.  The  dim  religious  light  of  reverent 
teaching  of  mother,  nurse,  father,  or  book  falls  on  every  object  to  re- 
veal beauty  and  conceal  defects.  The  rose-tints  which  innocent  child- 
hood easts  upon  every  object  here  makes  all  things  lovely.  Heaven 
lies  about  his  country's  infancy.  The  precepts  of  his  religion  make 
the  story  sacred,  and  forbid  the  prying  eye  and  the  sandaled  f""t. 
The  native  loves,  with  passionate  devotion,  the  land  that  nursed  hi- 
holy  ancestors  and  thrills  at  the  oft-told  story  of  their  prowe--  and 
their  holy  lives.  He  makes  them  his  model  of  conduct. 

The  foreigner,  in  cold  blood  and  with  critical  eye,  patiently  seeks 
the  truth  beneath,  and,  regarding  not  the  doe^ma  which  claim-  '«>  n-.-t 
upon  it.  looks  through  dry  li^ht.  To  the  one  Nippon  i-  the  I.  md  of 
the  Gods,  and  the  primal  ages  were  holv.  To  the  otlnT.  Japan  i- 
merely  a  geographical  division  of  the  earth,  and  it>  beginnings  were 
from  barbarism. 


1 1  IE  MJXAtiv'X  E. Ml*  I  HE. 


X. 

THE  A  \<  7/;.v r  A- EI.  i f;  i '  >.\: 

THK  ancient  religion  «'f  tin-  Japanese  i-  called  Kmn'i  no  iniclii  (way 
itv  doctrine  <>f  the  i^ods  ;  /.<>.,  theology).  The  Chine-e  form  of  the 
same  i-  Shinto.  Foreigners  call  it  Shintoi-m,  or  Sintooi-m.  Almost 
all  the  foreign  writeis*  who  have  profrs-ed  to  treat  of  Shinto  have 
d<'-'Ti!>ed  onlv  the  impure  form  whieh  ha>  iv-nlted  from  the  contact 
\\ith  it  of  llnddhi-m  an«l  Chine-e  philosophy,  and  a-  known  to  them 
-ince  the  sixteenth  ceiiturv.  Mv  purpose  in  tlii-  chapter  i-  to  v,'ive  a 
mere  outline  of  aiieieiit  Shinto  in  it<  puritv.  A  .-kct<-h  (,f  it-  tradi- 
titiiial  and  doctrinal  l>a-i->  ha>  ln-eii  !/iveii.  Onlv  a  verv  l'e\\  Shinto 

tellijiles.    c.-illi'd    lui'l'i,    have    pre-el'Ved    the    ancient    pUl'it\     of    the    fite^ 

and  d"._;-i:ia-~  duriiiL;'  the  overshadowing  infliU'iiccs  of  I>uddhi>m. 

In  .lapaiie-e  mythology  the  univer>e  i-  -  Japan,  the  legend-  relating 
t".lapan  e\elu-i\'elv.  All  the  deitic-.  with  perhaps  a  few  evrption-, 
aiv  hi-torie;il  per-ona^es  ;  and  the  conclusion  of  the  wholr  matler  of 

co-mo._f,,liy    alld.    ei'l"-tial    U'clli  ;il,  L_;'\-    i-   that    tile    lllikado    i>    the    de-crlld- 

an1   and  representative  of  the  Li'od-  \\h.»  er<-ated  thi-  heaveii-  and  earth 

(.lapali).        Ilelicc,   the    imprl'ative   duty   of   ;ill  .I;i|,;Uli  •-('   i-  to   iiheV    him. 

It-  priiieijili-s  as  -unini'  d  up  \>\  the  1  irpartment  of  Krli^ii.n.  ;ind  pro- 
muln'ated  throughout  the  empire  sn  late  a-  1>7:J.  are  expre— ed  in  the 
f.  '!!•  >\\  in--  ci  'iiiniandiip'iit-  : 

i .    "'rh"ii  -h.-ili   h"iior  the  <i,Ml-.  ;m,l  |,,ve  th\   e,,uiitr\'. 

-.  "  I  li"U  -halt  clr.'ii'ly  uinlc]--tand  lit*  principli-  of  Heaven  and 
t  he  i l';t  \  i  •('  man. 

:;.  "  Thou  -halt  revere  the  Mikado  a-  t!i\  -o\  ••iviu'n.  and  ohe\  the 
\\  ill  of  hi-  ci  'iirt  ." 


w  Hy  I'.ir  tin-  I"  -'  MiiliKi.  l,a-nl  ,,1,  ;  ,|-<  i!'<  ,ninl  iv-earrlie-.  i-  the   luiiir 

:ir:i'-]e  of  Mr.  Krne-t  >  •     \    •  •  ; it :•  .1  ••  Tin    l{i-\i\;il  nl' I'un-Slii!il«">."  in  tin-. /.//«//» 

I/-"",    1^71.  anil  ci.ii tail  •  .1   ii;   tin    "  I'r.ir,  .-.lii,^-  (if  tin-   A>iatic  Society  (if  .):ip:iu  " 

-ami1  year.      A  !-•  >  "it  "  '\  '.:••  Siiinii  i  TI  m;  •'•  -  "1   I-i-."  l.\  tin-  -anir  u  ritt-r. 

niariy   urtielr.  l'_v  Mr.   I'.   Iv  m;<<  i-jiiaii,  .-'•••!•  !a;-\   In   II. r  (i'Tiuan   I'-^-iliuu   in 


STATt  NORMAL  SCHOOL, 

LOS    Ant>;;l«r-      ,>'. 

AXCIEXT  KELIGIOX.  97 

The  chief  characteristic,  which  is  preserved  in  various  manifesta- 
tions, is  the  worship  of  ancestors,  and  the  deification  of  emperors,  he- 
roes, and  scholars.  The  adoration  of  the  personified  forces  of  nature 
enters  largely  into  it.  It  employs  no  idols,  images,  or  effigies  in  its 
worship.  Its  symbols  are  the  mirror  and  the  f/o/tct — strips  of  notched 
white  paper  depending  from  a  wand  of  wood.  It  teaches  no  doctrine 
of  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  though  it  is  easy  to  see  that  such  a 
dogma  may  be  developed  from  it,  since  all  men  (Japanese)  are  de- 
scended from  the  immortal  gods.  The  native  derivation  of  the  term 
for  man  is  hito  ("light-bearer ")  ;  and  the  ancient  title  of  the  mi- 
kado's heir-apparent  was  "light-inheritor."  Fire  and  light  (sun)  have 
from  earliest  ages  been  the  objects  of  veneration. 

Shinto  has  no  moral  code,  no  accurately  defined  system  of  ethics 
or  belief.  The  leading  principle  of  its  adherents  is  imitation  of  the 
illustrious  deeds  of  their  ancestors,  and  they  are  to  prove  themselves 
worthv  of  their  descent  bv  the  purity  of  their  lives.  A  number  of 
salient  points  in  their  mythology  are  recognized  as  maxims  for  their 
u'uidance.  It  expresses  irreat  detestation  of  all  forms  of  uncleamiess, 
and  i>  remarkable  for  the  fullness  of  its  ceremonies  for  bodilv  purifi- 
cation. Birth  and  death  are  especially  polluting.  Anciently,  the 
corpse  and  the  Iviiiu'-in  woman  were  assigned  to  buildings  set  apart, 
which  were  afterward  burned.  The  priest  must  bathe  and  don  clean 
garments  before  officiating,  and  bind  a  slip  of  paper  over  his  mouth, 
lest  his  breath  should  pollute  the  offerings.  Many  special  festivals 
were  observed  for  purification,  the  ground  dedicated  for  the  purpose 
being  first  sprinkled  with  salt.  The  house  and  ground  were  defiled 
by  death,  and  those  who  attended  a  funeral  must  also  free  themselves 
from  contamination  by  the  use  of  salt.  The  ancient  emperors  and 
priests  in  the  provinces  performed  the  actual  ablution  of  the  people, 
or  made  public  lustrations.  Later  on,  twice  a  year,  at  the  festival-  of 
purification,  paper  figures  representing  the  people  were  thrown  into 
the  river,  allegorical  of  the  cleansing  of  the  nation  from  the  .-ins  of 
the  past  six  months.  Still  later,  the  mikado  deputized  the  chief  min- 
ister of  religion  at  Kioto  to  pel-form  the  symbolical  act  for  the  peo- 
ple, of  the  whole  countrv. 

After  death,  the  members  of  a  familv  in  which  death  had  occurred 
must  exclude  themselves  from  all  intercourse  with  the  world,  attend, 
no  religions  services,  and,  if  in  official  position,  do  no  wrk  for  a 
specified  number  of  davs. 

Thanksgiving,  supplication,  penance,  and  praise  are  all  represented 


;)s  Till-:   MIKADo'S  /.Yl// '//,'/:. 

in  the  prayr-  to  th--  i;"d-.  uhi'-h  arc  offered  la  l>oth  sexes.  The  ein- 
p,-r»r  and  nol'les  often  met  in  llif  temple  ^ardfiis  to  eonipo-e  liyiinis 
or  -at-ivd  poi-ms  1<>  the  u'od-.  I'-uallv  in  praver  tin.'  hand-  an-  clap- 
ped tuiee.  the  head  or  the  knees  bowed,  and  the  petition  made  in 
-ileiier.  '1'he  \\  or-hiper  dot-s  not  enter  the  temple,  luit  stand-  In-fore 
it.  and  tir-t  pull-  a  rope  danu'lin^  down  over  a  douMc  U'OIIL;',  like  a 
hnu'e  -!ei^h-l>ell,  uith  u  Inch  he  rails  the  attention  of  the  deitv.  The 
kami  are  Kelieved  to  hear  the  pra\ cr  when  as  yet  luit  in  thought,  !"•- 
1  'iv  it  ri-es  to  the  lips.  Not  !n.-iii^  intended  for  liuinan  ear-,  elo- 
tji;riiee  i-  imt  needed.  The  mikado  in  his  jialaee  dailv  olTers  nji  jieti- 
tions  for  all  hi>  jieojile,  \\hieh  are  more  eiTeetual  than  thos,.  ,,f  his  >ul,- 
jei'ts.  \\  a>hiiiL;'  the  hands  and  rin>iii'j;  out  the  mouth,  the  \\oishijier 
repeats  |ira\ers.  of  \\liieh  the  following  i>  an  exaniple:  "()  (MM),  that 
d\\elle-t  in  the  hiu'h  plain  of  hea\eii.  \\lio  art  di\ine  in  >ii!>-tanee  and 
in  intellert,  and  a!>le  to  ^i\\-  protection  from  «j.-uilt  and  it-  penalties, 
t»  I'ani-h  impurity,  and  to  eleaii-e  us  fr«m  uiieleannes>  —  ho>ts  ,.f 
._;,!,!-.  ^i\ .  •  car  and  li>teii  to  t  he-e  our  petitions."  (  >r  t  his  :  "  I  >av  uith 
awe.  di-in'ii  to  1.]^--  me  l»y  i-onvrtinj;  the  un\\ ittiiiLj  faults  \\hieh,  seen 
and  h'-ai'd  \<\  \«\\,  I  have  e»mmitted;  \<\~  Mnwiim'  otT  and  eleariiii;1 
aua\  the  ealainitit's  \\hieli  e\il  Li'ods  mi^ht  intliet  :  la  eau-inir  nie  to 
li\e  l"ii^.  like  the  hard  and  la-tin^.1  rock;  and  liv  repeat ini;1  to  the 
Lfods  of  heavenly  origin,  and  to  the  ^-od^  (>f  carthlv  origin,  tin-  jieti- 
ti"H-  \\hieh  I  present  every  day ,  all >i i ^  \\ith  your  !>realh.  that  thev 
ma\  hear  uith  the  -liarp-eaivdiie--  of  the  forth  i^allopinu-  eolt." 

The  oiyerin_^.  ino>1  I'ommoiilv  laid  \\iih  ^n-at  eereiiMnv  l.v  the 
prie-t.  in  uhite  r«\» •-.  liefure  the  -'"d-.  \\eic-  fruit  and  \e--etaMe-  in 
M  a-"ii.  ti-h  and  vi-nismi.  At  ni^hl  the\  \\ere  reino\ed,  and  lieeame 
tli--  ppip'-rtv  of  the  prie-t.  <iam-  and  f"\\l<  \\i-re  ull'ered  up  a-  an 
ae;  nf  \\tii-»hiji,  1'ii!  uith  the  peeuliaritv  that  their  !i\i'-  u  ere  not  -aeri- 

tleed.        Tlh-\     \\efe    hmi'_f     Up     !'\     the    le^-    lirfdlV     the    temple    f,  i]'    sollle 

time,  and  then  p.-rmilteil  in   e-ea]ie,  and,  liein^  regarded  a-  ^-aered  to 

the     ^"'!-.    Were     e\rl|ipt     !V"U1     hai'lll.        Tile     IleU     lie.-     and    llie    pri'dll''!, 

fiirni-hed  l>v  the  -ilk-U'-rm  and  the  entton-plaiit  \\ere  al-o  dedieatecl. 

I5ef»iv  caeli   ti-nij'!e    -1 1  a   /"/•''.  »}•  I'ird-re-t.      Tin-  ua-  made   of 

tun  upright  tree-truiik-.  <  >n  the  ti,p  .>f  the-e  re-ted  a  sninotlier  tree, 
u  il  1 1  end-  -liu'hti  v  jiiMjeet  iniT.  and  uip!erne;ti  h  this  a  -mailer  liori/oiital 

I. ,-:mi.      (  »n  t  hi-  peivl ii-d  the  f, ,\\  U  ,  iHVivd  up  to  the  •_;•. -d-,  not  a-  f 1. 

1'Ut  a-  ' -lian  tie  lei  •]•-  t"  LT'IVI-  iiotiei-  nf  ilav-Kreak.  In  later  eeiiturie-  the 
UK  ailing  -if  the  turii  ua-  fcr^ctten.  an.l  ii  \\.-is  -up]n>-i  d  to  l«-  a  ^ate- 
\\ay.  The  lluddhi-t-  attaehe.l  taM'-t-  to  it-  cross  -  beaM,  painted  or 


THE  ANCIENT  RELIGION.  99 

coppered  its  posts,  curved  its  top-piece,  made  it  <f  stone  or  bronze, 
and  otherwise  altered  its  character.  Resembling  two  crosses  with 
their  ends  joined,  the  torii  is  a  conspicuous  object  in  the  landscape, 
and  a  purely  original  work  of  Japanese  architecture. 

All  the  miyds  were  characterized  by  rigid  simplicity,  constructed 
«>f  pure,  wood,  and  thatched.  No  paint,  lacquer,  gilding,  or  anv  mer- 
etricious ornaments  were  ever  allowed  to  adorn  or  defile  the  sacred 
stiucturc,  and  the  use  of  metal  was  avoided.  Within,  onlv  the  yohci 
and  the  daily  offerings  were  visible.  Within  a  closet  of  purest  wood 
i-  a  case  of  wood  containing  the  "august  spirit-substitute,"  or  v'gods'- 
secd,"1  in  which  the  deity  enshrined  in  the  particular  temple  is  be- 
lieved to  reside-.  This  spirit-substitute  is  usuallv  a  mirror,  which  in 
some  temples  is  exposed  to  view.  The  principal  Shinto  temples  are 
at  Ise,  in  which  the  mirror  given  by  Amaterasu  to  Ninigi,  and  brought 
down  from  heaven,  was  enshrined.  Some  native  writers  assert  that 
the  mirror  was  the  goddess  herself;  other-;,  that  it  merely  represented 
her.  All  others  in  Japan  are  imitations  or  copies  of  this  original. 

The  priests  of  Shinto  are  designated  according  to  their  rank.  They 
are  called  katinndii  (shrine-keepers).  Sometimes  they  receive  titles 
from  the  emperor,  and  the  higher  ranks  of  the  priesthood  are  court 
nobles.  Thev  are,  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word,  Government  offi- 
cials. The  ollice  of  chief  minister  of  religion  was  hereditary  in  the 
Xakatomi  family.  Ordinarily  they  dress  like  other  people,  but  are 
robed  iii  white  when  officiating,  or  in  court -dress  when  at  court. 
They  marry,  rear  families,  and  do  not  shave  their  heads.  The  office 
i-  usually  hereditarv.  Virgin  priestesses  also  minister  at  the  shrines. 

After  all  the  research  of  foreign  scholars  who  have  examined  the 
"laims  of  Shinto  on  the  soil,  and  hv  the  aid  of  the  language,  and  the 
-acred  books  and  commentators,  manv  hesitate  to  decide  whether 
Shinto  is  "a  genuine  product  of  Japanese  soil,"  or  whether  it  is  not 
closely  allied  with  the  ancient  religion  of  China,  which  existed  before 
the  period  of  Confucius.  The,  weight  of  opinion  inclines  to  the  latter 
belief.  Certain  it  is  that  many  of  the  Japanese  myths  are  almost  ex- 
actly like  those  of  China,  while  many  parts  of  the  cosmo^oiiv  can  be 
found  unaltered  in  older  Chinese  works.  The  I\ojiki  (the  Uible  of 
the  Japanese  believers  in  Shinto)  is  full  of  narrations;  but  it  lays 
down  no  precepts,  leache*  no  morals  or  doctrines,  prescribe-  no  ritual. 
Shinto  has  verv  few  of  the  characteristics  of  a  religion,  as  understood 
by  us.  The  most  learned  native  commentator-;  and  exponents  of  Shin- 
to expressly  maintain  the  view,  that  Shinto  has  no  moral  code.  Mo- 


100  Tilt-:  MIKADO'S  KMl'IRE. 

t"i''ri.  the  "Teat  modern  revivali-t  of  Shinto,  teaches,  with  polemic  em- 
pha-i--.  that  moraU  were  in\cntcil  \<\  the  Chinese  because  they  wen' 
an  imm»ra!  p-  "pic;  lint  in  Japan  there  was  no  necessity  for  anv  -ys- 
trin  of  morals,  a-  everv  Japanese  acted  aright  if  he  only  consulted  his 
own  heart.  The  diitv  of  a  o-ood  Japanese  consist*  in  olievin^  the 
inds  df  the'  mikado  without  ijiu'stioiiini;  whether  thc-e  com- 
mand- are  riidit  or  \\ron ^.  It  was  onlv  imnioral  people,  liki'  the 
( 'hinese,  \\lio  piv-unied  to  discuss  the  character  of  their  so\  eivi^n<. 
Ainon^tlu1  ancient  Japanese,  government  and  religion  were  the  same.* 

•*•  In  this  chapter,  I  have  carefully  endeavored  to  exclude  mere  opinions  am 
conjee  -lures,  and  to  uive  tlic  tacts  only.  I  append  In-low  the  views  held  by  iren- 
1 1  en i eii  of  cosmopolitan  cult  lire,  and  carnot  student?  of  Shinto  on  the  >oil,  W!IOM- 
ic.-earche-  and  candor  entitle  them  to  lie  heard. 

••  Shi  nt'  i,  as  expounded  hy  Motoori,  is  nothinir  cl-e  than  an  engine  for  reducing 
the  people  to  a  condition  of  mental  slavery."— KKNKST  SVTOW,  l:'/i:/':.-fi,  (!<>  furc- 
„/<«•/  /;,-;„;/  ./njvii,,*  ncfmlnr,  iiml  it  HJ>,,'I,I/  xti«lint  <>f  siiintri. 

"  There  is  u'ooil  evidcnei  that  Shinto  iVM-mMe-  \  cry  clo.-ely  the  ancient  religion 
of  the  ChincM-."  "A  di -Unction  should  he  drawn  between  the  Shinto  o!' ancient 
times  and  the  doc-trine  as  developed  by  writer.-  at  the  court  of  the  mikado  in 
modern  times."  "The  sword  and  dragon,  the  tliyr-u-  stall' and  ivy.  the  Mall' of 
.K-t  iilapiii-  and  snake-,  mo-t  pi-obalily  had  the  -amc  si^nilieaiU'L1  as  the  Japani-.-e 
ijuli'  i :  and,  a-  Sielmld  ha-  remarked,  it  >ymlioli/cd  the  union  of  the  tu  o  clement.-, 
male  and  t'i  male.  The  hi-toi-y  of  the  creation  of  the  world,  a.-  uiveii  hy  the  .lapa- 
ne?e,  hore  the  elo-e-t  re.-emhhinee  to  the  m\lh-  ol'China  and  India;  while  little 
ilmilit  e\i-',ed  that  the-e  i-\mliol  and  m\th)  were  imported  from  the  \Ve-t.  the 
dillieiilty  lieiniX  to  tix  the  date.  Little  wa-  I<UO\MI  .,1  Shinto  that  mi^ht  irivc  it 
the  character  of  a  ri-liu'ion  a>  11  ndei^tood  hy  \Vc-tcrn  nations." — F.  A.  Vo\  i'i:  \\IIT, 
fii-niiKK,  /'''''  w'tiiitt.roj'tlii  <;<fii,'in  inijiin  f<>  J,i/,,n,.,i,,il  „'•»•  /.-  I'kln'j,  n  *!ti>l,,,t  of 

.Li,,.!,,,,:     :,,:•>,:,:,!,,:;,/., l,,<lf,,, ,,,,!,,•    I  ,f  / /, ,      (,',  ,  , , ,  „  , ,      .\,',, ,!',:'    S.  >:•.  1 1,    ,  .f  J:  !/,:,„. 

"  Ja|iane-e,  iii  LJI  neral,  are  at  a  hi--  to  dc-crilie  what  Shinto  i- :  hut  thi-  cir 
flllll-tai  lliu'ihle  if  \vliat  Wa-  once  an  indiii'elioii-  faith  !iad  iieeii  tiil'lieil, 

in  later  days,  into  a  political  i-nirinc."  "  Infallihiliiy  «\\  the  part  of  the  head  ot 
the  -tate,  \\!iich  wa-  naturallv  attriliiited  to  rule;--  claiming'  divine  de-cent,  wa- 
a  convenienl  doctrine  for  political  purpo-e-  in  China  or  Japan,  a-  elsewhere.'' 
"  \Vc  mil-:  1 1  ink  to  ,  irl\  tine-  f,  ,r  the  inean'mu'  of  Shinto."  "  It-  origin  i-  close- 
i  to  tie'  earl\  religion  of  tin-  Chine-c."  "The  practice  of  pnttini:-  iqi 
stick-  '.•.ill:  shavinir-  or  paper  attached,  in  order  to  •, (tract  the  attention  of  the 
.-pirit  -.  i-  oh-ervah!c  aiming  certain  hill  t  rihi  -  <  'I  India,  a-  well  a?  amoiii:'  tin-  Aino- 
•  if  Vi  /  i.  The  Hindoos.  Kuniie-e,  and  Cliim-e  have  ci,nve|-tcd  tlu-M-  >tii  k.-  into 
tlairs  '>r  -treamer-."  "  II  Sl/mto  had  ever  worked  -Teat  results,  or  ha<l  taken 
deep  („ ,1,]  ,,,,  th.  .Tapane-c  |ieoplc,  it  would  -candy  have  been  sllpcr-i  dcd  -o 
e.  'in pie; el y  a-  it  had  In-'  n  K\  Unddhi-m.''  -  Sir  II  \  i;m  S.  I'A  i:i\r>,  HriH^li  ni'n<*ti'-i' 

/,!,,,;f,,,/fl,i;,in/  i>,  ./,,,„,„, ,,  f<  „,  .•,,/,.,!,,,•.  .,,,.1  /••„,,  ,-,  .;,/,„>  ;„  /„,>/,  </,;„,,  ,„„/.;„/„,„. 

••  The  h-adini:'  idea  of  >h  in  to  i-  a  revi  n  litial   1.  .  Ill  u'  to\\ard  the  dead."       "  A-  to 

tin1  political  u -'•  i  if  it.  tie    state  i-   ijiiite  ri_i:t  in  tnniini:-  it  to  account  in  -iipport 

iliMillltr  LTovi  I'll  I  n  i  nt   which  i  \i-t-  in  Jap  m  "      "The  early  record-  ol  J:i- 

ri    h\   no  mean-  reliable."  —  A  in  NOUI  Mmi,,  .f,//,,ni<x> ,  furi/u /•!>/  f/n/r//r'  i/'itf 

/./-,-.,,  -:;  ./.,,,:,„  ,it   \\',ix),in<jt>,n,  I'.S.  .(.,>in,r  Vj.;    .]/, '  ;  ^/' ,'  of /•;„;  iijn  .  \jl\l  ', ,:-  ut  -I"  in(n. 


THE  THRONE  AND   THE  NOLLE  FAMILIES.  101 


XL 

THE  THRONE  AND   Till-:  NOBLE  FAMILIES. 

FROM  the  beginning  of  the  Japanese  empire,  until  the  century  aft- 
er the  introduction  of  Buddhism,  the  mikados  were  the  real  rulers  of 
their  people,  having  no  hedge  of  division  between  them  and  their 
subjects.  The  palace  was  not  secluded  from  the  outer  world.  No 
screen  hid  the  face  of  the  monarch  from  the  ga/e  of  his  subjects. 
No  bureauocracy  rose,  like  a  wall  of  division,  between  ruler  and  ruled. 
No  hedge  or  net  of  officialdom  hindered  free;  passage  of  remonstrance 
or  petition.  The  mikado,  active  in  word  and  deed,  was  a  real  ruler, 
leading  his  armies,  directing  his  (Government.  Those  early  days  of 
comparative  national  povertv  when  the  mikado  was  the  warrior-chief 
of  a  conquering  tribe;  and,  later,  \\hen  lie  ruled  a  little  kingdom  in 
Central  Japan,  holding  the  distant  portions  of  his  quasi  -empire  in 
tribute;  and,  still  later,  when  he  was  the  head  of  an  undivided  em- 
pire— mark  the  era  of  his  personal  importance  and  energy.  Then,  in 
the  mikado  dwelt  a  manly  soul,  and  a  strong  mind  in  a  strong  body. 
This  era  was  the  golden  age  of  the  imperial  power.  lie  was  the  true 
executive  of  the  nation,  initiating  and  carrying  out  the  enterprises  <>f 
peace  or  war.  As  vet,  no  military  class  had  arisen  to  make  themselves 
the  arbiters  of  the  throne;  as  yet,  that  throne  was  under  no  proprie- 
torship; as  yet.  there  was  but  one  capital  and  centre  of  authority. 

(Gradually,  however,  there  arose  families  of  nobility  who  shared  and 
dictated  the  power,  and  developed  the  two  official  castes  of  ci\ili:m 
and  military  officials,  widening  the  distance  between  the  sovereign  anil 
his  subjects,  and  rendering  him  more  and  more  inaccessible  1"  hi- 
people.  Then  followed  in  succession  the  decay  of  his  power,  the  'Ti- 
ation  of  a  dual  system  of  government,  \\ith  two  capitals  and  centres 
of  authority  ;  the  domination  of  the  military  cla>ses  ;  the  ceiiturie<  ol 
anarchy;  the  progress  of  feudalism;  the  rending  of  the  empire  into 
hundreds  of  pettv  provinces,  baronies,  and  feudal  tenures.  \\ithin 
the  time  of  European  knowledge  of  Japan,  true  national  unity  ha> 
scarcely  been  known.  The  political  system  has  been  ever  in  a  state 


111!' 


Till-:   M  IK. \1>(>' S  EMl'IUE. 


»f  i;n-tah!c  i-ijuililiriuin,  an«l  tlir  nation  l>ut  a  conglomeration  of  units, 
in  \\  hich  t  In-  forces  i  'F  ivpul-i"[i  i-viT  thivati'iK'd  to  overcome  the  t'ur<vs 
nf  cohe-ion.  TV.O  ruler-  in  t\\o  capital-  u'a\e  to  foreigner-  tin-  im- 
|ii-r--i..n  iliat  there  vuTt1  t\\«>  "  emperor-  "  in  .lapan — an  idea  that  has 
IMVII  iiii-Mrporatcd  into  nin-t  nt'  tin-  text  -  honks  and  cyclopedias  of 
( 'hri-iendotii.  Let  il  he  clcarlv  iiiult'i'stooil,  howevor,  that  there  never 
\\a-  hn!  i >iii'  einpei'or  in  Japan,  the  mikado,  \\ho  i-  and  aluays  \vas 


'I  in1  Mil;  i'!  '  "ii  i.i-  Tlir  nn-.     'rime,  frmn  tin1  >i-\i'nl!i  t"  I  In1  'i' \vi-l  t';ii 


tile    olll\      -oXerei^'ll,    t!p.ll-'ll     hi-     Illea-llfe     i.t     jiiiUel'     ha-    heell    \  ef\     d  i  f  - 

t'lTi-nt  A\  \arioii-  time-.  1'niii  the  ri-e  arid  domination  of  the  milita- 
i-y  i'!a— e-.  he  ua-  in  I'act.  a-  ud!  a-  l>\  iau.  -npn  ine.  Ilou  the  nii- 
ka'lo'-  aet;ial  po\\.  r  •  l.ln-d  a\\a\  -liall  t'orin  the  -uhject  <>f  thi-  and  tlie 
('•  •'[}•  '\\  iirj.1  .-haj.t  •.•!'. 

I-'roin  the  death  of  Nintoku  '[',-nnr..  the  la-t  of  the  lonn;-li\ed  niika 
:•  -.  to  Kininiei  (.",ln-."71  i,  in  \\h»-e  lime  continental  rivili/atioii  \va.- 
intp.duci  d.  a  period  "f  ,,ne  hundred  and  f»rtv-oiH'  \ear-.  fourteen  em- 
p  Tor-  ruled.  a\erau'inur  a  little  over  ten  \ear-  each.  I-'rom  Kininiei 


THE  THROVE  AMI    THE  XOVLEX.  lQ:j 

in  Gotoba  (A.I).  11  OS)  fifty-three  emperors  reigned,  averaging  eleven 
vears  each.      (See  list  of  emperors,  p.  1^3.) 

in  A.I).  GO:J,  the  first  attempt  to  create  orders  of  nobility  for  tlie 
nobles,  already  numerously  existing,  was  made,  by  the  Empress  Suiko. 
Twelve  orders  were  instituted,  with  symbolic'  names,  after  the  Chinese 
custom  —  such  as  Virtue,  Humanity,  Propriety,  etc. —  distinguished 
bv  the  colors  of  the  caps  worn.  In  049,  this  svstem  was  changed  for 
that  having  nine  ranks,  with  two  divisions.  .  In  each  of  the  la>t  >ix 
were  two  subdivisions,  thus  in  realitv  making  thirty  grades.  The  first 
grade  was  a  posthumous  reward,  given  only  to  those  who  in  life  had. 
held  the  second.  Everv  otlicer,  from  the  prime  minister  to  the  oil; 
:'ial  clerks,  had  a  rank  attached  to  his  otiicc,  which  was  independent 
of  birth  or  age.  All  oiliccrs  were  presented,  and  all  questions  of  pre- 
cedence were  settled,  in  accordance  with  this  rank. 

The  court  ollieials,  at  Hist,  had  been  very  few,  as  might  be  imagined 
in  this  simple  state  of  soeietv  without  writing.  The  Jin  Gi  Kuan, 
which  had  existed  from  vrv  ancient  times,  supervised  the  ceremonies 
of  religion,  the  positions  being  ehiefiv  held  by  members  of  the  Naka- 
tomi  family.  This  was  the  highest  division  of  the  Government.  In 
A.I).  <>():!,  with  the  introduction  of  orders  of  nobilitv,  the  form  of  ^ov- 
ernmoit  was  changed  from  simple  feudalism  to  centralized  monarchy, 
with  eiu'ht  ministries,  or  departments  of  state,  as  follows: 

1.  Xakatsukasa  no  Slid  (Department  of  the  Imperial  Talace). 

2.  Shiki  bu  Slid  (Department  of  Civil  Office  and  Education). 

3.  Ji  bu  Slid  (Department  of  Etiquette  and  Ceremonies). 

4.  Mini  bu  Slid  (Department  of  Revenue  and  Census). 

5.  Ilidbu  Slid  (Department  of  War). 
G.  Gid  bu  Slid  (Department  of  Justice). 

7.  ()  kura  Slid  (Department  of  Treasury). 

8.  Ku  nai  Slid  (Department  of  Imperial  Household). 

The  Jin  ( Ji  Kuan  (Council  of  Religion  ;  literallv,  ( 'ouricil  of  the  ( rod-; 
of  Heaven  and  Earth),  though  anciently  outranking  the  Dai  Jd  Kuan 
(Great  Government  Council),  lost  its  prestige  after  the  introduction 
of  Buddhism.  The  Dai  Jd  Kuan,  created  A.D.  780,  superintend:''!  the 
eiii'ht  boards  and  ruled  the  empire  by  means  of  local  governors  ap- 
pointed from  the  capital.  In  it  were  four  ministers: 

1.    Dai  Jd  Dai  Jin  (Great  Minister  of  the  Great  Government). 

•2.   Sa  Dai  Jin  (Great  Minister  of  the  Left). 

:).    U   Dai  Jin  (Great  Minister  of  the  Kiidit). 

4.    Nai  Dai  Jin  (Inner  Great  Minister). 


TllK   MlK.\l»»-s   L'Ml'llil:'. 


•  >f  the  ei-ht  department-.  that  of  \\  ar  iiltiniati-lv  became  the  ni"-t 

important.      A  -;••  <  i.i!  department   \\as  iieee--ary  t«>  annul  t<>  tin-  pul>- 

iie   manner-   and   form-   of  -ncietv,  i'tit|UetU'  l>ein^-  more  than  moral-. 

and  i  i  rar\    education.      The  foreign  relation-  of  the  i-mpiiv 

importance  thai  thrv   v\ere  a  —  i^ned  to  a  bureau 

ai'o\r   department.      Thr  tiva-urv   con-i-ted  of  imperial   st«>re- 

^Tanaries,  a--   moiiev    \sa-   n«it   tlu-n    MI    ifriicral  u-c.      I!1,'-'- 

\\a-  tin1  -taii'lar*!  nt'  \altir,  aini  all  taxrs  \\ci'c  pai'l  in  thi-  u'l'ain. 

T   i    iiitri'iliirtinii   nf   ih"-''  onK-rs  cf   iiMhil'itx    aini  dcpaiiun  nt-  •  t' 
-talf  iY'-ni  <  'hina  lirmi^lit    alnmt   tin-  clian^f  tVmi] 


iMnai'i'hv.  thr  ri-<-  uf  the  imi.lt1 
t'aniilifS  ami  tin1  tixiiin'  "f  ullii'ial  fa-h-^  (MinjM.-cil,  n<>t.  a-  in  nif-t 
aii'-ii-nt  rnuiitrirs  "f  tin-  pric-tU  and  warrior  cla»i^,  1'iit,  a-  in  ('liina, 
•  't'  i  lie  .'i\  ilian  aini  militarv. 

Tin1  MT<1-  "f  tlir  incilia'va]  and  nn'ilfrn  ctiinplfx  ffiiilali-in.  ulii.-h 
la-tfl  until  1  -7:.',  \vt-iv  planlr.l  alu.ut  thi-  tiim-.  A  ili\i-i"ii  of  all 
the  aM''-!iMilicil  inalr-  int^  tlnvr  clas>i's  \\a>  iio\v  niadr,  <nif  of  \\hi'-h 
\\a>  to  roii-i-1  of  r.'^ular  -ol.li,]^  pi-nnaiu-iitly  in  si-rvico.  Tlii-  \\a- 
ili!-  "militarv  rla>-,"  from  \\lii'-li  thf  Ir^ion-  la-pt  a-  ^'ai'ri-on-  in  tin- 
ivniotr  pruviiii'i's  \vi-n'  ri-cruiti-il.  The  unit  of  coiitl)ination  ua-  tin- 
'/'/.  con-.i-.tinM1  of  ti\r  men.  T\\o  </i,  fornii  d  a  /•//",  ti\r  /•""  a  fai, 
two  A//'  a  /'""'.  tell  fin  a  linn.  Tlh-r  trnn>  niav  1'f  t  ivm-lalfd  "til-." 
"  xjnail,"  "  (•"inpaiiv,"  "  1'attalion."  "  ri^'iincnt."  The  </•//<.  oi1  n-^i- 
nient,  could  al-o  !,,-  re--iilarlv  divided  into  four  dctacliincnt-.  The 
^I-III-IM!-  ulio  ci  i;iin.andfd  the  aniiv  in  tin-  licit]  \vciv  in  inanv  c;txt-s 
ci\il  oilieiai-.  \\lni  \vcrc  more  or  !»•--  convci-ant  \\itli  the  iinlc  militarv 
lav.  in  their  time,  >uccc-%  in  uar  dcpcinicd  iin>rc  \>\\ 
di-eij.Kned  iMini'ier-  and  pei'-otial  valor,  and  \va-  ii"t  >o  nnieh  a  pi-ol.- 
iem  of  v,  .  '_!.•.  inatlicmatic-,  machincr\  ,  and  m«>iir\  a-  in  oisr  ilav. 
The  cxpcditioiiN  \\t-rc  lei]  l.v  a  >h'"-'iin.  or  general,  who.  if  he  com- 
manded th;''  i-i  •  .  .  I'll  a  tai-  ••';  ^'iin,  or  e-eiir]'a!i--]nio. 

The    viee-ei.ninia!rl'T-    \V  .   ]v    c.'illft]     f  11  1<  11  --1  1  o^'U  ll.         'I'llll-    it     VV  i  1  1    In-    -eel; 

that    tip'  term    "  -:,.'_'.:;       i-   IIP  r.  ;v    the  ,la|>anc-c   uoi'd    for  "  general.' 
All  ifip-i-al-  u.  :  n-.  ai  d  cve!i  llic  t  tl'<  te  ti-'inv-head  of  the  -Teat 

i'.-'.irpat  ion  at  ^  ed'  >.  vv  ii  h  w  h-  MM  '  'omniodorc   I  Vrrv  and  t  lio^e  \\\\»  tol- 
1   hi  in  mad.    '  :  •.:,•.•-.-.:•:•••-:'._•'       -       n    tin-  "  —  iilar  cmjici'or." 
^  a-  IP  >t  hiii1-:  'in  >r". 

\!  i-ti-r  ro|  •  n  in  the  t  \v.  >  r.'MiainiiiL;' 

.  la—  t  -  :  hat  e,  ,;|]d  In-  -i  ut   in  t  he  tie'.d  ,  .n  an  en  PTjvne  v  :    and  \\  hcin-vcr 

.   ':  •  •  .•        .',  and  a  militarv    •  xpftlitinii   v\a-  dcti  I'liunctl 


THE  THROVE  AND   THE  NOULES.  105 

upon,  orders  were  sent  to  the  provinces  along  the  line  of  inarch  to  be 
readv  to  obey  the  imperial  command,  and  compare  the  quota  required 
with  the  local  muster-rolls.  An  army  would  thus  be  quickly  assem- 
bled at  the  capital,  or,  starting  thence,  could  be  re-enforced  on  the 
route  to  the  rebellious  province.  All  that  \vas  necessary  were  the  or- 
ders of  the  emperor.  \\  hen  war  was  over,  the  armv  was  dissolved, 
and  the  armv  corps,  regiments,  and  companies  were  mustered  out  of 
service  into  their  units  of  combination,  f/o  of  five  men.  The  general, 
dolling  helmet,  made  his  votive  offering  to  the  gods,  and  returned  to 
garrison  duty. 

Until  about  the  twelfth  century,  the  Japanese  empire,  like  the  old 
Unman,  was  a,  centre  of  civilization  surrounded  by  barbarism,  or,  rath- 
er, like  a  wave  advancing  ever  farther  northward.  The  numerous  re- 
volts in  Kiushiu,  Shikoku,  and  even  in  the  North  and  East  of  Hondo, 
show  that  the  subjugation  of  these  provinces  was  by  no  means  com- 
plete on  their  first,  pacification.  The  Iviiantd  needed  continual  mili- 
tary care,  as  well  as  civil  government  ;  while  the  northern  provinces 
were  in  a  chronic  state  of  riot  and  disorder,  being  now  peaceful  and 
loyally  obedient,  and  anon  in  rebellion  against  the  mikado.  To  keep 
lln1  remote  provinces  in  order,  to  defend  their  boundaries,  and  to  col- 
lect tribute,  military  occupation  became  a  necessity;  and,  accordingly, 
in  each  of  the  di-tant,  provinces,  especially  those  next  to  the  frontier, 
beyond  which  were  the  still  unconquered  savages,  an  army  was  per- 
manently encamped.  This,  in  the  remote  provinces,  was  the  perma- 
nent military  force.  Throughout  the  country  was  a  reserve  militia, 
or  latent  army;  and  in  the  capital  was  the  regular  army,  con-istiiiu.' 
of  the  generals  and  "the  Six  Ouards,"  or  household  troops,  who  form- 
ed the  regular  garrii-on  of  Kioto  in  peace,  and  in  war  became,  the  nu- 
cleus of  the  army  of  chastisement. 

This  system  worked  well  at  first,  but  time  showed  its  defects,  and 
\\herein  it  could  be  improved.  Am  OHM;  that  third  of  the  population 
classed  as  soldiers,  some  naturally  proved  themselves  brave,  apt,  and 
--killful;  others  were  worthless  in  war,  while  in  the  remaining  two- 
thirds  many  who  were  able  and  willing  could  not  enter  the  army. 
About  the  end  of  the  eighth  century  a  reform  was  in-!  iiuie.j.  and  a 
new  division  of  the  people  made.  The  court  decided  that  ail  those 
ainoiiv;'  the  rich  peasants  who  had  capacity,  and  were  skille  [  in  ardi- 
erv  and  horsemanship,  should  compose  the  military  <•];!•--,  ;;:id  that  the 
remainder,  the  weak  and  feeble,  should  continue  to  tii!  the  ^>il  ;md 
apply  themselves  to  agriculture.  The  above  was  one  of  the  m<»t  .-in1- 


Tin-: 


*  /.'.i//'//,1/:. 


nitii -ant  "f  ail  l!i"  rliMii^'i -  in  tin1  hi-torv  of  Japan.  Its  fruits  arc  MTU 
t"-'lav  i;i  the  -oeiai  eoi>-t  ituti"ii  <'t  the  Japanese  people.  Though 
there  HIV  ui;in\  ela-M'-,  there  arc  luit  tuo  ^reat  di\i-ions  of  thr  Japa- 
lu-M1.  ih.'  militan  ami  the  agricultural.  It  \\  rmi^ht  the  complete  M-V- 
eranee  of  tin  -oldier  ami  the  farmer.  It  lifted  up  one  par;  "f  tin-  peo- 
|  !•'  t"  a  plane  of  lit'e  on  \\hieh  travel,  sulvi'iituiv,  the  pr<>fe— imi  ,-iinl 
tl;e  pur-nit  uf  arm-,  letters,  ami  the1  cultivation  of  honor  ami  clmalrv 

were  po--i!>!e,  ami  hy  \\  hi.-h 
that  i'ri-iite-t  tvpe  of  the 
.(apane-e  iiian,  the  mi //t  unit. 
\vas  prtiilueeil.  Tlii-  i-  tin 

cias-    \N  llieil     for    cent  Ul'ies     h;;- 

iiionopoli/.ed  ann>.  polite  learji- 
iiiu-.  patriotism,  an«l  intdleei 
of  .lapan.  They  are  the  me!i 
\\liovf  inimls  have  Keen  ever 
open  to  learn,  from  \\hoin 
sprung  tin1  'nlea-  that  oner 
inailc.  ami  \\  liich  late]'  o\  er- 

tlireW.  the  feiitlal  s\>telll.U  liieh 

\vi-oiiu'ht  the  ni'iLi'htv  reform- 
that  s\\e]>t  a\va\  tin1  shu^unatc 
in  1  Sf].<i,  re-toiv.l  the  mikado 
t'  •  an^i.-n;  po\ver.  \\  h'  <  intr'  <- 
ilueetl  thoso  idea-  that  m>\v 
rule  Japan,  and  -et;t  t  In-ir  -  'ii- 
ni'i-o.-nl  to  -t  ml  v  t  he  ci\  ilixatinii 

,,,'  ,].,,  \Ve-t.  'I'.,  the  sillUimi 
Japan  look-  t"-«la\  f-r  safety  i;;  war.  ami  proinv-s  in  peaee.  T!ie 
-amurai  i-  the  -oiil  of  the  nation.  In  other  land-  the  prie-tlv  and  the 
military  ca-te-  \\ere  formed.  In  Jap'an  one  and  the  ,-ame  ela->.  held 
the  -word  and  the  pen- — I'llnTa!  learning  and  seeiilar  culture.  '1'he 

otln-r  cla the  HLri*i''u!tural  —  remaiin-'l   unchanged.       I. eft   to  the  -..il 

to  till  it.  to  li\e  and  die  upon  it.  the  Japam-M-  farmer  ha-  reinaii'ed 
The  -anie  to-dav  a-  h--  \\a-  then.  Like  the  uheat  that  for  siicco-ivr 
;!•_'•-  i-  jilanted  ;i-  \\heat,  -pi'oiit-.  1'eanl-.  and  till-  a-  uheat.  the  pea  — 
:>]i\.  uith  hi-  hofi/on  hounded  \*\'  hi-  riee-tield-.  hi-  \vater-eoiir-es,  or 
The  tinil't-reil  hill-,  hi-  intellect  laid  auav  for  safe- keejiiliif  in  the 
O;':,'--T-'  hatid-.  i-  the  -on  of  the  -nil;  caring  little  \\\i«  rule-  him.  iin- 
-  h--  i-  Ta\«'d  l>eyojid  the  power  of  li>  -h  and  Mood  to  hear,  or  an 


THE  TllROSE  ASD   THE  XOLLEt. 


10" 


tls  of  rice  protected  fi'oiu  the  birds  by  striujrs  and  slips  ol 


overmcddlesome  officialdom  touches  his  land  to  transfer,  sell,  or  re- 
divide  it:  then  lie  rises  as  a  rel>el.  fn  time  of  war,  he  is  a  disinter- 
ested and  a  passive  spectator,  and  he  does  not  liidit.  He  ehan^v- 
masters  with  apparent  unconcern.  Amidst  all  the  ferment  of  ideas 
induced  hy  the  contact  of  \Yestcrn  civilization  with  Asiatic  within  the 
last  two  decades,  the  farmer  stolidlv  remains  conservative:  he  km>\\s 
not,  nor  cares  to  hear,  of  it,  and  hates  it  because  of  the  heavier  taxes 
it  imposes  upon  him. 

*  In  the  above  sketch  by  Ilokusai,  the  fanner,  well  advanced  in  life,  bent  an*; 
bald,  is  looking  dubiously  over  a  piece  of  newly  tilled  land,  perhaps  just  reehmn- 
i-d,  which  he  defends  from  the  birds  by  the  device  of  striuirs  holding  strips  of 
thin  wood  and  bamboo  ^retched  from  a  pole.  With  his  ever-piv>ent  bath-towel 
and  heudkerchief  on  his  shoulders,  his  ]>ipe  held  behind  him.  he  Mauds  in  nu  di- 
lative allilude,  in  his  old  ricc-stra\v  sandals,  run  down  and  out  at  the  heels,  hi- 
well-worn  cotton  coat,  darned  cros>\\ise  for  durabilitv  and  eennoiin,  v,  •  'iidi'rini;' 
whetlier  he  will  see  a  full  crop  before  he  dies,  or  whether  he  can  pay  hi-  ;axe>, 
and  lill  his  children's  mouths  with  rice.  The  writing  at  r-ide  is  a  piMv/rb  which 
has  two  ineaniiiu's  :  it  may  be  read,  "A  new  Held  irives  a  small  crop."  or  ••  llu 
man  life  is  but  fifty  year.-.'1  In  either  case,  it  has  preufiiant  MLruiiicanee  to  ihe 
farmer.  The  patho?  and  humor  are  irresistible  to  one  who  knu\\=  the  life  ot 
tlu-se  sons  of  toil. 


[i  IS  Till-:  Ml  KM)  »'^    /.M//1/ A' A". 

To  Mipport  tli-1  militarv,  a  certain  portion  of  rice  was  set  apart  per- 
manenlU  ;,-  iv\etnie.  and  <_nv.-n  a-  \\aj.v-  to  the  soldiers.  This  i>  the 
•>rLrin  of  tlie  pen-ion-  -till  eiijoved  l'\  the  samurai,  and  the  luinleii  of 
the  ( ;,<\ ,  i-ii  11  lent  and  pe,  i  pie.  \\  hid  i  in  1  <sTi>,  after  repeated  reduction.-, 
:mi"  nit-  t"  n.  ar!\  sis,iM)y,(HH>.  t 

I.  :  .-  notiei1  h"\\  the  nohle  families  originated.  To  this  hour 
the-e  -anie  familie-.  niinilierin^  one  hundred  and  tiftv-tive  in  all, 
d\\ei!  in  Tokio  or  Kioto,  inten-elv  proud  of  their  hiidi  deseeiit  from 
ihe  mikados  and  the  heaveiilv  i:'ods  <_doryiu'_r  in  their  pedigree  IIKMV 
than  the  autochthon^  of  <;  recce  gloried  in  their  native  >«il.  The  ex- 
i-teiiee  of  this  feeling  of  -n  |  ii-i'i  o'rit  \  to  all  mankind  amon^  some  of 

tile    hiu'ller-t     ofHciaU    llllder    the     pl'e-ellt     lllikadoV    U'o\  erillllelit     ha-    lieell 

tin-  eatise  of  Litter  ijiiarrel>.  leading  alnio-t  to  civil  uar.  (  nder  the 
altered  circiiinstaiKH'.s  of  the  national  life  HIKV  isd-;,  the  otlieials  of 
ancient  lineage,  either  unaMe  to  conceal,  or  de-inm-  of  iiianift'stiiiij 
their  pride  of  liirth,  ha\e  on  various  oeca-ions  stuiiLT  to  ra^v  the  ris- 
ing \"IHIL;'  men  \vho  have  n^adied  po\\cr  \>\  sheer  force  of  merit. 

1'iet  \\eeii    these    >elf-lliadc    lllell,    \\llo-e    mind-    have     lieell    expanded    liy 

contact  \\ith  the  outer  \\oi-M,  and  the  hi^h  nolile-  nui'-.il  in  the  at- 
ni"-|i!ierc  of  iiiniieiiiorial  anti'|iiity,  antl  claiming  de-cent  from  the 
-•"!-.  an  estraiiLTcnieiil  'hat  at  times  si-i-ms  irrecoiicilalilc  ha<  ^rovvn. 
A-  tin-  cha-m  hetue.'ii  the  form-  and  -pirit  of  the  pa-t  and  the  prc— 
i-nt  \\idi  n~.  a-  the  m-d"!1!!  claims  jo-tle  the  ancient  traditions.  ;i-  \iuf- 
oi'oii-  par\  eniii-m  (diallenui.'c>  etl'ete  anti'|inlv.  the  dillicullv  of  harmo- 
ni/inj.'  ih1  -1'  telideucie-  IM "oine-  apparent,  adding  another  to  the  cat- 
al  LZ'U'1  of  prol-leins  a\\aitinj.-  -ohitioii  in  Japan.  1  ha\e  heard  even 
hi-'h  ollicer-  under  the  (i.  veriiliieiit  make  the  eumplaint  I  ha\e  indi- 
cated aLi'ain-1  th.-ir  -uperior<;  hut  I  d'-uht  not  that  nati\'e  i.atieiiee 


Th"  /•";,".  or   i-Miirt    iiol'le-i.  -prunu'  from   mikad"-.      1'Vom  the  lii'-t, 

pr>ly^am\    \\a~  common  amon'j;  ln.th  aln  ,]'iL;'ine-.  and  c.ini|iiero|-~.      'I  he 

emperor  had   hi-   haivm   of  man\    heautie-   uho  -hared   hi-  couch.       In 

\''r\    a!i''ii  nt   time-,  a-   earl\    a-  .limmu.  it    \\a-   the   cu-tom    to   ehon-e 

..DC    i,  •  .man,  cal|,-d  /•'.-/'-.  \\  !io  \\  a-  \\  ife  or  en  i  p  n--  in  t  he  -en-.-  of  re- 

^    -pecial   1 1  "iio  r.  and  oj   ha\  iii'_!'  her  otT-pnn^  mo-;    li  k>-l  v  to  siic- 

ceed   io   the   t  hf.  'ii'  .       I  n   :  I "   t  ii- •   w  i  }'e,  1  h''    luikad"   had    twelve 

.,  \vli"-e  o|]  t  hr.'iie  in  ea-i-  of  failun    <  't 

, -- .;     :  '.    the  wife.      T  .  _.  ',  ii  !     • .  ]   I'm  t  h'-r  a^ain-t  de-ineiice.  f,  ,ur  fain- 

,li"-  of  imiierial  de-'i/nt   ui-i'e  afterward  -..-1    a;. art.  from  \\hich  an  heir 


THE  THJWXE  AXE   THE  NOBLES.  109 

to  the  throne  or  a  husband  of  the  mikado's  daughter  might  be  souglit. 
In  either  ease  the  chosen  one  became  mikado.  Only  those  sons, 
brothers,  or  grandsons  of  the  sovereign,  to  whom  the  title  was  spe- 
cially granted  by  patent,  were  called  princes  of  the  blood.  There 
were  rive  grades  of  these.  Surnames  were  anciently  unknown  in  Ja- 
pan ;  individuals  onlv  having  distinguishing  appellatives.  In  415, 
families  were  tirst  distinguished  by  special  names,  usually  after  those 
of  places.  Younger  sous  of  mikados  took  surnames  and  founded  ca- 
det families.  The  most  famous  in  the  Japanese  peerage  are  given 
below.  13y  long  custom  it  came  to  pass  that  each  particular  family 
held  the  monopoly  of  some  one  high  oiliee  as  its  prerogative.  The 
Nakatomi  family  was  formerly  charged  with  the  ceremonies  of  Shinto, 
and  religions  offices  became  hereditary  in  that  familv.  The  Fujiwara 
(Wistaria  meadow)  family  is  the  most  illustrious  in  all  Japan.  It  was 
founded  by  Kamatari,  who  was  regent  of  the  empire  (A.U.  645-649), 
who  was  said  to  have  been  descended  from  Ame  no  ko  vane  no 
mikoto,  the  servant  of  the  grandfather  of  Jimmu.  The  influence  of 
this  family  on  the  destinies  of  Japan,  and  the  prominent  part  it  has 
[•laved  in  historv,  will  be  fullv  seen.  At  present  ninety-live  of  the 
one  hundred  and  fifty-five  families  of  kur/t  are  of  Fujiwara  name  and 
descent.  The  office  of  Kuambaku,  or  Regent,  the  highest  to  which  a 
subject  could  attain,  was  held  l>y  members  of  this  family  exclusively. 
The  Sugawara  family,  of  which  six  families  of  ka/ji:  are  descendants, 
is  nearly  as  old  as  the  Fujiwara.  •  Its  members  have  been  noted  for 
scholaiship  and  learning,  and  as  teachers  and  lecturers  on  religion. 

The  Taira  family  was  founded  bv  Takamochi,  great  grandson  of 
the  Emperor  Kuammu  (A.D.  TS'L'— S05),  and  became  prominent  as  the 
Lrreat  military  vassals  of  the  mikado.  Uut  live  kn>je  families  claim 
descent  ['mm  the  survivors. 

The  Minamoto  family  w;;s  founded  by  Tsunemoto,  grandson  of 
the  Emperor  Seiwa  (839—880).  They  were  the  rivals  of  the  Taira. 
Seventeen  families  of  k>«j<'  are  descended  from  this  old  stock.  The 
office  of  Sei-i  Tai  Shogun,  or  Barbarian-chastising  Great  <  General.  wa> 
monopolized  by  the  Minamoto,  and,  later,  bv  other  brandies  .if  the 
stock,  named  Ashikaga  and  Toku^awa. 

Though  so  many  offices  were  created  in  the  seventh  century,  the 
k'i'ji  were  >ufficiently  numerous  to  lill  them.  The  members  of  the 
Fujiwara  family  gradually  ab>«rbed  the  majority,  until  almost  all  of 
tin/  imporiaiil  ones  at  court,  and  the  governor.-hips  of  manv  provinces, 
Mere  tilled  l>v  them.  When  vacancies  occurred,  no  <iue>tion  was 

8 


110  THK  M1KMXJ-S 

rai-ed  a-  t"  tlil-  »r  that  man's  fitness  for  the  position:  it  was  simply 
one  of  liiu'li  de-cent,  and  a  man  of  Fujiwara  Mood  was  >ure  1o  nyt  the 
appointment,  whether  lit-  had  abilities  or  not.  Tliis  fauiilv,  in  spite 
of  it-  illu-trious  name  and  deeds,  are  to  he  credited  with  the  forma- 
tion of  a  "rinu-"  around  the  mikado,  which  liis  people  could  not 
hivak.  and  with  the  creation  of  one  of  the  mo-t  accursed  systems  of 
nepotism  ever  <een  in  any  country.  I'roeeedintj  step  !>y  r-tep,  with 
•  •raft  and  signal  ability,  they  gradually  obtained  the  administration  of 
the  ^overnment  in  the  mikado'--  name.  Formerly  it  had  I-een  the 
privilege  of  every  subject  to  petition  the  sovereign.  The  Fujiwara 
mini>ter>  gradually  assuinod  the  riufht  to  open  all  such  petitions,  and 
decide  upon  them.  They  al-o  >ecured  the  appointment  of  youn^vr 
sons,  brothers,  nephew-,  and  kin-men  to  all  the  important  po-ition-. 
They  !>a-cd  their  hold  on  the  throne  itself  \>\  marrying  their  daugh- 
ter* to  the  mikado,  whose  will  wa*  tlius  lient  to  their  own  dcn^n*. 
For  centuric-  the  empres-e>  were  chiefly  of  Fujiwara  Mood.  In  thi- 
way,  lia\  in^  completely  isolated  the  sovereign,  they  liecame  the  yirtual 
rulers  of  the  country  and  the  proprietor  of  the  throne,  ami  dictated 
a-  to  u  ho  should  lie  made  emperor.  K\erv  new  otlice,  a-  ia-t  a-  cre- 
ated, was  till.-d  l.y  them.  In  the  year  *^.  the  title  of  Kuaml>aku 
(literally,  "the  liolt  in-i(le  the  u'a'c."  but  meaning  "to  represent  to 
the  mikado")  wa-  first  u-ed  and  lie-towed  on  a  Fujiwara  noMe.  The 
Kuamliakii  w;;-  the  hiudif-t  >ulije'-t  in  the  empire.  He  wa<  rcLTeiit 
<lurinuf  th'-  minority  of  the  emperor,  or  \\hen  an  empiv-s  tilh-d  ihe 

throne.      Tl tli'-e  of   Kuam'iaku,  lir-t   tilled  l>v   l-'ujiwara   Motot-une. 

Iiei-ame  hc'i-i-ditary  in  th'-  family,  thus  makiiiL:'  th'-m  all  pov.  rrfui.      In 

tini'-  the   I-'uiiwara-.  who  had  im-rea-ed  to  the  proportion-   «if  a  Li'i'eat 

j 

clan,  were  disidrd  into  ti\v  I.ran.-he-  called  tin-  Sekkt'-,  «•!'  K.-Lfent  fajn- 
ilii'-.  naini-'I  Koiioye.  l\::jo.  Nijo.  Ichijo.  and  Takadxukasa. 

So  IOIIL;'  a-  tin-  -ucci--ioii  to  tin-  throip-  wa-  -o  indelinite.  and  on 
-u.-h  a  \\iile  lia-i-.  it  wa-  ea-\  for  thi-  powerful  family  to  ehuose  the 
h''ir  w  h'  in-\  er  tin-  tliroiii-  wa-  rinpt  v.  a-  it  w  a-  in  1  heir  power  to  make 
it  emp;  v  \\  hi-n  it  -o  -uitcd  tin 'in.  l>\  c,  impel  I  in--  t  In-  mikado  to  abdicate. 

In  \.i>.  7'.' 1  the  '-apit'il  wa-  l'emo\rd  to  Kioto.  -r\'eii  miles  trom 
I.ak'-  liiwa.  and  tlp-iv  pi-rmaii'-iitl\  lo.-ated.  I'x-fore  that  time  it  wa- 
at  Kashiwabara.  at  Nara.'V;  or  at  -oine  phn-r  in  tin-  Home  l'ro\ince- 

Tl       .:..-••••:.:   N'  .      .                I            '  '    !'il  "I'''-!  iliLT  ill  .'ill  .hipnii.  ]!'•-  :il"illt 

inilr- ihli-  ea-t  nt  (  I.-     .            'i     '  '!'!.<•  town  Hllil  IH-iLTliln'rliood  ;i!niilTid 

l.ti'iuiti'--.   Iliikail'i'-    tctnl-                 .  I-  nil''!'--,  :u:d    cnld-.-a]     iliKliT''-    "f 

I-!liil.li..i.      SL-VI.-II   r-iivi/ri-i^'llr.  (jt'  wlii'Ili   fulir  «.•;-,•  t./jhuir:-.  ml:  il   a'L   N.u'ii  fr<  iln    \   I'. 


THE  THRONE  AXD    THE  NOP.LES.  Ill 

(kintti)  of  Yamato,  Yamashiro,  or  Settsu.  So  long  as  the  course  of 
empire  was  identified  with  that  <>f  a  central  military  chief,  who  was 
the  ruler  of  a  few  provinces  and  suzerain  of  tributaries,  requiring  him 
to  he  often  in  camp  or  on  the  march,  u'overnment  was  hv  the  s\\ord 
rather  than  hv  the  sceptre,  and  the  permanent  location  of  a  capi- 
tal was  unnecessary.  As  the  area  of  dominion  increased  and  hccame 
more  settled  the  o'overmnent  Business  orew  apace,  in  amount  and 
complexity,  and  division  of  lahor  was  imperative,  and  a  permanent 
capital  was  of  prime  importance.  The  choice  was  most  felicitous. 
The  ancient  city  of  Ileianjo,  seven  miles  south-west  of  the  southern 
end  of  Lake  l>iwa,  was  chosen.  The  Japanese  word  meaning  capital, 
or  laru'c  city,  is  ntiako,  of  which  kiij  or  ki<jto  is  the  Chinese  equiva- 
lent. The  name  Ileianjo  soon  fell  into  disuse,  the  people  speaking  of 
tin1  citv  as  the  miako.  Even  this  term  gave  way  in  popular  usau'e  to 
Kioto.  Miako  is  now  chiefly  used  in  poetry,  while  the  name  most 
u'Ctierally  applied  has  heen  and  is  Kioto,  the  miako  hv  excellence. 
Kioto  remained  the  capital  of  Japan  until  1SGS,  when  the  miako  was 
removed  to  Yedo,  which  citv  having  become  the  kio,  was  re-named 
Tokid,'  <.r  Eastern  capital.  The  name  Yedo  is  no  longer  in  use  amonir 
the  Japanese.  Xo  more  eligible  site  could  have  been  chosen  for  the 
purpose.  Kioto  lies  not  mathematically,  hut  geographically  and  prac- 
tically in  respect  of  the  distribution  of  population  and  habitable  area, 
in  the  centre  of  Japan.  It  is  nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  narrowest 
m-ck  of  land  between  the  Sea  of  Japan  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It 
lies  at  the  foot,  ami  stands  like  a  gate  between  the  great  mountain 
ranges,  diverging  north  and  south,  or  east  and  west.  Its  situation  at 
the  base  of  the  great  central  lake  of  T5iwa,  or  Omi,  forty  miles  from 
whose  northern  point  is  the  harbor  and  sea-port  of  Tsurtiu'a,  makes  Jt 


TIN-TS:?.  Their  reiirns  were  prosperous  and  triorious,  rind  were  distiniruishcd  for 
tin-  cultivation  of  the  arts,  literature,  and  religion.  Here,  in  711,  the  Knjiki  \va> 
written,  and  in  7K>,  by  orders  of  tin.1  imperial  court.,  sent  to  all  the  u'overnor>  of 
pro  vino'-  ;  a  bonk,  in  sixty-six  vol  nines,  drscripti  vcof  the  provinces,  cities,  mount- 
ains, river>,  valleys,  and  plains,  plants,  trees,  birds,  and  quadrupeds,  w;i-  in-^-iin, 
and  tini-hed  in  10IJ4.  Only  frumncnts  of  this  line  work  are  now  extant.  In  tl.e 
period  7US-71.">  copper  was  discovered.  In  7:i'.»,  the  colossal  uilded  copper  mi. me 
of  Buddha,  fifty-three  feet  hiirh.  was  cast  and  set  up.  .Many  envoys  tVoii;  t'hin.i, 
and  Hiiddhir-t  prie-ts  from  Siain,  India,  and  (.'tuna,  visited  N'ara,  one  uf'the  let- 
ter briim'inu'  a  library  of  live  thousand  volumes  of  Buddhi>t  literal  lire.  In  ?4',t 
it  was  forbidden  by  imperial  edict  to  slaughter  animals  in  Japan.  A  lai'ue  en|- 
leetion  of  the  pei>on:il  and  household  articles  in  the  pos>e^ion  of  the  mikados 
of  the  eighth  century  was  exhibited  at,  Nara  in  .June,  1S75,  the  inventoi-ie>  made 
at  that  ancient  period  bein.u'  accessible  for  comparison. 


11-j  T1IK   MIKADO'S  F.MriUK. 

:icccc--i!>le  to  tin-  -hip-  coming  from  the  entire  west  coast  and  from 
Ye/.>.  Dn  the  \M--t  and  east  tin-  natural  mountain  roads  and  pa— es 
slope  do\\n  and  open  to\\ard  it.  Forty  mile-  to  tin-  smith  an-  the 
^i-'-at  harl'ors  lining  the  l>av  of  O/aka,  the  liavcn  of  all  ships  from 
nortlhTti  or  southern  point-  of  the  eastern  coast.  Hasy  river  eom- 

is  ci  >miect  ( )/aka  with  Kioto. 

'I  lie  miak"  is  lieaiitiful  for  situation,  the  jov  of  the   whole   empire 
of    Japan.       The    tone    of    reverential    tenderness,   of    exulting    joy.   the 

-parking  of  the  eye-  \\it!i  \\hi.--h  Japanese  invarial'l v  speak  of  Kioto, 
\\itnes-  to  the  fact  of  its  natural  lu-atitv,  it-  sabred  and  cla--ic  as-ocia- 
ti"ii-.  and  its  place  in  the  affections  ,,f  the  people.  The  citv  stand- 
on  an  elliptical  plain  walled  in  on  all  side>  \<\  evergreen  hills  and 
mountain-,  like  the  tloor  of  a  huirc  flattened  crater  no  longer  choked 
\\ith  lava,  hut  mantled  with  (lowers.  On  the  smith  the  river  Kamo, 
and  mi  the  north,  ea-t.  and  wot,  flowing  in  crystal  clearness,  the  atllu- 
enl-  of  Kamo  curve  around  the  city,  nearlv  eiicirele  it,  uniting  at  the 
smith-west  to  form  the  Vodo  River.  Through  the  centre  and  in  sev- 
eral of  the  street-  the  i>raiiche-  of  the  river  (low,  ".'i\inc_r  a  feeling  of 
grateful  coolness  in  the  heat-  of  summer,  and  i-  the  source  of  the 
cleanliness  cliaracteristic  of  Kioto.  The  streets  run  parallel  and  cross 
;it  riirlit  aii'_rle-.  and  the  whole  plan  of  the  citv  i-  excellent.  The 
mikado's  palace  i-  -ituatcd  in  the  north -eastern  quarter.  Art  and 
nature  are  wedded  in  l>r;mty.  Th"  monotony  of  the  clean  -'(iiares 
i-  1'i-oki-n  !'V  num.  r.iii-  groves,  ti-mples.  mona-terie-.  and  eemeterie-. 
<  'n  tin-  mountain  oyerlookiiiLf  tin-  cit\  pc-ep  out  pa^fda-  and  -hrines. 
The  hill— l"pr~  l'los«.,.ni  with  Lp''H'deii-.  The  siiluirhs  are  place-  of  de- 
light and  loveliness.  The  MIL-  l.ak.-  of  i'>i\\a.  the  tt-a-plantat  ion-  of 
I  ji,  tin-  thousand  cho-i-n  re-ori>  of  pieni.-  '_;T"Up-  in  the  adjacent 
-hadx  lull-,  tli'-  I'e-ort-  for  ramlili-r-.  the  leafy  walk-  for  the  iioet,  the 
proves  for  tin-  meditative  -tudriit  or  tin-  pimi-  monk,  the  tli"U-and 
hi-torieal  and  h"!\  a--oeiatioijs  in\c-i  KiT'to  \\ith  an  interest  attaching 
to  no  other  pla'-e  in  Japan.  ll'-n-.  or  in  it-  vicinity,  hav  dwelt  for 
-e\eiit' -I'll  ceiiturie-  thf  mikado-  of  Japan. 

A-   tli'-   ehildn-n    arid  d'  I-    of  the    mikado-,    in<Tea-ed  at   t  he 

•  •apital  tin-re  ua~  fi.rni'-'l  the  matt-rial  !'-;•  classes  ,,f  noliilitv.  It  wa- 
to  th'-  int'-re-t  of  th.~«  no!.],--  to  eh,  ri-h  \\ith  pride  their  tradition- 
"f  di\ine  de-ci-nt.  'I  h'-ir  -tudied  exaltation  of  the  mikado  a-  th'-ir 
In-ad  v.a-  the  natural  T!,r  n-pe'-t  and  ilefen-nce  of  di- 

ril'iitarv   princes  ui-hiii'j1  t"   "!>tain   a::d  [ire-erve  fa\'»r   at    court 
-•r\ed  only  t,,  iii'-n-a-e  tin-  honor  of  the-e  n-l.!.--  ,.f  the  '-apilal.      The 


THE  THRONE  AND  THE  NOBLES.  113 

fealty  of  the  distant  princes  was  measured  not  only  by  their  trib- 
ute and  military  assistance,  but  by  their  close  conformity  to  the  cus- 
toms of  the  miako,  which  naturally  became  the  centre  of  learning  and 
civilization. 

Previous  to  the  era  of  Sujin,  the  observance  of  the  time  of  begin- 
ning the  new  year,  as  well  as  the  celebration  of  the  sacred  festivals  to 
the  gods,  was  not  the  same  throughout  the  provinces.  The  acceptance 
of  a  uniform  calendar  promulgated  from  the  capital  was  then,  as  now, 
a  sign  of  loyalty  of  far  greater  significance  than  would  appear  to  us 
at  first  sight.  This  was  forcibly  >hown  in  Yokohama,  as  late  as  1ST.!, 
after  the  mikado  had  abolished  the  lunar,  and  ordered  the  use  of 
the  solar,  or  Gregorian,  calendar  in  his  dominions.  The  resident  Chi- 
nese, in  an  incendiary  document,  which  was  audaciously  posted  on 
the  gates  of  the  Japanese  magistrate's  office,  denounced  the  Japanese 
for  having  thus  signified,  by  the  adoption  of  the  barbarians1  time, 
that  they  had  yielded  themselves  up  to  be  the  slaves  of  the  "foreign 
devils." 

The  mikado  has  no  familv  name.  lie  needs  none,  because  his 
dynasty  never  changes.  Being  above  ordinary  mortals,  no  name  is 
necessarv  to  distinguish  him  from  men.  lie  need  be  personally  dis- 
tinguished onlv  from  the  gods.  When  he  dies,  he  will  enter  the 
company  of  the  gods.  lie  is  deiiied  under  some  name,  with  Tenno 
(son,  or  kiiii:',  of  heaven)  ailixed.  It  was  not  proper  (until  1S7:>, 
when  the  custom  was  abrogated)  for  ordinary  people  to  pronounce 
the  name  of  the  living  mikado  aloud,  or  to  write  it  in  full  :  a  stroke 
should  be  left  out  of  each  of  the  characters. 

Previous  to  the  general  use  of  Chinese  writing,  the  mikados,  about 
fifty  in  all,  had  long  names  ending  in  "  mikoto,"  a  term  of  respect  equiv- 
alent to  u  angustness,"  and  (juite  similar  to  those  applied  to  the  u'ods. 
These  extremely  long  names,  now  so  unmanageable  to  foreign,  and 
even  to  modern  native,  tongues,  gave  place  in  popular  use  to  the  great- 
ly abbreviated  Chinese  equivalents.  A  complete  calendar  of  the  names 
of  the  gods  and  goddesses,  mikados  and  empresses  and  her.  >cs,  was 
made  out  in  Chinese  characters.  It  is  so  much  more  convenient  to 
use  these,  that  I  have  inserted  them  in  the  text,  even  though  to  do  so 
seems  in  many  au  instance  an  anachronism.  The  difference  in  learned 
length  and  thundering  sound  of  the  Japanese  and  the  <'hinese  form 
of  some  of  these  names  will  be  easily  seen  and  fullv  appreciated  after 
a  glance,  bv  the  Occidental  reader  who  is  terrified  at  the  uncouthness 
of  both,  or  who  fears  to  trust  his  vocal  organs  to  attempt  their  pro- 


]  1  j  Till:  MIK.Uto'S   KMl'lHE. 

nunciation.  Amaterasu  o  inikaini  becomes  Ten  Shu  I  >ai  Jin;  Oki- 
naira  Tarashi  Jlime  becomes  JiiiLju  Ko^o. 

.\t't>-r  tin.1  <  hincse  writing  became  fashionable,  tin-  term  mikoto 
was  dropped.  The  mikados  after  (K-ath  received  a  different  name 
from  t!i:it  u-i-il  when  li\iiiLj:  tlms  Kan  Vanuito  I \varo  hiko  no  mikoto 

became,   posthumously,  JilllllUl  Telino. 

'I'll,'  (.olden  A;j«'  '>f  tin1  mikado's  power  ceased  after  the  introduc- 
tion ,.f  IJuddliism  and  the  Chinese  system  of  otlicialdom.  The  de- 
cadence  . .f  his  personal  power  bewail,  and  >teadily  continued.  Manv 
of  the  liiu'h  inini>tei^  at  court  became  I>uddhi>ts,  a^  well  as  tin-  mi- 
k;i'lo-.  It  now  lie^nn  to  lie  a  custom  for  the  emperors  to  abdicate 
after  .-hurt  reigns  >ha\e  olT  their  hair  in  token  of  renunciation  of 
the  \\orld,  become  monks,  and  retire  from  active  life,  taking  the  title 
IIo-o  (/>»,  law  of  r.uddha;  <~>,  mikado  —  cloi-tered  emperor).  1  hiring 
the  eighth  centiirv.  \\liile  priots  were  multiplying,  and  inona-terio 
were  e\  ••v\\\  'here  bein^  established,  the  court  wa>  the  chief  propaganda. 
Tin-  ci  Mirt  ii-i's  \  ied  \\  ith  each  other  in  ho!  v  /.eal  and  >tud  v  of  the  siercd 
bonks  i>f  India,  \\hile  the  mind.-  of  the  empi'cssi's  and  liov-emperois 
\\ere  occupied  \\ith  schemes  for  the  advanocinoiit  of  Buddhism.  In 
741,  the  fivctioii  of  two  u'l'eat  temples,  and  of  a  ^even-storied  ]>ai:'oila 
in  each  pro\ince,  \\a>  ordered.  The  abdication  after  short  rei^'ii< 
made  the  mikados  mere  puppets  ,,f  the  ministers  and  courtiers.  In- 
stead "t  uarrioi's  bra\in^  di>coinforts  ot  the  camp,  leaiiiii'j;  armies  in 
liattle.  or  ti-h:in^  savages,  the  chief  rulers  of  the  empire  abdicated, 
after  short  ivi^ns.  j,,  retire  into  monasteries,  or  ^ive  themseKes  ui>  to 
license.  'I  his  e\il  state  of  all'airs  continued,  until,  in  later  centuries, 
effeminate  men,  -tei  ped  in  >en-ual  delight-,  ui-  sillv  bo\ -.  \\  ho  droned 
auav  their  lives  in  empt\  pomp  and  idle  lu\urv.  or  became  tin  tools 
of  liioiiks.  tilled  the  throne.  Meanwhile  the  administration  of  the 
empire  from  the  capital  deeliiied,  \\hile  the  intluciiec  of  the  militarv 
classic  iii'-ri  :.-'  d.  AS  the  mikado'^  actual  po\\,-r  ^\-i-\\  \\eakei1,  hi< 
nominal  importanci'  increased.  He  uas  surrounded  l>v  a  hed^'e  »f 

eti'jllette  thai    s.-eludi'd    him    from    tile    ollter  \\orld.         lie   !|e\er   appeared 

in  pulilic.  His  -uhjeets.  ,  \ecjit  his  \\ife  and  concubines  and  highest 
m'niisti  i-s.  ne\er  -a\v  his  face.  Ib  >at  on  a  throne  of  mats  behind  a 

ciirtaitl.         Hi^    fei-t     Were    UeViT    all"Ued    to    tolled    the    earth.         \\llell    lie 

\\ent  abj-oad  in  the  citv.  In  rode  in  a  car  closdv  curtained,  and  drawn 
by  bullocks.  The  relation  of  i-inpefur  and  -ubjeet  thus  i_ri'ew  mvthic- 
al.  atcl  the  wav  was  paved  tor  some  bo],]  u-urper  \»  sei/e  the  actual- 
'}•  \  of  ower,  \\hile  the  name  i-emaiiieil  >aer''d  and  m\i"late. 


THE  BEGINNING    OF  MILITARY  DOMINATION.  115 


XII. 

THE  BEGIXXTXG  OF  MILITARY  DOMINATION. 

WITH  rank,  place,  and  power  as  the  prizes,  there  were  not  want- 
ing rival  contestants  to  dispute  the  monopoly  of  the  Fujiwara.  The 
prosperity  and  domineering  pride  of  the  scions  of  this  ancient  house, 
instead  of  overawing  those  of  younger  families  that  were  forming  in 
the  capital,  served  only  as  spurs  to  their  pride  and  determination  to 
share  the  highest  gifts  of  the  sovereign.  It  may  be  easily  supposed 
that  the  Fujiwara  did  not  attain  the  summit  of  their  power  without 
the  sacriiice  of  many  a  rival  aspirant.  The  looseness  of  the  marriage 
tie.  the  intensity  of  ambition,  the  uTcatness  of  the  pri/.e — the  throne 
itself — -made  the  court  ever  the  fruitful  soil  of  intrigue,  jealousies, 
proscription,  and  even  the  use  of  poison  and  the  dagger.  The  fate 
of  many  a  noble  victim  thus  sacrificed  on  the  altars  of  jealousy  and 
revenge  forms  the  subject  of  the  most  pathetic  passages  of  the  Jap- 
anese historians  and  the  tear-compelling  scenes  of  the  romance  and 
the  drama.  The  increase  of  families  was  the  increase  of  feuds.  Ar- 
roM-;ince  and  pride  were  matched  by  craft  and  subtlety  that  finally  led 
to  quarrels  which  rent  the  nation,  to  civil  war,  and  to  the  almost  utter 
extinction  of  one  of  the  great  families. 

The  Suo-awara  were  the  most  ancient  rivals  of  the  Fujiwara.  The 
nio>t  illustrious  victim  of  court  intrigue  bearing  this  name  was  Suga- 
wara  Michizane.  This  polished  courtier,  the  Beauclerc  of  his  a^e, 
had,  by  the  force  of  his  talents  and  learning,  risen  to  the  position  of 
inner  threat  minister.  As  a  scholar,  he  ranked  among  the  hiu'he-t  of 
hi>  au'e.  At  different  periods  of  his  life  he  wrote,  or  compiled,  from 
the  oldest  records  various  histories,  some  of  which  are  still  extant. 
His  industry  and  ability  did  not,  however,  exempt  him  from  the  jeal- 
ous annoyances  of  the  Fujiwara  courtiers,  who  imbittered  his  lite  by 
poUoninn;  the  minds  of  the  emperor  and  courtiers  again-f  him.  ( >ne 
of  them,  Tokihira,  secured  an  edict  banishing  him  to  Kiii>hm.  Here, 
in  the  horrors  of  poverty  and  exile,  he  endeavored  to  get  a  petition 
to  the  mikado,  but  failed  to  do  so,  and  starved  to  death,  on  the  -!5th 


11G  Till:  MIKADO'S  F.  II VI RE. 

<l:iy  of  tlic  Second  month,  '.HI:',.  Michi/ane  is  now  known  \>\  hi- 
po>thuinous  name  of  'l'rii|in.  Man\  temples  have  l>ccn  erected  in  hi> 
honor,  and  -indent-  wor-hip  hi-  -pint,  as  tin-  patron  <i'od  of  letter> 
and  litrratmv.  ('liililivn  at  school  pray  to  him  that  they  inav  become 
:_;• i  writer-,  ami  win  siiccos  in  studv.  Some  of  his  descendants  arc 

vinir. 

\\  hen  Micliizaiit1  died,  the  Su^auara  \vcrc  no  longer  to  In-  <livadcil 
as  :i  rival  family.  Another  brood  \\civ  spriiij/nii;  up.  who  were  de- 

tincil  to  1>< me  the  mo-t  formidable  rivals  of  the  Fiijivvara.  More 

than  a  century  !>efore,  one  of  the  concubines,  or  extra  wives,  of  the 
Kmpcror  Kuaininu  had  lionii1  a  son,  \vho,  having  talents  as  well  as  im- 
perial Mood,  n.se-  to  he  head  of  the  Hoard  of  Civil  (  Mliee.  and  ma-ter 
of  court  ceremonies  —  an  oilice  similar  to  tin1  lord  hi^h  chamberlain 
of  KiiLi'land.*  To  hi>  grandson  Takamoclii  was  ^iveii  the  surname  of 
Taira  in  >s>'.) — one  hundred  and  one  year-  before  the  banishment  of 
Miehi/ane. 

The  civil  otlices  ln-iii'j;  alrcadv  monopolized  !>y  the  Fuji  warn,  the 
members  of  the  famiiv  of  Taira  earlv  >hovvcd  a  fondness  and  special 
tinie--  fur  militarv  life,  which,  with  their  experience,  made  them  most 
eliu'iMc  to  the  command>  of  military  expeditions.  The  Fiijivvara  had 
liecoini-  whollv  wedded  to  palaee  life,  and  preferred  the  ea>e  and  hix- 
urv  of  the  ci.urt  to  the  di-comfort>  of  the  camj>  and  the  dangers  of 
;hc  liattle-tield.  Hence  the  >hr»^iin>.  or  v,'eiiei'ai-,  were  invarial>lv  ap- 
pointed anioni:1  son<  of  the  Taira  <>r  tlic  Minamoto.  Imth  of  which 
familie-  1'ci-aiiie  the  militarv  va-siK  of  tin-  CI'OVMI.  \\hile  the  men 
icd  the  ;trmii  ".  fought  the  foe,  and  relumed  in  triumph,  the  mothers 
at  home  tired  the  mind-  ,.f  their  >oii>  with  the  recital  ..f  the  deeiU  ,,f 
their  father-.  Tim-  !>ivd  to  arm-,  inured  to  war,  and  living  chietlv  in 
the  camp,  a  liardv  race  of  warrior-  ^rew  up  and  formed  the  militarv" 
ca-te.  So  ]..nur  :i-  the  Taira  or  Minamoto  le;(ilers  were  content  with 
war  and  it-  L:'l"rv.  there  wa.-  no  rea-on  for  the  l-'ujiwara  to  fear  dan- 
LT'-r  from  them  a-  rival-  at  court.  Hut  in  time-  of  peace  and  inaction, 
the  mind-  of  the-.-  men  of  war  lon-j-d  1"  -hare  in  the  spoil-  of  peace; 
or,  having  MO  more  enemies  to  conquer,  their  energies  were  turned 
je-a'm-t  their  fellow-.  The  peculiar  ha-is  ..f  the  imperial  -ucce.--ioii 
"peiieil  an  e.|ually  wide  field  for  the  plav  of  female  amhition;  and 

••'•  rriiu-i-s  nl1  the  MiH.il  wri-f  i-liiriM'1  l»  the  ('..llDwiiiL:  "Hice~  :  Mini-tiT  ul' the 
:ni]"]-i,il  lii.iiM-liold.  Im-il  l,i_'!i  cluiiiilii-rliiiii,  inini-tiT  uf  war,  pn^idetit  of  the 
ei-n-iinitv.  mid  the  ^.ivrnmr-lii!'-  nl  Kmi/iiUe.  K.nl/n-:i.  :nnl  Ilitaihi.  Tip-  ;n-t.- 
i;ii  iliil'n.-  of  the  iifllci'  w,.  re.  li^wi-v  i.-r,  i"-rl'«>nii'  <l  t>y  int'-ri'ir  cillicia^. 


THE  BEGIXMXG    OF  MILITARY  DOMINATION.  117 

while  Taira  and  Minamoto  generals  lusted  after  the  high  offices  held 
liv  Fujiwara  courtiers,  Taira  and  Minamoto  ladies  aspired  to  become 
empresses,  or  at  least  imperial  concubines,  where  thev  might,  for  the 
o-lorv  of  their  family,  beard  the  dragon  of  [tower  in  his  own  den. 
Thev  had  so  far  increased  in  influence  at  court,  that  in  1008,  the. 
wife  of  the  boy-emperor,  Ichijo,  was  chosen  from  the  house  of  Mi- 
namoto. 

The  Minamoto  familv,  or,  as  the  Chinese  characters  express  the 
name,  (ienji,  was  founded  by  Tsunemoto,  the  grandson  of  Seiwa 
(859-880)  and  son  of  the  minister  of  war.  His  great-grandson  Yori- 
voslii  became  a  shou'im,  and  \\as  sent  to  fi^'ht  the  Ainos;  and  the 
half-breeds,  or  rebels  of  mixed  Ainu  and  Japanese  blood,  in  the  east 
and  extreme  north  of  Hondo.  Yoriyoshi's  son,  Yoshiiye,  followed 
his  father  in  arms,  and  was  likewise  made  a  shogun.  So  terrible  was 
Yoshiiye  in  battle  that  lie  was  called  Ilachiman  taro.  The  name  Taro 
is  o-iven  to  the  Hrst-born  son.  Ilachiman  is  the  Buddhist  form  of 
Oj'm,  the  deified  son  of  Jingti  Kogo,  and  the  patron  of  warriors,  or 
irod  of  war.  After  long  years  of  fighting,  he  completely  tramjuilized 
the  province-  of  the  Kuanto.  His  great-grandson  Yoshitomo*  became 

•;;-  The  family  name  (/'/')  precedes  tin-  personal,  or  what  we  call  the  baptismal 
or  ( 'hi-ir-tian  name.  Tims  tin:  lull  name  of  the  boy  Kotaro,  son  of  Mr.  Ota, 
would  be  Ota  Kotaro.  Family  names  nearly  always  have  a  topographical  mean- 
inu',  having  been  taken  from  names  of  streets,  villages,  districts,  rivers,  mount- 
ains, etc.  The  following  are  specimens,  taken  from  the  renter  of  my  students 
in  the  Imperial  College  in  Tokio,  many  of  whom  are  descendants  of  the  ilhi^tri- 
ous  personages  mentioned  ill  this  book,  or  in  Japane>e  lii.-tory.  The  "'real  Ijiiik 
of  the  Samurai  claim  descent  from  less  than  a  hundred  original  familie-:  1'lain- 
viilaii'e,  Crane -slope,  Hill -village,  Middle -mountain.  Mountain -foot.  Grove-en- 
trance, Hiuli-bndire,  Ka>t-river,  Kiver-jioint,  (Jardeii-moiintain,  River-meadow, 
Finc-villa-i-e,  (i  real-tree,  1'ine-well,  Shrine-promontory,  Cherry-well.  Cedar-bay, 
.Lower-field,  Stone-pine,  Front-Held,  Hamboo-brid-v,  Larnv-Maml,  TIaj>]iy-tii'hl, 
Shrine-plain,  Temple-island,  IIand-i>land,  North-village,  etc.,  etc.  It  was  not  the 
custom  to  have  u'odparcnts,  or  ntimes.ikes,  in  our  sense  of  tln'se  words.  Mid- 
dle names  were  not  <riven  or  used,  each  per>on  having  but  a  family  and  a  pen-on- 
al  name.  Neitlier  could  there  b,'  a  senior  and  junior  of  exactly  the  r-ame  name 
in  the  .-aim:  family,  as  with  us.  The  lather  usually  bestowed  on  his  son  half  of 
hi.-  name;  that  i>,  he  mave  him  one  of  the  Chinese  character.-  with  which  hi-  o\vn 
was  written.  Thus,  Voriyo>hi  named  his  Hrst-born  -on  Vo-hii\v,  ;.  ,.,  Vo-hi 
<<1<><«J)  and  iyt'  (//•///.«•  or  j',u, ,;///).  Yo-hiiyi'  had  >i\  MHIS,  named,  re-peetively, 
Y<»himun(;,  Yor-liieliika,  Yor-hikuni,  Yo>hitada.  Yo-hitoki,  and  Yo-hilaka.  The 
Taira  unities  retained  the  i/mri  in  Tadamori,  in  their  own  per-onal  names.  Fe- 
male name.-  were  borrowed  from  tho-c  of  beautiful  and  attractive  objects  or  of 
auspicious  omens,  and  were  usually  not  changed  at  marriage  «r  throughout  life. 
Males  made  use  during  life  of  a  number  of  appdlaiion-  n-ivcn  tin  m,  or  attuned 
on  the  occa-ion.-  of  birth,  reaching-  adult  age,  ollicial  promotion,  change  of  life; 


tii'  •_;•]•• -at  i  -t  rival  "f  tin-  Taira,  an«l  the  father  . .f  Yoritonio,  one  <>f  tin- 
;t!'lr-t  IIP -n  in  .la|i;uii •-!•  ln-torv.  Tin-  star  of  Minuinutu  was  in  the 
a.-ci  :  : 

M,  •;!.',•.(.  M'  tin-  Taint  .-lin^uns  \\h"  hail  tin-  military  over-iu'ht  of 
tin-  Smith  anil  \\V-t.  achieved  a  -ucce--ion  of  brilliant  victories  As 
i  f<ir  hi-  MT\  icr-,  the  court  l>e-t"\\(d  the  i-lainl  of  T-ii^hiinri 
mi  Ta'iaiiiori.  'he  heail  of  the  hon>r.  It  beiim'  a  time  of  peace.  Ta- 
.l.iiii"!!  canie  to  Kioto  to  live,  ami  \\liilr  \\\  court  hail  a  linixnit  with 
one  of  tin-  palace  lailv  attendants,  whom  he  afterward  married.  The 
friiit  of  thi-  union  \\a-  a  >on.  \\  h<>  ^re\\  to  lie  a  man  of  >t<>ut  physiijr.e 
Li:  liovhuod  he  ^-;i\e  equal  indication^  of  hi-  future  u'lvatiie.--  and  hi- 


fiiture  arrogance.  !!,•  \\nre  imu-nalK  hin'li  do^: — the  Jajiancso  eijiiiv- 
aii-hl  ("•,[••  riding  a  hiu'li  ho]'-e."  Ili-  fellou-  ^a\'e  the  -ti'iiUitii;'  roi-t- 
fi-'-r  lip-  ni'-knanie  ..f  k>,l<<l<i  ("hi^'h  d"^-").  Dein--  the  ^,\\  (,f  ;i 
-oldiiT.  In-  h;id  ;i!ii;ndalit  ojijioft unit \  t"  di-]i!a\'  hi-  \alor.  At  thi* 


if  dli  ai'(  mint  c|'-!  •  •      -.'  -.  •  ••••'.•    .   :;  I;  ;..:.•-'  '  v\  .  :,irl  :,  t'li-;'  dr;  it  li.       Thi-  ell- - 

^li.    i-    ,  ....,,,      .,  ,.  _    ,A  .,,  .,|. ,,];.],,  ,|  ;n   is;-.-       (  >r\. 

-n  .1  -li'."Ti»r  r>-\\ .  '                                               .;i  Mm  ;i  m-'-v  IKIIIH-.  m-  !-v  a!- 

-•'.''_   him  t' i  in  iii    nf  tlii    - ;                     |'i-i'--cd  vividly  tn  tlii-  i-yi-  hy  u 

'             '    '  I  '      •      -    i.i-\  '•]'    1  !,'•    ' -U-1  "111    ;  • '    li;iliic 

''':',  li'-ri  '••-.      !•'•  li'iip  rl  \  ih'1  'j:<  a- 

'  •       :.''••  :     \\  I           \1              i             i        l"iii"   ini'ini.-  YI  'i'i!1  'Pi'  i  '  't' 

•     M              In   I           •  In    1^7'J,  1                                          ,i  ln%M-d    In   li;ivf   lamily   a- 

.  .  h'.llu;   l.alJ.1  -. 


THE  liEGiyXIXG    OF  MILITARY  D01IIXATIOX.  HO 

time  the  seas  swarmed  with  pirates,  who  ravaged  the  coasts  and  were 
the  scourge  of  Corea  as  well  as  Japan.  Kiyomori,  a  boy  full  of  tire 
and  energy,  thirsting  for  fame,  asked  to  be  sent  against  the  pirates. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  cruised  in  the  Sea  of  lyo,  or  the  Suwo 
Xada,  which  is  part  of  the  Inland  Sea,  a  >heet  of  water  extremelv 
beautiful  in  it:-clf,  and  worth;/,  in  a  high  degree,  to  be  called  the 
Mediterranean  of  Japan.  \\  hile  on  shipboard,  he  made  himself  a 
name  by  attacking  and  capturing  a  ship  full  of  th"  most  desperate 
villains,  and  by  destroying  their  lurking-place.  His  earlv  manhood 
was  spent  alternately  in  the  capital  and  in  service  in  the  South.  In 
115:5,  at  the  age  of  thirty-six,  he  succeeded  his  father  as  minister  of 
justice.  The  two  families  of  Minamoto  and  Taira,  who  had  together 
emerged  from  comparative  obscuritv  to  fame,  place,  and  honor,  had 
dwelt  peacefully  together  in  Kioto,  or  had  been  friendlv  rivals  as  sol- 
diers in  a  common  cause  on  distant  battle-fields,  until  the  year  115ft. 
from  which  time  they  became  implacable  enemies.  In  that  year  the 
first  battle  was  fought  between  the  adherents  of  two  rival  claimants 
of  the  throne.  The  Taira  party  was  successful,  and  obtained  posse— 
sion  of  the  imperial  palace,  which  x'ave  them  the  supreme  advantage 
and  prestige  which  have  ever  since  been  possessed  by  the  leader  or 
partv  in  whose  hands  the  mikado  is.  The  whole  administration  of 
the  empire  was  now  at  Kiyomori' s  disposal.  The  emperor,  \\lio  thus 
owed  his  elevation  to  the  Taira,  made  them  the  executors  of  his  poli- 
cy. This  was  the  bou'inning  of  the  domination  of  the  military  da--e- 
that  lasted  until  1808.  The  ambition  of  Kivomori  was  now  not  onlv 
to  advance  himself  to  the  highest  position  possible  for  a  subject  t« 
occupy,  but  also  to  raise  the  influence  and  power  of  his  family  to  the 
hix'h"st  pitch.  He  further  determined  to  exterminate  the  only  rivals 
whom  he  feared  —  the  Minamoto.  Not  content  with  exercising  the 
militai'v  power,  he  tilled  the  oilices  at  court  \\ith  his  own  relative-, 
carrvinx'  the  p"licy  of  nepotism  to  a  point  etjiial  to  that  of  hi-  rivals, 
the  Fujiwara.  In  1107,  at  the  ax'e  of  fifty  years,  having,  by  his  ener- 
gy and  ciinninx',  made  himself  the  military  chief  of  the  empire,  ha\- 
inx'  crii>hed  not  only  the  enemies  of  the  imperial  court,  but  al-o  hi> 
own.  and  having  tremendous  influence  with  the  emperor  and  c.>urt, 
he  received  the  appointment  of  I  >ai  Jo  l>ai  Jin. 

KiyMinori  was  thus,  virtually,  the  ruler  of  Japan.  In  all  hi-  meas- 
ures he  was  a>sisted,  if  not  often  in-fixated  to  nrix'inate  them  b\  the 
ex-emperor,  Go -Shirakawa,  \\lio  ascended  the  throne  in  ll'if't.  and 
abdicated  in  1159,  but  was  the  chief  manager  of  ail'air-  dnrinx'  the 


|_M,  Till:  M I  K.I  f JO'S  EMPIRE. 

reigns  of  hi-  son  nii'l  two  <;randst>ns.  This  mikado  \\as  a  very  im- 
moral plan,  and  the  evident  iva-on  of  hi-  resi^nin^-  \\as  that  tic  mi^ht 
al-aiidoii  hii.i-clf  to  ilcliauclkTy,  and  wield  cvi.'ii  limn-  actual  power 
than  uln-ii  on  the  throne.  In  1  100,  In.-  abdicated,  shaved  otT  hi-  liaii-, 
and  t,,ok  the  title  of  Ilo-o,  or  "cloistered  emperor,"  and  Kecanie  a 
|!  \\\A  monk,  ]irofi>-in^'  to  retire  from  the  world.  In  indu-triou- 
M'clu-ioii,  he  granted  the  ranks  and  titles  created  l>y  hi-  predeces-,  r 
in  la\i-li  profusion.  He  thus  c'.\erci-ed,  as  a  monk,  even  more  intlu- 
eiice  than  \vhcii  in  actual  otlice.  The  head  of  the  Taira  hesitated  not 
t  ,  u-c  all  the-e  rewards  for  his  own  and  his  familv's  private  end-. 


others    \\ho    had   d"iic    no    ^rcat    service-    for   court    or    emperor   had 

held    hi-ll    -flices,    h,     whn     had    doMe    -o    ,,,„,],    -h,,Uld    -ct    all     he    Could. 

Finallv.  iieithi  r  court  iinr  I'liipei'nr  could  control  him.  and  he  hani-ln-d 
/•»//'.  and  e\e!i  nio\i-d  tip'  c:ipital  aiid  court  at  hi-  [ilca-urc.  In 
Ihi-,  tin-  jM.uej'  of  tin-  Taira  famih  \\a-  j-ai^ainoiiiit .  Si\tv  men  of 
t!ic  hoii-c  lii-ld  hi-'li  ulliccs  ;,t  .-oiirt.  and  the  land-  from  which  they 

.-Ilio\eil    feVelUle    e\t.lid'd    o\  e]'    thift\     p|-o\'i  lices.         TlleV    had    -plelldid 

palae.--  iii  Kioto  and  at  I'likuwara.  \\hen-  t!ie  iiiod'-rn  treat  v-port  of 
llir,_r,,  n,,\v  stand-  i'vr]ookii|._.-  ti,,  sj,!,.ndid  -i-ciicrv  of  the  Inland  Sea. 
Hesitating  at  nothing  that  \\ould  add  to  hi-  ^lorv  oj-  po\\er.  K'ivo- 
niori.  in  1  1  7  1 .  imitatinir  hi-  pivd'-e. •--.  .r-.  made  hi-  daughter  tin-  coii- 


THE  BEGINNING   OF  MILITARY  DOMINATION. 


121 


cnbine,  and  afterward  the  wife,  of  the  Emperor  Takaktira,  a  boy  eleven 
years  old.  Of  his  children  one  was  now  empress,  and  his  two  sons 
were  generals  of  highest  rank.  His  cup  of  power  was  full. 

The  fortunes  of  the  Kujiwara  and  Minamoto  were  under  hopeless 
eclipse,  the  former  having  no  military  power,  the  latter  being  scat- 
tered in  exile.  Yoshitoino,  his  rival,  had  been  killed,  while  in  his  bath, 
bv  Osada,  his  own  traitorous  retainer,  who  was  bribed  bv  Kiyomori  to 
do  the  deed.  The  head  of  Yoshitomo's  eldest  son  had  fallen  under 
the  sword  at  Kioto,  and  his  younger  sons — the  last  of  the  Minamoto, 
as  lie  supposed — were  in  banishment,  or  immured  in  monasteries. 


The  most  famous  archer,  Minamoto  Tametomo,  took  pail  in  many 
of  the  struggles  of  the  two  rival  families.  His  great  strength,  equal 
to  that  of  many  men  (fifty,  according  to  the  legends),  and  the  1'aet 
that  his  right  arm  was  shorter  than  his  left,  enabled  him  to  drau  a 
how  which  four  ordinary  warriors  could  not  bend,  and  send  a  shaft 
live  feet  IOIIL;'.  with  enormous  bolt-head.  The  court,  influenced  hv 
the  Taira,  banished  him,  in  a  cage,  to  Td/u  (after  cutting  the  muscles 
of  hi>  arm),  under  a  guard.  lie  escaped,  and  lied  to  the  inland.-  oi 
()>hima  and  Ilachijo,  and  the  chain  south  of  the  Hav  of  Yedo.  His 
•inn  having  healed,  lie  ruled  over  the  people,  ordering  them  not  to 
semi  tribute  to  Id/.u  or  Kioto.  A  fleet  of  boat>  wa-  -cut  again-t 
him.  Tametomo.  on  the  strand  of  Osliima,  sped  a  shaft  at  one  oi  the 


IL'_>  Till'   .l///vM/;T.V   L'UPIItF. 

approaching  \e-.-e!-  that  pierced  tin-  thin  <fiimvale  and  sunk  it.  lie 
then,  afti  r  a  -}[<>u\  of  defiance,  shut  him-elf  up.  set  the  hou-e  on  fire, 
and  kill. -'I  him-  If.  Another  account  declares  that  he  tied  1"  the  [.in 
Kiu  I-land-,  ruled  over  tin-in,  and  founded  the  familv  of  Liu  Kiu 
'•'•_.  IILT  the  father  df  Siinten.  the  fir-t  hi-t<  ,ri.-al  ruler  of  thi- 
!_<Toup  of  i-hmd-.  A  jiietinv  of  tins  douLditv  \varrior  has  I,,-,  n  eho-eii 
rn  the  -.Teenliaek  currency  of  the  Lank-  of  modern  Japan. 

"  \Voe  unto  ihce,  ()  land,  \\hen  thv  kini;'  i-  a  child!"  The  mika- 
<!"-''••'  clii!-in_r  the  Taira  period  \\ere  nearlv  all  children.  To!, a  lie^an 
fo  ivj-ii  at  .-i\,  abdicating  at  seventeen  in  liehalf  of  his  -on  Shiutoku. 
four  years  old  ;  \\hoat  twenty-four  iv-i^ned  in  fa\orof  Konovt'-,  then 
four  \car-  old.  The  latter  died  at  the  a-v  of  sixteen,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded l-\  <  io-Shirakawa.  \\lio  al«dicated  after  three  years  in  favor  <•(' 
Nijo.  -ixterii  years  old.  who  died  after  -i\  years,  \\hi-n  Rokujfi.  one 
vear  old.  succeeded.  After  three  vears,  Takakura.  ei^'ht  \vars  old, 
ruled  thirteen  year-,  iv>iu'ninn'  to  Antoku.  then  three  year-  of  a-v. 
It  i-  ea-ily  seen  that  the  real  power  lav  not  with  these  Imvs  and  l>a- 
liies,  l.ut  \\ith  the  auu'ii-t  wire-iniller-  In'hind  the  throne. 

The  /A//-/  .Mmmi/iilnri.  or  the"  Hi-t"ri<-  Koinaiice  of  the  Taira."  i- 
oiie  of  the  nio-t  popular  of  the  inanv  e!a— ic  work-  of  fiction  read  !'\ 
all  cla— e-  of  people  in  Japan.  In  thi-  liook  the  chief  e\ent-  in  the 
live-,  and  even  the  manner-  and  per-onal  appearance,  of  the  principal 
actor-  of  the  time-  of  tin'  Taira  are  M-CII,  so  that  the\-  liecoine  m»iv 
than  -hadow-  of  name-,  and  seem  to  li\e  I'ef.'i'e  n-.  men  of  ve-terdav. 
The  term-  II.  :!<('•  aii'i  ( '.'iiji.  though  (  'hi;;,  -i  forms  ,  ,f  the  naim  -  Taira 
aiid  Minamot.'.  were,  fi'oin  their  l>iv\  it\ ,  popularlv  u-eil  in  prefi  reiicc 

•    c  pure  native,  hut  longer,  form-  of   I'aira  and  Minainoio. 

1'  .  •           '     •                nf  I  n  ilinln^ical  li-t   et  t  In-  ~d\-,  r- 

.  i.'ll-  (if  .1  i]  .in   i-   i  ••         .  hi-               '                          '    _'.\  ell   ill  tin-  .V.7/-I   /,'.;,.' 

I:  n  >/,,     \        :.  ;:  •     '  •  :  -;  lli-tury  i,  T..ki<i    !-!  !     :i  1  ix.U  fnn'i  whicli  I  li;i\.- 

df:i\\ii!                    i-  \M-rU.  'I            '    •   nf  ilie'n-  re;--n-,  in  t'-nn.- of  tin-  (irr^nrijin 

i.el'ii'!.'.                '           •  '' .   rnnu  a  cuiniiiini'ivi-  ;iiui;iii;ic  (if  C'liiiioi',  ,I;iii;iiii->,-. 

unit  \V     '  .  \V!KI  t.riiiLT-  'I'  '^  n  tlii- 

111  \  ;,!:i;i '   '.•    (  :    '    '      '     .  I  I    >  t  ll>-  t  l.in  I  .  !;l  \   <  if  !  ]  ir  TsVcltt  li  Ill<  in  t  h  f  >t   Me]  ji 

i  .I,i in;;. f.   I  -!,  !-1  1  .  •  •  '  .      .  •        iid:ir  u  ti-  a<l<i]'t<-il  ill  .T:i;.;m. 

"i'li.-  \  r  '  .    :     .    '•••  i  .  k-    if  c\:icl  MC-*.     'I'!,,    n.iiii'  -  iu 

:     ,  —    p  _'.•!!•.-  '  I    h;i\  •     p'lt    tin-   hainu  ..f 

'      _   .    K..-.I  ill   li  '         It'i'i   A    '-.    -    **!„  iluc-  MM!   liilmil    it,  -In-  ]i;ivi!i4 

:.\  in\  i-lii  HIT  \\  iiii  t).-'  iv_.;ili;i 

•\.      In  -I-M  .  f  tin1  ivL'M   «ar-  Ic--  tli, 111  a  \.-.u. 

:         live  ••  f.ii-i    i  t:i  ::•..;•-.";         '  '  '       •       ,         .  'iniiti  .]    !V.  -in   thi-   li-'  - 

i.-   lit!        ,  ill,     i;,;K,;d< '-  wuv  uj'.ithr' >-iz>.d  un-  I,,  re 


THE  BEGINNING    OF  MILITARY  DOMINATION. 


1:1  YUM,  though  thrir  living  name?,  and  those  of  their  parents,  are  printed  in  the 
Nihnn  Riyuku  >/'«'.  Ineludiiii;'  Jin^u,  there  were  l'2'.j  sovereigns.  Tlie  average 
lenirth  ot  the  reigns  of  \'i:l  was  nearly  twenty-one  years.  There  lias  been  hut  one 
dynasty  in  Japan.  In  comparison,  the  present  emperor  of  China  is,  the  ~~od,  and 
the  dynasty  the  -':.!(!  or  :>4th. 

CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  JAPANESE  EMPEROKS. 

ntc  of  Ri-ign.  | 


llratll. 


510-477 

475-:: »:; 

I] 


00.     Kuasail 41 

07.      Idii.K> 32 

Os.     Saujf, 4:! 

09.     Uo-Idlijo 29 

70.  Go-Sliiijaku 37 

71.  (to-Kei7.fi 44 

72.  Gd-Saiijf, 40 

73.  Shiraka  vva 77 

IIoi  ikawa 29 

Toba 55 

Shiutdku  ...            .  40 


7 : 


400-405 
400-411 
412-453 
454  450 
457-479 


Btiret.su......  57 

Keilai >>2 

Ankan 70              551  5;;.j 

Sr-nkua 73              530  5:19 

Kiimiu'i . ..  03              540-571 


80. 


KdlHiVV 

Go-Shinikawa. .. 

N'j" 

1,'dkujr, 

SI.  Takakura 

s-2.  Aiiti.ku 

S3.  Gotoba 

s4.  Tsuchiinikadd  . . 

^5.  .luntdkil 

ISO.  Chitikio 

,s7.  (io-llorikawa. .  . 
8S.  Shi  jr,... 


029-041 
042-044 
645-654 
055-001 


Bulatsu  . . . .         4S  572-5s5    ll      !     9ii.      l-'ushiini 

94.  Gd-Fiishiini 

95.  (io-Nijo 

96.  1  lana/.diio 

97.  (id-DaiL'd 

9S.  (Jd-Mui'akanii...  . 

99.     Chukci 

loo.  Gd-Kaiiii'-yama. .. 

lul.     (fd-Kdinat^u 

102.  Sllnko 

103.  (Jd-Jlaiia/diid 

Iu4.  Go-Tsuchimikadi 

Ki5.  (;<)  Kashiwara    .. 

lnO.     (Jd-Nara 

1o7.     i  ikiniarhi 

lo9.     (idiniwo 


Till:  MIKADO'S  EMPlliE. 


XIII. 

Y01UTOMO  A\l>    Till-:  MIXAMOTO   FAMILY. 

NKXT  tn  port  raving  tin1  beauties  of  nature,  there  is  no  class  of  sub- 
ject- in  \\liidi  the  native  artists  delight  more  than  in  the  historical 
events  related  in  their  elassies.  Amon^  these  there  are  none  treated 
\\ith  inoiT  frequency  and  spirit  than  the  ili^ht  of  Yo-hitomo's  coiieii- 
1'ine,  Tokivva,  after  the  death  of  her  lord  at  the  hands  of  bribed  trai- 
tors. After  the  fi'_rht  \\ith  the  Taira  in  Kioto,  in  ll.V.t,  he  tied  east- 
\\ard,  and  was  killed  in  a  lath-room  hv  three  hired  assassins  at  I't- 
sumi,  in  (  '\\ari.  Tokiwa  was  a  yoim^  peasant -irirl  of  Hirpassine;  beau- 
tv.  uhoin  Yo-hitomo  had  made  his  coiiculiine,  and  who  bore  him  three 
children.  She  tied,  to  e-cape  the  minions  of  Taira.  Her  flijjlil  wa- 
in  winter,  and  -now  lav  on  the  ground.  She  knew  neither  where  to 
c.-o  imr  how  to  >ul»i^t  :  1'iit.  ela-pinu-  her  halie  to  her  liosom,  her  two 
little  son-  on  her  riidit,  mie  holdinu;  hi-  iiiothiT's  hand,  the  other  car- 
rying hi-  father'-  -\\  "id,  trudged  on.  That  Kahc  at  her  l>reast  was 
Vo-hit-nm' — a  name  that  awakens  in  the  l'iva>1  of  a  Japanese  youth 
eiiicitii'ii-  that  kindle  hi-  enthusiasm  \«  emulate  a  character  that  was 
tin-  miiTi'i1  of  chixalroiis  \aloj-  and  knin'htlv  condiii-t,  and  that  saddens 
him  at  the  thought  of  one  who  MilTeivd  cruel  death  at  the  hands  of 
a  jealoti-  lirntln  r.  ^'M-hit-uni'',  the  xounnv-t  son  of  Vo-hitoino,  li\cs, 
and  will  live.  injiii'>rtal  in  the  mind-  of  Jajianese  \oiith  a-  the  Havard 
<>f  Japan. 

l\i\  <>iii<>n,  int«\icat(  d  with  success,  conceived  the  plan  of  extermi- 
ualinu'  the  Minaiii''!,  P  familv  r<><>\  and  l>ranch.  Not  knovfiiii;'  where 
Tokiwa  and  h.-r  ehildi^n  had  tl.-d.  he  sei/ed  her  mother,  and  had  her 
Ipfppnu'ht  to  Kioto.  In  Japan,  a-  in  <'hina.  filial  pietv  i-  the  highest 
dutv  of  man,  filial  atfection  the  .-troii^v-l  tie.  Kivomori  well  knew 
tiiat  Tokiwa'-  -eii-c  of  a  daughter's  dut\  wmild  prevail  over  that  of 
a  mother's  love  or  woinanlv  fear.  lie  expected  Tokiwa  to  come  to 
Kioto  to  save  her  mother. 

Meanwhile  the  dau_:lii>r.  nearh  fro/i-n  and  half  -tarvcd.  was  met  in 
her  tliirht  \<\  a  Taira  -oldier,  who.  pit  \iu.j;  her  and  her  children,  gave 


YOltlTOMO  AX1)   THE  JIIXAMOTO  FAMILY.  125 

her  shelter,  ;nnl  fed  her  with  his  own  rations.  Tokiwa  heard  of  her 
inotlier's  durance  at  Kioto.  Then  came  the  stru^u'le  between  mater- 
nal and  filial  love.  To  enter  the  palace  would  he  the  salvation  of  her 
mother,  'nit  the  death  of  her  children.  What  should  she  do?  Her 
wit  showed  her  the  way  of  escape.  Her  resolution  was  taken  to  OY> 
to  the  capital,  and  trust  to  her  beautv  to  melt  the.  heart  of  Kiyomori. 
Thus  she  would  save  her  mother  and  the  lives  of  her  sons. 

Her  success  was  complete.  Appearing  in  the  presence  of  the 
dreaded  encmv  of  her  children,  Kiyomori  was  dazed  hy  her  heauty, 
and  wi-hed  to  make  her  his  concubine.  At  first  she  utterly  refused; 
hut  her  mother,  weeping  floods  of  tears,  represented  to  her  the  mis- 
ery <>f  disohedience,  and  the  happiness  in  store  for  her,  and  Tokiwa 
was  obliged  to  yield.  She  consented  on  condition  (.if  his  sparing  her 
offspring. 

Kiyoinori's  retainers  insisted  that  these  youivj,"  Minamotos  should 
he  put  to  death;  hut  hy  the  pleadings  of  the  heautiful  mother,  hacked 
b\  the  intercession  of  Kiyoinori's  aunt,  their  lives  were  spared.  The 
halie  u'rew  to  he  a  healthy,  rosy-cheeked  hoy,  small  in  stature,  with  a 
ruddy  face  and  slightly  protruding;  teeth.  In  spirit  lie  was  fiery  and 
impetuous.  All  three  of  the  hoys,  when  ii'rown,  were  sent  to  a  monas- 
tery near  Kioto,  to  he  made  priests:  their  line  hlack  hair  was  shaved, 
ami  they  put  on  the  rohes  of  Buddhist  neophytes.  Two  of  them  re- 
mained so,  hut  Yosliitsune  ^ave  little  promise  of  becoming  a  u'rave 
and  reverend  bonze,  who  would  honor  his  crape,  and  inspire  respect 
hy  his  hald  crown  and  embroiderer!  collar.  He  refused  to  have  his 
hair  shaved  off,  and  in  the  monastery  was  invpressihly  merry,  lively, 
and  self-willed.  The  task  of  mana^in^  this  youn<_>;  ox  (I'shi-waka,  he 
\va<  then  called)  pive  the  holy  hrethren  much  trotihle,  and  ^-really 
scandalize.d  their  re\'erences.  Yoshitsune,  chafing  at  his  dull  life, 
and  loii'2'inn'  to  take  part  in  a  more1  active  one,  and  especially  in  tin- 
wars  in  the  Xorth,  of  which  he  could  not  hut  hear,  determined  to  es- 
cape. How  to  do  it  was  the  question. 

Aiiiono-  the  out-ide  lav-folk  who  visited  the  monastery  for  trad" 
or  hii-iness  was  an  iron-merchant,  who  made  frequent  journeys  from 
Kioto  to  the  north  of  Hondo.  In  those  days,  as  now,  the  mine-;  of 


implements.  This  iron,  heinu'  smelted  from  the  ii!,T.rn<  ti>'  o\- 
id«'  and  reduced  hy  the  u-e  of  ehan-oal  as  fuel,  ifavo  a  steel  of  singular 
puritv  and  teiii[u-r  which  ha-  never  heeii  rivaled  in  modrr':  time-. 

Yosliitsune  he^u'ed  the  merchant  to  take  him   lo    Mat-u.        Ih-.  he- 

9 


!•_'»;  'I ill-:  MIKADO'S   I'.Ml'lRK. 

ii!^-  afraid  of  offending  tin'  priest,  would  not  at  fir>t  consent.  Yo-hi- 
t-mie  per-uadcd  liiiu  \>\  saving  that  the  prie-ts  \vould  he  onlv  too 
i_dad  :  •  I'c  rid  of  -ndi  a  troultk'soiiH-  }«>\'.  The  point  \\a>  \\ou,  ami 
^  \\.-nt  o!f.  The  l>o\'-  -urmi-e-  weiv  correct.  The  priest 

it  e\c,  Ili-iit  riddance  to  verv  had  ruM'i-li. 

\^  liile  in  tin-  Ka-t,  they  -topped  soiiu-  time  in  Kadzu-a,  then  infe-t- 
,  I'ohl'crs.  Ildv  Yo-liitsnm'1  u'ave  signal  proof  of  hi-  niettJe. 
Am-iii:  other  exploit-,  he.  ,,u  om-  occasion,  single -handed  and  un- 
armed, -ei/ed  a  hold  roliln-r.  and,  on  another,  a--i-ted  a  rich  man  to 
defend  hi-  hoii-c,  killini;'  live  of  the  rutlian-  \\ith  hi-  own  hand. 
Yori-hi^t'-,  hi-  companion  and  liosoin -friend,  he^vd  him  not  to  in- 
dnlu'e  in  any  nnnece— arv  displays  of  courage,  le-t  the  Taira  would 
-lii'ely  ln-av  of  him,  and  know  he  wa-  a  Minaiimto,  and  -o  dc-trov  him. 
Tliev  tinally  readied  their  destination,  and  ^'o-hit-ll!n'•  \\a-  taken  to 
live  \\ith  I  lidrhira,  a  nolileinan  of  the  Fuji  warn,  \\lio  \sa-  prince  of 

Mlit-ll,  Ilel'e  he  <_;TeW  to  lliailllood,  spelidin^  hi-  time  ino-t  c.iii^e- 
nially.  in  the  dia.-e,  in  manly  sport-,  and  in  military  i-xerdx-s.  At  the 
;i_;e  of  t  \\  etitv-oiie,  he  had  won  a  ivjiutation  a-  a  soldier  of  pecrle-- 
valoi'  and  coii-ummate  -kill,  and  the  exponent  of  the  |oftir-t  code  of 
Jajiaiie-e  rliivalry.  He  l»ecame  to  ^'oritojini.  hi-  l>rother,  a-  Ncv  to 
Najiolcoii.  Nor  can  the  -pleiidor  of  the  mar-dial's  emirate  oiit-hine 
that  of  the  youiiLT -lapane-e  -ho^un's. 

^  oritomo,  the  tliii1'!  -"ii  of  Yo-hitoino.  \\a-  horn  in  the  year  1  1  hi. 
and  ronsei|Ui'iitlv  ua-  twelve  \ "car-  old  \\lien  hi-  hrother  Yo-liit-nni'1 
ua-  a  I'aKv.  Aft- r  the  defeat  of  hi-  father,  lie,  in  the  retreat.  \\a- 
M-parated  ti'-'in  hi-  companion-,  and  tinallv  tell  into  the  hand-  of  a 
Taira  olh'.vr.  (  >n  hi-  wav  thl'ou^'h  a  \illa---  called  Awohaka.  in  <  (nil.  a 
uiri.  the  child  of  the  daughter  of  the  head-man  uhom  ^"o-hitol||o  had 
olice  lo\ed.  lieai-iiiLi1  'hi-,  -aid.  "  I  \\ill  foi'ou  my  1'Tother  aii'l  die  \\ith 
hin i."  I  I-T  pe-'pli-  -toppeil  h.-r  a-  she  wax  al tout  to  follow  "\'o-hilomo. 
}<}\\  -he  afterward  u«nt  out  alone  and  drilled  lier-elf.  Tin  Taii'a 
•  •flicer  !iror,ifht  hi-  pi1!/--  to  Kioto,  \\ln-n-  hi-  execution  ua-  ordered, 
and  t!ie  .|a\  tix>-d:  1'iit  then-,  a^'ain.  w-'inan'-  tend-'i1  In-art  and  -uppli- 
cation-  -a'  d-'-tined  f-r  LTi'eatel'  thin-'-.  The  hoy'- 

caj.tor  had  a-ke.l   him   if  In-   v.  ;,.  live.       He  an-weivd,  "  Ye- : 

hoth    mv   father  and   ho-tinT  are  di  ad  :    \\!n>  hut    I   can  ]<v,\\    \'»r  tln-ir 
!;-ip]iiiie—  in  th"  iie\t  \\orld  '."      Mr  ,    '    \>\   thi-  filial  an-wer.  the  ojlic.-r 
to  Kiyoniori'f  -t'-p-iip '"!:•!.  uho  \\a-  a  I'>ud-lhi-t  nun.  lia\ini:'  IM-- 
~o  after  tin-  d'-ath   of  her  Im-hand.  'I'adaiiiori.       I  J<-e,  .niiic.:'  inler- 


YORITOMO  AXD   THE  MIXAMOTO  FAMILY.  li'7 

memory  were  unlocked  when  the  officer  said,  "  Yoritomo  resembles 
I'rim.v  Uma."  She  had  borne  one  son  of  great  promise,  on  whom 
she  had  lavished  her  affection,  and  who  had  been  named  I'ma.  The 
mother's  bosom  heaved  tinder  the  robes  of  the  nun,  and,  pitying  Yori- 
tomo,  she  resolved  to  entreat  Kivomori  to  spare  him.  After  import- 
unate pleadings,  the  reluctant  sgn  yielded  to  his  mother's  prayer,  but 
condemned  the  youth  to  distant  exile — a  punishment  one  degree  less 
than  death,  and  Yoritomo  was  banished  to  the  province  of  Idzu.  lie 
was  advised  by  his  former  retainers  to  shave  off  his  hair,  enter  a  mon- 
astery, and  become  a  priest;  but  Morinaga,  one  of  his  faithful  serv- 
ants, advised  him  to  keep  his  hair,  and  with  a  brave  heart  await  the 
future.  Even  the  few  that  still  called  themselves  vassals  of  Mhiamoto 
did  not  dare  to  hold  any  communication  with  him,  as  he  was  under 
the  charge  of  two  officers  who  were  responsible  to  the  Taira  for  the 
e.aiv  of  their  ward.  Yoritomo  was  a  shrewd,  self-reliant  boy,  gifted 
with  hi^'h  self-control,  restraining  his  feelings;  so  as  to  express  neither 
joy  nor  grief  nor  anger  in  his  face,  patient,  and  capable  of  great  en- 
durance, winning  the  love  and  respect  of  all.  He  was  as  "  1'riner 
Hal."  He  afterward  became  as  "bluff  King  Harry,"  barring  the  lat- 
ter'- bad  eminence  as  a  marrier  of  many  wives. 

Siteh  was  the  condition  of  the  Minamoto  family.  No  longer  i'1 
pnwer  and  place,  with  an  empress  and  ministers  at  court,  but  scat- 
tered, in  poverty  and  exile,  their  lives  scarcely  their  own.  Yoritomo 
was  fortunate  in  his  courtship  and  marriage,  the  story  of  which  is  one 
of  o'l-eat  romantic  interest.*  His  wife,  Masau'o,  is  one  of  the  many  fe- 


*  Yoritomo  had  inquiml  which  of  the  daughters  of  IIojo  Tokimasu  was  nio.-t 
beautiful.  He  \vus  told  the  eldest  \v;is  most  noted  for  personal  charms,  but  the 
seeoml,  the  child  of  a  second  wife,  was  homely.  Yoritomo,  afraid  of  a  step-moth 
er's  jealousy  (though  t'earinn'  neither  spear  nor  sword),  denned  it  prudent  to  pay 
hi-  addresses  to  the  homely  daughter,  and  thus  win  the  mother's  favor  also.  He 
-en;  iier  a  letter  by  the  hand  of  Mor'nui^a,  his  retainer,  who,  however,  thought 
hi-  master'' s  all'ection  for  the  plain  girl  would  not  last;  so  lie  destroyed  his  ma- 
ter's  letter,  and,  writing  another  one  to  Ma-airo,  the  eldest,  sent  it  to  her.  Ji  so 
happened  that  on  the  previous  ni^ht  the  homely  daughter  dreamed  lhal  a  piir^un 
eame  to  her,  currying  a  u'olden  box  in  her  beuk.  On  awaUinu".  she  told  her  drcaii! 
t<>  her  sister,  who  was  so  interer-ted  in  it  that,  after  eauvr  consideration,  she  re- 
solved ''  to  buy  Iier  sister1  s  dream,"  and,  as  a  priee,  u'uve  Iier  toilet  mirror  to  In  r 
-i-ter,  saying,  us  the  Japanese  always  do  on  .-imilar  occasions,  ••  Tin'  prirr  I  pay 
is  little. "  Tlie  homely  sister,  perhaps  thinking  some  of  Ma-uiro's  bea 
lie  n  fleeted  to  hers,  gladly  liartered  her  unsubstantial  happiness  Sea.reely  hail 
-he1  done'  this,  than  Voritomo's  ( Morinau'u's)  letter  came,  a-kinr;'  her  to  be  his 
bride-.  It  turned  out  to  be  a  true  love-match.  M;is;i^o  \va-  I  lien  twenty-one 
year.-  ofau'e — it  be'm^  no  iin^alhintrv  to  state  the  auv  of  a  Jup;me.se  ladv,  Ihinu; 


male  character-  famous  in  Japanese  history.  She  contributed  not  a 
little  to  tli'-  succe—  of  her  husband  and  tin-  splendor  of  ihe  Kainakura 

court.  diirii:u'  her  lit'1'-  "v  wife  and  \\ido\v.  Sin-  outlived  her  liusliand 
inanv  year-.  HIT  father.  HOjo  Tokima-a,  an  al>le  man,  in  who-e  veins 
ran  iniju-rial  hlood,  made  and  fulfilled  a  .-olenm  oath  to  assist  Vori- 
tonio,  ;md  tin1  Hojo  family  subsequently  ro-e  to  be  a  leading  one  in 
.la]  >an. 

'The  tyranny  and  insolence  of  Kiyomori  at  Kioto  had  l>y  this  time 
i  :  1  -"),  "lie  year  before  his  death,  become  so  ^all'inu  and  outrageous 
lie  of  the  royal  prince-,  determining  to  kill  the  usurper,  eoii- 
.-pi'.vd  with  the  Minainoto  men  to  overthrow  him.  Letters  were  sent 
to  the  clan-men,  and  especially  to  Yoritomo,  who  wrote  to  Yosliit>nne 
and  to  hi-  friends  t"  join  him  and  take  up  arms.  Ainonu'  the  for- 
mer retainers  of  his  father  and  grandfather  were  many  members  of  the 
Miura  family.  Morina^a  personally  secured  the  fealty  of  many  men 
of  mark  in  the  Kuanto;  hut  aiuoii'j;  those  who  refused  to  ri»e  a^rain>t 
the  Taira  was  one.  Tsuneto>hi,  who  laughed  scornfully,  and  -aid. 
"For  an  exile  to  plot  au'ain-t  the  Ilei-hi  [Taira]  is  like  a  nioii^e 
plotting  au'ain-t  a  eat." 

At  the  head  of  the  peiiin-ula  of  \>\'/.\]  is  a  ran^'e  "f  mountains,  the 
ontjuttintl  >ptirs  of  the  chain  that  trends  upward  to  the  table-land-  of 
Shinano,  and  thu-  divide-  Iva-teru  from  \\e-tern  Japan.  This  ran^e 
i-  called  Hakoiie.  and  i-  fam.ui-  not  only  a-  cla>-ic  ground  in  hi-torv. 
but  al-o  a-  a  ra-ket  en-lii'iniiiL:'  the  ehoicesl  ^'''in-  of  nature.  It  i- 
well  k'io\\n  to  the  foreign  re-iddit-.  \\lio  I'e-ort  liither  in  -innmer  t" 
enjov  the  pure  ail1  of  it-  altitude-.  It-  in<pir:n^  scenery  embrace-  a 
lake  of  inten-i'K"  cold  pure  \\ater.  and  of  ".Teat  depth  and  elevation 
above  the  -ea-level,  ;_;-ro\e-  of  aromatic  pines  , ,f  ,"olo--al  -i/i'.  savage 
<jr.  ,]•_.•,,.  -ul 'lime  mountain  height-,  o vein-owned  hv  cloud-exeeHiiiLf  l''n  ji. 
foaminj'  cataracts,  and  boiling  >pniiLi'-  "t  interiiiittent  and  r!i\thmic 
flo\\.  -uri'oiindi-il  !.\  infernal  \i-ta-  of  melted  sulphur  enveloped  in 
cloud-  "f  poi-oiioii-  -team,  or  incni-ted  uith  myriad  u'li-ti  nin^  cr\— 
tal-  of  the  -aine  mineral,  (her  the-e  mountain-  there  is  a  narrou 
pa-s,  uhich  i~  the  ke\  of  the  Kuanto.  Near  the  pa--,  above  the  \i! 


(ir  di  ad.      M;i-:i_'' ''-  t'.'.l '  limni-  fn  -in  I\intn.  ii"t  ktinu  i  n--  (,f  thr  ],<•• 

'r"tli;tl    of  thr    yiplll)'_r  i       .  i-'  il    M;i-:iLl''i   t>  i   K  ;i  I  |el:i  !•,:!,  :i  Tiiir;i    'illifC!1        'Ml 

:     limiii-,    //•     \Vuilli]  '  ;.    ;mil    -.>    in:in-ii-il    )ii-r    t"    Klilietuk.i. 

I'.  . '  •         .   -  ::  t  !P-  \\"'  '1  i;::_   :     .     '    V  >p<i|  with  Y<  iritoni".  \vl|i>  \v;i-  ill  liulld. 

I,  !   iii   \;iin   t''ir  tli''  ]';iir.     T"ki;;i.i-a  uutwiirdly   [pml'i'-.-i'd   t"  '" 

vcr\  ;ir_'"v  \\ith  Verit'iiii".  liut  n-;il!v  li-vi-d  him. 


YOIilTOMO   AXD   THE  MIXAMOTO  FAMILY.  131 

lage  of  Yuinoto,  is  Islii  Bashi  Yania  (Stone-bridge  Mountain),  anil 
here  Yoritomo's  second  battle  was  fought,  and  his  tirst  defeat  experi- 
enced. "  Every  time  his  bowstring  twanged  \  enemy  fell,"  but  tinal- 
Iv  lie  was  obliged  to  flee.  He  barelv  escaped  with  his  life,  and  fort- 
unately eluded  pursuit,  secreting  himself  in  a  hollow  log,  having  first 
sent  his  fatlier-iu-law  to  call  out  all  his  retainers  and  meet  again.  lie 
afterward  hid  in  the  priest's  wardrobe,  in  one  of  the  rooms  of  a  tem- 
ple. Finally,  reaching  the  sea-shore,  he  took  ship  and  sailed  across 
the  bav  to  Awa.  "At  this  time  the  sea  and  land  were  covered  with 
his  enemies."  Fortune  favored  the  brave.  Yoritomo,  defeated,  but 
not  discouraged,  while  on  the  water  met  a  company  of  soldiers,  all 
equipped,  belonging  to  the  Miura  clan,  who  became  his  friends,  and 
offered  to  assist  him.  Landing  in  Awa,  he  sent  out  letters  to  all  the 
Minamoto  adherents  to  bring  soldiers  ami  join  him.  He  met  with 
encouraging  and  substantial  response,  for  manv  hated  Kiyomori  and 
the  Taira  ;  and  as  Yoritomo's  father  and  grandfather  had  u'ivcn  pro- 
tection and  secured  quiet  in  the  Kuanto,  the  prestige  of  the  Minamoto 
partv  still  remained.  The  local  military  chieftains  had  fought  under 
Yoritomo's  father,  and  were  now  glad  to  join  the  sou  of  their  old 
leader.  lie  chose  Kaiuakura  as  a  place  of  retreat  and  permanent  resi- 
dence, it  having  been  an  old  seat  of  the  Minamoto  familv,  Yorivoshi 
had.  in  lM(j:i,  built  the  shrine  of  llachiman  at  Tsui'llgnoka,  near  the 
village,  in  gratitude  for  his  victories.  Yoritomo  now  oi'u'ani/cd  his 
troops,  appointed  his  <.>Hieer>,  and  made  arrangements  to  establish  a 
tixed  commissariat.  The  latter  was  a  comparatively  easy  tiling  to  do 
iii  a  fertile  country  covered  with  irrigated  rice-fields  and  girdled  with 
teeming  seas,  and  where  the  daily  food  of  soldier,  as  of  laborer,  was 
rice  and  tish.  Marching  up  around  the  country  at  the  head  of  the 
l'>av  of  Y'edo  through  Ivad/usa,  Shimosa,  Mu-ashi,  and  Salami,  cross- 
ing, on  his  way,  the  Sum'. la  Ki\er,  which  Hows  through  the  modern 
Tokio,  many  men  of  rank,  with  their  followers  and  horses,  joined 
him.  His  father-in-law  also  brought  an  army  from  Kai.  In  a  few 
months  he  had  raised  large  forces,  with  many  noted  general-.  lie 
awakened  new  life  in  the  Minamoto  clan,  and  eompletelv  turned  tin- 
tide  of  success.  Manv  courtiers  from  Kioto,  disappointed  in  their 
x'hemes  at  court,  or  in  any  way  chagrined  at  the  Taira,  (locked  to 
Yoritomo  as  his  power  rose,  and  thus  brought  to  him  a  fund  of  expe- 
rience and  ability  which  he  was  not  slow  to  utilize  f(.r  hi-  own  bene- 
fit. Meanwhile  the  Taira  had  not  been  idle.  A  larijy  army  was  dis- 
patched to  the  East,  reaching  the  Fuji  River,  in  Suruga,  about  the 


!:;_>  THE  M1KM)<J'S  I'.Ml'lR E. 

-ame  time  that  the  .Minam»to.  headed  l>y  Yoritomo,  appeared  on  the 
oth.-r  -ide.  The  Taira  \\civ  surprised  to  see  such  a  host  in  arm-, 
lloth  armie-  encamped  on  opposite  Lank-,  and  glared  at  cadi  other, 
ea-_r.T  for  the  iijiit.  hut  neither  attempting  to  cross  the  torrent.  Thi- 
i-  n.'t  to  lie  \\ .  'iidei'ed  at.  The  Fujikawa  Lear-  the  ju-t  reputation  of 
-uifte-t  -tivaiu  in  Japan.  It  ri-e-  in  the  northern  part  of 
Kai.  on  the  pivcipitou>  side  of  the  uToup  of  mountains  called  Yatsu 
•r  "ei-iit  peak-,"  and,  winding  around  the  \ve>tern  Lax-  of 
the  lordly  Fuji,  collecting'  into  its  own  volume  a  host  of  impetuous 
iries  liorn  from  the  -nous  of  loftv  summits,  it  traverses  the  rich 
province  of  Suriiu'a  in  >teep  gradient,  plunu'ini:'  across  the  Tukaido,  in 
arrouy  celerity  and  volcanic  force,  into  the  .-ca  near  the  lordly  mount- 
ain \\hidi  it  encircles.  To  cross  it  at  any  time  in  ^....d  l>.,at-  i-  a  feat 
reijuiriiiLT  coolnc-s  and  skill  ;  in  a  Hood,  iinpossil>ilit\  ;  in  the  face  of  a 
hostile  attack,  sure  annihilation.  Though  supreinelv  eau'er  t»  mea-ure 
sword-,  neither  jiarty  cared  to  cross  to  the  attack,  and  the  wa^vr  of 
liattlc  \\a-  postponed.  lloth  armie-  retired,  the  Taira  ivtivatini:'  tir-t. 
Il  i-  >aid  that  one  of  the  Taira  men,  foreseeing  that  the  tide  \\ould 
turn  in  fa\..r  of  Yoritomo,  went  to  the  riser  flats  at  niidit,  and  .-cared 
up  the  flocks  of  wild  foul  ;  and  the  Taira,  hearing  the  "Teat  iioi-c.  im- 
a^'iii'-d  the  Mi  nan  into  ho-t  wa.-  attacking  them,  and  fled,  panic-stricken. 
^  oritoino  r.  Mini'-d  to  Kamakura.  and  l.e^an  in  eariie-t  to  found  a  dtv 
that  iiltimateh  ri\aled  Kioto  in  maixnitieence,  a-  it  excelled  it  in  po\\- 
er.  II  gathered  together  and  set  to  \\  ..rk  an  armv  of  lal.oivr-.  car- 
pent. -r-.  and  arm..fer-.  In  a  f.-u  month-  a  dtv  >prunu'  up  \\her*  once 
had  tieeii  onl\  timliered  hill-  and  vallevs,  matted  \\ilh  tin-  peivnnial 
luxuriance  of  reeds  or  -.TU!>  l.aml'oo.  -tarred  and  fragrant  uith  the 
tall  lilie-  that  -till  al/"iind.  The  town  lav  in  a  \allev  -urroiinded  1>\- 
hill-  "ii  everv  side,  opening  .>nlv  «\\  tin-  'dorinii-  sea.  The  wall  of 
hill-  ua-  -..on  lii'eached  l.\  eiittin^'-  which  -er\id  a-  Li'atc-wa\'s,  ^i\  niif 
i-a-v  a  •'•!•--  to  friend-,  and  -afe  defen-e  au'ain-t  enemies.  While  the 
lalior.-r-  d.-lved  and  graded,  the  rarpentei-s  plied  axe,  hooked  adxe,  and 
chi-.-l.  and  the  -u  ..rd-maker-  and  armorer-  -..unilcd  a  uar  chorus  on 
their  an\il-  L\  day.  and  li-'hted  up  tin  hill-  l>v  their  fopjvs  a!  ni-'ht. 
The  -trects  marked  out  wi-rc  soon  lined  uith  -hop-;  and  merchants 
eanic  to  -ell,  l.rin^in.;'  ur"ld.  c,,pp,  ;.  and  iron.  -ilk.  cotton,  and  hemp, 

and    raw    material    f..r    f 1    and    ei»thin<_;'.  uar    and    di-plav.      Store- 

.     of    rice    were    Luilt     and     filled;     I. oats    \veiv    coii-tructed    and 

i:   t. -tuple-   \\er--  erected.      In   process  of  time,  the  wealth   of 

tic-  Kuanto  centred  at   Kamakura.       \\diilc  the  old  Taira  chief   lay  dy- 


Y01UTOMO  AXD   THE  HIXAMOTO  FAMILY.  1  :'};'•> 

itiii1  in  Kioto,  praying  for  Yoritomo's  head  to  be  laid  on  his  now  tomb, 
this  same  head,  safelv  settled  on  vigorous  shoulders,  was  devising  the 
schemes,  and  seeing  them  executed,  of  fixing  the  Minamoto  power 
permanently  at  Kamakura,  and  of  wiping  the  name  of  Taira  from  the 
earth. 

The  long  night  of  exile,  of  defeat,  and  defensive1  waiting  of  tin 
Minamoto  had  broken,  and  their  day  had  dawned  with  sudden  and 
unexpected  splendor.  Henceforward  thev  took  the  initiative,  \\hih 
Voritomo  carried  on  the  enterprises  of  peaee  and  the  operations  oi 
\\ar  from  his  sustained  stronghold,  his  uncle,  Yukiive,  his  ei>nsin 
Yoshinaka,  and  his  brother,  Yoshitsune,  led  the  armies  in  the  field. 

Meanwhile,  in  US],  Kiyomori  fell  >ick  at  Kioto.  lie  had  heeii  a 
monk,  as  well  as  a  prime  minister.  His  death  was  not  that  of  a  saim. 
He  did  not  pray  for  his  enemies.  The  Xilioit  Gu«l  ,S7//'  thus  describes 
the  scene  in  the  chamber  where,  the  chief  of  the  Taira  lav  dviii^:  In 
the  Second  leap-month,  his  siekness  having  increased,  his  family  and 
liiu'h  oilieers  assembled  round  his  bedside,  and  asked  him  what  he 
\\ould  say.  Sighing  deeply,  he  said,  "  lie  that  is  born  must  necess;1.- 
rilv  die,  and  not  *  alone.  Since  the  period  of  lleiji  (1159),  I  have 
served  the  imperial  house.  1  have  ruled  under  heaven  (the  empire) 
absolutely.  I  have  attained  the  highest  rank  possible  to  a  subject. 
I  am  the  grandfather  of  the  emperor  on  his  mother's  side.  I>  there 
still  a  regret  '  My  regret  is  only  that  I  am  dying,  and  have  not  yet 
seen  the  head  of  Yoritomo  of  the  Minamoto.  After  my  decease,  do 
not  make  offerings  to  Buddha  on  my  behalf;  do  not  read  the  sacred 
books.  Onlv  cut  off  the  head  of  Yoritomo  of  the  Minamoto,  and 
hanu'  it  on  mv  tomb.  Let  all  mv  sons  and  grandsons,  retainers  and 
servants,  each  and  every  one,  follow  out  mv  commands,  and  on  no  ac- 
count neglect  them.'"  So  saying,  Kivomori  died  at  the  a»v  of  sixty 
four.  His  tomb,  near  Hiou'o,  is  marked  by  an  upright  monolith  and 
railing  of  granite.  Munemori,  his  son,  became  head  of  the  Taira 
house.  Strange  words  from  a  death-bed;  yet  such  as  these  were 
more  than  once  used  by  d\in^  Japanese  warriors.  Yoritomo'>  head 
was  on  his  body  when,  eighteen  years  afterward,  in  IIH'.I,  he  died 
peaeefulh  in  his  bed. 

Nevertheless,  while  in  Kamakura,  his  bed-chamber  was  niu'hih  guard- 
ed by  chosen  warriors,  lest  treachery  miu'hl  cut  oil'  the  hope-  of  the 
Minamoto.  The  flames  of  \\ar  were  no\\  lighted  throughout  the 
whole  empire.  From  Kamakura  forces  \\etv  >eii!  into  the  province^ 
of  Hitachi,  in  the  Ka^t,  and  of  Echi/en  and  Ka^a,  North  and  \\'e>t. 


i;;i 

de-trovim.;  ill-'  auth»rit\    •  •!'  tin1  Kioto  liim-am-racy.      Victory  and  in- 
civa-e    •  '.    »;'  i  !n     n-m_;'  clan   inviin-iliK-.       A  ft  IT  mmierou- 

\,\ i\  ,  •-.  tin-    \ictors   ad\am-ed   through    <>mi.  and    -\\oop,-.  1 

,>n  th.'  chief  pn/.e.  ati-1  Kioto,  tin-  coveted  capital.  \va-  iii  their  ham!-. 
'I'ii,.  cap!"!1-  i if  the  fit\  were  Yukiive  ami  ^  o-hinaka.  the  um-l"  ami 
co  i -in  o|  Yori  t"ii  in  ivMpectively.  'I  In-  '1 ;  nra.  v\  ith  the  v  ouni;'  mikado, 
i.  ami  hi-  \\iiV,  Kivitmnri's  daii'iliter,  tied.  (Jot. .ha.  hi-  In-oth- 
er, v\a-  proclaimed  inikadi>  in  hi-  -ti-;i!l.  ami  thr  estates  ami  t  n-a-ur'- 
of  tin-  '1'aira  \vcn-  couti-catiMl,  and  divided  aini'ir.:  the  viftur-. 

\'o-hinaka  \\a-  called  the  A-ahi  -ho^un  (Morning-Mill  <Jenei-al).  on 
ai'ctniiil  i»f  the  Middeiine«  and,  lirilliancv  nf  hi-  riMii^'.  Ileiiii;'  ii"\\  in 
coiiiinaml  of  a  victorious  annv  at  the  capital,  -uollen  uith  pride,  and 
into\ic;ited  \sitli  Midden  success,  and  \\itli  tin-  actual  p"V.i-i'  then  in 
his  1,-imls,  he  scein-  to  have  h-i  hi-  head.  lie  \va>  i-lcvatrd  to  li'm'li 
rank,  and  -'iveii  the  title  and  otlice  of  ^o\-enior  of  Kdii^o  ;  l.nt  hav- 
ing lieeii  lired  in  the  country,  lie  could  not  endure  the  cap  and  dtv-> 
of  ceivmony,  and  was  the  sulijed  of  ridicule  t->  the  peop),-  of  Kioto. 
lie  liecanie  jea!oii^  of  hi-  Miperior,  Voritoino.  "ho  \\a-  in  K'aniakiira, 
tuo  hundred  mile-  a\vav.  II"  a'-ted  in  Mich  an  ari>itrar\  and  ovcr- 
lieariiiL:'  -pil'it  that  the  wrath  of  the  c'oiMeivd  emperor  <  Jo-hiraka\\  a 
\va-  roii-i'd  a^'ain-t  him.  IJrinn' al'li1  to  coinmand  no  military  force-, 
lie  im-ited  tin'  niiiiik-  of  the  immen-e  ninna^ti-rio  of  Ilivei/an  and 
Miidera,  m-ai  tl  i-itv.  :  <  oli-truci  hi-  authority.  r>.T<.iv  thev  could 
execute  an\  -chi'ine-,  \  •  i-hi naka,  witli  a  military  fore,-,  -ei/ed  them, 
put  the  c\-niikado  in  pri-oii,  1.,  headed  the  al. hot-,  and  deprived  the 
lii^'h  I'tii'-er-  of  -tale  of  th.-ii-  honor-  and  title-.  lie  thdi  \\re-ted 
iroin  the  court  the  tit'"  of  Sei-i  Sho^un  i  I>ari'anan--u!i|!i^:it  \\\-^  <  ieu- 
eral  i.  Hi-  e\erci-e  of  pouer  \\a-  of  liHi-f  duration,  for  Yti-liit-uiu'1 
\.-4-d  v1.  l!i  l!ii  c  'inmaiid  of  the  force-  m  the  \\e-i.  .-ind,  -cut 
a^aiti-t  him.  he  \\a-  defeated  aii'l  killed,*  and  the  ex-mikado  wa-  I'e- 

:  'I  •  .  ;        llic  .V.V dii.i'.  <l,i. 

\                            •                •                 '  • '!  tli!1  i  iniri  n.ilile,  Miitnt'ii-a 

•    ,       K                                vi                •  '  '•-      '    >.  ami   i|iflti     ii'  it!'  II, i'   c\\\  .   hi' 

:                   •  •      •           '      •      .      !,;-   witi  .      A  iniiir  wliM" 

1  i   i  \ '  i-\    in  inii'iil   IH-'IUI:'  nil  ii-iil,  I  \\  i '  i  J  iii- 

1 1  1 1     \\  i :  1 1    1 1  i :  1 1 .  :  1 1 1 ( 1    1  i  1 1  a 

i                 '  -                    MI-  a1t<  mpti-d    I"  <-;trn    nil' 

lln-    f!()i-ti'l'i-il        III]  M  '  'l  '     'ill--     ill     pi  r-i  'II,   :ll!'l     tl'-'l. 

II  -•.:•_        '  •  '       :,  '         iiinl  In-,  tui'iiiiu   .ireiind  t" 

! .  l;iit  ill  '      '.   mi  .1  rn  in   in  t  hi-  Ii  if  !,i-:ni  ;nnl  1'i-il 

• :  •  ;  nir  1'nt  i-ii.'iit  :n-i-i.«  -  i'-li   in 

ir-i  iii'-n  :   ;i:  >l  t!i'  ii.  ln'ai  in::'  u  ci-y 


YORITOMO  ASD   THE  MIXAMOTO  FAMILY.  135 

leased,  and  the  reigning  emperor  set  free  from  the  terrorism   umle\ 
which  lie  had  been  put. 

Meanwhile  the  Taira  men,  in  their  fortified  palace  at  Fukuwara 
were  planning  to  recover  their  lost  power,  and  assembling  a  great 
armv  in  the  South  and  West.  The  Minamoto,  <>n  the  other  hand, 
were  expending  all  their  energies  to  destroy  them.  The  hitter  ani- 
mosity of  the  two  ojeat  families  had  readied  such  a  pitch  that  the 
extermination  of  one  or  the  other  seemed  inevital>!".  In  1184,  Yoshi- 
tsune  laid  sieu'c  to  the  Kuku\\ara  palace,  and,  after  a  short  time,  set  it 
on  tire.  The  son  of  Kiyoinori  and  his  chief  followers  tied  to  Sanuki, 
111  Shikoku.  Thither,  as  with  the  winded  feet  of  an  avenger,  Voshi- 
tsunc  followed,  besieged  them  at  the  castle  of  Yashima,  burned  it, 
and  drove  his  enemies,  like  scattered  sheep,  to  the  Straits  of  Shimo- 
noseki. 

Both  armio  now  prepared  a  licet  of  junks,  for  the  contest  was  tu 
be  upon  the  water.  In  the  Fourth  month  of  the  year  11S.5,  all  wa^ 
ready  for  the  struggle.  The  battle  was  fought  at  Dan  no  ura,  near 
the  modern  town  of  Sliimonoseki,  where,  in  18(53,  the  combined 
sijuadrons  of  England,  France,  Holland,  and  the  United  States  bom- 
barded  the  batteries  of  the  Cho>hiu  clansmen.  In  the  latter  instance 
the  foreigner  demonstrated  the  superiority  of  his  artillery  and  disci- 
pline, and,  for  the  sake  of  trade  and  u-ain,  wreaked  his  vengeance  a;.- 
savage  and  unjust  as  any  that  stains  the  record  of  native  war. 

In  1185,  nearly  seven  centuries  before,  the  contest  was  between 
men  of  a  common  country.  It  was  the  slaughter  of  brother  by  broth- 
er. The  guerdon  of  ambition  was  supremacy.  The  Taira  dan  were 
at  bay,  driven,  pursued,  and  hunted  to  the  sea-shore.  Like  a  wound- 
ed stag  that  turns  upon  its  pursuers,  the  clan  were  about  to  u'ive  final 
battle  :  by  its  waiter  they  were  to  decide  their  future  destiny — a  ^ra\  e 
in  a  bloody  sea,  or  peace  under  victory.  They  had  collected  live  htin- 


amon'j;  the  enemy  that  hi-  lord  was  dead,  said,  "  My  business  is  done."  ...id,  put- 
ting his  sword  in  hi<  mouth,  t'rl!  skillfully  from  his  horse  so  that  the  blade  >'.<mld 
pierce  him,  and  died.  His  beautiful  sir-ter,  Tomove,  was  a  concubine  of  \o-iii 
naka;  and  beiim' of  i;-rcat  personal  strength,  constantly  followed  her  !"i'd  in  bat- 
tle, sheathed  ill  armor  and  riding  a  swift  horse.  In  thi«-  last  bat  tie  r-lu  f. MIL; lit  in 
the  van,  and.  amonir  other  exploits,  cut  oil' the  head  of  Iveyo^hi,  one  of  Yo-hi- 
t>iin«'V  liesl  men.  When  her  lord  lied,  >he  asked  to  be  allowed  to  die  «  ilh  him. 
He  refused  to  allow  her,  and,  in  spite  of  her  teai>,  peisiMed  in  his  ivfu-al.  |)otl'- 
in^  hei'  armor,  she  reached  Shinano  bv  private  paths,  and  thence  retired  into 
KehiLCo,  shaved  off  her  hair,  became  a  nun,  and  spent  the  remainder  of  her  lile 
praying  for  the  eternal  happiness  of  Yoshinaka. 


'S  K.MPlllK. 


divd  \e--el-.  Tliev  'hurried  oil  Koard  their  a-ed  father>  and  mother-, 
their  \\i\e-  ami  - •'.';':  Ireii.  Am.'ii^  them  were  gentle  ladie-  from  the 
palace.  \\  h"-  ••  n  roKes  -eenieil  -adlv  out  of  place  in  the  crowded 

junk-.  T:  ,  iv  u,  re  motliers,  with  KaKe-  at  Kiv;i>t,  and  little  children. 
l.'.'  \<.i,!i-  to  kiio\\  the  auful  pa--ion-  that  kimlle  man  a^ain-t  man. 
the  crowd  \\ere  the  \\idow  and  daughter  of  Ki\  oinori.  t  he 
fornn  r  a  nun,  the  latter  the  i-mju'ess-dowau'ci',  \\ilh  the  dethroned  mi- 
.  id  ,  a  child  >i\  vears  old.  \\ith  them  \\eiv  the  sacred  in-i^'iiia  of 

u  po\\  er.  the  -word  and  Kail. 

'flic    Minamoto   ho-t    wa-   a!nio-t    entirely  coinjio-ed   of   men.  unin- 
ciimKeivd  \\itli  women  or  familie-.      The\    had  -even  liundreil  junk-. 

IJoth  tlcct-  were  --;i\  iy 
Hutteriiiii'  with  tla^s  and 
streamer-.  T!ie  Taira  pen- 
nant u  a-  red,  the  Minium  >- 
to  v.  liite.  w  ith  t\\  o  Klack 
Kar-  near  the  top.  The 
junk-,  though  clum-v. 

\\cre    excellent    Ve--el-    for 

tiirhtiiiir  purpo-e- —  fully 
e(|iial  to  the  old  \\ar---al- 

le\  -    of    Actiulll. 

<  Ml   i  'lie    -ide   WCI'e    Kl'IlVe 

mi  n  tlu-lie(l  \\  ith  \  ii-li >r\ , 

liate  and  the  meiiiorv  of 
aw  ful  \\  r,  iiii:'-.  <  Mi  1  lie 

other  -ide  Wel'e  Kl'a\e 
Illell  llel'V  ed  W  it  ll  the  coUl'- 

a'_;v  of  de-pair.  \'<  -oh  cd  to  (lie  mil  v  in  honor,  scorning  life  and  count  r\ , 
\s  c  >ii!i(l-  an  Id 

Tiie  Kat'le  Ke^aii.  \\ith  impetiio-ity  and  de-pair,  the  Taira  ilro\e 
their  |imk-  hard  aifam-l  the  Minaiiiot»,  and  gained  a  tempoi'arv  ad- 
.anta'j.'e  K\  the  -iiddeime--  i,f  their  mi-.t.  Seeing  thi-,  ^'o-hi1-lln('•, 
ever  fearie--.  cried  mil  and  en  niir;iif(1d  hi-  -oldii-r<.  Then  came  a 
iiill  in  the  coinKat.  \\'ada,  a  noied  archer  of  ihe  .Minamoto.  -hot  an 
arrow,  and  struck  the  junk  of  a  Taira  leader.  "Shoot  it  Kack  !"  crii  d 
lef.  Anal  I  it  (  ut  of  t  he  u;im\vale,  and, 

;i;Ml!ir    it     to    hi-    Ko\\     Kefol-e    the    -'a/j      of    the    i-l'i   \\-    of    tile    llo-lilc    iieet, 
'I  he    alToU     -p.  d.         Il     .  ie    h,  Jmel     of    mie.    and    pierced 


A-YD    THE  MINAMOTO   FAMILY.  ]  :',7 

.•mother  warrior.  The  Minamoto  were  ashamed.  "Shoot  it  back!" 
thundered  Yoshitsune.  The  archer,  plucking  it  out  and  coolly  ex- 
amining it,  said,  "  It  is  short  and  weak/'  Drawing  from  hi-  quiver  an 
arrow  of  fourteen  fists'  length,  and  fitting  it  to  the  strinir,  he  shot  it. 
The  five-feet  length  of  shaft  leaped  through  the  air,  and,  piercing  the 
armor  and  flesh  of  the  Taira  bowman  who  reshot  the  first  arrow,  fell, 
-pent,  into  the  sea  beyond.  Elated  with  the  lucky  stroke,  Yoshitsune 
emptied  his  quiver,  shooting  with  such  celerity  and  skill  that  many 
Taira  fell.  The  Minamoto,  encouraged,  and  roused  to  the  highest 
pitch  of  enthusiasm,  redoubled  their  exertions  with  oar  and  arrow, 
and  the  tide  of  victory  turned.  The  white  llair  triumphed.  Yet  the 
Taira  nii^'ht  have  won  the  day  had  not  treachery  aided  the  foe.  The 
pau'es  of  Japanese  history  teem  with  instances  of  the  destruction  of 
friend-  by  traitors.  Perhaps  the  annals  of  no  other  country  are  richer 
in  the  recitals  of  results  gained  by  treachery.  The  Arnold  of  the  Taira 
army  was  Shigeyoshi,  friend  to  Voshitsune.  lie  had  agreed  upon  a 
signal,  by  which  the  prize  could  be  seen,  and  when  seen  could  be  sur- 
rounded and  captured.  Voshitsune,  eagerly  scanning  the  Taira  fleet, 
finally  caught  sight  of  the  preconcerted  signal,  and  ordered  the  cap- 
tains of  a  number  of  his  junks  to  surround  the  particular  one  of  the 
Taira.  In  a  trice  the  junks  of  the  white  pennant  shot  alongside  the 
devoted  ship,  and  her  decks  were,  boarded  by  armed  men.  Seeing 
this,  a  Taira  man  leaped  from  his  own  boat  to  kill  Yoshitsune  in  close 
combat.  Yoshit>une  jumped  into  another  junk.  His  enemy,  tlius 
foiled,  drowned  himself.  In  the  hand-to-hand  light  with  swords,  To- 
m»mori  and  six  other  Taira  leaders  were  slain. 

Seeing  the  hopeless  state  of  affairs,  and  resolving  not  to  lie  capt- 
ured alive,  the  nun,  Kivomori's  widow,  holding  her  u'randson,  the 
ehild  emperor,  in  her  arms,  leaped  into  the  sea.  Taigo,  the  emperor's 
mother,  vainly  tried  to  save  her  child,  lioth  were  drowned.  Mnne- 
niori,  head  of  the  Taira  house,  and  many  nobles,  ovnllemen.  and 
ladies,  were  made  prisoners. 

The  combat  deepened.  The  Minamoto  loved  fighting.  The  T.'ura. 
-corned  to  surrender.  Ilcvenge  lent  its  inaddcninir  intoxication. 
Life,  robbed  of  all  its  charms,  gladly  welcomed  o-loriou-  death,  The 
uhi/xing  of  arrows,  the  clash  of  two-handed  sword-,  the  . •'. 
armor,  the  sweep  of  churning  oars,  the  crash  of  colliding 
wild  song  of  the  rowers,  the  shouts  of  the  warriors,  made  i 
'•horns  of  battle.  One  after  another  the  Taira  ship-,  cm 
prows  of  their  opponents,  or  scuttled  by  the  iron  bolt-head-  of  the 


Minaiiioto  .-nvlipr-.  -'ink  de'ieath  the  du  ddl  in'.:  water-.  ].-;i\  HILT  red  \\  hird 
j,ool-  ,.f  dl  .....  1.  Th"-i'  that  weiv  doarded  w  nv  -wept  with  -word  and 
-pear  i  if  tin  'r  human  freight.  The  dead  dodie-  eloped  the  decks,  ..n 
\\lii.-h  tlir  ininiii1  tide-  ct'  lil.  MM!  el.  lied  and  tlowvd  and  >pla-hed  uitli 
tlie  motion  of  lh«'  wave-,  \\hile  the  -nipper-  ran  red  like  the  >poiit- 
,,f  an  axito'ir.  The  warrior-  who  le:i]n-d  into  the  -ea  derame  tar- 
_,  •-  ;.  r  ilic  a\<  nu'er'-  arrow-.  N»Me  and  peasant,  woman  and  l>al>e, 
r.iwer  and  archer,  lifting  imploring  anus,  or  -illicitly  -purniii'j;  mercy. 


That  Mav  mornhi'j;  locked  upon  a  Mue  >ea  lau^hiliir  \\itli  iinnuin- 
lit-red  ripple-,  and  ulintiiiL;'  \\itli  the  >teei  of  warrior-  do  ked  in  all 
the  u'l"i'\  of  dattle-arrav  .  and  tlauntiiiu;  \\ith  the  u'av  pennant.-  of  the 
ti.-i't  which  it  -reined  pnnid  to  dear.  At  n'lLi'lit.  hea\ii!u  ci'imsoii  like 
the  \  at  of  a  (her.  drilled  \>\  tloatiiiii'  eorj)-e-.  and  -pe\Mii^-  it-  foul  cur- 
rr.ptioii  for  mile-  alon^  the  >t  rand,  it  lion-  a\\ful  though  tfan-ient 
witne—  to  the  hate  of  man. 

The  Taira,  driven  off  the  face  of  the  earth,  were  I'liried  \\ith  war'- 
r.  d    i.urial    lieiirath   the    -ea.  that    soon    forgot    i;-    -tain,  and   laughed 
au'ain   in   puritv   of  vj>ldrn   u'leam   and   deep-lilue   wave.      Tho   hnniMe 
ti-hri'niaii   ea-tinu'  lii-   net-,  or  trud-'inu   alotiu'  the  -li"tv.  in  a-toni-li- 
iin-iil    -aw  the   delicate   eor])ses   of  th  ......  urt    lady  and   the  tiny  lial>e. 

and  the  -uii-lironzeil  Kodie-  of  rowers,  ea-t  upon  the  -lioiv.  The  eliihl 
\\lio  \\a.]ei]  in  the  -urf  to  pick  up  -hell-  wa-  frightened  at  the  wave- 
rolled  earca>-  of  the  d'-ad  warrior,  from  wlio-r  !.rea-t  the  feathered  ar- 
row or  the  drokrii  -pear—  tock  protruded.  'I  he  pea-ant,  for  manv  a 
dav  aft'  r.  I'lirnnl  or  c'oi.-i^iird  to  the  1'iirial  tlanir-  manv  a  fair  child 
\\lnxf  -ilkni  iliv—  and  li-'ht  -kin  toM  ol  hi-'her  Mrtl:  and  ^rentier 
1-1  .....  1  !  hail  tin  if  «  '\\  !1  rude  I,|M.  ,<\. 

Amoiiu'  a  -iipi-r-t  itioii-  prople  dwi-llin--  l'\  and  on  the  sea,  -uch  an 
awful  i!i'jr,,tiie_:'  of  human  life  mad"  a  profound  imprr--ioii.  The 
pri'-eiicr  of  -o  mali\  !  hoii-and  -oiil-  of  dead  In  l'oe>  wa-  oVerpoWiTilli:'. 
l;i  'i1  \  ear-,  nav,  for  •  •  ntnric-  afterward,  the  ._.-ho^t-  of  the  Taira  found 
naught  hut  uni'c-1  iii  tin1  -ea  in  which  their  mortal  1'odie-;  -md<.  The 
-  'tilor  liv  dav  hiirrit  d  \\itli  dated  livalh  pa-t  tlie  -ceiie  of  -laii^hti-r 
::i'd  iin-ud-tant  lal  lit'  i  .  I  IP  marnn  r  d\  ni^'ht,  unadle  to  aiielior,  and 
driv.-n  d\  w  ind.  -pel  ;ne—  in  |ira\'er.  while  hi-  \i\id 

Itioll     col  _:'     pl|o-pl"  .l'i  -celn-i'      into     the     \\  hite 

ho-t-  of  tin-  Taira  d,  ad.       l:\en  t.-d:i\    tin-  (  'lio-hiu  p'-a-ant  fancie-  he 
tin    idio-tlv   armie-   dalin^1   out   the   -ea  with  dottomle--  dipper-. 
'•ojid'  mind  thu-  to  clean-e  tin-  o.-raii  of  the  -tain  of  (/enturir-  air1-*. 


YoniTOMO  AXD    THE  M1XAMOTO   FAMILY.  ]:]'.) 

A  few  cf  the  Taira  escaped  and  Hed  to  Kiushiu.  There,  secluded 
in  tin-  fastnesses  of  deep  \alli'vs  and  lii^'h  inouiitains,  their  descend- 
ants,  \vlio  have  kept  tlieinsehes  apart  from  their  countrymen  for  near- 
iv  seven  hundred  vears,  a  few  hundred  in  number,  still  live  in  povertv 
and  pride.  Their  lurking-place  was  discovered  only  within  the  last 
eenturv.  Of  the  women  spared  from  the  massacre,  some  married 
their  conquerors,  some  killed  themselves,  and  others  kept  life  in  their 
defiled  bodies  bv  plvinu'  the  trade  in  \\hieh  beautv  ever  tinds  readv 
customers.  At  the  present  day,  in  Shiinonoseki,*  the  courtesans  de- 
scended from  the  Taira  ladies  elaim,  and  are  accorded,  special  privi- 
leges. 

The  venu'canee  of  the  Minainoto  did  not  stop  at  the  sea.  Tliev 
searched  everv  hill  and  valley  to  exterminate  every  male  of  the  doom- 
ed elan.  In  Kioto  many  boys  and  infant  sons  of  the  Taira  familv 
were  living.  All  that  were  found  were  put  to  death.  The  Ilcrod  of 
Kamaknra  sent  his  fathcr-iu-law  to  attend  to  the  bloody  business. 

In  the  Fourth  month  the  army  of  Kamaknra  returned  to  Kioto,  en- 
joying a  public  triumph,  with  their  spoils  and  prisoners,  retainers  of 
the  Taira.  Thev  had  also  recovered  the  sacred  emblems.  For  davs 
the  streets  of  the  capital  were  piy  with  processions  and  festivals,  and 
the  coffers  of  the  temples  were  enriched  with  the  pious  offerings  of 
the  victors,  and  their  walls  with  votive  tablets  of  o-ratitude. 

Munemori  was  sent  to  Kamakura,  where  he  saw  the  man  whose 
head  his  father  had  charged  him  on  his  death-bed  to  cut  oil'  and  hanu1 
on  hi>  tomb.  His  own  head  was  shortly  afterward  >evered  from  his 
bod  b  the  guards  who  were1  conducting  him  to  Kioto. 


":':"  Shimonoscki  i-  a  town  of  ixrcat  commercial  importuncc,  from  its  position  at 
the  cut  ranee  of  the  Inland  iSca.  It  con-Ms  chieily  of  one  loiin'  street  of  two 
miles,  at  the  base  of  a  raiiire  of  low  steep  hills.  It,  lies  four  miles  from  the  \ve-4- 
ern  entrance  of  Ilayato  no  seto,  or  strait  of  Shimonoseki.  The  strait  is  from 
two  thousand  to  live  thousand  feet  wide,  and  about  seven  miles  lonu'.  Mutsurc 
Inland  (  incorrectly  printed  as  '•  Koekuren  "  on  foreign  charts)  lies  near  the  en- 
trance. On  llikn  Island,  and  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  strait,  are  liii'lit-lion.-e,- 
c,|iiipp''d  according  to  modern  scientific  requirements.  Tour  beacons.  al-o.  liuiit 
the.  pa~>ai:'i'  ;it  niu'ht.  The  current  is  very  strong.  A  >nlimarine  telegraphic  ca- 
hlc  11,  iw  connects  the  electric  wires  ol'  Niit;-nsiiki,  from  Siheriu  to  Si.  IV!  •  :>l'uri;-  ; 
and  of  Shanu'hae  (China)  to  London  and  New  York,  with  lho-e  of  T<>kio  and  lla- 
kodnti'.  On  a,  ledi^e  of  rocks  in  the  channel  is  a  monument  in  honor  of  Ant<>kn, 
the  yomiir  emperor  who  perished  liere  in  the  amir-  of  hi-  irnndiiiutlier,  Tokiko, 
the  A";;  ,,,i  ,i,n  it.  a  title  compo>ed  of  X',!,  nolih.-  of  the  second  rank,  and  >tiini.  nun, 
ciuial  to  "the  noble  nun  of  the  second  rank.'1 


'Hit:   MIKADO'S   AM/7'/ A' A'. 


XIV. 


M ;:  \  NWIHI.K  Y"rit"ino  was  stn-n^thi'iiinij  hi-  p»wrr  ;it  Kriiii;iktir:i 
•1:1. 1  initiating  that  dual  sv-tein  of  Li'overnment  \\liii-li  ha-  pu/./led  -< 
liianv  m»d<Tii  writers  on  Japan,  and  ha-  u'iveii  ri-e  t"  the  supposition 
that  Japan  ha'l  "  two  L'lilpcrors  out-  temporal,  the  other  spiritual.  ' 

The  eoiintrv  at  thi-  tinu1  wa-  distraeU'd  with  tin-  disturbance  of 
the  past  few  \ear-;  r"M»T-  were  numerous,  and  the  Buddhi-t  i;i"ii- 

a-tel'ie-    WV1V    often    lle-t-   of    -..Mit'T-.         1  '«  i--e--'  •(  1    of    \\raltll.   anil-,    alhl 

military  e'|ii![iim'iit-.  the  hon/e-  wci'i.-  e\er  rea<lv  to  >i'le  with  the  par- 
tv  that  pli'a-eil  them.-  '1'he  ]>i'e-e!n-e  of  -ueh  men  ami  in>tituti<ins 
rendered  it  dillieult  for  any  one  ruler  to  pre-er\e  traii'juillity,  sinrc  it 
\\a-  nevi-r  known  at  what  moment  the-e  pRifossedly  peaeeful  men 
would  turn  out  a~  trained  hand-  of  military  warriors.  To  IV-I.TC  or- 
d'-i'.  pro-prrit\ ,  revc'ime,  and  tinn  LTM\  ei'inm-nt  \\  a-  now  the  pi-,.f.---cd 
'.vi-h  <pf  Voritoinu.  !!,•  Irft  the  name  and  honor  of  <^<>\  ei'innent  at 
Kioto.  lit  k,  j,t  the  reaht\  ill  Kamakura  in  hi-  own  Irmd-.  and  (''•!' 
iii-  own  fa  1 1 1  i  1  \  . 

In  M^K  uhili.1  iii-  eapita'  wa-  rapidlx  liccoinilin1  a  magnified,!  citv. 
he  cn-atfl  tii"  Mandokoni.  ,,r  Cuum-i]  of  State,  at  \vlii.-li  al!  the  ._MV- 
'Tiiineiit  alfai:-  i-f  the  Kuanto  were  di<eil--«  d.  and  thl'p'U'^h  whi.-h  the 
admini-tra'ioii  ,,f  th-'  ^oM-rniiiciil  wa-'  rarri'-d  on.  Th--  olliecr-  of  the 
IiitiMMial  Ili-vi-iiu  I  >epartuieiit  in  Kioto.  >eein^  whieh  \\av  the  tide  of 
power  w.\-  Ho\\iiiLr.  had  pn-vioii-ly  eome  to  K'amakura  !irin--iii'j.-  the 
ivcord-  of  tli,-  departiin'iit,  and  he. -aim-  Mihjeet  to  VoritoiiioV  ord'T-. 
Thu-  t  lie  tir-:  ';.  ••  -it  .<•;••  ie.  wa-  ol'taim-d.  A  criminal  trihunal 
was  aUo  c-taMi-Ih-pl,  .-p,.,-iall\  for  the  trial  of  the  muimroii-  pohhers 
a-  Will  a-  for  nr-lilian  i'a->--.  \\<-  j  lermit  'fd  all  who  had  o!.ji-eti.  in> 
'  '  make  c.r  iin]'  I  _  -'  t"  -i'ii<l  in  tin  ir  petition-.  !!•• 

reijif-te'l  pi'i'ini— i  >n  of  tl  •  to  reward  all  who  had  pi-rforim'd 

i''i;~  a''ti"ii-.  and   '  }•<•'}•  -t-.  and  to  eoiiti-cate  their 

The-'    ri      ie-t-.    irifi-'l  i'ii   ilf  emperor  in  1  h«-  intere-t 
1  1  ^ 1  ^"Venniieiit.  W'.-re  no  -miner  uraiit'.'d.  and  the  plan-  exeeuted. 


CREATION  OF  THE  Dl'AL  SYSTEM  OF  GOVERNMENT.         Ul 

than  the  news  of  the  destruction  of  the  Taira  family  at  I  >an  no  nra 
was  received.  Then  Yoritomo  p raved  the  mikado  that  five  men  of 
his  family  name  miii'ht  be  made  governors  of  provinces.  The  peti- 
tion was  granted,  and  Yoshitsune  was  made  governor  of  Ivo  by  spe- 
cial decree. 

Here  may  be  distinctly  seen  the  fust  u'reat  step  toward  the  military 
government  that  lasted  nearly  seven  centuries. 

The  name  of  the  shdgun's  government,  and  used  especially  by  its 
opposers,  was  intkufx — literally,  curtain  government,  because  anciently 
in  China,  as  in  Japan,  a  curtain  (l/<iku)  surrounded  the  tent  or  head- 
quarters of  the  commanding  general.  Bak/ifu,  like  most  technical 
military  terms  in  Japan,  is  a  Chinese  word. 

The  appointing  of  five  military  men  as  governors  of  provinces  was 
a  profound  innovation  in  Japanese  governmental  affairs.  Hitherto  it 
had  been  the  custom  to  appoint  only  civilians  from  the  court  to  those 
oflices.  It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  Yoritomo  at  first  intended 
to  seize  the  military  control  of  the  whole  empire;  but  his  chief  min- 
ister, Ove  no  Iliromoto,  president  of  the  Council  of  State,  conceived 
another  plan  which,  when  carried  out,  as  it  afterward  was,  threw  all 
real  power  in  Yoritomo's  hands.  As  the  Kuanto  was  tranquil  and 
prosperous  under  vigorous  government,  and  as  the  Kuanto  troops 
were  Used  to  put  down  rebels  elsewhere,  he  proposed  that  in  all  the 
circuits  and  provinces  of  the  empire  a  special  tax  should  be  levied 
for  the  support  of  troops  in  those  places.  P>y  this  means  a  permanent 
force  could  be  kept,  by  which  the  peace  of  the  empire  could  be  main- 
tained without  the  expense  and  trouble  of  calling  out  the  Eastern 
army.  Also — and  here  was  another  step  to  military  ^•overnment  and 
feudalism — that  a  shittyo — a  military  chief,  should  be  placed  in  each 
province,  dividing  the  authority  with  the  kokushiu,  or  civil  governor, 
and  a  }!/<>,  to  he  appointed  from  Kamakura.  should  rule  jointly  with 
rulers  of  small  districts,  called  K/t<~>t/<'n.  Still  further  —  another  step 
in  feudalism — he  proposed  that  ///\  <>//•//  ri'lalinits  who  h;id  perform- 
ed meritorious  service  in  battle  should  fill  these  oflices.  and  that  thev 
should  all  be  under  his  control  from  Kamakura.  This  wa-  done,  and 
Yoritomo  thus  acquired  the  governing  power  of  all  Japan. 

It  seems,  at  first  sight,  strange  that  the  mikado  and  his  court  -houid 
U'rant  these  propositions;  yet  they  did  so.  They  saw  the  Kuantd — 
half  the  empire — tranquil  under  the  strong  militarv  i^u  eminent  of 
Yoritomo.  lldjd.  his  father-in-law,  was  commanding  the  garrison  at 
Kioto.  The  mikado.  (Jotoba,  may  be  said  to  have  ov\ed  hi-  thn-ne  to 

10 


Y"ritnin«i.  \\ho-e  ;in  -c-io;'-  !i;i  1  conquered,  almost  added  to  tin1  rralm. 
all  the  extreme  N<  >rt  in  rn  airl  Ka-tern  parts  of  .Japan.  Tin-  portion. 
rnen-h  '  .  U-foiv.  \\a-  n<.\v  actually  settled  and  n'n\rniL-d  like 

t  In-  >  •]  ler  part-  <  'I'  the  empire. 

!i:    I  IM).  Yoritoitio  made  a  campaign  in  that  part  of  .lapan  north  of 
rty-M-vetith  parallel,  then  called  .Mntsii    and    I>ewa.      <  hi   hi-  re- 
turn.  I't-iiiLT   now    all  -  vietoriou-.  he    vi-ited    the    court    at    Kioto.      The 
quondam  exile  \\a-  no\\   the  foivmo-t   suhjirt   in  the  empire.      Hi-  re- 
ception and  treatment  l>v  the  ivi^ninLT  ;md  eloi-teivd  emperors  were  in 

tile  hi^he-t  po--iMe  >eale  of  II  KtLl'mtireliee.  The  >ple!idor  uf  his  o\\n 
retinue  astonished  eVell  the  old  eourtiers,  iieeu-tomed  to  the  i^av  pag- 
eants nf  the  capital.  TileV  e.,nld  -eai'eelv  lielie\e  thai  -llell  Wealth  e\- 

i-ted  and  >ueh  knowledge  of  the  art  of  di-plav  \\a-  eultivatt-d  in  the 
Kuanto.  Military  >h«.\s-.  athletic  panics,  and  i'ainiu.'t-  \vere  held  for 
manv  days,  and  the  oiistlie-t  pn-ent>  (.-xehaiiLred,  inanv  of  \\hieh  are 
still  >lio\\n  at  Kamakuivi  and  Kiot.i.  Voritomo  returned,  elnthe«l 
with  the  highest  honor,  and  \\ith  va>tlv  threat er  jurisdiction  than  had 
ever  t'ceii  intru-ted  to  a  >uhjeet.  With  all  the  ei\ii  functions  ever 
held  \>\  the  once  rival  Fujiwara,  he  united  in  him-elf  more  militarv 
power  than  a  Taira  had  eve]-  wielded. 

In  1  I'.'L'.  he  attained  to  the  climax  of  honor,  when  the  mikado  ap- 
pointed him  Sei-i  Tai  Sho^un  (  P)arl>arian-Mil>jui:'atini!'  (Ireat  General),  a 
title  and  otlice  that  exi-ted  until  lS(5S,  Ileiieeforth  the  teini  -lio^un 
came  to  lri\e  a  new  M<_qiificance.  Anciently  all  '_i'ctieral<  \\ere  called 
shoLriins ;  hut.  \\ith  new  emph:M-  added  to  the  name.  ////  shnn'un  ae- 
ijiiired  more  and  more  pnwi-i-.  until  foreigner-  -uppo-ed  him  to  he  a 
sovereign,  ^"et  thi-  stiliordinate  from  tir-t  to  1,-t-i  —  tVom  1I1M  until 
1-t;-  — \\-;i,  ;.  ._<-eii,.r;il  o]il\.  ;m.l  ;i  Tuilitai'1.  \a---al  o|  the  emperor. 
Though  he  Lfoverned  the  c..untr\  \\ilh  a  strung  military  hand,  he  did 
it  a-  a  va--al,  in  the  n;mie  ;uid  for  the  xike  of  the  mikudo  at  K'ioto. 

I'ea'-e  i\«\\  rei'_fnei|  iii  .I;ip;m.  The  -nlilii-r-niler  at  Kamakura  -|ient. 
tlie  prim--  o(  hi-  hf.-  m  con-olidatini!;  hi-  pouer.  evpectm^  to  found  a 
familv  tliat  -hould  rule  for  man\  Lfiieration-,  lie  enenura'jed  hunt- 
inj  cii  M-  ml  1  .  .  Hid  -p"i'I-  calculat'  -i  to  fo-ter  a  martial  -pint  in 
the  i-iiervatiriLC  time-  of  peace.  |M  1  1 '.(.">,  h<  male  another  \i~it  to 
.  -laying  four  month-.  T.-H  ird  the  (  nd  of  1  I'K.  he  had  a  fall 
fr-'in  hi-  hi>r-e,  aipl  died  i-ar!\  in  i  I'1'.'.  He  wa-  tifty-three  years  uli], 
and  had  ruled  tift'-.-n  \ .  ar-, 

Voi'itotno  i~  looked  upoii  a-  one  of  th,  aMe-t  ruler-  and  -jreate^-t 
LTcii'-ral-  that  ever  li\ed  ill  .l.ipan.  Vet,  uhiic  all  acknowledge  hi.- 


CREATION  OF  THE  DUAL  FORM  OF  GOVERNMENT.          14:} 

consummate  ability,  maiiv  regard  him  as  a  cruel  tvrant,  and  a  In-art- 
less and  selfish  man.  His  treatment  of  his  two  brothers,  Xorivori 
and  Yoshitsunu,  are  evidences  that  this  opinion  is  too  \vell  founded. 
Certain  it  is  that  the  splendor  of  Yoritoino's  career  has  never  blinded 
the  minds  of  posterity  to  his  selfishness  and  crueltv;  and  though,  like 
Xapoieon,  he  has  had  his  eulogists,  vet  the  example  held  up  for  the 
imitation  of  youth  is  that  of  Yoshitsune,  and  not  Voritomo.  Mori 
savs  of  the  latter:  "He  encouraged  each  of  his  followers  to  believe 
himself  the  sole  confidant  of  his  leader's  schemes,  and  in  this  cunning 
manner  separated  their  interests,  and  made  them  his  own.  Nearly  all 
of  those  around  him  who  became  possible  rivals  in  power  or  populari- 
ty were  cruel Iv  handled  when  he  had  exhausted  the  benefit  of  their 
service."  His  simple  tomb  stands  at  the  top  of  a  knoll  on  the  slope 
of  hills  a  few  hundred  yards  distant  from  the  great  temple  at  Kama- 
kura,  overlooking  the  fields  on  which  a  mighty  city  once  rose,  when 
called  into  being  by  his  genius  and  energy,  which  flourished  for  cent- 
uries, and  disappeared,  to  allow  luxuriant  Xature  to  again  assert  her 
sway.  The  rice-swamps  and  the  millet-fields  now  cover  the  former 
sites  of  his  proudest  palaces.  Where  metropolitan  splendor  and  lux- 
ury once  predominated,  the  irreverent  tourist  bandies  his  jests,  or  the 
toiling  farmer  stands  knee-deep  in  the  fertile  oo/e,  to  win  from  classic 
soil  his  taxes  and  his  daily  food. 

The  victory  over  the  Taira  was  even  greater  than  Yoritomo  had 
supposed  possible.  Though  exulting  in  the  results,  lie  burned  with 
jealousy  that  Yoshitsune  had  the  real  claim  to  the  honor  of  victory. 
While  in  this  mood,  there  were  not  wanting  men  to  poison  hi-  mind, 
ami  fan  the  suspicions  into  fires  of  hate.  There  was  one  Kajiwara, 
who  had  been  a  military  adviser  to  the  expedition  to  destroy  the  Taira. 
On  one  occasion,  Yoshitsune  advised  a  niu'ht  attack  in  full  force  on 
the  enemv.  Kajiwara  opposed  the  project,  and  hindered  it.  Yoshi- 
tsiine,  with  only  fifty  men,  carried  out  his  plan,  and,  to  the  chau'rin 
and  disgrace  of  Kajiwara,  he  won  a  brilliant  victory.  This  man.  in- 
censed at  his  rival,  and  consuming  with  wrath,  hied  to  Yoritomo  with 
talcs  and  slanders,  which  the  jealous  brother  too  willingly  believed. 
Yoshitsune,  returning  as  a  victor,  and  with  the  spoils  for  his  brother, 
received  peremptory  orders  not  to  enter  Kamakura,  but  to  remain 
in  the  village  <>f  Ivoshigoye,  opposite  the  isle  of  Knoshima.  \\  hile 
there,  he  \\rote  a  touching  letter,  recounting  all  his  toils  ,-uid  dangers 
while  pursuing  the  Taira,  and  appealing  for  clearance  ot  hi-  name 
from  slander  and  suspicion.  It  was  sent  to  Oye  no  lliroiiioto,  chief 


1  }  ! 

,-, 'iincil,  .r  "f  Ynritnui",  \\h"in  ^  '  '-hii-une  licked  tn  intercede  tn  his 
lip-thei  i.  Tiii-  letter,  -till  extant,  iiihl  c,>n-idercd  a  nmdel  i.f 

tilia!  an  ;  ::•.••  rnal  atTecti>m.  i-  taught  i>y  parent-  {»  their  children.  It 
i-  ain>'!i_'  ihe  niii-:  pathetic  \\riliiiir-  in  .lapane-c  literature,  ami  is 

i  in  Miif  nf  the  many  popular  collection-  of  famuli-  letters. 
\\Yarviiiu'  ,  .f  \\  ait  iinr  in  t  he  -ul>url>s  nf  tlie  eit y.  Y<>-liit-uiie  \\eiit  to 
K  :  •  .  Y»rit"iii"'-  troop-,  iil)e\in^  order-.  attaeke<l  hi-  liou-e  tn  kill 
liiin.  I1--  tleil.  \\ith  -ixtei-n  retainer-,  intn  \  aiuat».  Tin  re  h'-  \\a- 
a_  ,::.  attaekeil.  !>ut  escaped  and  tied.  He  im\\  determined  tn  '_!••>  t<. 
f>-hiu.  t"  hi-  i'ld  friend  Ilidehira.  He  tnnk  the  rmite  almn:  the  \\v-t 
i-na>t,  thrnii^'h  Kehixeii,  Kau'a.  and  H:'h'n:<>.  and  fmind  a  refuse.  a<  he 

Sll|ipn-ed.   \S  itll     Ilidehira.        Til'-    -pie-     nf     hi-    lirnther    .-mill     d.i-.-M\rred 

hi-  lurking'- plaee.  and  nrdered  him  tn  In-  put  1"  death.  The  -mi  nf 
Ilidehira  atta^ki-d  him.  Aeenpliii^  \»  pujmlar  ln-li.-f.  V.i-hit-uni'-.  aft- 
er killing  hi-  uife  and  children  with  hi-  nun  hand-,  c.immitted  Inra- 
kn-'i.  Hi-  ln-ad.  ]'i-e-er\  ed  iii  -aki'-.  \va-  :-eiit  t<>  K'amaknra. 

The  exact  truth  e.-iiceniiiiLr  the  death  nf  Y,>-hit-une  i-  !'\  im  means 
yet  a><-ertained.  h  i-  declared  l.y  snme  that  h«-  e-caped  and  tied  tn 
Ye/",  ulieiv  In-  li\rd  ;min!iL;'  the  Anii'i-  fnr  inan\'  \ear-,  and  died 
aiii"ir_f  thein.  cithi-r  natiil'alh  "i'  \>\  Imrn -kin,  'I  he  Amn-  ha\e  a 
ifivat  re\  i-reiiee  fur  hi-  d'-ed-,  and  t"  thi-  dav  \\nr-hip  hi-  -piril.  and 
n\er  hi-  Lfra\e  in  Hitaka  tln-v  ha\e  erected  a  -hrine.  Oiher-  a-sert 
that  In-  l!"d  t<>  A-ia.  and  I'ccame  the  ^reat  cnni]iiernr.  <ieic_rhi-  Khan.* 
< 'nncefiiinu'  this  ]a-t.  a  .lapane-e  -lud.-n'  once  remarked.  "Nnthii!^ 
hut  iiie  '-\!  ra'  Tdma.'v  \'amt\  nt  the  ,Iapaiie-e  penple  eniild  nn-^mate 


*    Ii         (  -,  ,,,k   (-;illi-i|   >',;,;,//.   ;i    •  •  !    leiri'ii.N    :iliil  lii^mrical  niis- 

;    ill    ('liili;i.   i!    i-    -t;lti-il    I'll.:!    (ii-M^'lii-    K!i;il!    \\.t~    ulir    Vi>-liit-t!- 

lie.    \\liii     ,     HHI      '  .    -:      [tail          'I'll''    ('liillor-     |,irril     n|'    MillJllllnln     Vi'-llil-lllie     j-     l,el! 

(liKi  .        I  i        '.'.      -     ..    -    '    i     .    i'-il.    lll'tiT    \'.\-     re  pile  •!    l|i  :i'  il.    'I'1   111  II  ill  I    '  '  'I'   Trll  'ill  I.        A-     i- 

\vrii   kTiu-.vii.   !:,'     V  ii  _;  ']   ci  iii'|U'T.ir'r-   iKiine    \v ; :  -   ei-ii:iu;ill\ .  ''ii   hi-    lir-t    a]i|iear- 

:itii  i-.  'i'' iniriii       'i  '.  •'    :    n. —   Ainu-   ha\e   ;\i~»   :rh.Dt!ii-"-i/.'-il    Vn-liit-inn-   uiuh-r 

tli--   till'     lie,:;:     I  >   '    M  •  •  .1  ';•;    --  1 1  r    .!    1 .  ;•;-:  M-I;-    l.:i\\  -i\  .T.      Yi.-hH-ini>;  was 

IM.:-II  in  1  IM'  .  i'hl  at  1        lini'    of  hi-  '  >  pnli  '1  <}•  aih.      (i'-n-his 

Kh.iii  \v;i- 1.  -      i-i\.-.l  ilatn,  in  1  II'HI.  ami  ilii-d  I'.'-.'T.      If 

(,.-ii  (,iki    .iini  i.   i  _  .'.-  K      •     "i-  *,<  n^  -  K  in.  •„    i-i    i'!i  ntic.il.  tin-  h'  ni  li.n!  thirty- 

i-ii    '    \            '        hi-  '  -       i  ,    '._:,:-   K :.  ;"   \\.:-   hum.  it    i-   -aid.  with   hi- 

'  -err-.    In-    ll."k    111'' 

:'!,_,-_'•''•-•.  M<'1IL  •!'!'.       'I'll'     i-   -Irjll'  -1    M|' 

''•,'.-  l|.     ,ii|.i   hi-   -M!]-    -:i;  i',:_at'  '1  (  'l.ltill   and    I  'n- 

'    i  -    .        I,  ••.•:!..     M.  ']"j.'  di.ni    i-lnj'i1''-   as 

i  ;      .          ,l  Id,  r  .11,  1   tin     lie    l1"         I'!     y  .•;!;,.;.:      M.II      •    ,   .     •  Jal'iUl,   ;.-    Wu  -hall 
t,  ;  h-adi  d  '-  Tin.-  In-.,i-i,iii  -I  tin    Mi't:u"l  Tartars." 


<'REATlO.\'   01-'   Till-:  DIAL    FORM  OF  GOVXIiXJIL'XT.          U/5 

Xt'vertliek'ss,  the  iinmortalitv  of  Yosliitsuno  is  secured.  \Vor>hiped 
as  a  o'nd  li\  tin-  Ainos,  honored  and  Kcloved  hv  everv  Japanese  youth 
as  an  ideal  hero  .if  i-liivalrv,  his  features  pictured  on  liovs*  kites,  his 
mini  and  form  represented  in  household  elli^'ies  displayed  annualK 
at  the  1  toys'  ^ivat  festival  of  flails,  idoritied  in  art,  so  no-,  and  storv, 
Yoshitsune,  the  hero  warrior  and  martvr,  will  live  in  unfading  memo- 
ry so  lono;  as  the  ideals  of  the  warlike  Japanese  stand  unshattered  or 
their  traditions  are  preserved.* 

*  The  -tni^uli.'s  of  the  rival  houses  of  Gen  and  Ilci  form  an  inexhaustible  rump 
of  incidents  to  the  playwright,  uutlior,  poet,  and  arti-t.  I  can  not  resist  the 
temptation  of^ivini;1  one  of  these  in  this  place.  The  artist's  representation  of 
it  adorns  many  a  Japanese  house.  At  the  sieii'e  of  lehinotani,  a  fanuiu-  captain, 
named  Naoy.ane,  who  t'ouirht  under  the  white  lla^,  while  in  camp  one  day  invest- 
ing the  '1'aira  force's,  saw  a  boat  approach  the  beach  fronting  the  fort.  Shortly 
after,  a  Taira  soldier  rode  out  of  the  eastlc-ifate  into  the  waves  to  embark.  \ao- 
xane  saw,  by  the  -plcndid  crimson  armor  and  u'olden  helmet  of  the  rider,  that  he 
was  a  Taira  noble.  Here  was  a  prixe  indeed,  the  capture  of  which  would  make 
the  Kiianlo  captain  a  ii'cneral.  Nao/.ane  thundered  out  the  challenge:  "Do  mv 
eyes  deceive  me':'  Is  he  a  Taira  leader;  and  is  he  such  a  coward  that  he  shows 
his  back  to  the  eye  of  his  enemy?  Come  back  and  iiu'ht  !"  The  rider  was  in- 
deed a  Taira  noble,  vounsi'  Atsumori,  only  sixteen  years  of anv,  of  hiiz'h  and  gen- 
tle birt.h,  and  had  been  reared  in  the  palace.  Naoxane  war-  a  bronx'-d  veteran  ol' 
forty  years.  Both  chained  each  other  on  horseback,  with  MvonU  drawn.  After 
a  few  pass's.  N'aoxant'  ihinu'  a\vay  hi^  >word,  and,  unarmed,  ru>lieil  to  irra-p  his 
foe.  Not  yet  to  IK-  outdone  in  gallantry,  Atsumori  did  the  same.  Both  clinched 
while  in  the  >addlc,  anil  fell  to  the  sand,  the  old  campaigner  uppermost.  lie 
tore  oil' the  golden  helmet,  and,  to  hi?  amaxement,  saw  the  pale,  Miiooth  lace  and 
noble  mien  of  a  noble  boy  that  looked  just  like  his  own  beloved  son  of  the  same 
aire.  The  father  was  more  than  the  soldier.  The  victor  trembled  \\ith  emotion. 
"How  wretched  the  life  of  a  warrior  to  have  to  kill  such  a  lovely  boy!  How 
miserable  will  those  parents  be  who  lintl  their  darling  i>  in  an  enemy's  hand  ! 
Wretched  me,  that  1  thought  to  destroy  this  life  for  the  sake  of  reward  !"  lie 
then  rexilved  to  let  his  enemy  u'o  secretly  away,  and  make  lii~  escape.  At  Ihal 
moment  a  loud  voice  shouted  anirrily,  "  Nao/am'1  is  double-heart  •(!  :  lie  captures 
an  enemy,  and  then  thinks  to  let  him  escape."  Thus  compelled,  Naoxane  steeled 
hi-  hear),  took  up  hi>  swonl.  and  cut  oil' Atsiimoi'i's  head.  He  carried  the  bloody 
trophy  to  Vo>liitsuiii',  and,  while  all  Mood  admiring  and  ready  to  applaud,  Nao 
/;u it-  refused  all  reward,  and,  to  the  amaxement  of  his  chief  and  the  whole  eamp. 
bei^'ed  leave  to  roin'ii.  Dolling  helmet,  armor,  and  s \vord.  he  sha\ed  oil' fir- 
liair,  iind  became  -i  di~eiple  of  the  holy  boii/e  Iloneil.  learned  the  doctrines  of 
Hnddba,  and.  becom'mir  |irofoumlly  veiled  in  the  sacred  lore,  he  resolved  to  -["'iid 
the  remnant  of  his  day~  in  a  monastery.  He  set  out  for  the  K uant  o.  riding  n  it  h 
his  face  to  the  tail  of  the  animal,  but  in  the  direction  of  paradise.  S>mt:  one 
asked  him  why  he  rode  thu>.  lie  replied, 

"  In  the  I  'lea r  Land,  iierchiincc  lliov'i-e  me  reputing 

A  warrior  l>i'a\e, 
Uci'iuiM!  I  liirn  my  back,  rcl'iisiiiLr 

Fanif.  oii'-e  so  dear." 


14(J  Till:   MIKADO'S 


Tin:  a  LORY  ANI>  Tin-:  I'AI.I.  or  nn-:  H/~>J<~>  FAMILY. 

Tm>ri;n  there  mav  IK-  smiic  slight  ju-titic.ation  of  Yoritomo's  set- 
tin--  up  a  dual  sv-tem  of  u;ovei-iinient  to  control  and  clierk  the  in 
triune-  of  eiiurtiers  at  Kioto,  vet  at  l.e-t  it  \\a-  a  u-urpati<>n  of  the 
pn\\i-r  lieloiu/niLT  onlv  to  the  niikad".  The  creation  of  a  dtiarehv  \vas 
the  -\\ift  and  -lire  re-ult  of  Japan  having  MO  foreign  enemies. 

S.i    iolio-    as    the    peace    or    existence    of    the   empire    \\  a-    tilTeatelieil    by 

the  savages  on  the  frontier,  or  dy  invading  tleets  on  the  >ea-coast, 
there  was  an  impelling  eaiisc  to  Kind  together  the  thfi  >ne  and  people; 
hut  \\heii  the  liari'arian-  \\ere  t raiKjiiili/ed,  <  'hina  and  ('urea  ^a\e  no 
si-'n-  of  \\ar:  and  e-periallv  \\heii  the  iiolulity  were  divided  into  the 
ci\il  and  militarv  ela--es,  and  the  mikado  \vas  no  longer  a  man  of 
]»hv-ieal  and  mental  \  in'or,  a  di\i^ion  of  the  o'ovcniiiii;'  po\\er  natural- 
ly !in.-e. 

l-'i'Min  tin1  openiii:;'  oi  the  thirteenth  century,  the  eour-e  «if  Japanese 
hi-tnr\  tl"\\-  in  t\\o  -tream^.  There  \\ere  HM\V  t\\.i  capital-.  Kioto 
and  Kaniakura,  and  tw.i  centres  of  autlmritv  :  out1,  the  lauful  luit 
n\  era  \\cil  I'Mipi-i'iir  and  the  imjierial  c-oiii't  :  the  other,  the  militarv  \  as- 
>al.  and  a  if  >\  <  rninelil  ha-ed  "ii  the  power  of  arm-.  It  inu-t  ne\-er  lie 
foru'-'tl'Mi,  hitwcvi-r,  that  the  foiintaiii  of  aiithofitv  \va-  in  Kioto,  tlir 
ultimate  seat  of  j.ouer  in  the  ancient  coii-titiition.  Throiiu'liout  the 
cent  uric-  tin-  pre-ti^'e  «(  the  mikado\  pei--.«n  never  d<'iTnied.  The 
iiiih  condition-  under  \\hi'-h  it  \\a-  po--ih!.'  for  thi-  di\i-i»n  of  po- 
litic.-,1  [„, \\i-r  to  exi-1  \\a-  the  ali-ein-e  of  foreigners  from  the  ^,,il  ,,f 
Japan.  >o  ><ii in  a-  Japan  entered  into  p..iiii<-a]  i-!'l;ition-  \\ith  outride 
nation-,  \\hieh  \soiil<l  naturalK  -ee|<  the  ival  source  of  po\si-r,  thedn- 
aieh\  \\  a-  doomed. 

\\  hen  1\  orilotiio  died,  all  men  \\ondeivd  \\In-ther  the  power  would 
remain  at  Kamakuia.  tip-  coimtrv  i'e-t  peaeefnl.  and  hi-  >ucce^sors 
I'ei-'n  \\ith  aliility.  I  In-  Japaiie-e  ha\i-  a  tifoverli  i-on\'eviu^  a  hitter 
truth,  learned  tr^m  o|t  repeated  'Aperieti'-'-.  "'/'•// .v/""/  ni  tu/n  <jit  /mx/ii" 
(Tic-  'j-eiicra!  ha-  IP>  child,  or,  Theiv  i-  1,0  -eed  to  u  ^i-i'at  lualij.  The 


77/A1   GLOHY  AXD  FALL    OF  THE  HOJO  FAMILY.  147 

spectacle  of  a  great  house  decaying  through  the  inanity  or  supineness 
of  sons  is  constantly  repeated  in  their  history.  The  theme  also  forms 
the  basis  of  their  standard  novels.  Yoritomo's  sons,  not  inheriting 
their  father's  ability,  failed  to  wield  his  personal  power  of  administra- 
tion. From  the  day  of  his  death,  it  mav  be  said  that  the.  glory  of 
the  Minamoto  family  declined,  while  that  of  the  llojo  began. 

Yet  it  seemed  strange  that  the  proverb  should  be  verified  in  this 
case.  Yoritomo  had  married  no  ordinary  female.  His  wife,  Masago, 
was  a  woman  of  uncommon  intellectual  ability,  who  had  borne  him  a 
son,  Yoriiye-.  This  young  man,  who  was  eighteen  years  old  at  his 
father's  death,  was  immediately  appointed  chief  of  all  the  military 
officers  in  the  empire,  and  it  was  expected  he  would  equal  his  father 
in  military  prowess  and  administrative  skill.  His  mother,  Masago, 
though  a  shorn  nun,  who  had  professed  retirement  from  the  world, 
continued  to  take  a  very  active  part  in  the  government. 

The  parental  authority  and  influence  in  Japan,  as  in  China,  is  often 
far  greater  than  that  of  any  other.  Not  even  death  or  the  marriage 
relation  weakens,  to  any  great  extent,  the  hold  of  a  father  on  a  child. 
With  affection  on  the  one  hand,  and  cunning  on  the  other,  an  un- 
scrupulous father  may  do  what  he  will.  \Ve  have  seen  how  the  Fuji- 
warn  and  Taira  families  controlled  court,  throne,  and  emperor,  by  mar- 
rying their  daughters  to  infant  or  boy  mikados.  We  shall  now  find 
the  llojo  dispensing  the  power  at  Kamakura  by  means  of  a  crafty 
woma.n  willing  to  minister  to  her  father's  rather  than  to  her  son's 
aggrandizement. 

llojo  Tokimasa  was  the  father  of  Masago,  wife  of  Yoritomo.  The 
latter  always  had  great  confidence  in  and  respect  for  the  abilities  of 
bis  father-in-law.  At  his  death,  Tokimasa  became  chief  of  the  coun- 
cil of  state.  Instead  of  assisting  and  training  Yoriiye  in  government 
affairs,  ^iviim'  him  the  benefit  of  his  experience,  and  thus  enabling 
the  son  to  tread  in  his  father's  footsteps,  he  would  not  allow  Yori  iye 
to  hear  cases  in  person,  or  to  take  active  share  in  public  business. 
When  the  youth  plunged  into  dissipation  and  idleness,  which  termi- 
nated in  a  vicious  course  of  life,  his  mother  often  reproved  him, 
while  Tokimasa.  doubtless  rejoicing  over  the  fact,  pretended  to  know 
nothing  of  the  matter.  All  this  time,  however,  he  \\.-is  filling  the  of- 
fices of  government,  not  with  the  Minanioto  adherents,  but  with  his 
own  kindred  and  partisans.  Nepotism  in  Japan  is  a  science;  but 
eur-ed  as  the  Japanese:  have  been,  probably  none  exceeded  in  this 
subtle  craft  the  master,  Tokimasa:  though  Voriive.  receiving  his  fa- 


II-  Till-:   MIKADO'S   KM  I 'IK  I-:. 

ther'-  otlice.  had  hceti  app>  limed  S.-i-i  Tai  Sho^im,  with  the  rank  ju- 
ni-i  (-ei-Miid  divi-i"ii  ,.!'  tin-  -eeond  rank),  hi-  ^ramlt'atlu-r  >till  kept 
the  real  pow.  r.  \\  hen  t  \\eiitv-t  wo  \ear-  of  ai;v.  while  he  wa>  -uuYr- 
iiiLT  .1 1'1  '"I  >iekn<--s  —  prohaMv  the  iv-ult  of  hi>  manner  of  life  —  his 
r  and  Tokimasa,  who  iii-t'urated  her,  attempted  t"  compel  him 
:.>i-_M  iii-  olliee,  and  to  :/i\e  the  Miperintendeliev  of  the  provincial 
^•o\ernor-  to  hi-  infant  s.>n.  and  -et  over  the  Kuaii-ei.  or  \\e-tern 
Japan,  hi-  voimirer  hrother,  a^vd  twelve  year-.  Thi-  wa-  the  old 
triek  of  -rttinu1  up  hov-  and  hahie-  on  the  nominal  ,-eat  of  ]i<>wer,  in 
order  that  crafty  -inordinate-  miu'ht  rule. 

Yorii\  r  heard  of  tin-  [>lan.  and  re-olved  to  avert  it-  execution,  lie 
failed,  and,  a-  is  u-ual  in  -ueh  ea-e-,  ua-  eom](elled  to  -have  ot!'  his 
hair,  a-  a  -iu'"  that  hi-  inteiv-t  in  politieal  atTair-  had  eeaseil.  He 
ua-  exiled  to  a  temple  in  Id/u.  There  he  was  -tran^led,  uhile  in  his 
hath,  t'V  the  hired  a— a--in-  -ent  l>v  Tokimasa. 

Salietonio,    lil'other    of    ^oni\l',    -lleeeeded    ill     iitllee.        The    1'oV     was 

l»ut  twehe  vear-  old,  and  \  erv  unlike  hi-  father.  He  eared  nothing 
for  hunting  or  military  exercises.  Hi-  chief  occupation  wa-  in  ]>!av- 
iiii:'  foot-hail  —  a  verv  mild  u';nne.  eompared  with  that  plaved  in  thi- 
euiintrv — and  eonqio-in^-  poetrv.  Hi-  time  ua-  -pent  with  fair  Li'irls 
and  women,  of  whom  he  had  a-  maiiv  a-  he  \\i-hed.  All  thi-  was  in 
accordance  with  the  de-ire  and  plan-  of  the  Hfi|f»  t'amilv.  who  mean- 
while wield' d  all  power.  Saiietomo  h\eil  hi-  luxuriant  life  in  the 
harem,  the  hath,  and  the  garden,  until  tweiit v-ei'j.-ht  \vars  ,.M.  Mean- 
while. Ivi-'io,  the  -"t:  "f  \'oriiye.  who  had  heeii  made  a  prie-t,  ^rew 
up,  and  had  always  looked  upon  Saiietonio,  m-tead  of  'I'okima-a,  a.- 
hi-  father'-  mui'derer.  <  >nc  ni^ht  a-  Saiietomo  wa-  returning  from 
wor-hip  at  'he  famous  -hrine  of  T-ui".iu'aoka  — the  unu-ual  hour  of 
nine  ha\in^  Keen  i-ho-.-n  h\  the  d'niner- — Ku-'io  leaped  out  from  he- 
hind  a  -'airca-e.  cut  ")]'  Sani''t"ino'-  head,  and  made  .•(]'  with  it,  hilt 
was  him-e'f  heheadi-d  h\  a  -oldiei1  -ent  atl'-r  him.  The  main  line  (lf 
the  Minamoto  fain  it  v  ua-  now  c\tinct.  Thu-,  in  the  \er\  origin  and 
foiindaiion  of  the  line  ,,f  -ho-'iin-,  the  -aine  fate  hefell  them  as  in 

the    ea-e    "f    the    empc   P'f-        the    po\\    •]•    Wli'Ided    h\'    all    1 1 !  il-t  1'i  "lj-   alice-- 

tor.  when    tran-fi-rn-d  to  de^c,-ndant-.  wa-    1"-!.       A    noniinal   ruler   -at 
iti    the    throne,  while   a    win    puller  hehind  dire,  ti-il    every  movement. 
Thi-  i-  t  he  hi-t"r\    "f  e\ .  r\    line  of  -h«'_run-  t  hat    ruled  from  the  tir-t. 
in    1  1  '.Hi.  until  the  !a-t.  in    1  -<!-. 

Tin-  ii-urpatioii  of  the  I|"jo  wa-  a  d.uil>!e  ii-ur|iati"ii.  I'ropcrly. 
the\  wi  re  \a--al-  "f  the  -ho^un.  u  ho  ua-  hini-'-lf  a  \a-al  of  the  mi 


THE   GLORY  AM)  FALL    OF  THK  UOJO   FAMILY.  14!) 

kudo.  It  must  not  be  supposed  that  tin-  emperor  at  Kioto  calmly 
looked  on.  caring  for  none  of  these  things  at  Kamakura.  The  ineslu-s 
of  the  Minainoto  had  been  \\oven  completely  round  the  imperial  au- 
thoritv.  Now  the  Ildjd,  like  a  new  spider,  was  spinning  a  inoi'e  fatal 
thread,  sucking  from  the  emperor,  as  from  a  helpless  tly,  the  life- 
blood  of  po\ver. 

Tlu-  Hojo  family  traced  their  descent  from  the  mikado  Kuamniu 
(TSi'-so.j)  through  Sadamori,  a  Taira  noble,  from  whom  Tokimasa 
was  the  seventh  in  descent.  Their  ancestor.-  hail  settled  at  Ildjo,  in 
M/u,  whence  they  took  their  name,  \\hile  the  Minamoto  rose  to 
power,  the  Ildjo  assiste<l  them,  and.  bv  intermarriage,  the  two  clans 
hail  become  closely  attached  to  each  other. 

The  names  of  the  twelve  rulers,  usuallv  reckoned  as  seven  genera- 
tions, were  :  Tokima>a,  Voslutoki,  Va>utoki,  Tsunetoki,  Tokivori.  Masi- 
toki,  Tokimnne,  Sadatoki,  Morotoki,  Ilirotoki,  Takatoki,  and  Moritoki. 
(.)f  these,  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  were  the  able>t,  and  m«»t  de- 
voted to  public  business.  It  was  on  the  strength  of  their  merit  and 
fame  that  their  successors  were  so  lonix  able  to  hold  power.  Ya>u- 
toki  established  two  councils,  the  one  with  legislative  and  executive, 
and  the  other  with  judicial  powers.  IJoth  were  representative  of  the 
wishes  of  the  people.  He  promulgated  sixty  regulations  in  respect  to 
the  method  of  judicature.  This  judicial  record  is  of  ^reat  value  to 
the  historian;  and  lon^  afterward,  in  1  -VU,  an  edition  of  Yasuto- 
ki's  laws,  in  one  volume,  with  a  eommentarv.  was  published.  In  later 
times  it  lias  been  in  popular  use  as  a  copy-book  for  children.  lie 
also  took  an  oath  before  the  assembly  to  maintain  the  same  with 
e<|iiity,  swearing  bv  the  y'ods  of  Japan,  r-aviii".'.  "  We  stand  a>  judges 
of  the  whole  country;  if  we  be  partial  in  our  judgments,  mav  the 
Heavenly  <J<>ds  punish  us."1  In  hi-  private  life  he  was  -el  f-al 'negative 
and  benevolent,  a  polite  and  accomplished  scholar,  loving  the  society 
of  the  learned.  Tsunetoki  f'ailhfullv  executed  the  laws,  and  carried 
out  the  policy  of  his  predecessor.  Tokivori,  before  he  became  iv^vtit, 
ti'aveled,  usually  in  disguise,  all  over  the  empire,  to  examine  into  i  he 
detail-  <>f  local  administration,  and  to  pick  out  able  men,  so  as  to  put 
them  in  otlice  when  he  should  need  their  service-.  In  ln>  choice  he 
made  no  di-tinction  of  rank.  Amoicj;  the  upright  men  he  elevated  to 
the  judges'  bench  was  the  Awodo,  who,  for  conscientious  reasons,  nev  er 
wore  silk  garments,  nor  a  laccjuered  scabbai'd  to  lii-.  -word,  nor  ever 
held  a  bribe  in  his  hand.  He  was  the  terror  of  venal  ollicial-.  iii|ii-liee 
and  bribery  heinir  known  to  him  as  if  by  soi'cei'v  :  w  Inli;  every  detected 


culprit  v^a-  MI  iv  t"  In'  di-'_rraeefull  v  ea-hieivd.  HOJO  Akitoki  e-ta!>- 
li-iied  a  lihrarv,  .-"ii-i-t  in^  «\'  <  'hinc-e.  < 'oiifucian.  Buddhistic,  and  na- 
il  Kana/aua.  in  Salami.  Ilnv  -ch"lar-  Leathered. 
and  -tudent-  ll»cked.  1"  hear  tln-ir  lecture-  and  t»  -tudy  tin-  ela--ie-. 
or  tlic  tenet-  of  the  faith,  nearly  all  the  learned  men  of  thi-  period 
In-ill^-  prii  -t-.  \\'hile  the  writer  of  the  (i/mi  SI, i  attack-  the  Mojo  for 
their  u-iirpatioiis,  he  applaud-  them  fur  their  ahilitie-  and  excellent 
admin;-t  rat  \-  >ti. 

The  line  of  MViiMin-  \\h"  tmininally  ruled  frcin  I  I'.'1.'  t»  1:!:!:!  were 
ineivU  their  cn-ature^ ;  and  that  period  nf  i.ne  hundred  and  f<>H\ 
vear^,  iii'-ludin^  seven  e-vnerali»ii-,  mav  In-  called  the  period  <>f  the 

11 '"'jo.         Tllr    political     hi-tol'V    of    t!|e-e     Veal's    i-    Imt     that      of    a    lllolioto- 

noii^  recunvneu  of  the  exaltation  of  Imys  and  l>ahie-  of  nol.le  Llooii, 
to  \shoin  \\a>  u'iveii  the  >einlilaiiee  of  power.  \\h"  were  >j .riid<led  with 
title-valid  dcpo-cd  a-  sunn  a-  thc\  were  old  enough  to  l.c  troiihle- 
soliH-.  None  of  the  liojo  ever  -eix.eil  tin1  "tli'-e  of  Sho^iin,  l>ut  in 
realitv  thev  \\ielded  all  and  iimiv  of  the  power  attaching  to  the  o|lic-e. 
under  the  title  of  st,/k-l<:in.  It  ua-  an  air_ru~t  Li'anie  of  -tate-craft.  in 
uliich  little  chiMivn  with  eol,,^al  nanie-  \\ere  M-t  up  like  nine-pins 
and  l'o\\h-d  d"\\n  a-  >uited  the  jilavful  faiicie-  of  sulmrdinates  \\lio 
de.-linecl  jiaiiie  and  title-,  and  kept  the  ivaliu  of  po\\er.  The  count- 
er- Were  Ile^leeted.  while  the  pl'i/e  \\  a-  Woll. 

After  the  iiii''  o{  Voriti'iim  1'eeanie  extinet.  Yoritonio'<  widow.  Ma- 
>a'jo.  re.jiie-ted  o{  the  inijierial  eoiirt  at  Kio'"  thai  Yorit-iine.  a  !-'ii|i- 
\\ai'a  hal  \  t  \\  o  vear-  «\<\.  -hoiild  !,,•  made  -.ho^uii.  1  he  |-"nji\\ara  no- 

1-'.--   ui  re  -'lad  t..  have  even  a  child   of  their  1>! 1  ele\at"d   to  a  po-i- 

lion    in    \\lii.-li.  \\h'-n  u'ro\\n.  he    mie'li!    ha\c  puwt-r.      The  !>ai>\    came 

to    Kamaki'i'a.       lie    ca-l    the    -hado\\    of    a!ithorit\     t  v>  ciit  \  -ti\  e    \ear-, 

vshen    he    \\a-    made  to   i'e-i--n.   in    1  L'  t  ( .   in   favor  of  hi-   own   hal-v   hov, 

'i  veal's  oid.      Tin-  lio\  ->iiric/ii!i  \\lien  foiirtccii  \ear-  old. 

i;i     I  •_'.">  J.  u  a-    depo-eil    l.y    liojo    Tokiyofi.  and    -ent    La«-k    t"    Kioto. 

Tired    of   the    l-'iiji \\ara   -'-ion-,  tin  ..  n    ohtaiiied    a-   >ho^-i,n    ;i 

in'  re  aii^fu-1   '-    -1 :  m.  1  he  1  ii  >\    M  HIM  taka.  a  -on  of  the  emperor  <  io-Sa^a. 

\\  ho  at''  !'  fo  irti  (  M   \'eai'-  t'-ll  ill.  in    1  L'tii1'.  \s  it  h  t  hat  verv  eomiiioii  .lap- 

a'P  -.•  di-ea-e         ':  n,  --.       II,.    ua-    pr-l-aMx     romp,  11,-d  to    tVi--,, 

di-'-a-e.       Mi-    iti'a'it    -oil.  three    yar-    of    ai^i',  wa-    t!i.-n    -el    up,  and. 

•     fwi'iit'    three    \car-    of   a^-1   '  !'-'-•'  I.  wa-    lm\\ied    d"\\  n    !,\'    liojo 

'   ,ki.  u  ho  -ent    h'tn     •     '  .  heel-    u|iward.  in   a    palanquin   to 

Hi-aakira.  the  third    -"ii    of  t  '..p,-]-'  <r   <  •  <  -  l-'ukaku-a.  ua< 

-et    IMP  a-  -h»_Min   iii     1_'-'.'.      The    HOJO   liowlol   (l.,-,\n   thi-  fiv-h   dum- 


Til K   (,1.»JIY  AXD  FALL    OF  THE  IIOJO  FAMILY.  151 

my  in  KiOS,  ami  put  up  Morikuni,  his  eldest  son.  This  was  the  last  sho- 
njun  of  imperial  l>loo<l.  The  Bailie  of  the  plavers  was  now  nearly  over. 

The  ex-emperor,  <  Jotoha,  made  a  desperate  effort  to  drive  the  usurp- 
ing Mojo  from  power.  A  small  and  gallant  armv  was  raised;  fi^htim; 
took  place;  Kut  the  handful  of  imperial  troops  was  defeated  by  the 
overwhelming  hosts  sent  from  Kamakura.  Their  victory  riveted  the 
chains  upon  the  imperial  family.  To  the  arrogant  insolence  of  the 
usurper  was  now  added  the  cruelty  of  the  conscious  tyrant. 

Never  before  had  such  outrageous  deeds  been  committed,  or  such 
insults  been  heaped  upon  the  sovereigns  as  were  done  by  these  up- 
starts at  Kamakura.  Drunk  with  blood  and  exultation,  the  IIojo 
wreaked  their  vengeance  on  sovereign  and  subject  alike.  Banish- 
ment and  confiscation  were  the  order  of  their  day.  The  ox-emperor 
was  compelled  to  shave  off  his  hair,  and  was  exiled  to  the  island  of 
Oki.  The  reigning'  mikado  was  deposed,  and  sent  to  Sado.  Two 
princes  of  the  blood  were  banished  to  Tajima  and  l»izen.  The  ox-em- 
peror Tsuchimikado  —  there  were  now  three  living  emperors — not 
willing  to  dwell  in  palace  luxury  while  hi>  brethren  were 'in  exile,  ex- 
pres.-ed  a  \\\<\\  to  share  their  fate,  lie  was  sent  to  A\\a.  To  com- 
plete the  victory  and  the  theft  of  power,  the  llojo  chief  Yasutoki 
confiscated  the  estates  of  all  who  had  fought  on  the  emperor's  side, 
and  distributed  them  amony  his  own  minions,  (her  three  thousand 
fiefs  were  thus  disposed  of.  No  camp-followers  over  stripped  a  dead 
hero's  body  worse  than  these  human  vultures  tore  from  the  lawful 
sovereign  the  last  fragment  of  authority.  All  over  Japan  the  patriots 
heard,  with  groans  ()f  despair,  the  slaughter  of  the  loval  army,  and  the 
pitiful  fate  of  their  emperors.  The  imperial  exile  died  in  Sado  of  a 
broken  heart.  A  nominal  mikado  at  Kioto,  and  a  nominal  sho^un  at 
Kamakura.  were  set  up,  but  the  ll<~>jo  were  the  keepers  of  both. 

The  later  davs  of  the  IIojo  present  a  spectacle  of  tvrannv  and  mi  — 
ffovormneiit  such  as  would  disgrace  the  worst  Asiatic  bureaucracy. 
The  distinguished  and  able  men  such  as  at  rirst  shed  lu>tre  on  the 
name  of  this  family  were  no  more.  The  last  of  them  were  ^iveii  to 
luxury  and  carousal,  and  the  neglect  of  public  bu<ine-s.  A  horde  "'' 
rapacious  otlicials  sucked  the  life-blood  and  paralv/od  the  encr^ic^  of 
the  people.  To  obtain  means  to  support  themselves  in  luxurv,  they 
increased  the  weight  of  taxes,  that  ever  crushes  the  -pint  of  the  Asi- 
atic peasant.  Their  triple  oppression,  of  mikado,  shoinm.  and  [K'ople, 
liecamo  intolerable.  The  handwriting  was  on  the  wall.  Their  day> 
were  numberi'd. 


!  ilit<i   a    l>ilddhi-t    iiidiia-terv.        Tlii-   wa-    ostelisihlv   to 

-li»\\  thai  In-  had  L:i\en  up  all  inlere-t  in  uorldlv  alTairs.  In  reality. 
Iin\vc\cr.  In  a--i-trd  lii-  t'at!n-r  in  [ilanniti^  tin-  dotnictinii  «'f  ll«"«ji"i. 
11«'  lived  at  <>ti">.  and  was  railed,  hv  tin-  jn-djilc.  Old  n..  nii\a.  The 
1-JiijM  I-,,]1  <ld-I>aiu1d.  tlhMiu'h  hini-flf  ]n:t  ^n  th,.  tln-diie  hy  the  l<inur- 
inakers  at  Kaniakura,  chafi'il  nnd''f  tin'  '^a  11  in  LI'  dii'tat'H'ship  df  llid^.. 
^lid  wen1  la  ri-'ht  hi-  vassals.  He  ivsnlvi-il  td  ri-k  life,  and  all  that 
\\a-  dear  td  him.  td  dVcl'thl'dW  the  dual  sv>tcin,  and  e-tahli-li  the  di'iLT- 
inal  sjtletiddr  and  jii'e-tiLi'e  dfthi1  mikaddatc.  He  kne\\  the  re\crrnct' 

df  t  he    ]iei  ijile    fill1  till'    1  hl'dlle    \\  <  '11  Id    HlMaill    llilll,  e"llld   lie    hilt    I'ai-e    >llf- 

fieient  military  t'dive  td  reiluee  the  II("i|d. 

!!••  seeiuvd  the  aid  -f  the  !>ii'ldhi-t  [ir'iests  and.  iii.  !:>:;(>.  f,.rtitied 
Kasa^'i.  in  ^  amatn.  Kusuiiuki  Ma-a-hiu'e  almiit  the  same  tune  ai'dse 
in  I\a\\aehi.  inakiiiLi'  it  the  aim  df  his  life  to  iv>tdiv  the  inikad<>ate. 
The  next  \  ear  Hnjd  >eiit  aii  arniv  ai;'ain-t  Kasairi,  attaekfd  and  l>unied 
;.  The  eiiiju'rur  wa>  taken  pri-diier,  and  hani-hed  tn  <  >ki.  Ku- 
-uridki.  tln'ii^h  i  \\iee  he-ie^ed,  e-eajicd,  and  li\ed  td  win  imnidiial 

('dinieeted  with  tlii-  inikadd'-  >ad  fate  is  one  incident  df  u'reat 
drama'i^  inti-tv-l.  \'.hieli  ha>  ln-i'ii  en-hriiied  in  .1  paiu-st-  art.  In-ides 
lindin^  Udi'thv  reeonl  in  hi>t<irv.  \\hile  (Id-hai^d  was  i>n  hi-  wav 
td  haii  d  '  '.  :-.!-ii!-  iti  a  ]ialain|uiti,  under  -nard  df  the  -,. Miers 
df  11'  IM,  |\.i|itna  Takaiidri  attem|iiecl  tn  rex-lie  hi-  >"Verei--n.  This 
Vdinrj  '.-•  'leinaii  w  a-  the  thii'd  -"ii  df  the  !,.i\|  of  Din-'.',  \\hd  deeiijiieil 
In-  he]-ed!!ar\  ]>•  >-••< •--;•  >ti-  in  l>i/'-n.  Sett:;!1,;'  din  \\uli  a  hand  nf  re- 
taiii'-r-  t"  inti  f'-ej.t  the  runvnv  and  tn  relea-e  the  imperial  pri-"iiei-,  at 
the  hiii  ••'  I  iiia-aka  he  waited  patii-ni!\  fur  the  train  1"  appr^aeh. 
tindiii'_r.  vshei  !.!,,  late,  that  he  had  deeupied  the  wi'diiLT  pa--.  lias- 
teniiiLT  l  df  hill-.  tli--\  learned  that  tin-  directs  ,.f  iheir 

seareh   1  ad   aii'ea  I;    ^-Miie   ii\.       l\.i|!;na'-  {<  il|d\ver-.   heiiiLT   ii''\v   di-iieart- 

eln     1.    ]'e]  .  .          I  I'   .    h-  'V.  e\  ef,    ''all)  i'>U-.     f'  ilI"W  ''d 

"'i.  and   f»r  -e\  i  ral   da\  -  attempted   in   vain    1"  appr.  .a.-h   the   palaiionn 

r    a    w  drd    i'i  ear  df  ihe   ini|  n-rial    exile.       The 

vi-^ilaiiee    df    the    ||..|"    \a--al-    r-  i ..  \<  i  "i  n_'    ail    -uee.rr    linpi'le-s.   ]\'dima 

I  h  liidited  h<  .jie  in  the  l,,,-.,,in 

live.       SeejvtK   !  liter;  n_:  th'     L'at'dei,  df  the     inn   at   \\  hieh  t  he 


THE   GLOKY  A.VD   FALL    OF   THE  HOJU   FAMILY.  15:] 

party  was  resting  at  ni^ht.  Kojima  scraped  off  the  bark  of  a  cherry- 
tree,  and  wrote  in  ink,  on  the  inner  \\hite  membrane,  this  poetic  stanza, 


The  allusion,  couched  in  delicate  phrase,  is  to  Kosen,  an  ancient  kino; 
in  China,  who  was  dethroned  and  made  prisoner,  but  was  afterward 
restored  to  honor  and  po\\er  by  the  faithfulness  and  valor  of  his  re- 
tainer, Ilanrei. 


Kojima  Writing  on  the  Cherry-tree.     (.Vignette  upon  the  greenback  national-bank  notes.") 


The  next  morning,  the  attention  of  tlie  soldiers  was  excited  by  the 
fresli  handwriting  on  the  tree.  As  none  of  them  were  able  lo  read, 
they  showed  it.  to  the  Kmperor  <!o-I)aigo,  who  read  the  \\ritinv;.  and  its 
significance,  in  a  moment.  (Conceal ing  his  jov.  In'  went  to  banish- 
ment, keeping  hope  alive  dnrinu;  his  loneliness.  lie  kn>  \v  thai  lie 
was  not  forgotten  by  his  faithful  vassals.  Kojima  afterward  f»tiLL'h!  to 
restore  the  mikado,  and  perished  on  the  battle-Held.  The  illuM  raiion 
given  above  is  borrowed  from  a  picture  by  a  native  arti-t,  which  now 
adorns  the  national-bank  notes  issued  under  the  ivi^n  of  ihe  present 
mikado. 


l.Vj.  THK  Jflh'.llai's   /-'.I// '/A'/.1. 

This  darke-t  hour  of  the  mikado's  fortune  preceded  the  dawn. 
Aln-adv  a  hero  was  i-iiicr^in^  from  ohseuritv  \\lio  was  de-tined  to  be 
the  de-tn>\  er  of  Kamakura  and  tin-  IIo]o.  Thi-  was  N'itta  Yosliisatla. 

T!i.'  tliird  sou  of  Minaiiioto  Yo-hi  -  iye,  born  \.\i.  1<>.">7,  had  two 
Soli-.  Tiir  elder  soil  slieeeeded  hi-  father  to  the  tief  of  Nitta,  ill  the 
pro\inee  i-f  Kod/.nke.  '1'he  -econd  inherited  from  hi-  adojited  father,. 
Ta\\ara.  the  tief  of  Ashika^a.  in  Shimotsukc'1.  Until  the-e  sons  found- 
ed families  \\hieh  took  their  name  from  their  place  of  hereditary  pos- 
ses-ioti.  At  this  period,  four  hundred  year-  later,  their  illu-triou-  de- 
scendants became  conspicuous.  Nitta  Yoshisada,  a  captain  in  the 
arm\  of  IIojo,  had  Keen  -cut  TO  be.-ieire  Ku>unoki,  oi f  the  mika- 
do".- faithful  \a-sals;  hut,  refu-iiiLC  to  li^lil  au'ain-t  the  imperial  forces, 
Nitta  de-erted  with  hi-  command.  He  sent  his  retainer  to  Otf>  no 
mi\a.  son  of  the  emperor,  then  hiding  in  the  mountain-,  \vho  e-ave 
him  a  commi--ion  m  the  name  of  his  exiled  father.  Nitta  immediate- 
Iv  returned  to  hi-  native  place,  collected  all  his  retainers,  and  before 
the  shrine  of  tin:  village  rai-ed  the  -tandard  of  re\olt  a^ain-t  Iln;o. 
His  haniier  was  a  loii^  \\hiie  pennant,  ero-sed  near  the  top  l>v  t\\o 
Mack  hars.  heneath  which  was  a  circle  hise'ted  \\ith  a  Mack  /one. 
Adopting  the  jilan  of  attack  propo-ed  l>v  hi-  l>rother,  and  marching 
doun  into  Salami,  lie  appeared  at  Inamura  Saki,  on  the  oiit-kirt-  of 
Kainakura,  in  thirteen  davs  after  rai.-iut;  his  haniier  as  the  mikado's 
va-al. 

At  thi-  point,  where  the  road  from  Kainakura  to  Kno-hima  -trikes 
the  Ix-ach.  a  -ph-ndid  jiaiiorama  breaks  upon  the  \i-ion  of  the  be- 
holder.  In  front  is  the  ocean,  with  its  rolling  waves  and  refre-hinLT 
salt  breeze.  To  the  -oiith.  in  impo-inu;  proportion-,  and  clothed  in 
the  blue  ,,f  di-tance,  i-  tin-  i-land  of  Oshiina:  and  farther  on  are  the 
mountains  of  the  penin-ula  of  bl/u.  TO  the  riu'ht  emerges,  fair  and 
lovely,  in  perpetual  -Teen,  the  i-land  of  Kno-hima.  Landuard  i-  the 
jieak  of  (>\ama.  \\ith  it-  -atellite-;  but.  above  all.  in  full  mau'niticence 
of  pr,,porti"n.  -land-  I-'uji.  the  lonlly  mountain.  Here  Nilta  pertorm- 
ed  an  act  that  ha-  be.-oine  immortal  in  -on--  ;md  poem,  and  the  arti.-t  s 
cole  >r-. 

(»ii  the  eve  before  the  attack.  Nitta.  a— emMinif  hi-  ho-t  at  the 
ed'_'c  of  th"  -trand.  and  renio\  in'_r  hi-  helmet,  thu-  addi'es-ed  hi<  war- 
rior-: "Our  heavenly  -on  (mikado)  ha-  been  depo-cd  by  hi-  iraitoi- 
011-  -ubject.  and  i-  no\\  in  di-tant  f\ilc  in  the  \\  e-tern  Sea.  I.  ^  o-hi- 
:i_r  unable  to  lo,,k  upon  thi-  net  unmoved,  have  rai-ed  an 
armv  to  piini-h  the  thieves  \,,nder.  I  humbly  prav  thee,  ()  (iod  of 


THE   GLORY  ASD  FALL    OF  THE  UOJO  FAMILY. 


155 


the  Sea,  to  look  into  inv  loval  heart;  command  the  tide  to  ebb  and 
open  a  path."  Thus  saying,  he  bowed  reverently,  and  then,  as  Rai 
says,  \\ith  his  head  bare  (though  the  artist  has  overlooked  the  state- 
ment), and  in  the  si^ht  of  heaven  cast  his  sword  into  the  waves  as  a 
prayer-offering  to  the  gods  that  the  wave>  might  recede,  in  token  of 
their  righteous  favor.  The  golden  hilt  gleamed  for  a  moment  in  the 
air,  and  the  sword  sunk  from  sight.  The  next  morning  the  tide  had 
ebbed,  the.  strand  was  dry,  and  the  armv,  headed  by  the  chief  whom 
the  soldiers  now  looked  upon  as  the  chosen  favorite  of  Heaven,  marched 


Nitta  Yoshisada  casting  the  Sword  into  the  Sea.     (Vignette  from  the  national -bank 

,,  notes.) 

resistlessly  on.  Kamakura  was  attacked  from  three  sides.  The  %ht- 
inir  was  severe  and  bloody,  but  victorv  everywhere  deserted  the  ban- 
ner* of  the  traitors,  and  rested  upon  the  pennons  of  the  loval.  Nitta. 
after  performing  great  feats  of  valor  in  person,  finally  set  the  city  on 
tire,  and  in  a  few  hours  Kamakura  was  a  waste  of  allies. 

Just  before  the  final  destruction  of  the  city,  a  no-hie  named  Ando. 
vassal  of  the  house  ot  llojd.  on  x-eini;  the  ruin  around  him.  the  >ol- 
diers  slaughtered,  and  the  palaces  burned,  remarking  ihat  for  a  hun- 
dred years  no  instance  of  a  retainer  dvinu  for  his  lord  had  been 
known,  resolved  to  commit  hara-kiri.  The  wife  of  Xitta  wa-  hi- 
niece.  Just  as  he  was  about  to  plunge  his  dirk  into  hi>  body,  a  serv- 


I.-,.;  Till.    MlKM>n's  KMI'IIIK. 

ant  handed  him  a  letter  from  her.  In'^^in^  him  {<>  surrender.  Tin-  old 
man  indignant  !v  evlainird  :  "M\  nicer  i-  tin-  daughter  of  a  samurai 
hi'ii-c.  \\  li\  did  -he  make  so  shaniele-s  a  ivque-t  .'  Ami  Nitta,  her 
liu>l>and.  i-  a  -amurai.  Why  did  he  allow  licr  to  do  so.'"  He  then 
took  the  letter,  wrapped  it  round  hi-  sword,  \\hieh  he  plunged  into 
hi-  !»'dv.  and  clied.  A  i:reat  nuinluT  of  vassals  of  IIojo  did  like\vi<c. 

\\  hile   Nitta  wa-  liirlitin^  at   Kamakura,  and  thu>  overthrowing  the 
IIojo  ],,,  \\,-r  in  the  I-]a-t.  A-hika^a  Takauji  had  drawn  >woi'd  in  Kioto, 
and  \\ith  Kii-unoki  rc-cstal'li^hed  tlie  imperial  rule  in  the  \Ve>t.     The 
mimi'er  of  the  doomed  elan  \vln>  \vere  >lain  in  Kattle,  or  \\ho  commit- 
ted fmrn-kiri.  a-  defeated  -oldiers,  in  ;n  .....  rdanee  \\  ith  th  ......  de  of  honor 

already  e-tal'li-hed,  i-  set  down  at  MX  thousand  ei^lit  hundi'ed. 

All  over  tiie  empire  the  people  rose  up  airain-t  their  oppressors  and 
m;e-st'Ted  them.  The  IIojo  domination,  \\  hieh  had  iiecn  paramount 
for  nrarlv  one  hundred  and  rii'tv  vears.  \\as  utterlv  l>roken. 

From  A.I).  l-Il'.i  until  1:}:!^,  the  mikados  at  Kioto  were: 


ChitiUi"  (  rc'iLTiH-il  four  month:-  1  ...........................    1'j'.'',' 

l,..-Ii(M-ik;l\v;i  ............................................     r.'-J'.'-Uo:] 

Slii.-  ..................................................  V.':;:;-  l'.M'2 


MINAMOT 


THE  GLORY  AND  FALL   OF  TUE  HO  JO  FAMILY.  157 

The  Hdjd  have  never  been  forgiven  for  their  arbitrary  treatment 
of  the  mikados.  The  author  of  the  Nikon  Guui  Ski  terms  them 
"  serpents,  fiends,- beasts,"  etc.  To  this  day,  historian,  dramatist,  novel- 
ist, and  story-teller  delight  to  load  them  with  vilest  obloquy.  Even 
the  peasants  keep  alive  the  memory  of  the  past.  One  of  the  most 
voracious  and  destructive  insects  i>  still  called  the  ''lldjo  bug.''  A 
great  annual  ceremony  of  extermination  of  these  pests  keeps  alive  the 
hated  recollection  of  their  human  namesakes.  The  memory  of  the 
wrongs  suffered  by  the  imperial  family  goaded  on  the  soldiers  in  the 
revolution  of  1808,  who  wreaked  their  vengeance  on  the  Tokttgawas, 
a>  successors  of  the  Ildjo.  In  fighting  to  abolish  forever  the  hated 
usurpation  of  six  hundred  years,  and  to  restore  the  mikado  to  his  an- 
cient rightful  and  supreme  authoritv,  thev  remembered  well  the  deeds 
.of  the  llojo,  which  the  Xikon  Guui  Ski  so  eloquently  told.  In  1873, 
envovs  sent  out  from  the  imperial  court  in  Tokio,  proceeded  to  the 
island  of  Sado,  and  solemnly  removing  the  remains  of  the  banished 
emperor,  who  had  died  of  a  broken  heart,  buried  them,  with  due  pomp, 
in  the  sacred  soil  of  Yamato,  where  sleep  so  many  of  the  dead  mikados. 

I  have  uiveii  a  picture  of  the  Hdjo  rule  and  rulers,  which  is  but  the 
reflection  of  the  Japanese  popular  sentiment,  and  the  opinion  of  na- 
tive .-cholars.  There  is,  however,  another  side  to  the  story.  It  must 
be  conceded  that  the  llojo  were  able  rulers,  and  kept  order  and  peace 
in  the  empire  for  over  a  century.  They  encouraged  literature,  and 
the  cultivation  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  During  their  period,  the  re- 
suurce>  of  the  country  were  developed,  and  some  branches  of  useful 
handicraft  and  fine  arts  were  brought  to  a  perfection  never  since  sur- 
passed.  To  this  time  belong  the  famous  image-carver,  sculptor,  and 
architect.  I'nkei,  and  the  lacquer-artists,  who  arc  the  "old  masters" 
in  this  branch  of  art.  The  military  spirit  of  the  people  was  kept 
alive,  tactics  were  improved,  and  the  methods  of  governmental  admin- 
istration simplified.  During  this  period  of  splendid  temples,  monaster- 
ies, pagodas,  colossal  images,  and  other  monuments  of  holy  zeal,  Ildj<"; 
Sadatoki  erected  a  monument  over  the  grave  of  Kiyomori  at  Hidgo. 
Ildjd  Tokimuni;  raised  and  kept  in  readiness  a  permanent  war-fund, 
so  that  the  military  expenses  might  not  interfere  with  the  revenue 
reserved,  for  ordinary  government  expenses.  To  his  invincible  cour- 
age, patriotic  pride,  and  indomitable  energy  are  due  the  vindication 
of  the  national  honor  and  the  repulse  of  the  Tartar  invasion. 

J  i 


Till-:   MIKADO'S   KUV1RE. 


XVI. 

P.UlilillISM   IX  JAPAX. 

THE  nTud'Hi  founded  l>y  Huddha.  which  is  older  l»y  si\  centuries 
than  that  founded  l>v  ('lii'i-t.  \\hich  i-  professed  hy  in-.-irlv  one-third 
of  tin1  human  race,  \\liich  ha-  a  litrratmv  perhap-  larger  llian  all  other 
religion-  literal mvs  comhiiicd,  I  -hall  not  attempt  1<>  treat  of  except  in 
thr  l>roade-t  term-.  My  object  in  thi-  diajitt-r  i-  \"  jM.ilray  tin-  i-n- 
TraiH'r  MIK!  development  of  lluddhi-m  in  Japan,  to  outline  it-  ri-e  and 
prou're--.  and  to  >iio\\  it-  statu>  in  that  IMW  fcrinontin*;  nation  :ii 
wliii-h  it-  late>t  fruit-  are  f>  iiind. 

<'hri-tians  imi-t  siirrl\  \«-  intci't'stcd  in  knowing  of  tin-  faith  tliev 
are  eipii  a\  oi-iii'_r  to  de-trov.  or.  ;(t  li>a.-t.  to  di-plaee.  \\  hen  it  i-  eoii- 
sideivd  ilia;  liii'Mhi-t  temple-  are  alreadv  ei'reted  ujioii  American  >«\], 
that  a  lieu  de\  elopmi'iit  of  thi-  ane'h-nt  faith  ma\  \  et  -et  it-elf  up  a- 
a  rival  of  ( 'liri-tianil  v  in  the  \\.--ti-rn  j>ai't  of  <>ur  country,  tlial  it  ha- 
alrea'h  \\oii  admirer-,  if  not  profe—or<,  in  ]'>.'-ton,  London,  and  II' r- 
lin.  t  If  >ul'ieet  \\  ill  !.,-  seen  to  j n »>«•><  ;m  immediate  inten  -1. 

|')ilddhi-m  oiM^'inateil  a-  a  pui'e  athei-tie  humamtanam-m.  \\ith  a. 
l"ft\  phiio-"ph\  and  a  eo.lt-  ,.f  nioi-.-iiv  hi-'hei-.  pei'hap-.  than  any 
hiath.  n  i-rliifioii  had  reached  Kefoi'i-.  or  ha-  -inec  allained.  It-thi'ei 
-Teat  di-tiir^'.ii-hiii'j;  eharaeteri-tie-  an'  athei-m.  me|emp-\  eh"-i-.  and 
ah-enee  o!  ea-ti-.  I'ii'-t  piva^hed  iii  a  land  aeeurscil  liv  -eeiilar  and 
spiritual  oppri->ioii.  i;  aekno\\  led^ed  n»  c;ist<',  and  declared  all  nieii 
eijuaii\  -mfnl  and  mi-eral>lr,  and  ail  e.jiiali\-  eapaMe  ,,f  l.einu'  freed 
fr"iu  -in  and  mi-ei'\  throii-'h  kii<  >\\  le,l--e.  It  taii^iit  that  the  smil-  <i 
all  men  had  ii\e.l  in  a  previous  ^(;ite  of  i-xistrin-c,  and  that  all  t  lie  -or- 
i'o\s-  '^t  I'M-  lite  are  piini-hment-  for  -in-  committed  in  a  previous 
-tate.  \'.:f\\  human  -oi|l  ha-  \\hirled  through  eountle-s  addles  (if  eX- 
i-teiiee.  and  ha-  -til!  to  pa--  through  a  loii'^  -iiiccfssioi]  ;  f  hirth.  pain, 
and  death.  All  i-  lie,  tin_'.  \-lliin-'  i-  real.  This  life  ;-  all  a  de- 
hi-i"ii.  After  death,  the  -oul  mn.-t  migrate  for  a^e-  throiiLrh  -ta-'e- 
of  life,  inferior  ,,r  -uperi<  r,  until,  p>  ivhauee,  it  arri\e-  at  la-t  in  Nir- 
\  alia.  <  •!•  al'-ortion  in  1 5i;d'  i 


BUDDHISM  IX  JAPAN.  159 

The  total  extinction  of  being,  personality,  and  consciousness  is  the 
aspiration  of  the  vast  majority  of  true  believers,  as  it  should  he  of 
every  suffering  soul,  /.  e.,  of  all  mankind.  The  true  estate  of  the  hu- 
man soul,  according  to  the  Buddhist  of  the  Buddhists,  is  blissful  an- 
nihilation. The  morals  of  Buddhism  are  superior  to  its  metaphysics. 
Its  commandments  are  the  dictates  of  the  most  refined  morality. 
Besides  the  cardinal  prohibitions  against  murder,  stealing,  adultery, 
Iving,  drunkenness,  and  unchastity,  "every  shade  of  vice,  hypocrisy, 
anger,  pride,  suspicion,  greediness,  gossiping,  cruelty  to  animals,  is 
(guarded  against  by  special  precepts.  Among  the  virtues  recommend- 
ed, \ve  find  not  onlv  reverence  of  parents,  care  of  children,  submission 
to  authority,  gratitude,  moderation  in  time  of  prosperity,  submission 
in  time  of  trial,  equanimity  at  all  times;  but  virtues  such  a>  the  duty 
of  forgiving  insults,  and  not  rewarding  evil  with  evil."  Whatever  the 
limctice  of  the  people  may  be,  thev  are  taught,  as  laid  down  in  their 
sacred  books,  the  rules  thus  summari/ed  above. 

Such,  we  mav  glean,  was  Buddhism  in  its  early  purity.  Besides  its 
moral  code  and  philosophical  doctrines,  it  had  almost  nothing'.  An 
"ecclesiastical  system"  it  was  not  in  any  sense.  Its  progress  was 
rapid  and  remarkable.  Though  finally  driven  out  of  India,  it  >wept 
through  Burmah,  Siam,  China,  Thibet,  Manchuria,  Corea,  Siberia, 
and  finaliv,  after  twelve  centuries,  entered  Japan.  By  this  time  the 
hare  and  bald  original  doctrines  of  Shaka  (Buddha)  were  u'lorious  in 
the  apparel  with  which  Asiatic  imagination  and  priestly  necositv  had 
clothed  and  adorned  them.  The  ideas  of  Shaka  had  been  expanded 
into  a  complete,  theological  system,  with  all  the  appurtenant-  of  a 
-t-.ick  religion.  It  had  a  vast  and  complicated  ecclesiastical  and  mo- 
nastic machinery,  a  geographical  and  sensuous  paradise,  deiimtelv  lo- 
cated hells  and  purgatories,  populated  with  a  hierarchy  of  titled  de- 
mons, and  furnished  after  the  most  approved  theological  fashion.  Of 
these  the  priests  kept,  the  keys,  regulated  the  thermometers,  and  timed 
or  graded  the  torture  or  bliss.  The'  system  had,  even  thus  earlv,  a 
minutely  catalogued  ha^ioloo-y.  Its  eschatology  was  well  outlined, 
and  the  hierarehs  claimed  to  be  as  expert  in  questions  of  ca-uMry  a> 
they  were  at  their  commercial  system  of  masses  still  in  vogue,  <len- 
eral  councils  had  been  held,  decrees  had  been  issued,  dogmas  d>-tincd 
or  abolished;  Buddhism  had  emerged  from  philosophy  into  religion. 
The  Buddhist  missionaries  entered  Japan  having  a  mecliani-ni  perfect- 
ly fitted  to  plav  upon  the  fears  and  hopes  of  an  ignorant  people,  and 
to  bring  them  into  obedience  to  the  new  and  au'uTcs>ivc  faith. 


].iii  Till-:  MIKADO'*   EMPIRE. 

It'  th'iv  wa-  "i,,-  coiinirv  in  which  the  success  of  Buddhism  a<  :i 
p"pu!ar  religion  -eeined  foreordained,  that  countrv  was  Japan.  Ii 
wa-  \ii  for  an\  thin--  that  could  IT  called  a  religion.  Before 

Budd'::-m  came,  \erv  little  worthv  of  the  name  existed.  I  >av  1>\ 
da\.  cadi  new  ray  of  the  li-'ht  of  iv-earch  that  iio\v  falls  upon  that 
e-ra\  dawn  of  ,lapaiie-e  hi-t..rv  -how-  that  Shinto  was  a  pale  ami 
-had  >w  \  eult.  that  eon-i-ted  e--eiitially  of  -acritichiLi;  to  the  spirits  of 
departed  hei-oe-  and  ance-tors  \\ith  ceivmonie-  of  liodilv  puritk'ation, 
lat  the  coining  of  Bnddhi-iu  (juiekene(l  it,  l>v  the  force  of  oppo- 
-ition.  into  >oii)ethiiiLr  approaching  a  religious  sv>tein.  Swarms  of 
pett\  tl.-itie-,  who  have  human  passions,  and  are  luit  apotheosized  hi— 

lierocs,  tii!  the  pantheon  of  Shinto.  The  end  and  aim  of  even 
it-  nio-t  -inceiv  adherein-  and  teacher-  is  political.  Strike  out  tin 
do^ma  of  the  divinity  of  the  mikado  and  the  duty  of  all  .lapane-e  to 
o!.e\  him  implicit v.  and  alnio-t  nothing'  i*-  left  of  modern  Shinto  l>ut 
Chinese  e.i^nio^oiiy.  local  myth,  and  (  'oiifiician  morals.* 

I1    the  heart   of  ;he  aii'-ient  .lapane-e  longed  after  :i  solution  of  tin- 

•:-  whence.'   u  hither.'   \\  h  \  .' — if  it   \  earned  for  religions  truth. 

In  art-  of  all  men  do:ilitle»  do — it  mii-t  ha\e  l>eeii  readv  to  \\el- 

-  inn-tiling  more  certain,  tan^il'le,  am!  dogmatic  than  the  Mand 

i  mptiii'  —  of  ^iiinto.       Iluddhi-m   came  to  touch  the   heart,  to  tire  the 

ima--inat;on.  to  feed  the   mid!  •••!.  to    offer  a    code  of  lofty  moral-,  to 

poin;    out  a  p:nv  life  through   -elf-denial,  to  a\\e  tin-   i^nor.-uit.  and  to 

terrif\     the    dolllilillLT.         A    Weil    fed    alld    e|otl|ei|     A  11  -'I  o-Sa  \  <  '11 ,    to    uli.illl 


*  ••  I  !  .  iv  i-  in  Sliint'i.  t.ut  luivc  imiL' 

yivi-n  ii                       •.:•:.:•.'              •  •  ,  '  •  .    ;  - :,i.;::  i:.  ••  .k 

i  if  >!.;•  i                    .  iii   wliii'li  in  in  -A  ,i-  ri    -..  •  •     :  .  -  _  iilt\   i  if  tin-  riiiiiiiii--iiiii  of 

-in.  ;ii,  '                         -             n-ili--."       .!.»'.   Hl'lT.i  I;N.   M    !»..!.  1.  .!>...  I- 1. .,•;,•<!„,  *••<;„>,,„ 

I,."' ''">'.      :•'     .!•>!>•">,     .,.,'/,•„•     ••      '/„       •••/,: >.       /-..A,/,     ,/„,/      Kl.ljlixf.-J.tJHlH'*      ]><• 

t'u.li.l,-;/." 

••>iii  in  i-  •  iiu  i  r  ••  -i  ',-•  nt'  llif  t'-nn  a  ri-'iiu'i"ii."  "  It  is  dillii-ult  tu  M-C 

h.,\v  ii  r.inM  .  in."  "  It  h;i.-  I'alluT  tin-  In.'k 

i,(  ;m  .  .'  •  •  ,  II. -v.  S.  K  HHO\VN,  [>.!>.,  Aiinrii-iin,  tutUi-n 

,,r' ••  |  I,,-, i,  '  •  '  •'  ••  <  '••  •  i/"ii-x  »•••.•>•''•//«/  !n  J.tjj'Ui. 

M  v  i,-.\  I  Shiiii.i  ,'N'i,  ii!  an  urtii-li-  in  /'//•  L'H- ;>• />'/•  >it  in  1X71, 

.,-niiii,  ini.illi-ri-il  "  \\  mill  r'<iiii','ari><>ii  nt'  npininn-.  //;-.. 

uml  .-,,».•  ••  In  ':'-  I  -  ly  n  t-ultnn-d  :ind  iiiti'lh-rtuiil  sitln-- 

i-in.  In  it-  I  '  •  tu  u<  >vrrnnii'n!al  and  pric-ily  dic- 

t.i!.  -."  Tlii- uuiti-il  \  .-I  -i-li.'hir^,  :ind  i-vi-n  Shinlu  dfru-iu's, 

in  Kiikui  and  Tnki".  ";i-.  "  SI  '  '  •  •  •  :  :  it  i>  :i  systi-in  of  t:<>viTnnn-iU 

n-i:ui;itiiiii-,  vi-r\  i; 11  •  •  m-iiir  tip-  1'i-njih1."  Tin  cf!'rrt- 

iril.  mid  ijiiiti-  iu-tiliatilc,  u-.  iii  id.  :  •  IP-MI  iidmi-  ]•• 'lilic:il  rn.Mnr  uill  h.- 
-,  .  i.  in  tii.-  l.i.-t  c  h;  i  j  '1-T  nf  \>"  '  •  I  -  '  lit  it 'i.-d  "  'i'i,'1  I ;.-(-. -nt  HI -Md  lit  in)  i-  ill  J  a]  mil." 


BUDUIIISM  AV  JAPAN.  101 

C(iii>ciou>  existence  seems  the  verv  rapture  of  joy,  and  whose  soul 
yearns  fur  an  eiernity  of  life,  may  nut  understand  how  a  human  s<m] 
'.•ould  ever  lon^  for  utter  absorption  uf  being  and  personality,  even  in 
God,  much  less  for  total  annihilation. 

But,  among  the  Asiatic  pour,  where  ceaseless  drudgery  is  often  the 
lot  for  life,  where  a  vegetable  diet  keeps  the  vital  force  low,  where 
the  tax-gatherer  is  the  chief  representative  of  o-ovcrnmcnt,  where  the 
earthquake  and  the  typhoon  are  so  frequent  and  dreadful,  and  where 
the  forces  of  nature  are  feared  as  malignant  intelligences,  life  does 
not  wear  such  charms  as  to  lead  the  human  soul  to  long  for  an  eterni- 
ty of  it.  Xo  normal  Japanese  would  thrill  when  he  heard  the  unex- 
plained announcement,  "The  gift  uf  God  is  eternal  life,"  or,  "  "Whoso- 
ever believeth  on  me,  though  he  were  dead,  yet  shall  lie  live."  Such 
words  would  be  painful  to  him,  announcing  onlv  a  fateful  fact.  To 
him  life  is  to  be  dreaded  ;  not  because  death  lies  at  the  end  of  it.  but 
because  birth  and  life  a^'ain  follow  death,  and  both  are  but  link-  in  an 
almost  endless  chain.  Herein  lies  the  power  of  Buddhist  preaching: 
"  Believe  in  the  true  duetrine,  and  live  the  true  believer's  life."  says 
the  bon/e,  "and  you  will  be  born  again  into  higher  states  of  exi-tence, 
thence  into  higher  and  higher  heavens,  until  from  paradise  you  rise 
as  a  purified  and  saintlv  soul,  to  be  absorbed  in  the  bosom  of  holy 
Buddha.  Reject  the  truth,  or  believe  false  doctrine  (e.  </.,  Christiani- 
ty), and  you  will  be  born  au'ain  thousands  of  times,  only  to  sutler 
sicklies^  and  pain  and  grief,  to  die  or  be  killed  a  thousand  times,  and, 
tinaliy.  to  sink  into  lower  and  lower  hells,  before  you  can  regain  the 
opportunity  to  rise  higher."  This  is  really  the  popular  form  of 
Slmka's  doctrine  of  metempsychosis.  The  popular  Buddhism  of  Ja- 
pan, at  least,  is  not  the  bare  scheme  of  philosophy  which  foreign 
writer-  seem  to  think  it  is  Tt  is  a  genuine  religion  in  its  hold  on 
man.  It  is  a  vinculum  that  binds  him  to  tin-  gods  of  his  father-. 
This  form  of  Buddhism  commended  itself  to  both  the  Japane-e  -aiye 
and  the  ignorant  boor,  to  whom  thought  is  misery,  by  reason  of  its 
detiniteness,  its  morals,  its  rewards,  and  its  punishments. 

Buddhism  has  a  cosmogony  and  a  theorv  of  both  the  mii-r  "•<  >-!!i 
and  the  macrocosm.  It  has  fully  as  much,  if  not  more,  "  scii-ucc  '  ::i 
it  than  our  media-val  theologians  found  in  the  Bible.  It- 
lectualitv  made  noble  souls  yearn  to  win  its  secrets,  and  t 
conquests  over  their  lusts  and  passions  by  knowledge. 

Amoii'_r  tin1  various  sects  of  Buddhi-m,  however,  the  under-tandinu: 
of  the  doctrine  of  Nirvana  varies  ^reatlv.  Son,,-  believe  in  the  total 


•\    ,.f  ill--  human  s.>ul.  tin1  utirr  annihilation  of  consciousness ; 
[•-,  mi  tin    I'oiitrarv,  linld  that,  a<  part  of  the   diviiu1  \\holr, 
-i -ill  i  njnvs  a  mra-Mire  of  eon<fiou-  personality. 

1 ',  r-.     nion  and  opposition  at  tir>t  united  together  the  adherents  of 
..    :'aith,  hut   siuvi'ss  and  pro-peril  v  H-ave  ri-e  to  sdiisins.      New 
-,,••-    ,  mleil    in   Japan,  \\hilc   many  prir-i-   iravrL1'!   abroad  to 

»  '  'hina,  and  .'aiiic  \>;i<-\<.  u-  lieu  li^lit-  and  ri-t'ornier>.  to  found 

!     \\    -       mis   of  thought    and  \\or-hip.      (  M'  the>e   tlie   iin»t    illu-trioi!> 
\\a>   Koi.o,  famed  not   oiilv  as  a  ^-li..iar  in   1'aii,  San-krit.  and  Chine-.'. 


l-iit    :i-  a!                    '                   I'oit/i-,  and  tin  r  of  tin1  Jajiaii"1-'  ai 

:                                                                       ;    '.    •   <.   /    ..    ''..    '  ,    I,:!    forty-M-Vrll    r!,;:l 

;   ••      .                    '                          I'oint-.  inav  In-  in.'i-i  ;i-i'd  to  thr  iminl»e 

of    -.  \  :••  ,  .       'I  :  •                   1  1,  1  1    i-  t  In-  r<i'iiin<i    \~-  t  In-    -'Tip 
'  . 


i;,,i  |Ti        \V..rd-i.      l-ii- 

u  i  !••.••'•                     I  •              •  i     u    ^:ir\  i\  ,-. 

'I':,.     '  '  ':'-     •-:•••-       i 

rn-sf    I'.ud'l  :;•--•     |ia-e>    of  tougt 

:                 toil.                                               •  t  of  them  in    [\i,  .;,  ,.  \\  i,j,  \\ 

•       tln-e  \\.  re.  in    l-jiii'. 
lin     /•:''•  !-'. 


BUDDHISM  IN  JAPAN.  163 

the  same  century  several  other  important  sects  originated,  and  the 
number  of  brilliant  intellects  that  adorned  the  priesthood  at  this  pe- 
riod is  remarkable.  Of  these,  only  two  can  be  noticed,  for  lack  of 
space. 

In  A.D.  1222,  there  was  born,  in  a  suburb  of  the  town  of  Kominato, 
in  Awa,  a  child  who  was  destined  to  influence  the  faith  of  millions, 
and  to  leave  the  impress  of  his  character  and  intellect  indelibly  upon 
the  minds  of  his  countrymen.  lie  was  to  found  a  new  sect  of 
Buddhism,  which  should  grow  to  be  one  of  the  largest,  wealthiest, 
and  most  influential  in  Japan,  and  to  excel  them  all  in  proselyting 
zeal,  polemic  bitterness,  sectarian  bigotry,  and  intolerant  arrogance. 
The  Xiehiren  sect  of  Buddhists,  in  its  six  centuries  of  historv,  has 
probably  furnished  a  greater  number  of  brilliant  intellects,  uncompro- 
mising zealots,  unquailing  martvrs,  and  relentless  persecutors  than 
anv  other  in  Japan.  No  other  sect  is  so  fond  of  controversy.  The 
bonzes  of  none  other  can  excel  those  of  the  Nieliiren  x/ti>t  (sect)  in 
proselyting  xeal,  in  the  bitterness  of  their  theological  arguments,  in 
the  venom  of  their  revilin^s,  or  the  force  with  which  thev  hurl  their 
epithets  at  those  who  differ  in  opinion  or  practice  from  them.  In 
their  view,  all  other  sects  than  theirs  are  useless.  According  to  their 
vocabulary,  the  adherents  of  Shin  'Jon  are  "not  patriots;"  those  of 
Ritsu  are  ''thieves  and  rascals;"1  of  /en,  are  "furies;"  \\hile  those  of 
certain  other  sects  are  sure  and  without  doubt  to  go  to  hell.  Aiiion^- 
the  Xichirenitcs.  are  to  be  found  more  prayer-books,  drums,  and  other 
n»i>v  accompaniments  of  revivals,  than  in  any  other  sect.  They  ex- 
cel in  the  number  of  pilgrims,  and  in  the  use  of  charms,  spells,  and 
amulets.  Their  priests  are  celibates,  and  must  abstain  from  wine,  tnli, 
and  all  flesh.  Thev  are  the  Ranters  of  Buddhism.  To  this  day,  a  re- 
vhal-meeting  in  one  of  their  temples  is  a  scene  that  often  he^ars  de- 
scription, and  mav  deafen  weak  ears.  AYhat  with  pravers  incessantly 
repeated,  drums  beaten  nnceasinglv,  the  shouting  of  devotees  who 
work  themselves  into  an  excitement  that  often  ends  in  insanitv.  and 
siimetimes  in  death,  and  the  frantic  exhortation  of  the  priots,  tin 
wildest  excesses  that  seek  the  mantle  of  religion  in  other  land-  arc  l'\ 
them  equaled,  if  not  excelled.  To  this  sect  belonged  Kato  Khontasi. 
the  bloody  persecutor  of  the  Christians  in  the  sixteenth  century,  the 
"\ir  ter  execrandus ''  of  the  Jesuits,  but  who  is  now  a  holv  stint  in 
the  calendar  of  canonized  Buddhists. 

Nichiren  (sun-lotus)  was   so  named  by  his   mother,  \\lio  at  concep- 
tion had  dreamed  that  the  sun  (nichi)  had  entered   her  body.      Tin- 


ir,  t  Tin:  MiK.\it<rs  KM  riff/-:. 

storv  i-  al-o  t"M  of  oth.-r  mothers  of  Japanese  i;ivat  m.-n,  and  -e.-m- 
to  !>e  a  fa\oiit.  -;oi-k  1-eiief  eoneerninir  the  women  who  hear  rhildren 
that  aft'-rw  -,-  men  of  renown  or  exalted  holiness.  The  l»oy 

ud.-d  l'\  the  u'loriou-  -cetierv  of  mountain,  wa\c,  >liore, 
and  wi:h  ;h<-  intiniiv  of  the  I'aeifie  ( )reaii  In-fore  him.  He  wa-  a 
dreams,  meditative  ehild.  He  wa-  earlv  put  under  the  rare  of  a  h>'l\- 
wheii  -Town  to  manhood  discarded  manv  of  the  old  dor- 
trine-,  and.  IM  in--  di-sati-tied  with  the  other  sects,  iv-olved  to  found 
one.  the  follower-  of  which  should  lie  the  holders  and  exemplar-  of 
the  pure  truth. 

Ni-'liir<-M  wa-  a  profound  -tudent  of  the  Buddhist  cla— !<•-,  or  -utra-. 
I'l-oUidi!  from  India,  and  written  in  San-krit  and  Chinese,  for  the  en- 
tire raiion  of  r»uddhi-t  holv  hook-  ha-  at  various  time-  l>eeii  l>roiiu'ht 
from  India  or  China,  and  translated  into  Chin.'-e  in  .lapan.  Her— 
tofore,  tli--  roiimioii  praver  of  all  the  .Iapaiie-e  liuddhi-t-  had  !>e.-n 
"Xniin'i,  .\>ni'l'i  Huts',  "  (  Hail.  Amida  Buddha!  or.  Save  u>.  Kterual 
1  liiddha  '. ).  Ni'-hireti  taught  that  the  true  invocation  w  a-  "A"//"/ 
;/,/,-,  /,r,  ,-,„  iii  /,-,'r,"  (<;]o|-\  to  the  -aKalion-lirinn-iiiLr  l>o.«k  of  the  law  : 
or.  lit.T'iih.  Hail,  the  true  wav  of  -aKation,  the  MO--OHI  of  d"Ctrin.-l. 
Thi-  i-  -till  the  di-tinrtive  praver  of  the  Niehiren  -eet.  It  i-  in-rri!>.  d 
on  the  teinple  curtail!-,  on  their  toinl'-toiies  and  wayside  shrines,  and 
wa-  emMa/oi;,  d  .>n  the  haniier-  carri.-d  aloft  1>\  the  ^Teat  warrior-  on 
sea  and  land  who  li.-lon-^.-d  1"  the  sect.  The  w.>rd-  are  the  Chine-,- 
tran-latioii  of  .\f" /.-»/?>  >'"'/'///'//-///"Y"/""''/''''^'"-V-'"'/'"-  "Ilr  "t'  *h'-  ehi.-f 

canonical  ! k-  of  the  r.ud-lhi-!  Scripture-,  and  in  us.    l.\-  all  the  -i  ct-. 

Nichir.-n  pi'ofe--eil  to  tind  in  it  the  true  and  »ni\  \\a\  ot  silvatinii. 
\\hi.-h  th.-  otlier  expoutidei--  of  Shaka'-  do, -trine  had  n..t  propi-ri\ 
taught.  Il«-  declan-d  that  th>-  wax  a-  tau-j'ht  \<\  him  w  a-  the  trih' 
and  -- 

Nichiivn  founded  num.'i-"U-  teinple-,  and  wa-  hu-v  during  th  • 
\vhoi.-  ,,;'  hi-  lif  n.it  in  exile,  in  t.  aching,  preaehinj'.  and  ilin- 

eratin-.      II-  puMi-h.-d  a  1 k  called   .I/./-../--/  If,,,,  ("An  Ar-umeiit  t 

tran,  piili/-  ;';.-  '  'i  tl        .-— w  i;  h  w  hieh  he  attacked  oth- 

er  -eet-    r.iU-e  1   11]  '  '  •     him.    who    (-..mplained    to 

Hoio   Toki\oii.  '  .  l.-r  of  th-  power,  at  Kamakura.  and 

pra\.-d  1"  ha\e  him    -  I.     -   a  d.  -tro\.-r  ,.f  the  puMic  peace,  a-  in- 

,|,--,|   th>-   hol\    man    wa-.        i     •     '  ot    hi-   I k    wa-   l>v    ir>   iiieati-  an 

e.x]ion-nt  of  it-  t"ti.    ,-r  -' 

N      iir<-n    wa-  '  It-',  in    Id/u.  where    he    remained 

three  year-.      <  >n  hi-  n-l-a-e.  .!.-•..  id  --!"  h,  .Idinj'  hi-  toiiifue,  he  al!-«w .    1 


BUDDHISM  IX  JAPAX.  loo 

it  to  run  more  violently  than  ever  against  other  sects,  especially  de- 
crvinii'  the  u'reat  and  learned  priests  of  previous  generations.  Hojo 
Tokiyori  a^ain  arrested  him,  confined  him  in  a  dungeon  below 
ground,  and  condemned  him  to  death. 

The  following  story  is  told,  and  devoutly  believed,  by  his  follower-; 
On  a  certain  day  he.  was  taken  out  to  a  village  on  the  strand  of  the 
bay  be\  ond  Kaniakura,  and  in  front  of  the  lovely  island  of  Kiioshima. 
This  village  is  called  Koshigoye.  At  this  time  Nicliiren  was  forty- 
three  years  old.  Kneeling  down  upon  the  strand,  the  saintly  bon/e 
calmly  uttered  his  prayers,  and  repeated  "X<t)nn  in/is  tin  rcn  <ji'  ki<~>" 
upon  his  rosary.  The  swordsman  lifted  his  blade,  and.  with  all  his 
miii'lit,  made  the  downward  stroke.  Suddenly  a  flood  of  blinding 
1'iLjht  burst  from  the  sky,  and  smote  upon  the  executioner  and  the  ofli- 
eial  inspector  deputed  to  witness  the  severed  head.  The  sword-blade 
was  broken  in  pieces,  while  the  holy  man  was  unharmed.  At  the 
same  moment,  Hojo,  the  Lord  of  Kaniakura,  was  startled  at  his  revels 
in  the  palace  by  the  sound  of  rattling  thunder  and  the  flash  of  li^ht- 
niiiL;'.  though  then  was  not  a  cloud  in  the  sky.  .1  >a/ed  by  the  awful 
-iu'n>  of  Heaven's  displeasure.  Hojo  Tokiyori,  divining  that  it  was  on 
account  of  the  holy  victim,  instantly  dispatched  a  fleet  messenger  to 
•tav  the  executioner's  hand  and  reprieve  the  victim.  Simultaneously 
the  otlicial  inspector  at  the  still  unstained  blood-pit  sent  a  courier  TO 
i.'c^'  reprieve  for  the  saint  whom  the  sword  could  not  touch.  The 
TWO  men,  coming  from  opposite  directions,  met  at  the  small  stream 
which  the  tourist  still  crosses  on  the  way  from  Kamakura  to  Knoshi- 
ma.  and  it  was  thereafter  called  Vukiai  (meeting  on  the  \\av)  River,  a 
name  which  it  retains  to  this  day.  Through  the  pitiful  clemency  and 
intercession  of  Hojo  Tokimune,  son  of  the  Lord  of  Kamakura,  Nichi- 
reii  was  sent  to  Sado  Island.  He  was  afterward  released  l>\  his  bene- 
factor in  a  general  amnesty.  Nicliiren  founded  his  sect  at  Kioto,  and 
it  greatly  flourished  under  the  care  of  his  disciple,  his  reverence  Ni- 
chi/o.  After  a  busy  and  holy  life,  the  great  saint  died  at  Ikeu-aini.  a 
little  to  north-west  of  the  Kawasaki  railroad  station,  between  Yokoha 
ma  and  Tokio.  where  the  scream  of  the  locomotive  ami  the  rumble  of 
the  railway  car  are  but  faintly  heard  in  its  solemn  -hade-.  There  arc 
to  be  seen  iforu'eous  temples,  pagodas,  shrines,  magnificent  nTove>  and 
ceinetcrio.  The  dyin^  presence  of  Nicliiren  has  lent  thi-  place  peeul- 
iar  -anctity  :  but  his  bones  rest  on  Mount  Minobu.  in  the  province  of 
Kai.  where  wa-  one  of  his  homes  when  in  the  lle-h.  Sec  I''i'<»ttix/>iffc. 
While  in  Japan.  I  made  special  visits  to  manv  of  the  places  rendcre-' 


|i>;  Till:  MlKAH'i'S  KM PIRK. 

in--:  f:i  N  .  of  his  l.irtli.  lali'irs.  triumph,  and  death,  ami 

thi -tv  form.      '  pressjons  of  hi-  work  and  followers  which  I  have 

in  thi-  .  !'•  r  li.      > •'   far  a-  I   am  al>le  to  judire,  mme  <>f  the 

nati\i  a-  -tamped   hi-  impress  more  deejilv  on  tin-  ivli^- 

•    '    "I  Japan   than   ha-   N'ldinvn.       It   inav  l>e  vain   prophec\ , 

•    ;•    I  hat    < 'hri-iianitv  in   Japan   \\ill  liml   its   mo-t    \i^or«ni> 

ami  p.  i--i-!      :  oppo-er-  ani<>n_:  thi-  sect,  ami  that  it  \\ill  lie  tin-  la-t  to 

no\\    triumphing  faith  that   -eein-   daspim.r  the  girdle   of 

:  \  ii'ti  -r\    in  Japan. 

'I  ih-ir  a-i"!ii-!iin^  suci-cs-  ami  tn-nicDdnus  power,  ami  tlieir  intoler- 

ilii'e  ali'l    l'i_:'"trv,   ale   to   he  a-eri!ietl   to  the   -allle   eail-( the   plvei.sjoM, 

:  -tin. 'tne--.  aipl    t'Xfhisivfiii'SS   of  the   teaehin^s   of  their   master.      In 

tln'ir  steri  il    k-.  and  in  the  sermon-  <•!'  their  l>oiixes.  the  Ni<-hiivnite- 

are  f\liortdl  t"  ivtV.'t  dili^riitlv  upon  the  jieeuliar  l>l<'--iiiLr-  voiidi- 
-ati-d  to  tin-in  a-  a  elmseii  sect,  ami  to  understand  that  thev  arc  fa- 
^ori-d  alio\  •  ,-;ii  oth'T-  in  pri \  i ! e^'e.  that  thrir  doctrine-  are  the  only 

tnie    olles.    :t;id    |)i;i!    ]ir]-fret    -alxatioli    is   ;it  1  ailia!  >ie   liV    11"    other    method 

or  svstem.  It  i-  iii-xt  to  impos-d!,],-  for  thi-m  to  fraterni/e  \\itli  otin-r 
I'.uddhi-t-.  and  the\  thein-rh  es  declare  that,  though  all  the  other  -e.-t- 
ma\  e  '.i  oiii-.  \  e-t  thi-v  niu-1  remain  apart,  nnle—  their  tenet-. 

i'e  adopt'   i.      'I  he  proscription  "f  I'ther  <«•(•!<.  and  tin-  einplnyinent  of 
!-•  a-  a  mean-  of  propagation  intrixliiced  l.v  Niehiren, 
\\a-   a   i  li'          :      '    '      ULT   in   Japan        I;   -tirn-d  up  per-ecutioi. 

au:'ain-i   I  fa;:  h  and  ,'  -  foi!o\\  er-  ;   and  thi-.  i'ou  pled  \\ ;:  ii  the  m- 

\  iii.-ihie  tiidi    ai    |  /ea    of  tin    latter.  :  her  a-  -"i!  and  -eed. 


|-i-\  ival  n  J  -i  int. '  1  hat  ._Teat   religion. 

u  hi.  j;   •  ,  ^  of  the  tl  •  u ry,  reacJH-d  a  -taife 

of     a  — i\      4  .  •  -  .  i   \\liicli  \\a-  m-ce-.-arv  t" 


'l'h<    .  Niehiren  ii  I  ai    era  •  'f  /.•  al  and,  hi^. 

"try.  it  a'~"  '  •      iit»  that   ]     A  i-r  w  hieh  i-  the  he-t   ivpn- 

-elitatlVe     -    •  of    th''     i,,':     h.         \\llethel'     \\*-    call     illld- 

ilhi-m  ;.  t  -haih  >u   -tnd<  :.t  •  -I'  1  IP- 

.!;ip:;|,.  -i                               .                                                              i     t  !n-    J'ill'e    1'i-li^i'  Ml-,    a-    Well    a- 
1  I)'      -Up.   I  -'  ,  'tip-    Japalie-r    j ],!e    ha- 

:  '  than  l.\    :in\    and  all 

s-    ,,,,,          •     -  ,    jj,,   ,-,-'•;     •  •     -'          S';,-h;]-,.|    ites    are    -•]•,.--    alpl    PeVolt- 

.      .  •  i-  tin    HH'JVff  k'.in'r'j  i  tl'.winu' 


BVUUIIIXM  AY  JAPAX.  161) 

invocation).  I  shall  call  it  "the  mother's  memorial.''  It  is  practiced 
chieriv  l>v  the  followers  of  Nichiren,  though  it  is  sometimes  employed 
bv  other  sects. 

A  si^'ht  not  often  met  with  in  the  cities,  but  in  the  suburbs  and 
country  places  fivtjiicnt  as  the  cause  of  it  requires,  is  the  iiat/uri' 
kunjij  (tlowiiio-  invocation).  A  piece  of  cotton  cloth  is  suspended  bv 
its  four  corners  to  stakes  set  in  the  ground  near  a  brook,  rivulet,  or, 
if  in  the  city,  at  the  side  of  the  water-course  \\hich  fronts  the  houses 
of  the  better  classes.  Behind  it  rises  a  higher,  lath-like  board,  notched 
several  times  near  the  top,  and  inscribed  with  a  brief  legend.  Uest- 
iiiii  on  the  cloth  at  the  brookside,  or,  if  in  the  city,  in  a  pail  of  water, 
is  a  wooden  dipper.  Perhaps  upon  the  four  corners,  in  the  upright 
bamboo,  mav  be  set  bouquets  of  flowers.  A  careless,  stranger  may 
not  notice  the  odd  thing,  but  a  little  study  of  its  parts  re\eals  the 
symbolism  of  death.  The  tall  lath  tablet  is  the  same  as  that  set  be- 
hind graves  and  tombs.  The  ominous  Sanskrit  letters  betoken  death. 
Even  the  flowers  in  their  bloom  call  to  mind  the  tributes  of  affection- 
ate remembrance  which  loving  survivors  set  in  the  sockets  of  the  mon- 
uments in  the  grave-yards.  On  the  cloth  is  written  a  name  such  as 
i-  Driven  to  persons  after  death,  and  the  prayer,  "'Nuiitu  i//i>~>  1»~;  re  it 
<ii  kto  "  (Glory  to  the  salvation-bringing  Scriptures).  Waiting  lonu' 
enough,  perchance  but  a  few  minutes,  there  may  be  seen  a  passer-by 
who  pauses,  and,  devoutly  offering  a  prayer  with  the  aid  of  his  rosary, 
reverently  dips  a  ladleful  of  water,  pours  it  upon  the  cloth,  and  waits 
patiently  until  it  has  strained  through,  before  moving  on. 

All  this,  when  the  significance  is  understood,  is  very  touching,  li 
i-  the  story  of  vicarious  suffering,  of  sorrow  from  the  brink  of  joy.  of 
one  dying  that  another  may  live.  It  tells  of  mother-love  and  mother 
woe.  It  is  a  mute  appeal  to  every  passer-by,  by  the  love  of  Heaven, 
to  shorten  the  penalties  of  a  soul  in  pain. 

The  .Japanese  (Buddhists)  believe  that  all  calamity  is  the'  result  of 
sin  either  in  this  or  a  previous  state  of  existence.  The  mother  who 
dies  in  childbed  suffers,  by  sued  a  death,  for  some  a \\ful  transgression. 
it  may  be  in  a  cycle  of  existence  long  since  passed.  For  ii  she  mu-t 
leave  her  new-born  infant,  in  the  full  raptures  of  mother-joy,  and  .-ink 
into  the  darkness  of  Hades,  to  wallow  in  a  lake  of  blood.  There 
must  she  groan  and  suffer  until  the  "ilouing  invocation"  ceases,  by 
the  wearing-out  of  the  symbolic  cloth.  When  this  i>  so  utterly  worn 
that  the  water  no  longer  drain-,  but  falls  through  at  once,  the  freed 
spirit  of  the  mother,  purged  of  her  sin,  rises  to  resurrection  among 


170  Till-:  MIKADO'S   EMPIRE. 

the  exalted  heim-;-  of  a  hiu'ier  cycle  of  exi  -tence.  I'evout  men.  as 
they  pa--  by.  p-veivntN  pour  a  la  lleful  of  water.  \\uincii,  e-pceial- 
h  tho-e  \\lii.  ha\e  felt  mother-pain-,  and  who  rejoice  in  life  and  lov- 
ing otf-pr: !IL;'.  P-peat  the  t-xpiatorv  act  with  deeper  feelim::  Imt  the 
depth-  of  -vmpathy  are  fathomed  onlv  l>y  tho-e  who.  heiiii;  mothers, 
are  \  et  herea\cd.  Yet,  as  in  presence  of  nature'.-  awful  "Juries  the 
p-\ei-eiit  ira/.er  i-  .-hocked  l>v  the  noi-\  importunity  of  the  lie^-^ar.  so 
before  this  -ad  and  touching  memorial  the  proof.-  of  -ordid  pri<-' 
•  •raft  cliill  the  warm  sympathy  \\hich  tin-  >i_rht  even  from  the  In:,:' 
•.  -f  an  alien  mi^ht  (.-yoke. 

The  cotton  cloth  inscribed  \\ith  tin  prayer  and  the  name  of  the  d  - 
cea-ed,  to  he  ellicaciou-,  can  he  purchased  onlv  at  the  temples.  I  ha\e 
been  told,  ami  it  is  n.>  -ei-ret.  that  rich  people  arc  al>le  to  secure  a 
napkin  \\hich,  \\heii  -tivtched  Imt  a  few  da  vs.  will  rupture,  and  let  tin.1 
\\ater  pa-s  through  at  uinv.  The  poor  man  can  ^vt  onlv  tin-  >toiit- 
e-t  and  ino-t  elo-elv  \\o\en  fabric.  Tiie  limit  of  purgatorial  penance 
i-  tlm-  fixed  b\  warp  and  woof,  and  warp  and  woof  are  e.'au_vd  hv 
nionev.  The  rich  man'-  napkin  i-  -craped  thin  in  tin-  middle.  Nev- 
erthele--,  the  po,,|-  mother  -eciires  a  richer  tribute  of  sympathy  from 
!n-r  humble  people;  for  in  .lapan.  a-  in  other  lands,  poverty  has  many 
children.  \\  hile  \\ealth  mourn-  for  heir-;  and  in  the  lowlv  walks  of 
life  an-  more  pitiful  women  who  have  felt  the  woe  and  the  jo\-  of 
motherhood  than  in  tin  man-ion-  of  the  rich. 

In  Hdii/eii.  ••-peeiailv  in  the  country  to\\n-and  villages,  the  custnm 
i-  riiridU  ob-ei-vcd;  but  thou-'h  I  often  looked  for  the.  ii<i<i<n-i  k<mj<~j 
in  Tukiri.  I  never  -aw  one.  |  am  told,  however,  that  they  may  be 
-een  in  the  oiit-kirts  of  the  city.  The  dra\\in^  of  one  seen  near  Ta- 
kt''fu.  in  Iv-hi/en.  was  made  for  me  b\  m\  arti-t-i'rieiid  O/awa.  a  num- 
ber of  -A  ho-,-  -ketehe-  appear  in  thi-  \\ork. 

The  I'p'te-talit-  of  .lapain-c  I '.iiddhi-m  are  the  fi>ll<.wers  of  Shin 
-hiu.  founded  bv  hi-  reverence  ^hini-an.  iii  l-_'«iJ.  Sliinran  was  a 
pupil  of  Honi-n.  who  foiinded  the  ,lod'">  -hiu,  and  \s  a-  of  iiobK-  de- 
-eeiit.  \\"hi!e  iii  Kiuto,  at  thirty  \ear-  of  a--e.  lie  married  a  lady  of 
nobie  blood,  nairn-d  Tamav-iri  hinn''.  the  dauii'liti-r  of  the  Kiiainbaku. 
He  thu-  taught  bv  example,  a-  well  a-  hv  pree.-jit,  that  marriage  wa- 
lioi]i>rable.  and  that  eelibac\  \\a-  an  invention  of  the  prie-t-.  imt  war- 
ran'i'd  b\  pure  Uuddhi-m.  I'diaii'-e.  la-tini;'.  pre-cribed  diet,  pil- 
Lrnma'_re-,  isolat  ii>n  t  pen  -.  .>•;.  ;  i, .  \\  hi-;  her  a-  hermit-  or  in  the  cloister, 
and  'jvnerillv  amulet-  and  charm-,  are  all  irbooed  bv  thi-  sect.  Nun- 
iierie-  and  nioija-terie-  arc  unknown  v.ithin  it-  pale.  'I  he  tamily 


Belfry  of  u  Buddhist  Templu  in  Uzuka. 


BUDDHISM  IX  JAPAN.  173 

takes  the  place  of  monkish  seclusion.  Devout  prayer,  purity,  and 
earnestness  of  life,  and  trust  in  Buddha  himself  as  the  only  worker  of 
perfect  righteousness,  are  insisted  upon.  Other  sects  teach  the  doc- 
trine of  salvation  by  works.  Shinran  taught  that  it  is  faith  in  Buddha 
that  accomplishes  the  salvation  of  the  believer. 

Buddhism  seems  to  most  foreigners  who  have  studied  it  but  Roman 
Catholicism  without  Christ,  and  in  Asiatic  form.  The  Shin  sect  hold 
a  form  of  the  Protestant  doctrine  of  justification  bv  faith,  believing 
in  Buddha  instead  of  Jesus.  Singleness  of  purpose  characteri/.es  this 
sect.  Outsiders  call  it  Ikko,  from  the  initial  word  of  a  text  in  their 
chief  book,  Murioju  J\io  ("  Book  of  Constant  Life").  By  others  it 
is  spoken  of  as  Monto  (gate-followers),  in  reference  to  their  unitv  «>f 
organization.  The  Scriptures  of  other  sects  are  written  in  Sanskrit 
and  Chinese,  which  onlv  the  learned  are  able  to  read. 

Those  of  Monto  are  in  the  vernacular  Japanese  writing  and  idiom. 
Other  sects  build  temples  in  sequestered  places  among  the  hills.  The 
Shin  -  shiuists  erect  theirs  in  the  heart  of  cities,  on  main  streets,  in 
the  centres  of  population.  They  endeavor,  by  every  means  in  their 
power,  to  induce  the  people  to  come  to  them.  In  Fukui  their  twin 
temples  stood  in  the  most  frequented  thoroughfares.  In  Tokio,  O/a 
ka,  Kioto,  Nagasaki,  and  other  cities,  the  same  system  of  having  twin 
temples  in  the  heart  of  the  city  is  pursued,  and  the  Largest  and  finest 
ecclesiastical  structures  are  the  duplicates  of  this  sect.  The  altars  are 
on  a  scale  of  imposing  magnificence,  and  gorgeous  in  detail.  A  com- 
mon saving  is,  "As  handsome  as  a  Monto  altar."  The  priests  marry, 
rear  families,  and  their  sons  succeed  them  to  the  care  of  the  temples. 
In  default  of  male  issue,  the  husband  of  the  daughter  of  the  priest, 
should  lie  have  one,  takes  the  otlice  of  his  father-in-law.  Many  mem- 
bers of  the  priesthood  and  their  families  are  highly  educated,  perhaps 
m i >re  so  than  the  bonzes  of  any  other  sect.  Personal  acquaintance 
with  several  of  the  Monto  priests  enables  me  to  substantiate  tin*  fact 
asserted  of  them. 

The  followers  of  Shinran  have  ever  held  a  hiu'h  position,  and  have 
wielded  va>t  influence  in  the  religious  development  of  the  people 
Both  for  LTood  and  evil  they  have  been  aimm^  the  foremost  of  active 
workers  in  the  cause  of  religion.  In  time  of  war  the  Mont"  b«n/es 
put  on  armor,  and,  \\ith  their  families  and  adherents.  ha\e  in  numer- 
ous instances  formed  themselves  into  military  battalion*.  \\  e  shall 
hear  more  of  their  martial  performances  in  sucivediiiL:'  chapters. 

After  the  death  of  Shinran,  liennio,  who  died  in   l.">un,  became  the 


174  Till:  MIK.ilxrx  EXPIRE. 

revivaii-t  <>f  M"Pto.  and  wrote  the  Ofnini,  <>r  sacred  writing-,  which 
arc  ii"\\  dai!\  read  1-y  the  disciple*  of  this  denomination.  With  the 
eharacti  jeet  "f  reaching  the  masses,  tlicy  arc  written  in  the 

common  --cript  !i>/-iifj<ritn  writing,  which  all  tlie  people  of  Imth  sexes 
can  r>  ad.  Tl.ou_fh  vreatlv  persecuted  l>v  other  sectaries,  they  have 
continually  hi'Tea-ed  in  mnnhers.  wealth,  and  power,  and  now  lead  all 
in  intelligence  ami  intluence.  TO  the  charges  of  uneleanness  \\hich 
other-  liriiiLT  aifain.-t  them,  l>ecau-e  thev  niarrv  wives,  eat  and  drink 
and  live  so  inneli  like  unelerieal  men.  thev  eahnlv  answer,  the  hri^ht 
ra\  s  of  the  sun  shine  on  all  things  alike,  and  that  it  is  not  for  them  to 
call  tilings  unelean  which  have  evidcntlv  heen  eivated  for  man's  us,.; 
that  riii'hteoiisness  consists  neither  in  eating  nor  drinking,  in.r  in  al>-ti- 
nence  from  the  hlessinp.  vouchsafed  t<>  mortals  in  thi>  vale  of  \\  ic  . 
and  that  the  maxims  aiid  narrow-minded  doctrines,  with  the  neglect 
of  which  thev  are  reju'oaehed.  can  onlv  have  proceeded  from  {lie  fol!\ 
or  vanitv  of  men.  They  claim  that  pric-ts  \\ith  families  are  purer 
men  than  ecliLates  in  monasteries,  ;md  that  the  puritv  of  socictv  i- 
l>cst  maintained  l'\  a  manieil  priesthood.  \\'ithin  the  la-t  two  decade*, 
they  were  the  tii'-t  to  or^aiii/e  their  theological  >chools  on  the  moi),  i 
of  foreign  countries,  that  their  \oun-;'  men  mi^ht  l>e  traim-d  to  iv-i-' 
Shinto  or  (  'hri-tianit  \ '.  oi1  to  mea-ure  the  truth  in  either.  The  la-t 
!ie\\  charge  uv^'c'l  a^ain-t  them  1>\  their  ri\aU  i-  that  thev  are  -<> 
much  like  ( 'hri-tian-,  that  tlie\  mi-'ht  as  well  lie  such  out  and  out. 
Lihertv  of  thought  and  action,  an  inencivililr  de-ire  to  In-  tVee  from 

governmental,  traditional,  nltra-ecclc-ia-tical.  or  Shinto  intiuenc, in 

a  \\ord.  1'rote-tanti-m  in  it-  ]c.n-e  <cn>i',  i-  characteiistic  of  the  ^reat 
sect  foun  I'd  ' '  \  Shinran. 

TO  treat  of  the  doctrinal  dilTerenee  aiid  \arioii-  eu-tonis  of  the  dif- 
fer,-iit  ('en,  iminat !'  'ii  -  \\o;i!d  reijiiil'-1  a  Volume.  .lapane-e  Iiiiddhi-m 
riehh  rl,-erve- tlioroiiirh  -tudv.and  a  -cho]ar!y  treati-e  hy  it-e!f.'"'  The 

•^  It   i-  •        •         !rrj,r-t   iv-i  ,;-,  |,  mill   lull'  -t   ii:i|iiir, .  :.-  IM  th 

tMni'  n  •  •  _    •=.  •    .1    :'•.-.:•..•''•:.  i  tlic   HinMliM  li.iHi.      Il   i- 

!i(.t    [il'i'Sai'le.   .1-    -  .  '      •        •     \Valii    i-ci-    |.MLrc    T''n    I'l'mi^lit    !!  c 

i  .     '    •    -;.  'I'lii      \iti'i)/;/i    Live-     )hi-    \  •  .ir  ."i.'rj   :.- 

that  In  v  _•  - .  !••  isirii-,  altar  nirnitnp-.  \  c-tnu'iits,  i-t<   , 

\\cn-  ln-t i. \v.  .1  a-  {•:••-• -lit-    it                              |             ,  .unl  (I-  | '<•.-'! ti'd  in  iln'  ci ill rt  nf 

ccri'iniiiiy.      T:  '•                                 tiiilicil  l'\   a  l<'\v  e"iirt    notili--, 

-  '•       •  •      •                    •       l'.--.-'l  tfi--  in  ".  faith.     In  .".V,.  a  tVi-Mt'ii!  [.'•-- 

.'     •                                   -                       •'.•    •  ijtlJiill.  n!-  nftlic  I'lin-'m'li  faitl: 

•     •       .  :  .    •  A  l"i,'_  am!  Litti  r  disi'Htu  I'n}- 

;..-.\  >•;!.  LII..I  -i  'in'-  i.f  ;'::,    \\i-\\  !       :  ili'-lruyi-d.      In  -pite  "f  ].;;'  ri- 

(.itUlu  ..  ..itivi    X.i  al,   '                                            '     ..1   WI.TU  i..-t;il/,i-l:t.''l  in   !!;••   pai 


BUDDHISM  IX  JAPAN.  175 

part  played  In-  the  oreat  Buddhist  sects  in  the  national  drama  of  histo- 
ry in  Inter  centuries  will  l»e  seen  as  \ve  proceed  in  our  narrative. 

ace,  in'w  missionaries  were  invited  from  Corea,  and  in  (\~24  two  bonzes  were  iriven 
official  rank,  as  primate  and  vice-primate.  Temples  were  ereeted,  and,  at  the 
death  of  a  bonze,  in  700,  his  body  was  disposed  of  by  cremation  —  a  new  tiling  in 
Japan.  In  741,  an  imperial  decree,  ordering  the  erection  of  two  temples  and  a 
seven-storied  pairoda  in  each  province,  was  promulgated.  In  705,  a  priest  became 
Dai  Jo  Dai  Jin.  In  S27,  a  precious  relic  —  one  of  Dhaka's  (Buddha's)  bones  —  was 
deposited  in  the  palace.  The  master  stroke  of  theological  dexterity  was  made 
early  in  the  ninth  century,  when  Kobo,  who  had  studied  three  years  in  China, 
achieved  the  reconciliation  of  the  native  belief  and  the  foreign  religion,  made 
patriotism  and  piety  one,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  permanent  and  univer- 
sal success  of  Buddhism  in  Japan.  This  Japanese  Philo  taught  that  the  Shinto 
deities,  or  irods,  of  Japan  were  manifestations,  or  transmigrations,  of  Buddha  in 
that  country,  and,  by  his  scheme  of  dogmatic  theology,  secured  the  ascendency 
of  Buddhism  over  Shinto  and  Confucianism.  Until  near  the  fourteenth  century, 
however.  Buddhism  continued  to  be  the  religion  of  the  oflicial,  military,  and  edu- 
cated classes,  but  not  of  the  people-  at  laruv.  Its  adoption  by  all  classes  may  be 
ascribed  to  the  niis.-ioiiury  labors  of  Shinran  and  Niehircn,  whose  banishment 
to  the  North  and  Kast  made  them  itinerant  apostles.  Shinran  traveled  on  foot 
through  every  one  of  the  provinces  north  and  east  of  Kioto,  n'loryini;-  in  his  exile, 
cvcrvwhere  preaching,  teaching',  and  making  new  disciples.  It  may  be  safely 
said  that  it  required  nine  hundred  years  to  convert  the  Japanese  people  from 
fctiehism  and  Shinto  to  Buddhism. 

It  is  extremely  dillicult  to  n'et  accurate  statistics  relatintc  to  Japanese  Bud- 
dhism. The  following  table  was  compiled  for  me  by  a  learned  bonze  of  tin;  Shin 
denomination,  in  the  temple  of  Xishi  Hon^uanji,  in  Tstikiji,  Tokio.  I  have  com- 
pared it  with  data  furnished  by  an  ex-priest  in  t'ukui,  and  various  laymen. 

The  ecclesiastical  centre  of  Japan  has  always  been  at  Kioto.  The  chief  temples 
and  monasteries  of  each  sect  were  located  there. 

TAKri.AK    LIsT    OF    JiUDDHIST    SECTS    IN    JAl'AH. 


I.  Temlai.    Founded  by  Chisha,  in  China:  3  suit-sects  ..................  t'l.Siii 

II.  Shinjron.     Founded  by  Kfibo,  in  Japan.  A.I>.  si;>,  :  3  sub-sects  .........  15.f>o;i 

III.  Xen.    Founded  by  Darma,  in.  Japan  :  0  sub-sects  .....................  '21.f>47 

I\'.  Jc'xli'i.     Founded  by  lli'men,  iii  Japan,  HTM:   '2  sub-sects  ...............  '.>,-!'.> 

V.  Shin.     Founded  by  Shinran,  in  Japan,  1213:  r>  subjects  ..............  1!!."!* 

VI.  Xichircn.     Founded  by  Xichiren,  in  Japan,  \~26-2:  '2  sub-sects.  ........ 

VI  I.  Ji.     Founded  by  Ippen,  in  Japan,  1'2SS  ................................  r>sii 

Besides  the  above,  then1  are  twenty-one  ''irregular,"  "local,"  or  ''independ- 
ent" sects,  which  act  apart  from  the  others,  and  in  some  eases  have  no  temples 
or  monasteries.  A  number  of  other  sects  have  originated  in  Japan,  llouri-hed  f<>r 
a  time,  decayed,  and  passed  out  of  existence.  According  to  1he  census  of  I  ^7'.'. 
there  were  in  Japan  ;Jll,s-l!i  Buddhist  i-tUyirits  of  both  sexes  and  all  irrade^  .ind 
orders.  Of  these.  7.">,'.l:.'5  were  priests,  abbots,  or  monks,  '.)  abbesso  ;  -T,-.'?  we  re 
reckoned  as  novices  or  students,  and  (.ls,5S5  wen-  in  mona-terie-  or  t'.iinilies 
imostly  of  Shin  sect);  151,077  were  males,  (!0,1;V,)  were  females,  ;l,id  '.'.''p'.M  wi-rc 
nuns.  By  the  census  of  1S75,  the  returns  n'avo  r.'l^jOO'.l  Buddhist  nli'j'niif,  of 
whom  14S,807  were  males,  and  5S,Ni:J  females. 


XVII. 

Tin-:  /.vi-.i.s/o.v  or  rur.  .i/o.wo/,  T.urr.iKs. 

IM  KIM,  the  earlv  centuries  of  tin-  Christian  ITU.  friendly  intercourse 

SVa-     iv^ularl  V      kepi      Up     KetWeell     .I;i|i;itl      alld     China.         Kllll-a  —  ie-     \\e|V 

di-patched  to  and  fro  mi  various  nii-.-ion-,,  !mt  diictlv  \\itii  tin-  mutual 
•  il .  i.-ei  i  if  hearing  thi1  cotiLn';'tulati<  >n-  to  an  emperor  upon  hi-  accr— ion 

!•  i    tin-    throne.         It    !-    lllrlltioni'd    iil    tlic    "  I  ia/.i-ttriT   "f    I'!'' hi /ell  "    I  h'l'lii- 

:.' n  K'k'i  Mi>  Si'iki  I\'<~>]  that  i-inliassadors  fr«'iii  China,  with  a  ivtinui1 
ail']  i-i'i-w  i'f  niic  luiinln-il  and  >c\  ciit\ -i-i^ht  jirr>nn-~.  canic  t<>. Japan 
v.n.  77''..  in  1'rar  cnnn-nitiilatiiins  t»  the  mikaili.,  Knnin  Tennfi.  'l'!n- 

Vt'SM'l     \\a-     \\reekeil     ill     a     Tvphniill     otT    the     r»a>t     "f     Kell'l/ell,    alnl    I'l'.t 

fiiftv— i\  i'f  tin  eiiiiijiaiiv  \\civ  -a\ed.  Thev  \\ei'e  fed  and  shcltei'i'd  iii 
Fv-lii/i-n.  In  \.ii.  77'.'.  the  Japanese  i-nilia.-sv.  n-turniniT  fr"in  ('hina. 
landed  at  Mikuni.  the  -ea-purt  "f  Kuktii.  In  s^-i.  "rder-  \\ere  >ent 
fi'i'in  Ki'"'t"  In  the  provinces  north  -if  the  eapita!  1"  I'epair  the  hrid^es 
and  road-.  !>ur\  the  d  -ad  !'odie>.  and  rnnuvr  all  (ili>tai'h-s,  Iiccau-e  the 
en\i>v-  of  i  'hin.-'.  were  ec.niinL;1  that  uav.  Tin  ei\il  di-orcl.'ix  in  !>oth 
countries  interrupted  tlir-r  t'neinii\-  relations  in  the  twelfth  eeiiturv, 

alld    ei  '  ;    ill-    eea-ed    Until    t  I  lev    \\  -'IT    l'e!|e\\  eil    a^'aill    ill    1  ile    tillle 

.  .f  tin-  1 1.  jo.  in  the  manner  no\\  to  !..•  de-erilu'd. 

Ii,    (   hina.  th'-    Mongol    Tartar-  had    overthrown  tin     Suiiu'   dvna-Tv. 

.    red  the  adjaei'iit  eoimtrie-.      Through  the  <  'ore;.n-.  the 

M- •!:_;•.  ,j    i'tiljii-1'or.    Kill'iai     Khan,    at    V,  ho-c    i-oiirt     Mareo    I'o]o    and     hi- 

line!,-,    A  ,  iv    then    re-idiii'j,  -ent    Idler-    d '  •  in  a  n  d  i  n  ir   tril'iite   and    lioin- 


muiie.  i  nra^'e  1                     --..].  ii;  demand-,  di-mi— -cd    them    in   di-v:'i'ace. 

S;\    I'lllkl  — It  -    Uel'e    -.'lit.    and    -1\    tillle-    re]i-etrd. 

Aii    e\prdition    1 1'' 'in    (  hina,  eon-i-tiii'j    of    ten    thoti-and    men.  \\a-> 

-•  •  '       :ain-i    .lapan.        1    .•  :       I    1             ma    and    I  ki.      The\-    \\  I-P 

hra\e!\     attaeked.  and    lln  ain.      All     I\iu-lim    haviii^' 

roii-i  d  to  arm-,  tin    •  '  iiiu'  aeeompli-hed  iioihitiLT. 

The    <        ill''-e   i   Illpi-ri'I'    ll"\\     -'   '   "  "V-.   \\llo    allliolllieed   their    pill1- 

po-     '  •   remain   until    a  detimti  an-\\er  \\a.-    returned  to  th^ir   ma-i'-r. 

Th'A'    v.    iv  ealli-d   to   K'ai;,  .lapaiie-f  r-'plv  \va-  ifiveii  \>\ 


THE  INVASION  OF  THE  MONGOL   TARTARS.  177 

cutting  dff  their  heads  at  the  village  of  Tatsu  no  kuchi  (Mouth  of  the 
Dragon),  near  the  city.  The  Japanese  now  girded  themselves  for  the 
\var  thev  kne\v  was  imminent.  Troops  from  the  East  were  sent  to 
u'uard  Kioto.  Munitions  of  war  were  prepared,  magazines  stored,  cas- 
tles repaired,  and  new  armies  levied  and  drilled.  l>oats  and  junks 
were  built  to  meet  the  enemv  on  the  sea.  Once  more  Chinese  en- 
vovs  came  to  demand  tribute.  Again  the  sword  gave  the  answer,  and 
their  heads  fell  at  Dai/aifu,  in  Kiushiu,  in  1-J70. 

Meanwhile  the  armada  was  preparing,  (ireat  China  was  coming  to 
crush  the  little  strip  of  laud  that  refused  homage  to  the  invincible  con- 
queror. The  army  numbered  one  hundred  thousand  Chinese  and  Tar- 
tars, and  seven  thousand  Coreans,  in  ships  that  whitened  the  sea  as 
the  snowy  herons  whiten  the  islands  of  Lake  IJiwa.  Thev  numbered 
thirty-five  hundred  in  all.  In  the  Seventh  month  of  the  year  1_!81, 
the  tasseled  prows  and  fluted  sails  of  the  Chinese  junks  greeted  t  he- 
straining  eyes  of  watchers  on  the  hills  of  Daizaifu.  The  armada 
-ailed  gallantly  up,  and  ranged  itself  off  the  castled  city.  Many  of 
the  junks  were  of  immense  proportions,  larger  than  the  natives  of 
Japan  had  e\er  seen,  and  armed  with  the  engines  of  European  war- 
fare, which  their  \eiietian  guests  had  taught  the  Mongols  to  eou- 
>truct  and  work.  The  Japanese  had  small  chance  of  success  on  the 
water:  as,  although  their  boats,  being  swifter  and  lighter,  were  more 
easilv  managed,  yet  many  of  them  were  sunk  by  the  darts  and  huge 
sto§nes  hurled  by  the  catapults  mounted  on  their  enemy's  decks.  In 
per-onal  prowess  the  natives  of  Nippon  were  superior.  Swimming 
out  to  the  fleet,  a  party  of  thirty  boarded  a  junk,  and  cut  off  the 
heads  of  the  crew  ;  but  another  company  attempting  to  do  <o,  were 
all  killed  by  the  now  wary  Tartars.  One  captain,  Kusanojiro,  with  a 
picked  crew,  in  broad  daylight,  sculled  rapidly  out  to  an  outlvin^  junk, 
and,  in  spite  of  a  shower  of  darts,  one  of  which  took  off  his  left  arm, 
ran  his  boat  along-side  a  Chinese  junk,  and,  letting  down  the  ma-Is, 
boarded  the  decks.  A  hand-to-hand  fight  ensued,  and,  before  the 
rnv's  fleet  could  assist,  the  darinu'  assailants  set  the  ship  on  tire 
were  off,  carrying  away  twenty-one  heads.  The  fleet  now  ran 
self  in  a  cordon,  linking  each  vessel  to  the  other  with  an  iron 


pults,  immense  how-satins  shooting 
decks,  so  as  to  sink  all  attacking  boat.-.  \\\  these  means  mnnv  of  the 
latter  were  destroyed,  and  more  than  one  company  of  Japanese  who 
expected  victory  lost  their  lives.  Still,  the  enemy  could  not  effect  a 


17-,  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

landing  in  fen1".  Their  -mall  detachments  were  cut  off  or  driven  into 
the  sea  as  soon  a-  tliev  reached  the  short1,  and  over  two  thousand 
head-  \\eiv  ainon^  the  trophic-  of  tlie  defenders  in  the  skirmishes.  A 
line  of  fortitieatinns  many  miles  loii^,  consisting  of  earth-works  and 
hea\  v  pali-adin^  of  planks,  was  now  erected  ahm^- shore.  Behind 
tiic-i-  the  defenders  watched  the  invaders,  and  challenged  them  t«» 
land. 

TlnTe  was  a  Japanese  captain,  Michiari,  who  had  IOIILT  hoped  for 
thi-  in\a-ioii.  He  had  prayed  often  to  the  ^ods  that  he  mi^lit  have 
opportunitv  to  ti-'ht  the  .Mongols.  lie  had  written  his  prayers  on  pa- 
PIT,  and,  learning  them,  had  solemnlv  swallowed  the  ashes.  lie  \\as 
tio\\-  o\erjo\ed  at  the  prospect  of  a  eoinl>at.  SallyiliJI  out  from  he- 
hind  the  Livastwork,  he  defied  the  enemy  t<>  ti_dit.  Shortly  after,  he 
tilled  two  lioats  \\ith  hrave  fellows  and  pu-lied  out,  apparently  un- 
armed, to  the  fleet.  "lie  is  Iliad,"  cried  the  Spectator-  (.11  -hop,  . 
••  How  hold,"  -aid  the  men  on  the  tleet,  "  for  two  little  l.oat-  to  attaek 
th»u-and-  of  e-reat  ship-!  Siirelv  lie  is  coming  to  surrender  him-elf." 
S',ipp..-in_r  tin-  to  In-  hi-  olijrct,  tliev  refrained  from  -hooting.  \\  hen 
\\i;hi:i  a  few  oar--]eip_rth-,  t  he  Japanese.  tlin^iiiir  (>ut  ropes  \\ith  n-pap- 
pliiiLT-hoi.ks,  leaped  on  the  Tartar  junk.  The  hows  and  spear-  of  the 
latter  \\cpt-  no  mateh  f.,r  the  two-handed  ra/or-like  swords  of  the  Jap- 
ane-e.  Thi-  i.—ue.  though  fur  a  \\hile  d"ul>tlul,  \\  as  a  swift  and  com- 
pl>'t«'  \ietory  fop  tin'  men  \\ho  \\epr  ti  _;'! ,  1  i  1 1  ^  for  their  nat'ne  laud. 
Iliiniin_r  the  junk,  the  survi\  HILT  \'iet"i'>  lett  hetopi-  the  suri'ouiidin^ 
ship-  eould  enl  them  i.tT.  Amon^the  eaptured  wa-  one  cf  the  hi^h- 
c-st  otli.-i  r-  in  the  Mongol  |l,.,-t. 

Th'-  \\  hole  nation  \sa-  now  r^u-ed.  ke-eiiforennents  poured  in 
from  .  :-  to  -\\ell  the  ho-t  of  d'-feiidep-.  l-'roin  the  nioiia-- 

terie-  and  temple-  all  uvt-r  the  eoimlrv  v,  cut  up  une<-;tsiii'_r  praver  to 
th<-  ^-od-  t"  ruin  thi-ir  enemies  and  -ave  the  laud  of  Japan.  The  em- 
jM-r.'r  and  <  \-empi-ror  \\ciil  in  -oleum  state  to  the  ehirf  prie-t  of  Shin- 
;.  writiiiir  '  '  ':  ir  ]"titi-n-  t"  the  ^od-,  M'lit  him  as  a  iue.->vii- 
!_rer  t"  the  -hriiif-  at  !-i'\  I:  i-  recorded,  a-  a  miraculous  fact,  thai  at 
the  hour  »f  noon,  a-  the  -acpci]  •  n\o\  arri\cd  at  the  >hrine  and  offered 
the  pra\  cp  —  the  da\  heiir_r  pert"  ir — a  -trcak  of  cloud  appeared 

in  the  -kv.  \shi"h  -ooj,  o\er-pn  ad  the  hea\en-.  until  the  deii-i.  ma--e- 

p>  'Ptei.ded  ;i  st'  'r'"  ' ''"  ;I'A  :  •    '  !    •'  :'''''- 

<  '.  ,,f  tho-e  cvcloiie-,  i-alled  h\  the  Japaiie>c  (nl-fn.  or  t'kazi',  of 
appalliiiLX  velocity  and  re-i-tlc--  topee,  >ue!i  a-  wliirl  alniij;  the  eoa-ts 
of  Japan  and  < 'hina  duni;_r  late  -uminer  and  eariv  fail  of  every  year. 


THE  INVASION  OF  THE  MONGOL   TARTARS.  181 

burst  upon  the  Chinese  fleet.  Nothing  can  withstand  these  maelstroms 
of  the  air.  "\\  e  call  them  typhoons;  the  Japanese  say  tai-fti,  or  Okaze 
(great  wind).  Iron  steamships  of  thousands  of  horse -power  are  al- 
most unmanageable  in  them.  Junks  are  helpless:  the  Chinese  ships 
were  these  only.  They  wen-  butted  together  like  mad  bulls.  They 
were  impaled  on  the  rocks,  dashed  against  the  cliffs,  or  tossed  on  land 
like  corks  from  the  sprav.  Thev  were  blown  over  till  thev  careened 
and  tilled.  Heavily  freighted  with  human  beings  thev  sunk  bv  hun- 
dreds. The  corpses  were  piled  on  the  shore,  or  floating  on  the  water 
so  thickly  that  it  seemed  almost  possible  to  walk  thereon.  Those 
driven  out  to  sea  may  have  reached  the  main-land,  but  were  probably 
overwhelmed.  The  vessels  of  the  survivors,  in  laru'e  numbers,  drifted  to 
or  were  wrecked  upon  Taka  Island,  where  thev  established  themselves, 
and,  cutting  down  trees,  began  building  boats  to  reach  Coiva.  Here 
they  were  attacked  by  the  Japanese,  and,  after  a  bloody  struu'u'le,  all  the 
fiercer  for  the  despair  on  the  one  side  and  the  exultation  on  the  other, 
were  all  slain  or  driven  into  the  sea  lo  be  drowned,  except  three,  who 
were  sent  back  to  tell  their  emperor  how  the  u'ods  of  Japan  had  de- 
stroyed their  armada.  The  Japanese  exult  in  the  boast  that  their  u'ods 
and  their  heaven  prevailed  over  the  gods  and  the  heaven  of  the  <  'hinese. 

This  was  the  last  time  that  China  ever  attempted  to  conquer  Japan, 
whose  people  boast  that  their  land  has  never  been  defiled  by  an  invad- 
ing army.  They  have  ever  ascribed  the  u'lorv  of  the  destruction  of 
the  Tartar  fleet  to  the  interposition  of  the  gods  at  Ise,  who  thereafter 
received  special  and  grateful  adoration  as  the  u'uardian  of  the  seas  and 
winds.  (Jreat  credit  and  praise  were  given  to  the  lord  of  Kamakura. 
Ilojd  Tokimune,  for  his  energy,  ability,  and  valor.  The  author  of 
the  Gnni  Shi  says,  "The  repulse  of  the  Tartar  barbarians  bv  Toki- 
mune, and  his  preserving  the  dominions  of  our  Son  of  Heaven,  were 
sufficient  to  atone  for  the  crimes  of  his  ancestors." 

Nearly  six  centuries  afterward,  when  "the  barbarian"  Terry  anchor- 
ed his  fleet  in  the  Jiay  of  Yedo,  in  the  words  of  the  native  annalist. 
"Orders  were  sent  by  the  imperial  court  to  the  Shinto  priest-  at  l-e 
to  offer  up  prayers  for  the  sweeping-awav  of  the  barbarians."  Mill- 
ions of  earnest,  hearts  put  up  the  same  p ravers  as  their  fathers  had 
offered,  fully  expecting  the  same  result. 

To  this  day  the  Japanese  mother  in  Kiushiu  hushes  her  fretful  in- 
fant by  the  question,  "  1  )o  you  think  the  Mou-u  (Mongols)  an m- 

ing '"'  This  is  tin.1  onlv  serious  attempt  at  invasion  e\er  made  by  any 
nation  upon  the  shores  of  Japan. 


TII  !•:  MIK.  ii)<r  .s  L.MI  'in i-:. 


XVIII. 

7V//.'    Tl-'.MruliMtY    MIKMtitATK. 

TIIK  tir-T  >trp  taken  after  tlir  overthrow  i»f  the  military  usurpation 
a:  Kamakiira  u  a-  t"  iveall  tin-  mikado  (Jo-hai^o  tV"in  exile.  \\itli 
tin-  >oveivi'_rll  aiiain  ill  full  po\\rr,  it  srrined  ;i>  though  th"  aiieieiit  and 
rightful  ^ovrrninent  \\as  t<>  !>r  permanently  iv-toivd.  The  militarv  or 
-v-trin  had  !a-!fl  al'niit  »\\c  liuiiiii'i-d  ainl  fifty  yrar-,  aii'l  patriots 
iio\\  Ip.pi-il  to  sfi.-  tin-  «-.'untrv  I'i^'htU  Li'i'vcriinl,  \\ithont  ii!tcrvciiti«n 
Iti-twiTii  the  l!ir"ii''  ainl  tin-  people.  The  ivwanlinu:  of  t!ie  \iet«>rs 
uho  ha>l  foii^-hi  for  him  \va>  \}\<-  lir-t  i!n'\  a\\aitin^  the  iv-toivil  i-xilc. 
]  H-tl|oil>  all'l  [H'oee'lllfe  of  fell'lali-111  Were  lio\\  -..  tixeil  ill  the 

•_  •!!  '-ral  poli--\  of  the  ( ioVeniliirlit,  thai  <io  !'ai_;'o.  fa'Tllii:'  into  the 
-  of  the  Minanioto  aii^i  Hoj'">.  apportiniiril  militarv  tief-  a-  Li'tier- 
..-:•>  1  ;-  \a^al-.  \  \<  '._  theiii  \\a>  A-in ka^a  Takaiiji.  to  \\hoin 
\\a-  a\\ar'lei[  the  • _;T-  -at  •  -'  j*r;/e.  e.  .n^>; :  n  -•  of  the  ri'-h  pr<>\incc>  of 
I  lira  hi.  Mu-a-lii.  ai  i  >hiiinVa.  To  Ki!-;ii  >!  i  Ma-a-lii^'i'1  wi'i'e  '/ivcli 
S'-;t-;i  ami  l\a\\ae!ii;  aii-1  to  \itta.  K  v.  .•  a!,']  llarima.  l-i-iilcs 
-itia!i'  r  'i  •}'••  *' (  in:  n\  ot hi •;•-. 

Tni-  '  1   the    pal  ri<  it   .  \\  ir  >    e\- 

pee;,.il  to  -,  ,•  hi  j;i,  rank  ainl  |io\\ ,  r  eonfi  IT.   1  upon   \itta  a  in  I   Ix'ii-nno- 
ki.  tli--  ehi.  :'  :.  a  i'  r-  in  :  he  \var  for  I  i   hoih  M  r\   aMc 

111    ''I.  I'      Wolll'l     !      i  'I     \\eii     h;|    1     lip       ••:iij"    I'oJ'     >erl|     the     i  !  I  |  |  i,  .  1't  a  II  e  i  • 

of  (ii-r- •;•.!•  l:i,_-  '  and  pri\  i!<  ^  -  of  <••>-••  .  and  exalted  to  hi-;h- 

•  •-'   rank   '.],  HH  n   'A  ho   \\ ,  ;                    .  ,,('  maintaining  the  di'_'- 

Tiitv  of  the  n. d    \\]i,,-r   diii  i'    fi  ai'  \\a-  that    the  diiaivhx    uoiild 

•t_.ain    tri-e.      S;i  ,                                                    _••'—.  for  A^hika_ra. 

It        i     ..'       -Hell      IllleXp'   eti-d      fa\o]'.     ln-e;il!|e     ilit'allP'd     \\itll     a    >t  i !  I     hl-'hel' 

•'.'  •    '  .  :'.'•!:••       nd  -In  ^''inate  at    Kama- 

'      r\      ]  1111.  'lie.  I  '.i-ill^    i  .f 

N.:      mioto     •         .   •  •   ,.•  :,',„!   p,,pularil\    in  hi- 

:  ••>.   <r.  ;  :   '  •  _   mate.       MOM    of 


THE  TEMPORARY  MIKADO  ATE.  183 

but  iti  tliis  ease  a  woman's  smiles  and  caresses  and  importunate  words 
were  more  powerful  than  the  advice  of  sages.  Ashikaga  had  bribed 
the  mikado's  concubine  Kadoko,  and  had  so  won  her  favor  that  she 
persuaded  her  imperial  lord  to  bestow  excessive  and  undeserved  honor 
on  the  traitor. 

The  distribution  of  spoils  excited  discontent  um:>ng  the  soldiers, 
who  now  beu'an  to  lose  all  interest  in  the  cause  for  whieh  they  had 
fought,  and  to  murmur  privately  among  themselves.  "Should  such 
an  unjust  government  continue,"  said  they,  "then  are  we  all  servants 
df  concubines  and  dancing -girls  and  singing -boys.  Rather  than  be 
the  puppets  of  the  mikado's  amusers,  we  would  prefer  a  shoguii  again, 
and  become  his  vassals.''  Many  of  the  captains  and  smaller  elan-leaders 
were  also  in  bad  humor  over  their  own  small  shares.  Ashikaga  Taka- 
uji  took  advantage  of  this  feeling  to  make  himself  popular  aniono-  the 
disall'ectcd,  especially  those  who  cluiiir  to  arms  us  a  profession  and 
\\ished  to  rem.;in  soldiers,  preferring  war  to  peace.  Of  such  intlamma- 
bk-  material  the  latent  traitor  was  not  slow  to  avail  himself  when  it 
suited  him  to  light  the  flames  of  war. 

II, \d  the  mikado  listened  to  his  wise  counselor,  and  al-o  placed  Ku- 
sunoki  in  an  oilice  commensurate  w'Hh  his  commanding  abilities,  and 
rewarded  Xitta  as  lie  deserved,  the  century  of  anarchy  and  bloodshed 
which  followed  mi^'lit  have  been  spared  to  Japan. 

(io-Daigo,  who  in  the  early  years  of  his  former  reiu'n  had  been  a 
man  of  indomitable  courage  and  energy,  seems  to  have  lost  the  best 
trait-  of  his  character  in  his  exile,  retaining  only  his  imperious  will 
and  susceptibility  to  flattery.  To  this  degenerate  Samson  a  IMiiah 
was  not  wanting.  Jle  fell  an  easy  victim  to  the  wiles  of  one  man, 
though  the  >hear>  by  which  his  strength  was  shorn  were  held  by  a 
woman.  Ashikan'a  was  a  consummate  master  of  the  arts  of  adulation 
and  political  craft.  He  was  now  to  furl  her  prove  his  skill,  and  to 
verify  the  warnings  of  Xitta  and  the  ministers.  The  emperor  made 
Moriyoshi,  his  own  son,  sho^un.  Ashikaga,  jealous  of  the  appoint 
meiit,  and  having  too  ready  access  to  the  infatuated  father's  ear.  told 
him  that  his  s»n  was  plotting  to  ^et  possession  of  the  throne.  M<>ri- 
yoslii.  hating  the  flatterer,  and  stuiiLT  to  ra^'e  by  the  base  slander. 
marched  against  him.  Ashikaga  now  succeeded  by  mean-  of  hi-  ally 
in  the  imperial  bed  in  making  him-elf,  in  the  eyes  of  the  mikado,  the 
first  victim  to  the  conspiracies  of  the  prince.  So  ^ivai  wa-  his  power 
over  the  emperor  that  he  obtained  from  the  imperial  hand  a  decree  to 
punish  his  enemy  Moriyoshi  as  a  r//<>///v,  or  rebel,  against  the  mikado. 


II    n-  we  have  a  -trikiiiil'  in-tain-e  of  what,  in  the  Bailie  of  Japaiie-e 
all'  d  the  eheekmate  nio\e.  or.  in  the  native  idiom. 
nil,  ••  md."      Ii   i-  ditli'-ult    fora  foreigner  to  fullv  appreeiat 

:   liiii^  to  tin-  mikado'-  pi-r-oii  —  a  piv-ti'jv  never  dimin- 

:.      NO  matter  how   low  hi-  aetual  niea-ure  of  power,  the  nieaiine-- 

n-trr.  or  the  in-iirniticaiice  of   hi-  per-oiial  al'ilitie-.  he  w:;- 

~-  in  of  Ilea\en.  hi-  word  wa-  law.  hi-  command  omnipotent.       lie 

•  fountain  of  all  rank  and  authority.      No  militarv  leader.  how- 

ever    --real    hi-   iv>nur<vs    or  aliilitv,  could    win    the   j>opular    heart    or 

hope  for  ultimate  success  unle—  appointed  lev  the  emperor.       He  who 

heid  tin-  Son   of   Heaven   in   hi-  p»\\i-r  wa-  ma-ter.       Hence  it   wa-  the 

eon-tant  aim  of  all  the  militarv    leader-,  even  down  to   IM;^,  to  ol.tain 

control    of    the    imperial    per-oii.       However    wicked    or    villaiiioii-    the 

keeper  of   tip-   mikado,  he  wa-  ma-ter  of  the   -itnatioii.       Hi-   eiiemie- 

were  '•/"'//</•/,  or  reiiel-   a^'am-t   the    Son    ,,(    Hca\eii;    hi-  own   -oldier- 

wei'e  t  In-  ft-iin  ii-'i'i  n,  "i1  '.oval  aiinv.       Kveii  miidi!  coiiM  ]|(,t   make  ii'_dil. 

I'o--e--ioii    of   the   .li\iiie    per-oii    w  a-   more   than   nine-tenth-    -it    \va- 

tlle    W  Ih  'le of    the    law. 

M'.ri\o-hi.  tln-ii.  !>eii|e.-  '•/""////•/.  wa-  doomed.  A-hika^a.  ha\in_:  tin- 
imperial  order,  had  the  k>i<tii-<tu u,  and  wa-  dotilicd  to  win.  The  -a-1 
fate  "f  tin-  emperor's  -on  awaken-  the  -adde-t  feeling-,  and  !>rinu'- 
tear-  to  tin-  e\es  of  the  .lapaiie-e  reader  evi  n  at  tin-  piv-i-nt  day.  II- 
w  a-  >e>/e  1,  depo-cd,  -e|it  to  Kamakiira.  and  murdered  in  a  -ul't<r- 
raiiean  diiir_r<  i  MI  in  the  Seventh  in  out  h  of  t  h.  year  1  •'••>'>. 

Iii-     e'liM    in     i    \ile.    the     heart     of    the     emperor    relented.        The    scale- 
|-"lll     ],''-     e\e-.         He     -aw     that     he    had     \\r»l!'j.!v    -U-pec-ted    hi-     Soil, 

aii'i  that  '  real  traitor  wa-  A-hika^a.  Tin-  latter,  noiic-'m^  the 
chaiij.'!'  th  e  li  ,d  come  over  hi-  ma-ter,  i.  ft  Kioto  -eeivllv.  folhnved  i>\ 
t  hoii -and-  ••!  ti  •  di-  itTi  cted  --!dier\  .  and  !--d  to  Kamakiira.  which  he 
iiad  ri  in  to  eoii-olidate  hi-  (orce-  with  a  \ii-w  of  au'ain 

ei'ei-t  iii'j    the    I  .  i    !  !al.   a  lid    -i  i/Ilij'    the    pc  iw  i-r    formerly     held    1  '\ 

th"     II"'".        Nitt  -o    l,i-eii     aec-ii-e.|    ;>\     A-liika-'a.   hut.   h:i\:nj 

e|i-are,l    him-e't  .    •     '   '      •     to    '    .    mikado,   lie   reeehed   tin-   imperial 

eoiiimi--i'iii  to  c-ha-t  -  I  -  rival.  In  the  eampai^'n  whh-ii  toil. .wed. 
the  im]  defeated  1  hat  t  he  «|iii  'iidam  im- 

\'.    '       ;  i-   |..yal   follow.-r-   !n-  left 
l\ .  it".  -  irr\  in -r  v          •         !  in-  "f  ant  h'  .nt  \ . 

\  ;.  '  '    r.  occupied  a  critical  po.-itii .n. 

He    wa-    a    rf,i',l<'/,-i.       \~  -aid    i.evrr    win    tinal    -uc. -.•--.       lie 

had   !."•-,.  r  ;ill  i   re-  'UP  '•-.  (nit.  in  •        illv  u-urper-.  was  iie-t 


THE  TEMPORARY  MIKADO  ATE.  185 

clothed  with  authority.  He  was,  in  popular  estimation,  a  rebel  of  the 
deepest  dye.  In  such  a  predicament  he  could  not  safely  remain  a 
(lav.  The  people  would  take  the  side  of  the  emperor.  What  should 
he  do?  Ilis  viu'or,  acuteiiess,  and  villainy  were  eijiial.  The  Hojo  had 
deposed  and  set  up  emperors.  It  was  Ashika^a  who  divided  the  alle- 
giance, of  the  people,  j^ave  Japan  a  War  of  the  Roses  (or  Chrysanthe- 
mums), tilled  the  soil  for  feudalism,  and  lighted  the  flames  of  war 
that  made  Kioto  a  cock-pit,  abandoned  the  land  fur  nearlv  two  cent- 
uries and  a  half  to  slaughter,  ignorance,  and  paralysis  of  national  prog- 
ress. To  clothe  his  acts  with  riirht,  he  made  a  new  Son  of  Heaven. 
He  declared  Koijen,  who  was  of  the  royal  family,  emperor.  In  13:30, 
this  new  Son  of  Heaven  pive  Ashikaga  the  title  of  Sei-i  Tai  Shoo-un. 
Kamaknra  ajxain  became  the  military  capital.  The  diiarchv  was  re- 
stored, and  the  War  of  the  Northern  and  the  Southern  1'vnasties  be- 
iran.  which  lasted  riftv-six  years. 


The  period  1333-1330,  though  including;  little  more  than  iwo 
vears  of  time,  is  of  ^reat  significance  as  marking  the  exigence  of  ,-• 
temporary  mikadoate.  Tlie  fact  that  it  lasted  so  short  a  time.  ;md 
that  the  duaivhy  was  a^ain  set  up  on  its  ruins,  has  furnished  \>"\\\  na- 
tives and  foreigners  with  the  absurd  and  specious,  but  strong"  nrjvd. 
argument  that  the  ( Jovcrnmetit,  of  Japan,  by  a  single  ruler  from  a  MM- 
trie  centre,  is  an  impossibility,  and  that  the  creation  of  a  dual  sys- 
tem with  a  ''spiritual"  or  nominal  sovereign  in  one  part  of  the  em- 
pire, and  a  military  or  ''secular"  ruler  in  another,  is  a  necessity. 


I>urin-_r  tin-  a^itati"!)  "f  the  ijiie-.ti"ii  concerning  the  abolition  <>f  the 

dual   s\ -triii,  .-in. I  tin-  re-.torati"ii  «.f  tin1  inikad"  in    1  ^tlO-lstlS,  one  of 

\\\<   of  the  adherents  nf  tin-  sliojjunsitc  against   the 

M-ln-iij.    i. ft  -     agitator-,  vva-  the  a--erti,,n  that  the  events  of  the  period 

I:'.:!:;    1  :::>»;   pro\rd  that   tin-  niikad> uld  not  alone  ^ovrrii  the  eoiin- 

trv.  ami  that  it  inu-t  have  duarchy.  Kvni  after  the  overthrow  of  the 
"  r\coo!i"  in  1  Mis,  fi  'fi  i^'iier-.  as  we'll  a-  natives,  \\lio  had  studied 

-e     hi-ti'l'V.    fllllv     I'clieVed     and    eXJieeted    that     ill     a    \  ear    or    two 

the  prcM-nt  inikad"'-  ( -'"V  ernnieiit  would  In-  overt  111'"  wn,  and  the  "  Tv- 
coon  "  return  1"  piiwer.  hasin^  their  lielief  on  the  fact  that  the  inika- 
doate  of  1 :;:;:;-! :!:!»;  did  not  last.  \Yhatevvr  force  Mich  an  an,ni- 
nieiit  ini^lit  have  had  \\heii  Japan  had  no  foreign  relations,  and  no 
aliens  i.n  her  soil  to  di-tur!>  the  lialan<v  lietwi-eii  Kioto  and  Kania- 
kinvi,  it  is  ei-rtain  that  it  counts  for  naught  when,  uii'lei-  altered  condi- 
tion-. ]M"iv  than  the  united  front  of  the  whole  empire*  is  n.>w  re- 
ijiiiivd  to  rope  \\ith  the  [Mililii-al  jire--ure  I'IMIII  \\itlp-iit. 


*  Cnlaitl  \\  I'll '  •;•--,  ;.inl  on, •  ii-  hit,-  n-  Is?:;,  di-]  !i!r  tin-  ri^lit  i  if  Japan  to  Ire 
i-ali.-il  an  "  I'liij'in-."  anil  tin  inikiuli)-  In  In-  >tylt-il  "rni[nTi)r,"  "  ina-iiiiirli  a>  they 
[the  inikailu-  M'lit  tril'llte  t<i  the  Km]  ><-n  >|-  nf  (  'hina. "  A-  laaltcr  of  fact,  IKHIC 
nt'tln-  niikiiiln^  ever  il'nl  this,  tlmii^li  inn-  >li>'iriui  ( A?!iilv:ii.r:i  Yii^liiiiiitsii.  psi.sri  W>> 

iliii         C'l     IH-!     •      ..k^.  and  e\ell  the  M|)i'-ial  Lra/.ettf>  ofPekillL',  sju'llk  (if  illl  IKltiollS 

—even    MliLTlaliil,   France,  ainl   tip-   I'nib-il    Stair-— a-  "jiaNinu-   trilillte"   t»  China. 

ami  1  heir  eiivnv-  a-  "  tril'iit'-  lifiirci>."     -In  j  >,in  ha-  :ilw;iy-  remaiiu  il  in  tnial  pulit- 

Middle   Killed. 'in  ;ind  her  lluam:  Ti.      Thai  .lupan  i-  an 

••  ei  ii  | 'iiv."  the  a1,-,  ilni  i-i'i  i  if  tin-  in  i  km  h  i,  the  di  \  er-it  v  i  if  her  f.  inn-  i  if  -^(  .\  ern- 
ineiital  adiaini-lralii'ii.  ditleriiiL;  in  I. in  K :  ;  h;  '  >._  it.-  lunl,  i.r  feudal  \.,-.,di, 
Ve/.ii  ii  '  MTTii-d  li\  a  -ju'eial  1 1 1  |  m  ]1 1 1 1  >  MI  t  i,  and  in  tie  main  !""lv  n!  the 

(jnijiire,  lie-id'--  it-  \aried   natimu  i!  >•-     -la]  .lie  -.  ,  Liu  Ki nan-,  and  Aiii»-.      '['li\- 

i'\J.re--i  \\    i-   -''.';   hi'    dl\    enn\e\  eil   in   the  i  u  ii    <  'hilie-e    el iai-ai-1  (•!••«. 

j.rc  ill'  i'l  in-'  -i  I.  in  Japalie-e,  K"  t'-'l  ;  1  an'e  !!'.!,  nut  e  i.  and  1  I  u  .mi:  'I  i  in  (  'hille-e.  The 
.fapane-e  rii'er.-,  i"  iiTi  I'A  in::  ih'ir  nulinii.-  "f  ••:•  -\  >  ;  mni  nt  and  iii!pei-i;iii-iii  tVuin 
<  'hili.i,  a-  1  :.  '••  have  t: "in  Hume.  ,  the  title  f'.r  the 

niikad".  •>•.  h-  •  .      l.'hil   nnly  uver  hi-  own   -ulijeet-   id  like   i,h ,, ,,],  but 

nv-iT  e!.i     i  •  I  1r:l'ii1:iry  JH  ii].le.     \\Tn  n  tin   ,  hara.  ter  K,,  i-  juim-d 

III    Kl'kll  111!  '      K     '     K"kll     I  U  lliell     i-     -talnp.   'I     Hi!     the    <  Hit -id  e    "f    tllU 

\  "i.ltlie  '.    "I'    "  T  h.       \!'  i'  ."     the     jllell     cni]'li:i-i/.eil    lirilll.'     per- ,  ,  1 1.|  1 ,    i  ,  I 

that    nfl  '    >  a-   _  '    '  \\  i .     ;,    '1  ,   i    ;-   i,,;, |    ,|   ),,   K"ka   I  T'  i 

K.ikn  Niimii,  '              -•   -  '                                                  ,  Mi.   full!-  riiine-e  eiiar 

aeter.-  nver  the  .1        -  Centennial    K\]    i-it      ii  ;..\    I'iiilad'-l] ihia  j, 

«•••  have  !!:•    idea  n|     I  _• ,  ,->  i-rnui'  lit  -tliei -rr:icv. 

that    .1  than   (   hina,    ha-   aluav-   elaiined 

'•  and    the    fact     that 

•            '                •'  ill    the    deej.  -eated 

i  iva'ry,  iniitual  j'-al"ii-y.  and    even    emit    injit    vvl  ii  h    "the   decayed    uld    u    ntlc 
and  •'  tin    •  .      tin  r. 


THE   \YAJl   OF  THE  CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 


XIX. 

THE    ir.lA'    OF  THE   riuiY 

THE  dynasty  »f  the  imperial  rulers  of  Japan  is  the  oldest  in  the 
•world.  No  other  familv  line  extends  so  far  back  into  the  remote 
aifcs  as  tlie  nameless  family  of  mikados.  Disdaining  to  have  a  fami- 
ly name,  claiming  descent,  not  from  mortals,  l>ut  from  tlie  heavenly 
^ods,  the  imperial  house  of  the  Kingdom  of  the  Uisinu-  Sun  occupies 
a  throne  which  no  plebeian  has  ever  attempted  to  usurp.  Through- 
out all  the  vicissitudes  of  the  imperial  line,  in  plenitude  of  [tower  or 
abasement  of  povertv,  its  members  deposed  or  set  up  at  the  pleasure 
of  the  up-Tart  or  the  political  robber,  the  throne  itself  has  remained 
unshaken.  I'ndean  hands  have  not  been  laid  upon  tiie  ark  itself. 
A>  in  the  jtroeession  of  life  on  the  idobe  the  individual  perishes,  the 
species  lives  on,  so,  though  individual  mikados  have  been  dethroned, 
in<ulted,  or  exiled,  the  prestige  of  the  line  has  never  suiTered.  The 
lovalty  or  allegiance  of  the  people  has  never  swerved.  The  soldier 
who  would  begin  revolution,  or  who  lusted  for  power,  would  make 
the  mikado  his  tool;  but,  however  transcendent  his  ovnius  and  abili- 
ties, he  never  attempted  to  write  himself  mikado.  Xo  Japanese  Ca-sar 
ever  had  his  Unit  us,  nor  Charles  his  ('nun  well,  nor  (leoruv  his  Wash- 
ington. Not  even,  as  in  ( 'hina,  did  one  dvnasty  of  alien  blood  over- 
throw another,  and  reiu'n  in  the  stead  of  a  destroyed  family.  Sue!; 
events  are  unknown  in  Japanese  annals.  The  student  of  this  people 
and  their  unique  historv  can  never  understand  them  or  their  national 
life  unless  lie  measures  the  mightiness  of  the  force,  and  reco^ni/e-  the 
[ilace  of  the  throne  and  the  mikado  in  the  mind,-  and  hearts  of  it- 
people. 

There  are  on  record  instances  in  which  the  true  heir-hip  wa-  de- 
•lared  only  after  bitter  intrigue,  quarrels,  or  even  blond-lied.  In  the 
tenth  century,  Taira  no  Masakado,  disappointed  in  noi  bein^  appoint- 
ed Dai  Jo  I  )ai  Jin,  left  Kioto,  went  to  Shimosa  in  the  Kuanto,  and  -et 
himself  up  as  Shinnd.  or  cadet  of  the  imperial  line,  and  temporarily 


is-!  7V//:  M/K.iiHi's  /:.w//,'/:. 

ruli-d  the  ei_rht   pro\m>v-  of  tin-  Ka-t  a-  a  p-eiido-mikad<>.*      In    1  1  MO. 

ill,-  mi!i:.ir\    famili'--  "t'  'I'aira  and    Minanioto  eame  to  Mow.-  in  Kioto 

dVer  th  •!!  "f  -ii.'i'e— ion   hetweeii  tiie  rival   heirs,  Sliutoku  and 

( Jo-Shirakawa.    'i  In-  'I'aira  ln-iipj.'  vietor-,  their  candidate  heeame  mikado. 

I  i  deea\    of  ihe  'I'aira.  thev  tied   from    Kioto,  earrviiiLT  \vith 

i-  true  emperor,  with  hi-  suite  and  the  saeivd  insignia,  Antoku. 

..  live  vears  "id.  who  was  drowned  in  the  >ea  when  the    laira 

were  de-tro\ed.     Tin-  Minanioto  at  the  SUIK-  time  reeo^ni/ed  <Jotolia. 

It  mav  In-  more  analo^i.-al  to  eall  t  he  w  ar>  of  t  he  <  Jen  and  I  lei.  wit  ii 
their  white  and  red  thin'-,  the  .lapane-e  \\'ar-  of  the  KO-I--.  Tlu-ir-  wa- 
the  sti'turu'lf  of  rival  hou-e-.  Now,  we  are  to  -peak  of  rival  dyna-tie-. 
eai-h  with  the  imperial  crvsaiitlieimim. 

In  tin-  time  of  the  early  A-hika-a-  (  1  :i:',ii-l  Mini)  there  were  two 
mikad"-  ruling,  "i1  attempting  to  rule,  in  Japan.  'I  h'1  Kmperor  <  J"- 
1  >ai'_l'o  had  eho-eii  hi-  -on  Kuni\o-hi  a-  hi-  heir.  1ml  the  latter  died 
in  IMi'd.  Ko-'en.  -mi  nf  the  mikado  <  J<>-Fu-himi  (  1  -J'.t'.i-l  Mu  1  |.  w  a- 

":r  Taira  I,"  Ma-akadii.  "I',  a-  we  -hntild  say,  Ma-akatlu  'I'aira,  wa-  a  man  nf  uTeat 

i-niT'_r\  and  id'  nn-enipul  m-  t  harat-ter.      He  w  a-  at  lir-t  u'ovrni'  n-  i  if  Shiiiin-a,  t'lit 

a-pin  ii  ••••-.;.    uvei    al!  tin    Ka-t.      He  l.nilt  a  paluee  on  the  same  iimdel  as  that 

,    .  al   Sajiina.  in  Mi'inn  it-nki-.  and  appn'mted  ntliet-r.-  Minilar  t<>  tlm-i- 

ill.      II'    killed  hi-  iiiit-le,  \vln»  r-ttinil  in  the  way  'd"  hi-  anitiitimi. 

TII  iv\i  '  tin  r  -  (h-atli.  Sadainuri.  <-<>u-in   l<>   M,i-akad».  ht-atletl  t\vn  thdii- 

-ainl  iii'          tta          It        '  mikad       and  -h"t   him  t<i  di-ath  with  all  arrnu,  car- 

ryinir  hi-  lii'.itl  as  ti  .  i  Kiutu.  wlieiv  it  \va-  expoM-d  mi  t  In-  jiil- 

liiry.     ^  M  •  :i;_  "ii  tin-  -iti-  lit'  iiind- 

.    .    -  j'irit  "t  tlii-ir  la!-- 

ruli-r.  •  r.  '-t'-d  a  t'-mpl'-  mi  the  -he  w  it  1 1  in  tin-  -i-.'-mnl  ea-tle  rni'i-in!"  near  Kan- la 
Hrid-'  I   of  tin         ty  di-1         t   nt'  Kailda    i(iiid'-  I-  ii  id  i  imu    i.ee|||iied 

liy  tin-   lint  '  Ilin-nt,       Tl;l-  ;i  rt    .d    Mintliillu'    tin-    llli- 

ijili--!   _  •  i   l'i--t  ;   ainl  '      n-.  liiilnl fill  iii'  tin-  ]<i i\ver 

i  -;  .1  - ;  .     '   '  Kliant  nilti  atll'i'-t  nr  L.ri\  i    [ii-aei1 

t"  in;  I;  i    Ma-akadu  ijni'.i-r   thf   P'l-lhlillli'll-  11.11111-   nt'  Kamla 

Miii  -T-  '  t'  Kanda  i.  hi-  run:  lii-en  t'nr^nl  ten,  in1  trans- 

Ji^iii'i'd  in!  1 1  1  hi-  t'n      <  I  w  a-  -in.      \\ 'In  n  I  \ '  \  a-u,  in 

tin-  iatt--     i-nd  "f  i  ,  apii.d.  I..-   n-iimvet!    th,1 

-linn--  to  ;i  n  '  '•     ,: •    ,  if  tip-   Kaliiia   I!:1  i-r  and 

tin-  Sn'nl    .  w  I  la!        '  I  \  -t<-,,il.  and  i         t'-d  an  edilier  nfi.MV.it  -[ilrn- 

d'ii'.  -iirrmii    .  :  ivrliin---.     Thi-  wa-  ]"-r- 

haji-   nlll\    pii  '  ;  _    '  hi1    1'  n-al     U'nd-  :    I'llt    it 

-rin'i-d   up  -niii,    jvalii;i-\  ,  :-"  ;n,d   -tud'-nt-  nt'lii-- 

I.iry  Mlin  ki  ill-  d.-iu'n-  lik'-  tlm-i   .d' 

Ma-akad.i.       In    l^''.s  I                                      in    Vi-iln.    tin-\    ril-lied   f) 

t|;.-    t-  lllpli-  <•!'   Kamla    Min   .1                .  '    -     •     i.i.il   i.r   inia_T  id'  the   di-iiied 

Ma-akadu,   h  leked    it    '       •  _    the    -ami'    fate  to   all 

Thn-.  aft'-i    niin     ••',-..      -.  t  '            ivi   ;    a    traitor'.-    r, -wai'd.  a 

i-.ir  ii.-t.ii;!-!'  "I  lii-im-'.i1  ju-tii  ••  iii  ;:.  •  .-.  i        i-atriuts. 


THE   WAR   OF  THE  CHRYSANTHEMUM*.  189 

then  made  heir.  Go-Daigo's  third  son  Moriyoslri,  however,  as  he 
grew  up.  showed  "Teat  talent,  and  his  father  regretted  that  he  had 
consented  to  the  ehoice  of  Kogen,  and  wished  his  own  son  to  succeed 
him.  He  referred  the  matter  to  Hojo  at  Kamakura,  who  disapproved 
of  the  plan.  Those  who  hated  IIojo  called  Kogen  the  ''false  emper- 
or," refusing  to  acknowledge  him.  When  Xitta  destroyed  Kamakura, 
and  <T<>-Daigo  was  restored,  Kogen  retired  to  obscurity.  No  one  for 
a  moment  thought  of  or  acknowledged  any  one  but  Go-Daigo  as  true 
and  only  mikado.  When,  however,  Ashikaga  by  his  treachery  had 
alienated  the  emperor  from  him,  and  was  without  imperial  favor,  and 
liable  to  punishment  as  a  rebel,  he  found  out  and  set  up  Kogen  as 
mikado,  and  proclaimed  him  sovereign.  Civil  war  then  broke  out. 

Into  the  details  of  the  war  between  the  adherents  of  the  North- 
ern emperor,  Ashikaga,  with  his  followers,  on  the  one  side,  and  Go- 
Daiii'o,  who  held  the  insignia  of  authority',  backed  by  a  brilliant  array 
of  names  famous  among  the  Japanese,  on  the  other,  1  do  not  propose 
t<>  cuter.  It  is  a  confused  and  sickening  story  of  loyalty  and  treach- 
ery, battle,  murder,  pillage,  tire,  famine,  poverty,  and  misery,  such  as 
make  up  the  picture  of  civil  wars  in  every  country.  Occasionally  in 
i\\\>  period  a  noble  deed  or  typical  character  shines  forth  for  the  ad- 
miration  or  example  of  succeeding  generations.  Among  these  none 
have  exhibited  more  nobly  man's  possible  greatness  in  the  hour  of 
death  than  Nitta  Yoshisada  and  Kusunoki  Masashige. 

On  one  occasion  the  army  of  Nitta,  who  was  fighting  under  the  flag 
of  <io-Daigo,  the  true  emperor,  was  encamped  before  that  of  Ashika- 
ga, To  save  further  slaughter,  Nitta  sallied  out  alone,  and,  approach- 
ing his  enemy's  camp,  cried  out:  "The  war  in  the  country  continues 
long.  Although  this  has  arisen  from  the  rivalry  of  two  emperors, 
yet  it-  issue  depends  solely  upon  you  and  me.  liather  than  millions 
of  the  people  should  be  involved  in  distress,  let  us  determine  the  ques- 
tion by  single  combat."  The  retainers  of  Ashikaga  prevailed  on  their 
commander  not  to  accept  the  challenge.  In  i:WS,  on  the  second  dav 
of  the  Seventh  month,  while  marching  with  about  fifty  followers  to 
assi-t  in  investing  a  fortress  in  Echi/en,  he  was  suddenly  attacked  in 
a  narrow  path  in  a  rice-field  near  Fukui  by  about  three  thousand  of 
the  enemy,  and  exposed  without  shields  to  a  shower  of  arr«>\\-.  Some 
one  beiT^ed  Xitta,  as  he  was  mounted,  to  escape.  "It  i>  tu>l  my  de-- 
sire to  survive  my  companions  slain,"  was  his  response.  \\  hipping 
up  his  horse,  he  rode  forward  to  engage  with  his  sword,  making  him- 
self the  target  for  a  hundred  archers.  His  horse,  struck  when  at  full 

13 


777 A'  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


-peed  l>v  MII  arrow,  f-  II.  Nittii.  "ii  clearing  himself  a  nd  ri-itiLr.  wa-  hit 
hetweeii  the  i  \v-  \\ith  M  white-feathered  -haft,  and  mortallv  wound*  d. 
Ih'aui!:.:  hi-  s\\o]-d.  In1  eut  off  his  own  head — a  feat  which  the  \\ar- 
ri"r-  of  that  time  ssen-  trained  t»  perform — so  that  his  enemies  mi^ht 
not  r<  •  >irni/e  him.  II.-  \\a-  thirt  v-ei^ht  vrars  old.  His  hrave  little 
hand  \\eiv  -lain  hy  arrows,  ,,r  killed  themselves  with  their  own  hand, 
thai  thev  nii^'ht  die  with  their  ma>tei%.  The  enemy  eoiild  n«t  reenM-- 
ni/.e  Nitta.  until  thev  t'niind,  l>eneath  a  pile  of  eorj>ses  of  men  who 
had  eoininitted  Juirn-ktri,  a  hodv  on  whieli,  ini'losi'd  in  a  damask  haif. 
\va>  a  letter  eontaininu'  the  imju'rial  eommi>s ion  in  ( Jo-1  tai'_fo\  hand- 
\\riliiiL;'.  "  1  in\e-t  you  with  all  jiowtT  to  su! ijn^ate  the  ivliels."  Then 
th.-y  knew  the  eoj-j.s,.  to  In-  that  of  Nitta.  Hi-  head  was  earned  to 
Kioto,  then  in  ]io»es>ion  of  A.-hika^'a.  and  exposed  in  puMie  on  a 
pillory.  The  loin!)  of  this  hrave  man  >tand-.  earefnilv  watehed  and 
tended,  near  Fukui.  in  l^-lii/eii.  hard  1>\  the  \er\  spot  \\here  he  fell. 
1  often  pas-ed  it  in  mv  walks,  \\heii  lixin-j.-  in  Kukui  in  IsTl.  and  no- 
tieed  that  fre-h  I'l'ioinin^  tlouers  were  almo-t  dailv  laid  upon  it — the 
triliiite  of  an  admiring' people.  A  shrine  and  monument  ///  incin'irium 
were  ei-eejeil  in  hi-  iiatixe  j'laee  durini;'  the  year  1^7"). 

Th'-  I'rave  Kusuiioki,  after  a  lo-t  hattle  at  Minato<jf:i\va,  near  Ilio^-o. 
haxiiii;'  -utTei'ed  .-oiitinual  defeat,  hi-  eomi-eU  having  1'een  >et  at 
naught,  and  hi-  ad\i''e  rejeeted.  felt  that  life  \\a-  no  longer  lniimralile. 
and  -"'eMin'v  re-. lived  to  <lii-  in  un-uliied  reputation  and  \\ith  a  >ol- 

dii-r'-  linii'T.  Son-ou  fulh"  I'iddinu'  hi-  uife  and  infant  eliildr.'ii  ^ l- 

Kve.  h'  ealmlv  eonuiiitted  Jmrii-kifi.  an  example  \\hieh  hi-  eomi'ades, 
mimlierin^  mie  hundred  and  tift\.  l-ravely  followed. 

Ivi-Miioki  Ma-a-hi'^'i'1  \\'a-  one  ot  an  hoip.raMe  tamiK'  \\lio  dwelt  in 
Kawa>'hi.  and  tra.-ec)  their  de-eent  to  tlie  Li'reat-u'randsoii  of  the  thirtv- 
-eeoiid  mikad  '.  r>,  lat-u  (  \.n.  •"> 7 •_'-•"•  ^ •"• ).  Th'1  familv  name.  Ku-un^ki 
("Camphor").  \\a-  -'i\.-n  hi-  people  from  the  faet  that  a  Lfl'ove  of 
eainpli"!'-!  !'••'•-  adorned  the  anee-tral  garden-  of  the  maii-i.'ii.  Tin- 
twelfth  in  di--'-eiit  wa-  the  Vier-'juveiiu.!1  nf  I  \  o.  The  father  of  Ma-a- 
-hi-'('-  held  land  a— e—ed  at  two  tln>;i-and  /•••/•'/.  Hi-  nmther.  de-irini.r 
a  I'hild.  praved  t"  the  n-ni|  Ui-hamoli  for  one  hundred  da\ -.  and  Ma- 
-a-iii^e  wa-  l"irn  aft'-r  a  pre^naiiev  of  fourt'-'-n  m-nth-.  The  mother. 
in  devout  gratitude,  named  th<- i"'\  1'amon  (the  Sanskrit  name  oj  Ili-h- 
anioii).  after  tin-  Lf"d  uho  had  heard  her  pra\~er-.  The  maii-ehild  \\as 
verv  -troii-'.  and  at  -even  eould  thro\\  ln.vs  of  fifteen  at  wre-tlinur. 

He    l'eeei\ed    hi-    edlieati"ll     ill    the    <'hil|e-e     elas-ies    tVolll    tile    j.l'ie-1-    ill 

'hi-  t'-mple,  and  e.\eivi-ed   him-i:lf  in    all   manlv  and   warlike   a:1;-.       In 


THE  WAR  OF  THE  CHRYSANTHEMUMS.  191 

his  twelfth  year  ho  out  off  the  head  of  an  enemy,  and  at  fifteen  stud- 
ied the  Chinese  military  art,  and  made  it  the  solemn  purpose  of  his 
life  to  overthrow  the  Kamaknra  usurpation,  and  restore  the  mikado  to 
power.  In  1830,  he  took  up  arms  for  Go-Daigo.  .lie  was  several 
times  besieged  1>\-  the  IIojo  armies,  but  was  final! v  victorious  with 
Nitta  and  Ashikaga.  "\Vhen  the  latter  beeame  a  rebel,  defeated  Nitta, 
and  entered  Kioto  in  force,  Kusunoki  joined  Nitta,  and  thrice  drove 
out  the  troops  of  Ashikaga  from  the  capital.  The  latter  then  tied 
to  the  West,  and  Kusunoki  advised  the  imperialist  generals  to  follow 
them  up  and  annihilate  the  rebellion.  His  superiors,  with  criminal 
levity,  neglecting  to  do  this,  the  rebels  collected  together,  and  again 
advanced,  with  increased  strength  by  land  and  water,  against  Kioto, 
having,  it  is  said,  two  hundred  thousand  men.  Kusunoki' s  plan  of 
operations  was  rejected,  and  his  advice  ignored.  \\  ith  Xitta  he  was 
compelled  to  bear  the  brunt  of  battle  against  overwhelming  forces  at 
Minato  o-awa,  near  Iliou'o,  and  was  there  hopelessly  defeated.  Kusu- 
noki, now  feeling  that  he  had  done  all  that  was  possible  to  a  subordi- 
nate, and  that  life  was  no  longer  honorable,  retired  to  a  farmer's  house 
at  the  village  of  Sakurai,  and  there,  o'iving  him  the  sword  bestowed 
en  himself  by  the  mikado,  admonished  his  son  Masatsura  to  follow 
the  soldier's  calling,  cherish  his  father's  memory,  and  avenge  his  fa- 
ther's death.  Sixteen  of  his  relatives,  with  uiujuailing  courage,  like- 
wise followed  their  master  in  death. 

Of  all  the  characters  in  Japanese  history,  that  of  Kusunoki  Masa- 
-hiuv  stands  pre-eminent  for  pnreness  of  patriotism,  unselfishness  of 
devotion  to  duty,  and  calmness  of  courage.  The  people  speak  of  him 
in  tones  of  reverential  tenderness,  and,  with  an  admiration  that  lacks 
nttin<x  words,  behold  in  him  the  mirror  of  stainless  lovalty.  I  have 
more  than  once  asked  my  Japanese  students  and  friends  win-in  thev 
considered  the  noblest  character  in  their  history.  'Their  unanimous 
answer  was  "  Kusunoki  Masashiu'e."  Kverv  relic  of  this  brave  man  i.i 
tivasuivd  up  with  religious  can-;  and  fans  inscribed  with  porins  writ- 
ten by  him,  in  fac-simile  of  his  handwriting,  are  sold  in  the  -hops  and 
used  bv  those  who  burn  to  imitate  his  exalted  patriotism.*  Jli>  -on 
Masatsura  lived  to  become  a  gallant  soldier. 


*  I  make  no  attempt  to  conceal  my  own  admiration  of  a  man  who  acted  ac- 
cording to  his  liirht,  ami  faced  his  soldierly  ideal  of  honor,  when  conscience  and 
all  his  previous  education  told  him  that  his  hour  had  come,  and  that  to  Hindi 
from  the  suicidal  thrn>t  was  diMionor  and  sin.  No  enlightened  .Japane-.  of  to- 
day would  show  himself  brave  by  committing  hnr<t-kifi,  as  the  mo=t  earne-t  u  ritcrs, 


\n-2  TllF.   MIKM'O-S  E.Ml'lltE. 

The  \v;ir.  uhi'-h  ai  tir-t  was  wa^ed  \vitli  the  clearly  defined  object 
of  M  it;in_:  tin'  question  . .f  tlif  Mipremacy  of  the  rival  mikados,  e-Tadual 
Iv  h'-t  it-  tnir  charaeter.  and  tinally  degenerated  into  a  >/ti/tc  and  fret, 
tiifhl  •  :,  a  i.atioiial  scale.  Before  peace  was  tinallv  declared,  all  the 
oriiruia!  leader-  had  ilicd,  and  tin-  prime  object  had  been,  in  a  e/reat 
inra-ni'i',  forgot tt'ii  in  the  lu>t  for  land  and  war.  Even  tin.-  rival  em- 
peror- lost  much  of  their  interest,  as  they  had  no  concern  in  brawl- 
!'\  u  hi<'h  jifttv  rhii'ftains  sought  to  exalt  their  o\vn  naiiu',  and  increase 
their  territory  by  robbing  their  neighbors.  In  l:i',ii',  an  envoy  from 
A-hika^a  persuaded  (Jo-Kaino\ aina  to  conic  to  Kioto  and  hand  over 
the  iv-'nlia  to  Go-Komatsu,  the  Northern  einjieror.  The  l>a>is  of 
praee  was  that  <  io-Kanu''\  ania  should  reeeive  the  title  of  ]>ai  Jo 
Teiiho  (ex-eiiiperor),  (io-Koinatsu  he  declared  emperor,  and  tin  throne 
he  occupied  alternately  l>y  the  rival  1-ranchi's  of  the  imperial  familv. 
The  Cfreinony  <>f  abdication  and  surrender  of  regalia,  on  the  one 
hand,  and  of  investiture,  on  the  other,  were  celebrated  \\ith  due 
pomp  and  ^'Irmnity  in  one  of  the  threat  temples  in  the  capital,  and 
tlie  war  of  fifty— ix  years'  duration  cea>cd.  All  this  redounded  ti- 
the ii'lury  and  power  of  the  A-hikaira. 

The  p.-riod  1  MMfi-1  :{'.*:_'  j<  ,,f  ^rc;i\  interest  in  the  eyes  of  all  native 
student-  of  Japanc-e  hi-toi'y.  In  the  !)«',  A'-V/o//  Shi,  the  Southern 
d\na~'\  are  defended  a-  the  legitimate  so\  erei^ns,  and  the  true  de- 
seeiidants  of  Ten  Sho  I  >ai  .lin.  the  >un -ir-'ddess ;  and  the  Northern 
dvna*ty  are  condeintied  a>  mere  u-urper>.  '1  he  >ame  \se\\  \\.-i--  taken 
by  Kitabatake  '  'hikafu-a.  who  wa-  the  author  of  the  .Iapane-e  |{ed- 
book.  uho  \\arned  the  emperor  (Jo-hai-^o  a-'ain-t  A-hika^a.  and  in 

l:i:;'.i    \\'-ote    a    I k    to    prove   that    Uo-hai^o    \\  ;i>    mikado,  and    the 

A-hikaja"-  n«  miiiee  a  usurper.  Thi-  i-  tin-  view  now  held  in  modern 
Japan,  and  onl\  thu«.r  historians  of  the  period  wh->  a\\ard  le^-itimacv 
to  tin  Southern  d\na-l\  are  eon-iih-red  authoritative.  The  Northern 
l-raifh  of  the  in;p'  rial  famil\  aftei1  a  few  generations  became  extinct.* 

tl'inki  '•  '       Fi;l\ii/:i\\  .1.  tin-  lr;ini>';l   i-rfiinin-r  M!!-!  ]"'i!;i- 

Lr'>^Hi'.  ;i!i'l  a  rlia-t'  ,      '    >•  i -.:    r.  .11  mil'   nf  hi-  \\nrk-  cni,,!.  nin-  tin-  net 

n;    Ku~Ulli'ki.   '      '  :  .    .   i      .Never,  11-   larkii!^   ihr  cli-iiii-iit   "1 

;!•;,.•  r'liui-.iire.  an     r     •_  '  ••   '                           • -\    vi.'\\.      lie   explain-  aii'l  tlt-teiid.-   the 

Ciiri-tiali    iili'Ur-    "i,    tin  .       Hi-    | k    ClVatril    -Teat    rXeil  i-inellt 

aii'l  int'-iiM1  iniliiriial      '          '  '        -aiimrai  at  lir-l  ;   l>ut   nn\v   he  cai-- 

r;-'-   \\ith  him  th-    .  ,'iiiii;   inind-  in  .Tajmn,  c-peciallv  el'  tin- 


THE  ASHIKAGA  PERIOD.  193 


THE  ASUIKA<:A  PERIOD. 

THE  internal  history  of  Japan  during  the  period  of  time  covered  by 
the  actual  or  nominal  rule  of  the  thirteen  shd^uns  of  the  Ashikagn 
family,  from  13:30  until  1573,  except  that  portion  after  the  year  154-!, 
is  not  very  attractive  to  a  foreign  reader.  It  is  a  confused  picture  uf 
intestine  war. 

Ashikaga  Takauji,  the  founder  of  the  line,  was  a  descendant  of  the 
Minamoto  Yoshikuni,  who  had  settled  at  Asliikaga,  a  village  in  Shi- 
motsnke,  in  the  eleventh  century.  He  died  in  1350.  His  grandson 
Vosliimitsu,  called  the  Great  Asliikaga,  was  made  shogun  when  ten 
year:-  old,  and  became  a  famous  warrior  in  the  South  and  West.  Aft- 
er the  union  of  the  two  dynasties,  lie  built  a  luxurious  palace  at  Kio- 
to, and  was  made  Dai  Jo  Dai  Jin.  He  enjoyed  his  honors  for  one 
year.  He  then  retired  from  the  world  to  become  a  shaven  monk  in 
a  Buddhist  monastery. 

I'nder  the  Ilojo,  the  office  of  sliogun  was  filled  bv  appointment  of 
the  imperial  court  ;  but  under  the  Asliikaga  the  office  became  heredi- 
tarv  in  this  familv.  As  usual,  the  man  with  the  title  was,  in  nearly 
everv  case,  but  a  mere  figure-head,  wielding  little  more  personal  power 
than  that  of  the  painted  and  u'ilded  simulacrum  of  the  admiral  that 
formerly  adorned  the  prow  of  our  old  seventy-four-gun  ships.  During 
thi-  period  the  term  Kubo  sama,  applied  to  the  shf>u;uns,  and  u>ed  so 
frequently  \>\~  the  Jesuit  fathers,  came  into  use.  The  actual  \\ork  <>' 
government  was  done  bv  a!>le  men  of  inferior  rank.  The  most  noted 
of  these  was  Ilosokawu  Yorivuki,  who  was  a  fine  scholar  as  well  as  a 
\\arrior.  It  was  through  his  ordering  that  the  yoiinir  sho^-ini  ^  o.-hi- 
mitsu  was  well  trained,  and  had  for  his  companions  noble  ymith-  \\h<> 
excelled  in  literary  and  military  skill.  This  was  vastly  different  from 
Hojo  Tokimasa's  treatment  of  the  sons  of  Yoritoino.  ]Ie  attempted 
the  reform  of  manners  and  administration.  lie  issued  five  mottoes 
for  the  conduct  of  the  military  and  civil  officers.  They  were:  1.  Thou 
shalt  not  be  partial  in  amity  or  enmity.  •!.  Thou  ,-hal!  return  neither 


;:a:  a  tai  (or  "i^ivat")  slni^iin  filling  at  tlir  former, 
an  1  a  -hou'im  at  tin'  latter  place.  An  <>tli<vr  called  the  *////•/>//  ua< 
ihr  nai  rul<T  ..f  the  capital  and  the  centra!  province-;  Mini  another 
ihe  k'lint-n-i  (<  iovtTMor  of  the  Kiianto),  of  Kainakura  and  the 
!.:•:.  \\  ar  ua-  the  rule,  peaee  t  he  e\e(  pi  ion.  Feudal  tiidit-:  larder 
hra\\l-:  the  -ei/ure  «>f  land-:  t!ie  ri-e  of  LiTeat  elan-:  the  Imi'diiii;-, 
the  -i, -•'  .  and  the  di->t  ruction  of  castles,  \vciv  the  -taple  events.  M\er\ 
!ip'!ia-ter\  v.a-  im\v  a  sti'i»iij;lii>lil,  an  arsi-nal,  m-  a  cainji.  The  i-~ne 
i>f  a  e. link-it  up  a  cainjiaiii'li  \\a-~  nt'teii  decided  l>\  the  HijijHUl  uhieh 

the     i'"!i/e-     Ll'a\e     t"     "lie     id1     the     ullier    pal'tN.         Tile    |||"-t     ll'Tl-'lMe    c\- 

ccssi's  were  d Hiiliiit t cd,  the  e'i'"iind  al'i'iit  Kioto  and  Ixamakui'a.  in>th 
of  \\hi.-h  \vcre  captured  and  recapturnl  many  time-,  liccanii'  like  tin 

r/lifillit'l   (}>] 1-]  lit-)   of  1  he  e  \eeiltion--ToUnd.        \"i!laLl'e-.   eitje-..   tell)  pie-. 

inona-ii-rie-,  and  liKrarics  were  I'linn-d.  The  fertile  tie|(U  lay  w.-i-te, 
l)lack''iied  1>\-  tire,  or  covered  from  -i--)it  a-  \\ith  a  dutli.  \<\  deii^e 

lllieke'-    of    la'!    \Veeils.    wllidl,    CVl'll     !!|     iillr    >II1II  Illcr's    tillle.    -prill  if    U  i  t  h 

a-toni-tiini;1  t'ee;]inlit\  I'i'om  the  pletliorie  >i>il  of  Japan.  The  peopl- 
dri\'-n  from  their  Immcs  \,\  \\ar  rctiinn-il  to  tind  a  neu  \\ildenie-.  rc- 
siiiiiid  '  ii  the  din  of  ili'Vuuriii^  in>eei>.  The  people  of  gentle 
ountain  cave-.  Ivlucatioti  was  neglected.  T!:e  com- 
mon !r  rd  -T' \'.  up  in  i^iinrancc  and  miscrv.  lleadin::1  and  v.  ritini;'. 

C\eept     ••        .|lLf    [he     prie-t-     al.d     rpil'li-s.    Wel'e     Illllilli  i\VII     all-      uhieh     tile 

\\anior--  -ctinieil.       \\  ar   ua-  tii>-    ni  li\e    trade,  except    that    o| 

the  armorer-  op  -\\-ord-maker-.      (•'aiuiiie  t'olloui-l  on  the  fout-tep- ot 

•    IHT   ten-   of  i  h,  ,11  -air.  I-.       1  'irate-  ,,n   the 

-•a-  ravaged  ii"(  ..i'-  (lie  i-oa-t.-  of  Jap;,':,  l.nt  tho-e  of  ( 'liina  and 
< 'ofea.  adding  pillan'i  and  rapine  to  the  de-triicti>iTi  <>f  eomm,  r. •.  . 
'i'ii'  '  •  i  Nil  j|'o  ,-\,-!i  ji-iu  aiv  heard  to  fri^'liteji  their 

cliildf'  •  •         '      '  '         nanii      of  1  he  ,Iapatie-e   pirate-.      <  'n   laii  1 

tli'1  pi  mpr  --'  d  in  miiitan    -en  iei    to  luiild  ca-tlc-  i  .r  ii,- 


THE  AMHKAGA  PERIOD.  195 

Iv  frequent  during  this  period.  The  public  morals  became  frightfully 
corrupted,  religion  debased.  All  kinds  of  strange  and  uncouth  doc- 
trines came  into  vogue.  Prostitution  was  never  more  rampant.  It 
was  the  (Jolden  Age  of  crime  and  anarchy. 

The  condition  of  the  emperors  was  deplorable.  With  no  revenues, 
and  dwelling  in  a  capital  alternately  in  the  possession  of  one  or  the 
other  hostile  army;  in  frequent  danger  from  thieves,  fire,  or  starva- 
tion; exposed  to  the  weather  or  the  dangers  of  war,  the  narrative  of 
their  sufferings  excites  pitv  in  the  mind  of  even  a  foreign  reader,  and 
from  the  native  draws  the  tribute  of  tears.  One  was  so  poor  that  he 
depended  upon  the  bounty  of  a  noble  for  his  food  and  clothing;  an- 
other died  in  such  poverty  that  his  body  lay  unburied  for  several 
davs,  for  lack  of  money  to  have  him  interred.  The  remembrance  of 
the  wrongs  and  sufferings  of  these  poor  emperors  fired  the  hearts  and 
nerved  the  arms  of  the  men  who  in  ISlis  fought  to  sweep  awav  for- 
ever the  hated  system  by  which  such  treatment  of  their  sovereign  be- 
came possible. 

So  utterly  demoralized  is  the  national,  political,  and  social  life  of 
thi>  period  believed  to  have  been,  that  the  Japanese  people  make  it 
the  limbo  of  all  vanities.  Dramatists  and  romancers  use  it  as  the 
convenient  ground  whereon  to  locate  every  novel  or  plav,  the  plot  of 
\\liich  violates  all  present  probability.  The  chosen  time  of  the  bulk  of 
Japanese  dramas  and  novels  written  during  the  last  century  or  two  is 
that  of  the  late  Ashika^as.  The  satirist  or  writer  aiming  at  contem- 
porary folly,  or  at  blunders  and  oppression  of  the  Government,  vet 
v,  i-hing  to  avoid  punishment  and  elude  the  censor,  clothes  his  charac- 
ters in  the  u'arb  and  manners  of  this  period.  It  is  the  potter's  field 
where  all  the  outcasts  and  Judases  of  morali>ts  are  buried.  l>y  com- 
mon consent,  it  has  become  the  limbo  of  playwright  and  romancer, 
and  the  >cape-o;oat  of  chronology. 

The  act  by  which,  more  than  any  other,  the  Ashikagas  have  earned 
the  curses  of  posterity  was  the  sending  of  an  embassy  to  China  in 
141)1,  bearing  presents  acknowledging,  in  a  measure,  the  authority  of 
China,  and  accepting  in  return  the  title  of  Nippon  ( ),  or  Kinv.'  of  .la- 
pan.  This,  which  was  done  by  Ashika^a  Voshimitsn,  the  third  of 
the  line,  \\  as  an  insult  to  the  national  dignity  for  \\hich  he  has  never 
been  forgiven.  It  was  a  needless  humiliation  of  Japan  to  her  arro- 
gant neiu'hbor,  and  done  only  to  exalt  the  vanitv  and  u'iorv  of  the 
usurper  Ashikaga,  who,  not  content  with  adopting  the  style  and  equi- 
page of  the  mikado,  wished  to  be  made  or  called  a  kiin:\  and  vet  dared 


TV/A'  MIK.\  1>  0  •  S  EMl'IRK. 

imperial  throne.*  The  |iuni-hinent  of  A>hikaira  i-  the 
.•ur-e  of  po-teril\.  In  !--•>".  when  the  treat  v  \\ith  the  I'nited  State- 
u.i-  made,  a  -imilar  in-ult  t"  the  -oven-i^n  and  the  nation,  as  well  as 
.,  eonti  deeejitioli  of  the  Ameriean  en\"\-  and  foivinfiiers.  was 

practiced  i'V  the  -ho^un  eallin^  !iiin-elf  "Tvcoon"  ((Jtvat  Kini:'.  or 
s.,-,  :, .;_.•!!  ,,f  Japan).  In  thi-  latter  in-tance.  a-  we  know,  came  not 
thi  di-tanl  anathema  of  future  generation-,  hut  the  s\\  ift  \eii^eatiee  of 
%vai'.  tin'  iiermaiient  Iiiiiuiliatii  ni,  the  cxik-  to  oliscurity,  of  the  T"kiii;'a\\  a 
family,  and  the  aholit ion  of  the  -lio-'unate  and  the  dual  sy-tem  forever. 
It  ua-  diiriiiLT  the  tir-t  of  the  last  three  decade.-  of  the  A-hika^a 
[tcriii'l  that  Japan  hecame  kiiosvn  t"  the  nation-  of  Kin-opr;  \\hil" 
iii'  arm-.  L^unpouder.  and  a  new  and  miu'htx  faith  \vere  made  kn"\\n 
to  the  ,la|>aiie-e  nation. 


i.  Takaaji !:;:;:>  1357 

•.'.  Yi>:-hiii"ri i:ir.-  Kd'.T 

:;.  Y«i>li!iiitsii r.',''.-  i:;;i:i 

4.  ^     '-'.::n     rlli lli'.M  1  1^ 

:  \    -     ;:ul/.ii 1 4i':;  i-»-jr> 

''  ^     -hi  II--'-  Min 

7.  •>    -!    kal.-il 11-11  111- 

-.  •>     -  1  II.'  1471 


'.i.  V»-hiliiMi  ..........  1  IT'.'  1  I-.' 

in.  Y,i-!iii;ui'-  .........  1  i'."1  i-l'.':: 

i  1.  Yo-'ni/.Hini  .........  1  1'.'J  l.'ii'T 

1'J.  Yn-hit:in      ,-;ilii(-    ;l- 

Ilir  lllth)  ........  l.V^  l.V-"' 

i::.  Yo>liih:irii  ..........  l.VJl  -l.vj.'i 

it.  Yo.-hiti'ru  .........  i.'.jr,  i.M-,7 

15.  Yoshiaki  ........  ir.f,^  ]:>'.:: 


Til'-  term   Kiilin  MUMU,  MI  "Hen  n-i'd  !,\   the  -Ir-uit  and  Dutrh  writer-,  "  a-  in>t 

1   •     nt"  tli«-   -lii'i^un,  I'lil    \\it.~   Lipjilii'd   tn   liim    >'V  tin    ciiiiiini'ii    |n'ip|ile, 

lii-!  '    •  I.  it    ivf't-nvil   I"  tlir  iniKadu,  nr.  ratluT,  thr  iiiikadu 

'  _:-•••':•  i_  n  ;    I.1,:   '•'.-.  \\  M-  n  tin    )"  n'.-le 

^.iu    ii,   tin     K:iii«  i!...  ;iinl   it-   lua-V  !'  -i  '    tl.i-  ill!',"  n.il 

-]M-.lk    nl'   till'    -'I'^ll!:    ,l>    till      Kill'".    ^  illl. 

_  nl  "lln    •_•'  i\  '  rnin^  i"  i\\  IT."  Hi    t  In    IP  •'<',•  ina'i 

'  '  •    riulit    '.  t   riding  t"  tin    cmift   in  :i  •  •  rinr  tlii-  ini]"-l'ial 

:  ^r,-          •    -,         .  am'  i  'llii-i-.  I"'- 

1                 :••.,••'  lid  di-i'la\  .  I  h..n 

'•!    "I';                                     riir.Ii-.-ll  Hie    lllikad"   a-    llr' 

!  '                •            •  kinir*.'      l.;i!'  r 

'  .•   ir  mi  1'  .  •-•  i  .  ,,'  _   "i  thr  viirimi-   till'  -  and 

1     rl\-  tlii-   K  ,!>,,,,,.  l.ird.  attarlinl  •  !- 

:       .            '                                   '       \     '    .  .:•,       \..;    D    :    .lin,  i-    al-i.    ,-.il|.-,l 

"  rmpi  i-ii            [I                                                       •  at    ls'iiiiMki:r:i    and 

!'!'•-  al   tlir  iiiikad"'.-  i                                      •  I]             •  :  llir  :-li"_ninatc. 

Ill    la!                    '            '                                                    '  '          lii'!"!l    illtu   tin-   i'ar.  •].'-•-   and   '  r- 

T  !       '    i  •  i       •  1     i  1  1  1  •  i  •  "    -  1  1  1.  ii  !  1  1   '  ••  • 

•    '  '  ill  iT-  '  'f  '  !:•'    iln]  •  :  i- 

1  ;iid  all   rank-   '  '!  :lii- 

IVi  'in  lli'.1  k"ku-hi.  "i  dukrs,  d'A\  n  t"  Ilif 
• 


LIFE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGE& 


XX  L 

LIFE  L\   TIJI-:  MIDDLE  AGES. 

HISTORY,  as  usually  written,  gives  the,  impression  tliiit.  tin:  normal 
condition  of  mankind  is  that  of  war.  Japanese  students  who  take  up 
the  history  of  England  to  read,  lay  it  down  convinced  that  the  En- 
glish people  are  a  blood-loving  race  that  are  perpetual!}'  fighting. 
They  contrast  their  own  peaceful  country  with  the  countries  of  Eu- 
rope, to  the  detriment  of  the  latter.  They  turn  most  gladly  from  the 
monotonous  storv  of  battle,  murder,  and  sieges,  to  Buckle,  liuizot,  or 
Lecky,  that  thev  may  learn  of  the  victories  no  less  renowned  than 
those  of  war  \\hidi  mark  a>  mile-stones  the  progress  of  the  race.  I 
li'reatlv  fear  that  from  lack  of  literarv  skill  mv  readers  will  sav  that 
mv  storv  df  Japan  thus  far  is  a  story  of  bloody  war;  but  such,  in- 
deed, it,  is  as  told  in  their  own  histories.  Permanent,  universal  peace 
was  unknown  in  Japan  until,  by  the  genius  of  Iveyasu  in  the  six- 
teenth centurv,  two  centuries  and  a  half  of  this  blessing  were  secured. 
Nevertheless,  in  the  eight  centuries  included  between  the  eighth  and 
the  sixteenth  of  our  era  were  many,  and  often  lengthened,  intervals  of 
peace.  In  many  sequestered  places  the  sandal  of  the  warrior  and  the 
hoof  of  the  war-horse  never  printed  the  soil.  I'eace  in  the  palace,  in 
the  city,  in  the  village,  allowed  the  development  of  manners,  art-, 
manufactures,  and  agriculture.  In  this  period  were  developed  the 
characteristic  u-rowths  of  the  Japanese  intellect,  imagination,  social 
ecoiioinv,  and  manual  skill  that  have  made  the  hermit  nation  uni^m 
in  the  earth  and  Japanese  art  productions  the  wonder  of  the  world. 

In  this  chapter,  1  shall  simply  glance  at  some  of  the  salient  features 
of  life  in  Japan  during  the  Middle  Ages. 

The  introduction  of  continental  or  Chinese  civilization  into  Japan 
was  not  a  simple  act  of  adoption.  It  was  rather  a  work  of  -election 
and  assimilation.  A-  in  this  nineteenth  centurv,  the  Japane-e  is  no 
blind  cop\i>t,  he  improves  on  what  he  borrows.  Although  the  travel- 
er from  China  entering  Japan  can  see  in  a  moment  whence  the  Japa- 
nese have  borrowed  their  civilization,  and  though  In  mav  believe  the 


I.,N  7V/.V   MIKADO'S  ElirUlE. 

.Iapalie-'      '    •     ;   •        III     inferior    !  V  pe     t->     that    of    the    Chinese,    lie    \vill    ae- 

kn  >s\  led/.  •  it  ;!  .iapane-e  hase  improved  upon  their  horrossed  ele- 
ment- Fii!  ;i-  niiii'Ii  a-  tin-  1'ivneh  have  imp|-o\ed  ujmii  those  of 
K-'Mi.v  '  'ii.  Manv  retleetiiur  foreigner-  in  Japan  have  asked 

--:  'ii    \\\\\    tin-  .Iapane-e   an-   >o  unlike  the  ( 'hinese,  and  why 
:  it  ire.  laws,  eii-toms,  d  iv--,  work  in  an  -hip,  all  hear  a  -tamp 
iiisrlve>,   tliMii'j.'h    thev   iveehed    so    inii'-h    from    them.' 
I'iif    iva-oii    i-    to    lie    found    in    thr    -tn:i<_;';h    and   prr^i.-tciicc   of   the 
primal  .lapaii'^r  tvpe  of   i-harai't'-r,  as    intlueiu'ed   l>v  nature,  ena!'linur 
i;   to  re-i^t    >erioii^   alteration   and  radical  change.      The   ^reate-t  eoii- 


tiou  \va>  that  of  lluddliisiu.  uhieh  lieeame  uithin  ten  centui'ie-  the 
!Mii\rr-al!\  [lopular  religion.  ^  ct  even  its  eonijue>ts  \\crr  imt  partial. 
i--  tl'ilimph  ua^  -ecured  .mlv  }<\  it-  adulteration.  -lajiaiie-e  Uuddhi-m 
i-  a  di-tinet  pi-'"l'iet  aiiion^-  the  manv  forms  of  that  A-^ia'ie  i't  ii^ion. 

l'>;id'l!l!-!ll     MMMll'eil     life     atld     J.'1'o  \\tll     oil     .|.'ij)al|e-e     -.o']]     olilv    \,\     deilm' 

.lapaiii/ed.  l'\   lii-inu'  grafted  on  the  original  >t-.ek  of  idea-  in  the  Japa- 

iie-i-  mind.      Tim-,  in  order  to  populari/c  the   Indian  religion,  the  aii- 

•    •     !  rne<   and  the  h.eal    ^od-  \\ere   all    ineluded    \\ithin    the 

:  'ilitheoii,  aii'!  deelared  to  !,!•  the  ineariiatioii-  of  Hu.idha  in 

hi-  \ai  in-.       A  i  la--  '•!   deities  i  \i-t   in  Japan  \\  h»  are  \\..r-hip- 

1  '  ,  !dhi-t-  und'-r  the  -'ein-ral  name  of  </>,ti>/i  />.      'I'he\   are  all 

heroe-,  warriors,  or  famou<  men.      l-'urtherniore,  manv 

•     1   rite-  and  eereinonie-,  of  Shinto  wen;  altered  and  made  u-e 

••:      \    '  '•-.       ll    mav  \»-  d"iii'ted  uheiher   r»uddhi-m  i-oiild  liavc 

Japan,   had    it    ii"!    lieeoine   t  h^roii^hlv    .lapalii/.ed. 

S    '1    '.•       "f     '  '    :       Uts     of     file     -ll''>'e--     of     tile     He\\     religion     ua-     the 

:  |i  -,  pan  ida-.  id<'!-.  ua\-ide  -hrine-.  moiia-terie-.  and 
n  of  the  praetii'i     oj    en  mat  i'  'ii.  until  then   un- 

kiiossn  ;  It  •  ee—atioii  of  the  -laiiLrhter  of  animal-  for  fooil.  'I'he 
!ar_;'e-i  ;;!.d  r;  'he-t  of  tin  eee]e-ia-tieal  si ru  'tu re-  \\  en  in  or  n.  ar  I\ir.to. 
Tie-  prii  -'-  ;;••''  d  a-  teaeher-.  ad\'i.-er-,  coiin-''l"r-,  and  x-rilies,  i>e-ide- 
"Ilii'iati!  ,'  •  •  ir-.  -iiri\ini;  the  -ie|<.  and  attending  the  -epulture 

tl  -    .1.   ,  I. 

Am    '   .   '  nl«T      ind  ;i   'j;-''\\   and  miJtiplied  were  man\ 

-iin;!ar  to  t n  ;  nt-,  -ellers  of  indiil^eiMH'-, 

of  Hi'  'iintain   pa:  h-.      'I'he 

v .:..-•'  ; '.  —    '••     .  i  ;          — ed,  atili'-t'-d.  and    per-e- 

•     1.       !•    •',     ;  .         ,  .  :•.  th<    p   miiie-  ;ind  the  di-ati-tied. 

;',d   iind   ins  i.  'late  -lirlter.      TO  them 


LIFE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  190 

the  warrior  after  war,  the  prince  and  the  minister  leaving  the  palace, 
the  honor*  and  pomp  of  the  world,  could  retire  to  spend  the  remnant 
of  their  days  in  prayer,  worship,  and  the  oflices  of  piety.  Often  the 
murderer,  struck  with  remorse,  or  the  soldier  before  his  bloody  victim, 
would  resolve  to  turn  monk.  Xot  rarelv  did  men  crossed  in  love,  or  the 
ofL-pring  of  the  concubine  displaced  by  the  birth  of  the  legitimate  son, 
or  the  grief-stricken  father,  devote  himself  to  the  priestly  life.  In 
general,  however,  the  ranks  of  the  bonzes  were  recruited  from  orphans 
01-  piously  inclined  youth,  or  from  overstocked  families.  To  the  nun- 
neries, the  fertile  soil  of  bereavement,  remorse,  unrequited  love,  wid- 
owhood furnished  the  greater  number  of  sincere  and  devout  nuns. 
In  manv  eases  the  deliberate  choice  of  wealthy  ladies,  or  the  necessity 
of  escaping  an  uncongenial  marriage  planned  bv  relatives,  undesirable 
attentions,  or  the  lusts  of  rude  men  in  unsettled  times,  gave  many  an 
inmate  to  the  convents. 

In  general,  however,  natural  indolence,  a  desire  to  avoid  the  round 
of  dnid^erv  at  the  well,  the  hoe,  or  in  the  kitchen,  or  as  nurse,  sent 
the  majority  of  applicants  to  knock  at  the  convent  doors.  Occasion- 
ally a  noble  lady  was  won  to  recluse  life  from  the  very  apartment* 
of  the  emperor,  or  his  ministers,  by  the  eloquence  of  a  bonze  who 
vas  nmre  zealous  than  loyal.  In  a  few  of  the  convents,  only  ladies 
of  wealth  could  enter.  The  monk  and  nun.  in  Japanese  as  in  Eu- 
ropean history,  romance,  and  drama,  and  art,  are  staple  characters. 
The  rules  of  these  monastic  institutions  forbade  the  eating  of  fish  or 
l!e.-li.  the  drinking  of  sake,  the  wearing  of  the  hair  or  of  fine  clothe-, 
indulgence  in  certain  sensuous  pleasures,  or  the  reading  of  certain 
hook-.  Fastinu's,  vigils,  reflection,  continual  prayer  by  book,  bell, 
candle,  and  beads,  were  enjoined.  I'ious  pilgrimages  were  undertaken. 
The  cn-ction  of  a  shrine,  imaue,  belfry,  or  lantern  by  bei^in^  contri- 
bution- was  a  frequent  and  meritorious  enterprise.  There  stand  to- 
day thousands  of  these  monuments  of  the  piety,  zeal,  and  indu-trv  of 
the  medieval  monks  and  nuns.  Those  at  Nara  and  Kamakura  are  the 
most  famous.  The  Kamakura  Dai  Butsii  ((Jreat  Buddha)  has  been 
frequently  de>eribed  before.  It  is  a  mass  of  copper  4  1  feet  hi-'h,  and 
a  work  of  hi^h  art.  The  image  at  Xara  was  first  erected  in  the  eighth 
ceiiturv,  destroyed  during  the  civil  wars,  and  recast  about  seven  hun- 
dred years  aufo.  Its  total  height  is  50-.V  feet:  its  face  is  ]  ti  feet  long, 
and  Dv,  feet  wide.  The  width  of  its  shoulders  is  -J^V,  feet.  Nine 
hundred  and  sixty-six  curls  adorn  its  head,  around  which  i-  a  halo  7^ 
feet  in  diameter,  on  which  are  sixteen  images,  each  s  feet  Ion-;.  The 


•jiiO  TllK   M/KAUo'S  EMPIRE. 

eaMiiiLT  of  tli'1  idol  ^  s;i'd  1"  have  heen  tried  seven  times  liefoiv  it  was 
succe--.fullv  accomplished,  and  I'.dOO  tons  of  chnivoul  were  u-ed  in  the 
operation.  'I'he  inet.-il,  sa'nl  to  wei'jdi  4.30  tons,  is  a  liron/.e  composed 
,.f  iT"!'!  I  "ii'ii  pound-),  inerenry  (l'.t.">4  jioiind>),  tin  (Iti.^'JT  pounds), 
and  copper  ('.'^t'l.nsd  pounds).  Manv  millions  of  tons  of  copper  were 
mined  and  niched  to  make  these  idols.  Ivjiiallv  renowiieil  \\ere  the 
Lrreat  temple-hells  of  Kioto,  and  of  Miidera,  and  various  other  monas- 
teries. Some  of  these  were  ten  feet  lii^h,  and  Jidornud  with  sacred 


Temple-be!l    fn>m    F\M"tn,  \vilh 


texts  from  tin-  I'.uddlii-t  Scripture-;,  and  ima<_r''s  of  hca\cn!\  !>cin",'s, 
or  liiiddha  <>n  the  ^acj-.-d  lotus  in  Nirvana,  in  hi^h  relief.  A-  n-ual, 
the  niml'U-.  or  halo.  -i:rroiind<  hi-  head.  Two  dra-on-hcad-  fornidl 
the  .-iiinmit.  and  ear.  h\  which  it  was  hii!i'_r  to  it-  hcam  \>\  an  iron 
link.  The  hell  wa-  struck  on  a  raided  round  spot,  hy  a  hammer  of 
wood — a  small  tree-trunk  >\\unu  looselv  on  two  rope-.  After  impact. 
the  !.e!lman  held  the  hcam  mi  it-  ivlioiin  I.  until  the  (piiverinLT  mono- 
t,,ne  I.e^aii  to  die  awa\ .  Few  -oimd-  are  more  >oi.-mn!v  -weet  than 


LIFE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  201 

the  mellow  music  of  a  Japanese  temple-bell.  On  a  still  night,  a  eir 
cumft'iviico  of  twenty  miles  was  flooded  by  the  melody  of  the  great 
bell  of  Zozoji.  The  people  learned  to  love  their  temple-bell  as  a  dear 
friend,  as  its  note  changed  with  the  years  and  moods  of  life. 

The  casting  of  a  bell  was  ever  the  occasion  of  rejoicing  and  public 
festival.  When  the  chief  priest  of  the  city  announced  that  one  was 
to  be  made,  the  people  brought  contributions  in  money,  or  offerings  of 
bron/e  gold,  pure  tin.  or  copper  vessels.  Ladies  gave  with  their  own 
hands  the  mirrors  which  had  been  the  envy  of  lovers,  young  girls  laid 
their  silver  hair-pins  and  bijouterie  on  the  heap.  When  metal  enough 
and  in  due  proportion  had  been  amassed,  crucibles  were  made,  earth- 
furnaces  dug,  the  molds  fashioned,  and  huge  bellows,  worked  by  stand- 
ing men  at  each  end,  like  a  seesaw,  were  mounted;  and,  after  due 
prayers  and  consultation,  the  auspicious  day  was  appointed.  The 
place  selected  was  usually  on  a  hill  or  commanding  place.  The  peo- 
ple, in  their  gayest  dress,  assembled  in  picnic  parties,  and  with  song 
and  dance  and  feast  waited  \\hile  the  workmen,  in  festal  uniform, 
toiled,  and  the  priests,  in  canonical  robes,  watched.  The  fires  were 
lighted,  the  bellows  oscillated,  the  blast  roared,  and  the  crucibles  were 
brought  to  the  proper  heat  and  the  contents  to  fiery  fluidity,  the  joy 
of  the  crowd  increasing  as  each  stage  in  the  process  was  announced. 
When  the  molten  ilood  was  finally  poured  into  the  mold,  the  excite- 
ment of  the  spectators  reached  a  height  of  uncontrollable  enthusiasm. 
Another  pecuniary  harvest  was  reaped  by  the  priests  before  the  crowds 
dispersed,  by  the  sale  of  stamped  kerchiefs  or  paper  containing  a  hob- 
text,  or  certifying  to  the  presence  of  the  purchaser  at  the  ceremony, 
and  the  blessing  of  the  gods  upon  him  therefor.  Such  a  token  be- 
came an  heir-loom  ;  and  the  child  who  ever  afterward  heard  the  sol- 
emn boom  of  the  bell  at  matin  or  evening  was  constrained,  by  filial 
as  well  as  holv  motives,  to  obey  and  reverence  its  admonitory  call. 
The  belfrv  was  usually  a  separate  building  apart  from  the  temple,  with 
elaborate  cornices  and  roof.  (See  page  17^.) 

In  addition  to  the  offices  of  religion,  many  of  the  priests  were  use- 
ful men.  and  real  civili/.ers.  They  were  not  all  la/v  monks  or  idle 
bonzes.  r>y  the  Buddhist  priests  many  streams  were  spanned  with 
bridges,  paths  and  roads  made,  shade  or  fruit  trees  planted,  pond>  and 
dit  lies  for  purposes  of  irrigation  du<x,  aqueducts  built,  unwholesome 
localities  drained,  and  mountain  passes  discovered  or  explored.  Many 
were  the  school-masters,  and,  as  learned  men,  were  consulted  on  sub- 
jects beyond  the  ken  of  their  parishioners.  Some  of  them,  having  a 


jii-j  Till:  MIKADO'S  EXPIRE. 

knowledge  i  4"  medicine,  acted  as  physicians.  The  sciences  ;ui>l  arts  in 
Japan  all  owe  mu.'h  to  tin-  !>oii/e-  v,  h.i  from  ( 'oiva  personally  intro- 
duced ;  :  in}  u-cful  appliance-  or  articles  of  food.  Several  cdi!>!e  veu'- 
till  mauled  after  the  priests  who  first  taught  tlieir  u-e. 
i  •  !  •  sciences  a-troiioinv  and  mathematics,  as  well  as  the  human- 

:;:    s  owe  miii'li  of  their  cultivation  ami  development  to  clerical  -chol- 
ars.      In   the   mona-teries,  the  brethren   exeivi-ed  their  varied  u'tft-  in 
iiiLT,  -tndv,  calligraphy,  can  in--,  -culptinv,  or   on   object-   of   <.-•- 
i-ii  -ia-tieal  art. 

The  nioiniineiit-  liv  which  the  ineinory  of  many  a  saintly  }»-n'/.<-  i- 
-till  kept  u'l'ecn  c.\i>t  t«-da\  as  treasures  on  the  altars,  or  in  the  tein- 
pie  or  its  >liadv  precincts,  in  winded  word-  or  material  sub>tan<v.  A 
eopy  of  the  r>uddhi>t  Script  are-,  a  -aci'cd  da--  ie.  in  roll  or  !>ound  vol- 
iinii-,  niiu'ht  occupy  a  holy  penman  before  hi-  hru-h  and  ink— t^ne  for 
years.  The  manuscript  text-  \\hi<-h  1  ha\e  often  >ceii  in  the  hall  of 
woiship  on  -ilkv  jiaper  hound  in  damask,  in  Japanese  inona>terie-, 
could  not  lie  improved  in  elegance  and  aceura'-v  \>\  the  printer's  art. 
I'he  transi'ription  of  a  sutra  on  -ilk.  made  to  adorn  the  wall  of  a  -hrin-. 
in  manv  ca-es  p.-i'foi'ined  it-  mi— ion  for  ceniuric'.-. 

Vin'tluT  monk  excelled  in  improvisation  of  -a'T'd  -1an/a-.  another 
painted  the  pictures  and  -croll-  |,y  \\hich  the  multitude  were  tau-'ht 
1,\  tin-  prie-t.  \sith  hi-  pointer  in  hand,  the  m\-teries  of  theo|o^-\. 
the  >ym!iols  of  \\or-hip,  the  terror-  of  ;lie  --rade.l  he!!-  and  purgato- 
ries and  the  felicities  of  \ir\ana.  Another  of  the  frateriii' \ .  \\  itli 
iiT  haiid.  .-"nip. -lied  the  uonder  of  hi-  lu'ethreii  \<\  in-  -;JH  in 
carviiiiT.  II'  eouid.  from  a  \«'j;  uhieh  to-dav  had  it-  hai'k  ••!;.  Krin-i 
forth  in  tin1''  th"  -ereiie  countenance  of  liuddha,  the  ra\i-!iin^  !'eaut\ 
of  Kuanon,  tin-  <  J.-dde-s  of  M.-r-y,  the  -couliim"  terrors  of  th.'  <Jod 
of  \\ar,  the  frightful  vi-a^e  of  Kudo,  or  the  hid.-u-  face  of  the  L.rd 
of  1 1  i-|l.  Another  \\  a-  faniou-  for  moidiiiir  the  clay  for  t  he  c;irvi  r.  t  he 
-cuiptor.  or  the  liroii/.e--mit  h.  Man\  articles  of  altar  furniture,  even 
to  the  inceii-e— tick-  and  tiower-,  were  often  made  cntirelv  \<\  clerical 
hai:d-. 

hurinir   the   MHdl'-    \ _'••-.  ''•"   art-   of  [K.ltery.  lac-jiieriiiLi'.  irildiiiLT. 

!  1 11  '!!/•  •-'••(-' .  1 1  _;'.  'i  _'v  .  \  , '  ^   ;in  1   cha-i!  _ .  chi-el  and  puncli  \\  ork.  -word- 

n:'ikin_r.  ^old-miih'-  u-ik.  \\<r<     ':     ._':t   t'i   a    pcrfeetion    iie\er  since 

ed,  if  iicle.-ii  it   ha-  1-een   .    ,  ia!   •!.       In  enameled  and  inlaid  metal 

work   the   hand    of  the  J;ipaiie-  •,    h;^    undouliteilly   lo-t    it-   euii- 


LIFE  IN  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 


203 


cation  of  violet  lacquer,  and  the  ancient  cloisonne  enamel.  The  deli- 
cacy of  tact,  freedom  of  movement,  and  perfection  of  finish  visible  on 
Japanese  work,  are  the  result  of  lout;-  hereditary  application  and  con- 
centrated skill.  Hidden  away  in  sequestered  villages,  or  occupying  the 
same  workshop  in  cities  for  centuries,  generations  of  craftsmen  wrought 
upon  one  class  of  objects,  until  from  the  workman's  hand  is  born  the 
offspring  of  a  long  pediirree  of  thought  and  dexterity.  Japanese  an- 
tiquarians fix  the  date  of  the  diseoverv  of  lacquer-ware  variously  at 
,\.D.  724  and  900.  Kchizeii,  from  the  first,  has  been  noted  for  the 
abundance  and  luxuriant  yield  of  lacquer -trees,  and  the  .skill  of  her 


workmen  in  extracting  the  milk-white  virgin  sap,  which  the  action  of 
the  air  turns  to  black,  and  \\hieh  bv  pigments  is  changed  to  varioii< 
colors.  In  the  thirteenth  centurv  the  art  of  gold-lacquering  attained 
the  zenith  of  perfection.  Various  schools  of  lacquer  art  were  founded, 
one  excelling  in  landscape,  another  in  marine  scenerv,  or  the  dclinca- 
tion,  in  gold  and  silver  powder  and  varnish,  of  birds  insects,  and  flow- 
ers. The  masters  who  flourished  during  the  IIojo  period  -till  rule  the 
pencil  of  the  modern  artist. 

Kioto,  as  the  civil   ami  militarv   as  well  as  ei-clesia-ti'-al   capital   of 
the  empire,  was  the   centre    and   standard   of  manners.  laiiLfua^e,  and 


•_>nt  Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

etiquette,  of  :irt.  literature,  religion,  ami  ^overmnent.  No  people  are 
in.  >iv  courtU  and  polished  in  their  manners  than  the  Japanese,  and 
in\  \i-it  to  Kioto  in  !>7:l  impressed  me  with  tin-  fad  that  the  citizens 
of  llii-  proud  ni'"ik<i  -urpa--  all  others  in  Japan  in  refined  manners, 
and  the  ^race-  ,,f  addivx  and  etiijiiette.  The  direct  influences  of 
c"iirt  life  have  made  themselves  perceptibly  felt  on  the  inhabitants  of 
I  In  eit  v. 

I'Yoiu  this  centre  radiated  the  multifarious  influences  which  have 
molded  the  character  of  the  nation.  Tin untrv  priest  came  as  pil- 
grim to  the  capital  a-  to  the  Holy  City,  to  strengthen  his  faith  and 
cheer  hi-  xnil  amidst  its  inspirations,  to  see  the  primate  and  magnates 
of  his  >ect,  to  pray  at  the  famou-  shrines,  to  study  in  the  largest  mon- 
asteries, under  the  greatest  li^ht-  and  holiest  teachers.  Returning  to 
hi.-  pari-h,  ne\v  -anctitv  \va-  shed  from  hi>  rustling  robes.  His 
brethren  welcomed  him  with  awe.  and  the  people  thronged  to  seo  and 
venerate  the  h<>lv  man  wlio  had  drunk  at  the  verv  fountain-  of  the 
faith.  The  temple  coffers  H-JVW  heavy  with  the  weight  of  offerings 
because  nf  him.  The  sons  of  the  nol'lemeii  in  distant  provinces  were 
sent  to  Kioto  to  be  educated,  to  learn  reading  and  writing  from  the 
prii--ts,  the  perfection  of  the  art  of  war  in  the  army,  the  etiijiiette  of 
palace  litV  as  pa-v-  to,  «r  as  u'lie-t-  of,  the  court  nobles.  The  arti.-an 
or  ri.-h  nieivhant  from  O-hiu  or  Kad/u-a,  \\ho  had  made  the  joiirnev 
to  Kioto,  astonished  his  wondering  li-teiier-  at  home  with  tale-  of  the 

-plend"!'   "f  tin'   p!'oi-e--ion-    of  the    mikado,   the   \\ealth   of  the  t.'lllples, 

the  mini!  i-r  of  the  papula-,  the  richne-s  of  the  >ilk  n>l'es  of  the  ••ouit 
Iiubles,  and  ill-  wonder-  \\lii--h  the  Kioto  potter-  and  \a-e-makers. 
-\\  ord-foi-^'1!'-,  LToldsniiths,  Iac(|Uerer-.  crystal-cutters,  and  broiixe-moUl- 
(•]•-.  dailv  '  \po-i-d  in  their  -hop-  in  prot'u-i"n. 

In  Kioto  al-o  duelt  tin-  poet-,  no\eli-ts.  hi-toriaii-,  u'rammarians, 
writer-,  and  tin1  puri-1-.  \\ho-e  dicta  \\eiv  law-.  \\\  them  were  writ- 
ten the  '_rreat  l>!ilk  of  the  da— ic  literatui'e.  eiiibracinLT  poctr\,  drama. 
ti«-tioii.  hi-'or\.  philo-opl^  ,  eticpiette,  and  t!ie  nuniei-ou-  diaries  and 
\\oik-  on  tra\el  in  < 'hina,  < 'orea,  and  the  remote  pro\ini-es  <-f  the 
counlrx,  and  tin-  books  called  "mirror-"  (k<i<i«ini)  of  the  time-,  now 
so  intere-tiiii_r  t"  the  an:ii|iiarian  student.  Occasionally  noble-  or 
court  ladie-  \\ould  leave  the  lu\ur\  of  the  city,  and  take  up  their 
abode  in  a  castle,  tower,  pagoda,  or  temple  room,  or  on  some  mountain 
o\ el-looking  Lake  I'.iua.  the  ~ea,  <>r  the  Yodo  Ki\er.  or  the  plain-  of 
Yamato  ;  and  amid-t  it-  in-pirin_r  -cenerv,  with  tinv  table,  ink— tone 
:.i.  1  bni-h.  pen  -nine  pro-c  i^pic  or  i-oman'-e.  that  ha-  -nice  In me  ;.:i 


LIFE  AV  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  205 

immortal  classic.  Almost  every  mansion  of  the  nobles  had  its  "  look- 
inir-room,"  or  "  Chamber  of  Inspiring  View,''  whence  to  <iaze  upon  the 
landscape  or  marine  scenery.  Rooms  set  apart  for  this  aesthetic  pleas- 
ure still  form  a  feature  of  the  house  of  nearly  every  modern  native  of 
means.  <  >n  many  a  coi^ne  of  vantage  may  be  seen  also  the  summer- 
houses  or  rustic  booths,  where  cither  pleasure  parties  on  picnics. 


In  the  civil  administration  of  the  empire,  the  chief  work  w: 
dispense  justice,  punish  offenders,  collect  taxes,  and  settle  di-p 
After  the  rude  surveys  of  those  days,  the  boundaries  of  province- 
departments  were  marked  by  inscribed  posts  of  wood  or  stone, 
fore  the  days  of  writing,  the  same  end  was  secured  bv  charcoal  ',] 
in  the  earth  at  certain  points,  the  durability  of  \\hieh  insured 
mark  a^ain-t,  decay.  The  peasants,  after  the  rice-harvest  v>a< 
brought  their  tribute.  <>r  taxes,  with  joyful  ceremonv.  to  the  ;_r, , 
ment  granaries  in  straw  ba^s,  packed  on  horse-  Lfayly  deeoratcd 
scarlet  housings,  and  jinirlini!;  with  clusters  of  small  hells.  A  re 
this  custom  is  seen  in  the  bunches  of  bells  suspended  by  red  c 

1  t 


_,!.;  Till-:   .MIKAho'S  UMPIRE. 

stulT  fr»rn  tin1   n-ar  i>f  tin-   pack-saddle,  vv'hi.-h  ilanufle  musically  from 

tin1  un_rainlv  haunehe-  of  tin-  native  simijitiTs. 

[•'rom  earlie-t  time-  there  cxi-ted  wk\  (u'uard  i^ites  or  barriers)  l>e- 
tw.iii  tin-  variou-  pro\  inees  at  iiioiintain  pa>-es  or  strategic  points. 
iaii.-m  developed,  they  "Tew  more  numerou-.  A  fence  of  pal- 
isade-, -tn-tched  aero--  the  road,  guarded  the  path  through  which,  ac- 
cording to  time,  or  orders  of  the  keeper-,  none  could  pa-s  with  anus, 
or  without  the  pass-word  or  pa--port.  Anciently  they  were  erected  at 
the  Ilakotie  and  other  mountain  pa--e-,  to  keep  up  the  distinction  be- 
tween the  Aino<  and  the  pure  Japanese.  The  po>se--ion  of  the-e  Kar- 
riers  wa-  ever  an  important  object  of  ri\al  militarv  commanders,  and 
the  -hift-.  devices,  and  cxtraonlinary  artifice-  roorted  to  hy  refugees, 
disL.pui-ed  worthies,  and  forliiddeii  character-,  furni-h  the  hi-torian,  the 
noveli-t,  and  dramati-t  with  -oine  of  their  nio-t  ilirilliii'j  ejii-ode-. 

It  i-  related  of  Vosliitsuno,  after  he  had  incurred  the  wrath  of 
Yoritonio.  that,  \\ith  I'>enkei.  hi-  -ervant.  he  arrived  at  a  u'uard  ^at. 
kept  l-\  >oine  (Jcnji  -..Idier-,  \\lio  would  have  been  Mire  t<>  arre.-t  him 
had  they  di-coveivd  hi-  au^u^t  jit-rsonalitv.  1  *i>i:'ui-ed  a-  wandering 
pri''-t-  of  the  lluddhi-t  >ect  Vaina-lm-hi.  tliev  approached  the  irate, 
and  were  i'hallen^ecl  l>v  the  -i-ntiiiel.  who,  like  nio-t  of  hi-  cla--  at 
that  tini'-.  wa-  ignorant  of  \vritiniT-  I'"  nkei,  uith  ^reat  diu'nitv.  dravv- 
iriLC  from  his  hosom  a  roll  of  Malik  jiaper,  lu-Lfan.  after  touching  it 
r--v  ri'i ntly  to  hi-  forehead,  to  e\tempori/e  ai.d  read  aloud  in  ch.iice<t 
and  nio-t  j'iou-  laiiu'uau'e  a  commi-.-ioii  from  the  hi^h-prie-t  at  the 
temple  of  1  lokoji.  in  !\i.Mo,  in  u  hidi  -to.  ..1  the  ^reat  ima^e  of  I  luddha, 

ailt  hol'i/.i]:_r  hill!  t 'licet  tllolleV  to  ca-t  a  c'olo--al  l»il  for  the  tem- 
ple. At  the  ti;i-t  meiiiioii  ,.f  the  name  ,.f  hi-  reverence  the  renowned 
prie-t.  so  tali-manic  in  all  the  empire,  the  -..Mi.  r  dropped  doun  on 
lii-  ktiei'-  \\itii  face  f.  tin-  ground,  and  li-t.i:.'.]  \\ith  reverent  av\e.  un- 
awar>-  that  the  paper  wa-  a-  Mank  a-  the  reader'-  tongue  \\  a-  'jlili. 
TO  furthi  r  lull  -u-pi'-:.>!i.  l'..-iik.'i  aju-l.i^i/ed  for  the  rude  conduct  of 
hi-  si-rvant-tiov,  uho  -tood  duriti^  tin-  ivadiiin',  hecail-e  lie  v\a-  onlv  a 
ho.T  ju-t  "Ut  of  the  rice-lield-:  and.  ^:\;M^  him  a  kick.  Lid  him  Lft 
down  oi;  hi-  m a rr. 'U  Imtn  s.  and  not  -tand  up  in  the  pre-eiice  of  a  •^•\\- 
tleuian  and  a  -.  .idi' r.  Tic  ru-e  \va-eoiiiplete.  The  illu-trious  youth 
an.'i  hi-  -.rv  ant  pa— ed  .  >\\. 

M'-dical  -I'ieiice  mad.-  c.  ,n-ideral.!.  pr.  i'_rre--  in  the  coiir-e  of  ceiit- 
iirie-.  '1  he  niiitiD'i  iiii'!"'ii.  -v-ti-m.  practice,  and  literature  of  the 
In -alinir  art  were  l>on'ou«d  t'r-in  <  hina  :  Km  upon  these,  as  upon  mo-t 
v.'th  r  matter^,  the  ,fa[.an..-.-  improved.  Aeiipun.-ture.  or  the  introduc- 


LIFE   IS  THE  MIDDLE  AG£S.  L>()7 

tion  of  needles  into  living  tissues  for  remedial  purposes,  was  much  im- 
proved by  the  Japanese.  The  puncturing'  needles,  as  line  as  a  hair,  were 
made  of  e;old,  silver,  or  tempered  steel,  by  experts.  The  bones,  large 
nerves,  or  Mood-vessels  were  earefullv  avoided  in  the  process,  which 
enjoved  "Teat  repute  in  eases  of  a  peculiar  violent  colic,  to  which  the 
natives  are  subject,  and  which  sometimes  becomes  endemic.  On  the 
theorv  that  this  malady  was  caused  by  wind,  holes  were  made  in  the 
stomach  or  abdomen,  to  the  mystic  number  of  nine — corresponding  to 
the  nine  apertures  of  the  bodv.  Moxa  (Japanese,  Hiokttsa.  ;  >ito,  fire, 
from  inoi/ern,  to  burn,  and  kiisa,  herb,  u'rass),  or  the  burning  of  a 
small  cone  of  cottony  lib  res  of  the  artemisia,  on  the  back  or  feet,  was 
practiced  as  earlv  as  the  eleventh  centurv,  reference  beiiiLT  made  to  it 
in  a  poem  written  at  that  time.  A  number  of  ancient  stanzas  and 
puns  relating  to  Mount  Ibuki,  on  the  sides  of  which  the  mu^wort 
grows  luxuriantly,  are  still  extant.  To  this  day  it  is  an  exception  to 
h'nd  the  backs  of  the  common  people  unscartvd  with  the  spots  left  by 
the  moxa.  The  use,  of  mercury  in  corrosive  sublimate  was  very  an- 
ciently known.  The  do-sha  powder,  however,  which  was  said  to  cure 
various  diseases,  and  to  relax  the  rigid  limbs  of  a  corpse,  was  manu- 
factured and  sold  onlv  bv  the  bonzes  (Japanese,  bozii)  of  the  Shin  (Jon 
sect.  It  is.  and  always  was,  a  pious  fraud,  being  nothing  but  uneiliea- 
cioiis  (juartz  sand,  mixed  with  grains  of  mica  and  pyrites.* 

Of  the  mediaeval  sports  and  pastimes  within  and  without  of  doors, 
the  former  were  preferred  by  the  weak  and  effeminate,  the  latter  by 
the  hale  and  strong.  Banquets  and  carousals  in  the  palace  were  fre- 
quent. The  brewing  of  sake  from  rice  was  begun,  according  to  record, 

*  Sri'  in  TitsitiLrli  a  lonij  account  of  the  wonderful  virtues  and  eH'ccti  claimed 
for  tin'  do-^ha  ( ••  do-ia  "  )  po wder,  and  in  various  other  old  writers  on  Japan,  who 
h:i\ '(•  trravelv  described  this  humbug.  I  oner  tested  this  substance  thoroughly  by 
swallowing  a  tea-spoonful,  without  experk'iicinir  any  effects.  It  min'ht  cau~e,  but 
not  cuiv,  a  lieadaehe.  I  also  used  up  a  paekaurful  of  tin1  holy  sand,  purcha>ed  at 
an  orthodox  Shin  (ion  temple,  upon  a  stiffened  eorp>e  that  had  but  a  short  time 
previous  become  sue  h,  but  no  unlimborinu;  of  the  riu'id  body  took  plaee.  1  aUo 
fused  a  quantits  of  the  eertilied  "drill:'"  with  some  carbonate  of  soda,  di-'-olveii 
the  rou  It  ant  mass  in  distilled  water,  and  upon  adding  a  few  drops  of  hydrochloric 
aeid,  a  prec.ipitate  of  <ri-latinous  silica  was  the  result.  I  alr-o  subjected  the  d>  '->ha 
to  careful  niierox'ojiic  ex;\minat ion,  tiudiim"  it  only  (|iiart/c  >and,  witli  i!:d\< •-  of 
other  minerals.  That  the  "corpse"  in  rny  experiment  wa-~  that  id  an  old  dou 
does  not  atl'eet  the  validity  of  the  test.  It  may  be  remembered  a!-o  that  eelati- 
n<)us  silica  is  the  substance  sometimes  used  to  adulterate  butler.  The  main  ob- 
jection to  such  butter  i<  that  one  can  buy  sand  in  a  cheaper  form;  and  the 
same  may  bo  said  of  that  nostrum  in  the  ecclesiastical  quackery  ami  >t<at<  i -iu  i/tt- 
oliu/ii'it  of  Japan  called  d>i-shti. 


in  tin'  thirl  •••  nturv,  and  lli'1  "tliee  of  ehi.-f  butler  e\vn  earlier.      Tin" 
native    -au  •'-.   >'•  •  •/-'.   made    nt    fermented   wheat    and    bean-,  witli    salt 
aii'l  \ine--ar,  \\hieh  the  '-unnin'j;  purvevor-  of   Kurope  n-e  a-  tin-  ha-is 
;-h-prieed  |pii|iiaiit  sniiees,  wa-  made  and  u-ed  a-  earlv  a-  the 
eeiitim.      The  name  of  tliis  -aline  nil   (*Iin.  -alt  :   fin,  nil)   ap- 
pear-  a-  "sov"   in   "iir   dietionarie-,  it   bein^   «>ne   of   the   three  words 
(-o\.  bonze,  moxa)  \\lneh   we   have  borrowed   ti'otn   the  .Japanese.       At 
-:-.   besides   tlie  \\ine   and   del'n-aeie-  to   plea-e   tip'   paiate.  mu-ie, 
snii.jf,  ami  ilaner  made  the  t'ea-t    of  r.-a-on  and  the  tl»\\   of  >oul.  \\hilt> 
\\im     and    beautiful    \\oineii    lent    ^ra'-e    and    added    jilra-lire    to    the    fes- 

ti\  ities. 

In  Ion--  trailiiiLT  robes  of  white,  erim-on.  . ,r  hi-'hly  ti-'iirrd  .-ilk.  with 
hair  llou'm--  in  hi\iiriaii'-e  over  the  -boulder-,  and  bound  n'raeefullv  in 
one  ImiL;'  ti'es-  \\liii-h  fell  belo\\  the  \sai-t  behind,  maid-  and  ladies 
of  th-'  jialaee  rail'i-d  e'lanees  and  iiithieiiee  iijM.n  tin-  ta\oivd  ones. 
'l"ii"\  tii-i-d  tip-  ln'art  of  admin-r-^"  1-v  the  bewiteli'm--  beaiitv  "t  a  \s  ell- 
formed  hand.  foot,  iieek.  i'aee.  or  form  decked  \\ith  whatever  added 
eharm-  eo-meties  e.Mild  he-tow  ii|)oii  them,  .lapane-e  ladie-  have 
ever  been  noted  f"!1  liealtie— ;.  --ood  ta-te.  and.  "ii  ju-oper  oi-ea>ioiis, 
sjilendor  and  luxiirianee  of  <lre->.  \\itlifati.  and  \\a\inu'  IOIILI'  sleeve, 
the  lan-'iia^-e  of  -eeret  but  outwardly  deeoruu-  pa— ion  found  ample  e\- 
pre— ion.  Ki--.-~.  the  p  re— ui'e  of  the  hand,  and  other  -\  mhoN  of  |,  .ve 
a-  expre— ed  in  other  land-,  \\i-re  then,  a-  now.  unknown.  In  humble 

life     al-o,    in     all     their     -oeial      plea-lire-     the     two     se\e>    met     together    to 

parti''ipat"    in    the    -aim-    deli-'ht-.  with    far    LTi'i-ater    freedom    than    is 

kll'-Wli     ill      \-iati'-     eonntl-ie-.         A-.    hoWeVel1.    wive-     or     e  .neubille-     had 

iiol    a!\\ay-  the    attrai-tioii-  »\    \oiith,  beautv.  wit.  mai'ien!\    fre-htie-s. 

:    .1    •!  ::  .ill'  -       \\ •   ••  II    t>\     ;l    y.niliLr 

.la p;i ) I.  -••   -"lit I'1  man   ..I    HP-   Iiiti-n:;itinn;il   <  m.^n—  of  t  M-irtit;»li>t-  In  M  .it   I'uri- 
in  1S7:I :   •    I  \\  ill  i-iiiiitiii-i     .     .     in  •  .  i-  ni-Jtlicr  too  laru'' 

liu|-     e    ii    -'I.   ill.          I',,:''       I')     Vollf-i    M      ,.i:_'       lilllrk     l'\'   -,    -lll'l!!1  Mlllti'il     t'V     cVl't  il'i  >«> 

'•!  :>  -'       '    .                                .  '              i!.  wliili-.  vi  r\  -liurlitl\  ni-i'-cul- 

";•••''    "ii  tin1   i                        '             '  iiii-i-;    :i    -mull.  r'_'iil:ir.  tre-h    inniitli.  wlin-i1 

tiiin    .i|'-    ili-'-i"-'-.   Ifniii    Itnii-    to  '                           ti'i'tli    r;H!u"' 'I    r'pLru]:irl v  :    a    nai'i'"\v 

lon-'n                           I    |i\    lmiLr.   I  ln'i|    witli    |"-rt'. -1     n'-'iil-.n  ity.     .loin 

til   -    hriiii    'hy  ;i   rolillil   in  '   1-.    In  .'    I,"'    t'.lt,   with    -i.  -inli  T   loin-,   liali'N 

it   imt  i  t   v  •.  r."/;,  i  i-  nut   i-\:n.r^'-r:it'-il. 

A 'lil    to    |||i'-|.    I),,.    |,  ,,!,  i 'A  .' ._     ,    •  •  .•  ;i     ..'];;!'•    Illalllli   I',    a    Voicr    like    til'-    Ili^llt- 

i   inak          ii'-   il       •         '          '         ii'  --:   .1    look    at    i  u:'-'1    ii  v.  l\\  -\vi-i  t. 

D'l    al  \\  .i\  -    <•!,.!:•;  n  : :   _  .      •.'''.     '.'  •  •:  • ;-    ] 'roll'  Ml  In'' ''I    di  -I  i  Mr!  1  V,    an  -  iin  ]  a 

ni'-tini'---  i  ii'Uiirhi  fu!.  ;iinl 
!'..'-".     i--tii' ;  niiiimi'i      '  ' '       .       ml.  In: t  « itlmut  L-VIT  iin-ur- 

i-at     .;,  .  .;   pr    -uin:'-     <\ 


L1F1-    IX    THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 


or  skill  at  the  koto,  the  //?<W/",  or  siii^iii^-n-irl,  then  as  now,  served  tin- 
sake,  danced,  simu',  and  plaved,  and  wa.-  rewarded  hv  tin.-  y'old  or  ti'ifts 
(.if  tlic  host,  of  perhaps  became  hi-  Ha^ar.  The  .statement  that  the 
empress  \va>  attende<l  only  by  "  vestals  uho  liad  never  beheld  a  niati  " 
is  disproved  by  a  short  study  of  the  volumes  of  poetrv,  amorous  and 
otherwise,  written  hv  them,  and  still  (juoted  as  classic.  As  to  tin? 
standard  of  virtue  in  those  days,  I  believe  it  was  certainlv  not  below 
that  of  the  later  lioman  empire,  and  I  am  inclined  to  believe  it  was 
far  above  it. 

In  the  court  at  Kioto,  besides  panics  of  skill  or  chance  in  the  house, 
\\ere  foot-ball,  cock -fighting,  falconry,  horsemanship,  and  an-hcrv. 
The  robust  Dailies  of  the  military  classes  were  hunting  the  boar,  deei', 
bear,  and  .-mailer  ifamc.  Hunting  hv  falcon-,  \\hi<-h  had  been  intro- 
duced bv  some  C'orean  em- 
ba->adors  in  the  time  of  ! 
Jinn'ii  Kou'o,  was  almost  as  ; 


da!  lofil  having  iii>  perch  of 
...  .....         ,  \*fc- 

ralcons.       rishiiiu'    by    cor-    m 

morants,    though     a     u>eful    };|| 
branch    of    the    fisherman's.    !jj| 
industrv,  wa>  al-o  indiilu'ed 
in    for    plea-ure.       The    se- 
vere exercise  of  hunting  i'oi 
sport,    howe\'er,    ne\er     be- 
came as  absorbing  and  p"p- 
ular  in  Japan  as  in  Kuropi', 
bcino-  coiltilied    more   to   the 

professional   huntsman,  and 

the  seeker  for  dailv  food. 


•jiu  HIK  .I//AM />'/•>  KM  run:. 

Tin-  .'..nit   ladie-  -ha\ed  "IT   their   eyehrow-,  and  painted  two  saMe 

l,;ir-  ,,r  -;...;-  ,,n  the  forehead  rcsfinliliuLT  fal-e  eyebrows.      In  addition 

t.>  the   gentle  ta-k<   "f   needle-work   and   embroidery,  they  pa--ed  the 

tiin.    in   --nil' •-  of  che-s.  clurkiTs,  painted  -hell-,  and    a  diuT-i<>n    pe- 

•    palaiv.  in    which    the   skill    «i  the    player  depended   on 

.-i"!\eiie--  in  appreciating  perfume-,  the  neee>-arv  article-  Kein^ 

via!-   "f   fraLTraiil    (.'Xtracts.      Tlieir   pet-   \\viv  the   peculiar   little   d..^ 

•/"'/'.         'I'lleV    -tallied    their     teetll     lilaek.    like     the    \\.illlell     .  .f     the 

lower  cla-M's  ;  an  example  which  the  noMe<  of  the  -t enter  sex  followed, 
a-  the\  J.TCW  iii-irc  and  more  etTeminate.  (  >ne  of  the -taple  di\'er-ions 
of  l-.th  -exe-  at  the  eourt  \vas  to  \\rite  poetr\.  and  iveite  it  to  eaeli 
"tlier.  The  emperor  fivijiimtlv  honored  a  ladv  <>\-  ri"l>le  l>v  i/ivim: 

tile    eho^.-ll    "He    a    -ill'jeet     Upon    \v!lieh    to    e"inpo>e    a    poelll.         A    liappV 

thought,  -kilifully  \v]-oii^ht  -tanxa,  a  felicitous  L;T;UV  of  pantniniltu', 
oft.-n  made  the  poete—  a  maid  "f  honor,  a  cuiiculiiiii1,  or  e\in  an 
einpre— ,  a;id  the  poet  a  inini-ter  »v  I'oiiiieilor. 

Aii"tlier  tavoritf  mean-  "t  ainu-einent  \\a-  to  write  and  read  or  tell 

-•  •  tin'  S.-ht  heiv/ade  of  the-.'  ln-in-'  a  l-eaiitit'iil  ladv.  \\lio  ,,ften 

f"inp"-cil  her  o\\n  -tofj,.-.  The  f,,\\,  <\\  in^  in-tain-e  i-  alilm'viati-d 
from  tin  Ui.u'i  I)n>  (ittkn  ( "  U'oinaii's  <ireat  Studv"):  !-('•  no  Taivu 
\va<  a  daughter  of  Sukrieliika.  the  mikado'-  mini-ter  of  festivals,  ami 
a  hi^'hh  aeeoiupli-heil  lad\ .  None  aiiioliir  the  ladie-  of  the  court  could 
eijua!  In-r.  One  dav  a  hraneh  of  luxuriant  cherrv  -  l>l"s<uius  \\a- 
}'roii--h;  fr.  .m  Nara.  The  cinper"]'  L:'.'^-'  i'  t"  lier.  and  a-ked  her  to 
cxteinpori/.e  a  \. •!-.•.  Sh>-  did  >",  and  the  coiirtii  r-  \\ere  all  a-toni-hed 
at  the  t  .1  an!  \  and  deli. -ate  -en  time  Hi  of  the  u-r-e, 

II'-re  i-  another:  Mura-aki  Siiikil.ii  \\a-  the  daughter  of  tin-  lord 
of  Kchi/''!i.  '  Mi.-  dav  a  ladv  of  K'aiii"  a-l-.ed  if  there  \\a-  anv  lieu 
eiitertainiii1/  literalui'e  i-r  iiuvi1!-,  a-  the  em  pre--  -  douau'er  \\i-heil  to 
read  -oiuetliin^  new.  The  !ad\'  in\:t'-d  Mura-aki  to  writi-  some  -to- 
ri'-. She.  kl|o\\il  ;  •'  '  til'  LTeat  <'llille-e  -cholar  Sholnri  colll|>leted 

In-  col  lee  1 1.  .n  . .;  ill,-  , '---a\  -  '  >f  ancient  u  nter-  i'\'  huildiiiir  •'  hin'h  hou-c 
and  -ec|i;dii|._r  him-',:  •  it,  had  a  hi-^h  tower  erected  at  I-lii\ama 
o\  .-rlookin-j1  Lake  Iliv,  a.  and  alTordin^  a  -'l"ri"ii-  view  of  the  niount- 
ain-.  '--peciallv  in  th--  nio,  .nlin'ht.  Tin-re  -In-  retire.l.  and  "lie  ni^ht 
uhi-n  the  full  iii"on  tin-  uater-  -he  ua-  -"  in-pired  that 

-he  wrote  in  one  ni_;  t  1  •    :-  of  ihe  (,'<>, ji  M'.i.min t,i,-i. *  a  Look 


LITE  J.\  THE  MIDDLE  ACES.  -211 

containing  fifty-four  chapters  in  all,  which  she  finished  in  a  few  weeks. 
She  presented  it  to  tin-  empress-dowager,  who  gave  it  to  the  mikado. 
To  this  day  it  is  a  classic. 

Sei  Slionairon  was  the  daughter  of  Kiyowara  no  Motosuke.  She  was 
one  of  the  imperial  concubines.  She  was  well  read  in  Japanese  and 
Chinese  literature,  and  composed  poetry  almost  from  infancy,  having 
a  wonderful  facilitv  of  improvisation.  One  dav,  after  a  fall  of  snow, 
she  looked  out  from  the  southern  door  of  the  palace.  The  emperor, 
having  passed  round  the  wine-cup  to  his  lords  and  ladies  at  the  usual 
morning  assembly  of  the  courtiers  and  maids  of  honor,  said,  "How  is 

hands,  slirnujiriiiir  the  .shoulders,  and  tin;  contemptuous  gyratory  motion  of  the 
thumb  set  aii'uin.-t  the  nose,  with  the  linu'crs  upright.  Flirtation  is  practiced  not 
by  the  use  of  the  fan  or  the  handkerchief  C  which  is  of  paper),  but  with  a  wave  of 
the  riu'ht  hand,  with  palms  downward,  or  by  the  fair  charmer  waving  her  lon<£ 
sleeve.  Jn-tead  of  winking,  they  convey  the  same  meaning  by  twitching  the  left 
corner  of  the  mouth,  or  nillinir  the  eyeballs  to  the  riii'lit  or  left.  The  "'iris  simper 
by  letting  their  eyelids  fall,  and  the  laniruaire  of  woman's  eyes  is  in  other  respects 
the  same  as  with  us,  as  Japanese  jioelry  shows.  Jealousy  is  indicated  by  the 
ereetiMU'  the  two  fop-Hnii'ers  on  the  forehead,  in  allusion  to  the  monster  which  in 
Japan  has  horns  and  black  hide,  but  not  irreen  eyes.  A  jilt  who  wishes  to  ji'ive 
her  lover  "the  mitten"  sends  him  a  brunch  of  maple,  the  color  (ir<>)  of  whose 
leaves  lias  changed,  like  her  love  {//•<>). 

Tui'niiiu1  up  the  no-e  and  curium;  the  lip  in  scorn  are  achieved  with  masterly 
-kill.  In  airony,  the  hands  are  not  clasped,  but  put  npriirht.  palm  to  palm,  at 
length.  People  shake  their  heads  to  mean  "no,"  and  nod  them  to  mean  "yes." 
Amouii'  the  peculiarities  in  their  code  of  etiquette,  eructation  is  permissible  in 
company  at  all  times,  and  after  a  hearty  meal  is  rather  a  compliment  to  the  host. 
On  the  other  hand,  to  attend  to  the  requirements  of  nasal  etiquette,  except  with 
faee  apart  from  the  company,  is  very  bad  manners.  Toothpicks  must  not  be. 
used,  but  in  a  semi-secret  way,  and  with  the  left  hand  covering"  the  mouth.  At 
banquets,  I  lie  fragrant  bark  on  these  is  curved  ornamentally,  and  under  u  shaving 
loosened  from  the  white  wood  is  written  in  tiny  script  a  pun,  witticism,  bon 
mot,  or  sentimental  proposal,  like  that  on  the  "secret  papers1'  on  bonbons  at 
our  refreshments.  At  feasts  or  daily  meals,  all  such  mutters  us  curving,  slieinu', 
etc.,  are  looked  upon  as  out  of  place,  and  properly  bclon^'mu;  to  servant's  work 
and  in  the  kitchen.  In  elothinir,  the  ideu  that  irurments  ouu'ht  to  lie  loose  and 
{lowing,  so  as  to  eonceal  the  shape  of  the  body  and  its  parts,  and  li'ive  no  st  ''ikinu' 
indication  of  sex,  us  umonu'  us,  was  never  so  general  us  in  China.  In  hair- dress 
in 2',  besides  marking  Uire  and  sex,  the  female  eoilfure  hud  a  lun^uaue  of  it-  n\\  n. 
(Jenerullv  u  keen  observer  could  distinguish  a  maiden,  a  married  \\l\\,  a  widow 
who  was  willinsr  1"  marry  the  second  time,  and  the  widow  \\lio  intended  ne\cr 
to  wed  a^'ain.  As  marks  of  beauty,  besides  the  ideals  spoken  of  on  paire  '•'<».  Iun,re 
ears  were  thought  desirable,  especially  those  with  lonir  lobe-.  Fat  people  were. 
much  admired,  and  a  rot  mid  physique  considered  u  ^ood  uill  of  nut  urr.  Manv  of* 
the  strikinu'  details  of  military  and  social  etiquette,  such  u-  fallirm'  on  iiands  and 
knees,  with  forehead  on  the  floor  or  on  the  prune  hand,  and  the  simultaneous 
noisy  sucking-ill  of  the  breath,  which  sounds  and  .seem-  so  ridiculous  to  the  for- 
eigner, are  very  ancient. 


tin-  -tio\\  i •!'  Kui'oho.'"  N'>  "lie  else  understood  the  meaning,  luit 
^  Sin  n;i^i  ;,  in-tautl\  -tepped  forward  and  drrw  up  the  eiirlain-. 
revealing  tin-  mountains  deeked  in  fiv-h-fallen  -now.  The'  empen  >r 
\\a-  ill •/.•.-•.I' •  1.  and  hesfowed  iiiHin  her  a  pri/.e.  Sei  Sliona'_ron  had 
uii'li  r-tood  hi-  ailu-ioii  t"  the  line  in  an  ancient  poem  \vliieli  ran  thu-: 


Once  \\heii  a  certain  kiiii'e  wa-  traveling  in  a  province,  lie  came,  on 
a  moonlight  ni^'ht.  to  a  poor  ullage  in  which  the  cottauvs  had  fallen 
ilit"  picture-.  jUe  decav.  the  roof-  nf  \\hiell  gleamed  like  silver.  'The 

-iidit  of  the  glorified  hut>  in-pii'ed  th.e  imMe  with  -uch  a  tine  freii/\ 
that  he  -at  up  all  niidit  n'a/.inu'  rapturously  on  the  scene,  anon  cMjupns- 
inu'  -tan/a-.  lie  \va-  so  delighted  that  he  planned  to  remain  in  the 
place  -everal  dav-.  The  next  morning,  ho\\evei-.  the  '/illa^er-,  hear- 
in ::'  of  the  pl'e-elice  of  -,  i  illll-t  I'ioll-  a  ll'Ue-I  ail]o||^  them,  lie^'all  1'U-ily 

to  repair  the  ruin,  and  to  rethateh  the  roof-.  The  ku-v,  -eeinu'  all 
hi-  poetic  \  i-ion-  di.-}ielleil  }>\  thi>  vandal  industry,  ordeivd  his  1m Hock- 
car,  and  \\  a-  '  >lT.  dl-Ll'U-ted. 

I  i:irin"'  the  tii'-t  centuries  of  \vritiii"1  in   Japan,  the  spoken  and  the 

1  I 

written  lan^'iiau'e  \\ere  iilentical.  \\ith  the  -tudv  of  the  ('hine-e  liter- 
ature, and  the  coinpo-it  ion  o)  works  \>\  the  native  literati  almost  c\- 

clu-iveh     ill     that     lan^lla^'-.    Ll'I'eU     Up    ditl'ereliee-    (petWeell    till     eolloijllial 

and  !iterar\  idi"i>i  and  terminolne.-y,  The  infii-ion  of  a  l;;p_;v  numUer 
of  ( 'hine-e  uord-  into  the  i-ommoii  -peeeh  ,-teadih'  inciva-ed  ;  \\hile 
the  learned  atl'ected  a  pedantic  stvle  of  coin cr-ation,  .-o  interlarded 
with  '  hine-e  word-,  name-,  and  e\piv--ion-,  that  to  the  vulgar  their 
di-ci  iiir-e  wa-  alni'  i-t  nnintelii^ihle.  I  luddhi-m  a!-o  made  (  'hine-e  '  he 
vdiieli'  o)  n-  teaching-,  and  the  people  e\er\  \\here  liei'anie  familiar, 
not  on!\  \\ith  it-  teehnical  term-,  Init  \\ith  it-  -toek  phra-e-  and  fonn- 
of  t  h.  '!!'_;•'  it.  'I  o  tin-  da\  tin-  r>uddhi-t,  <  -r  -ham-religious,  \\  a\  of  talkniiT 
i-  alnio-t  a  complete  tongue  in  it-elt.  and  a  ^ood  dictionar\'  al\\a\- 
Lfi\e-  the  llnddhi-ric  im  ailing  of  a  \\'>rd  -eparatc-h.  In  reading  or 
hearing  .iapane-e.  the  I'"nu''ii-li--peakiirj;  i'i -ident  coiitmiialK  -tumMe- 
on  in-  o\\  n  reliifioii-  .'iiii  and  ort liodox  ••\pre--ions,  winch  he  liehe\  e- 
to  hi  peenliar  to  hi-  o\\  n  atmo-phere.  that  ha\e  a  meaning  entirely 
dilf'-ri  m  from  the  natural  -en-.-:  "tin-  \ale  of  tear-,"  "this  e\il 
.world,"  "  -'one  to  hi-  ivvsard,"  "  du-t  and  a-he-,"  "  w<»rm  of  the  du-t," 
a:.'!  man\  phra-e-  \\lnch  -o  m:m\  think  are  exdu-i\clv  ('hn-tian  or 
e\  aiiLT'-lical.  are  eehoed  in  .lapain -'•.  So  much  i-  tin-  true,  that  the 
mi— i'-narie-..  in  tran-latin^  religion-  1 k-.  are  at  tir-t  delighted  t" 


LIFE  L\   THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  -Jl:l 

find  exact  equivalents  for  many  expressions  desirable  in  technical 
theology,  or  for  what  mav  fairlv  be  termed  pious  slam;,  but  will  not 
use  them,  for  fear  of  misleading  the  reader,  or  rather  of  failing  to 
lead  him  out  of  his  old  notions  into  the  new  faith  which  it  is  desired 
to  teach.  So  general  have  the  use  and  affectation  of  Chinese  become, 
that  in  many  instances  the  pedantic  ('hinese  name  or  word  has  been 
retained  in  the  mouths  of  the  people,  while  the  more  beautiful  native 
term  is  almost  lost.  In  general,  however,  onlv  the  men  were  devoted 
to  Chinese,  while  the  cultivation  of  the  Japanese  lan^ua^e  was  left  to 
the  women.  This  task  the  women  noblv  discharged,  fullv  maintain- 
ing the  credit  of  the  native  literature.  Mr.  \V.  (J.  A-loii  says,  "I  be- 
lieve no  parallel  is  to  be  found  in  the  historv  of  European  letters,  to 
the  remarkable  fact  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  best  writings 
of  the  best  age  of  Japanese  literature  was  the  work  of  women."'  The 
(fcitji  Monor/uturi  is  the  acknowledged  standard  of  the  language  for 
the  period  to  which  it  belongs,  and  the  parent  of  the  Japanoe  novel. 
This,  with  the  classics  /,«;  Monwjdtai'i  and  .Makura  Zux/ti,  and  much 
of  the  poetrv  of  the  time,  are  the  works  of  women. 

It  i>  to  he  noted  that  the  borrowed  ('hinese  words  were  taken  en- 
tiivlv  from  the  written,  not  the  colloquial,  language  of  China,  the  lat- 
ter having  never  been  spoken  bv  the  Japanese,  except  bv  a  few  in- 
terpreters at  Nagasaki.  The  Japanese  literary  style  is  more  concise, 
and  retains  archaic  forms.  The  colloquial  abounds  in  interjectional 
and  oiiomatopoetie.  words  and  particles,  uses  a  more  simple  inflection 
of  the  verb,  and  makes  profuse  use  of  honorific  and  polite  terms. 
Though  these  particles  defv  translation,  thev  add  i^race  and  force  to 
the  lan^uaiiv.  As  in  the  English  speech,  the  child  of  the  wedded  Saxon 
and  Norman,  the  words  which  express  the  wants,  feelings,  and  concerns 
of  every -day  lift — all  that  is  deepest  in  the  human  heart — are  for  tin- 
most  part  native;  the  technical,  scientific,  and  abstract  terms  are  for- 
eign. Hence,  if  \\  e  would  find  the  fountains  of  the  musical  and  beau- 
tiful lanu'iia^e  of  Japan,  we  mu-t  seek  them  in  the  hearts,  and  hear 
them  tlo\\  from  the  lips,  of  the  mothers  of  the  Island  Empire, 
the  anomalies  with  which  Japan  has  surprised  or  delighted 
mav  be  claimed  that  of  woman's  achievements  in  the  domain 
It  was  woman's  genius,  not  man's,  that  made  the  Japanesi 
ry  language.  Moses  established  the  Hebrew,  Alfred  the  Saxon,  ai 
Luther  the  (ierman  tongue  in  permanent  form:  Inn  in  Japan,  the 
niohile  forms  of  speech  crystallized  into  perennial  beauty  under  the 
touch  of  woman's  hand. 


Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


XX  IT. 

THE   (iROWTIl  A\D    <T*T»MS    <il'  77-.77M  I.IS.M. 

JAPAN,  of  all  the  A-iatie  nation-,  -eem-  to  ha\e  hroiiLdit  the  feu- 
dal -y-tem  to  the  hiu'he-t  -late  of  perfeetimi.  (  (ri^inatiiiLT  and  devel- 
'•pinj;  at  the  -anie  lime  a<  in  Kurope,  it  heeaiiu1  tlie  constitution  i>t 
the  nation  and  the  condition  nf  society  in  the  seventeenth  eenturv. 
\\  hen  in  Kurope  the  nations  were  eii^a^ed  in  lhro\\  in^  oil'  the  t'en«lal 
\oke  ami  inaugurating  nioilrrii  L;'"\  ernmcnt,  .l;i|ian  \\  a-  rixetiiiL:'  the 
fetters  of  feii'lali-ni.  \\  hieh  -tood  intact  until  Is7l.  Kn.m  the  !..-^iii- 
iiiiiiT  of  the  thirteenth  eenturv,  it  had  come  to  ]ia»  that  there  \\i-re 
\irtuall\  t  \\  o  ruler-  in  .lapan,  and  a-  foreigners,  mi-led  \<\  \\\,-  \l«\- 
iatiders  al  I  >('•.-) ii ma,  Mip]>o-rd.  t  \\  o  riiijier.  >r-. 

'I  he  n'ruwth  ''t  feudalism  in  .Japan  toi.k  sliajic  and  tomi  froiu  the 
earh  di\i-ioii  ..f  the  ollieiaU  into  ei\il  and  militarv.  A-  \\e  have  seen, 
ihe  Kujiwara  e,  <\\\  \;  ,\\,>,\  all  the  ei\il  oilier-,  and  at  lir-t.  in  time  »f 

elller^ellc'V,    pill     .ill     al'lll' H1,    led     their     If,  nips     to     liattle.    alld     i>ra\e.|    the 

danger-  of  uar  and  the  di-eomforts  of  the  eamp.  In  time,  hourver, 
ihi-  e're;i!  famiiv.  viehlin^  t..  that  -l"lh  am!  hi\ur\  \\hieh  irver  -eem, 
like  an  in-idioii-  di-ea-e,  to  ruin  ^rratne—  in  .Japan,  eea-ed  to  take  the 
field  thein-rl\  c-,  and  delegate. |  the  uiienii'_tviiial  ta-k-  i>f  war  to  eertain 
iiiemher-  of  jiartii'iilar  iioMe  familie-.  Tho-,-  from  u  hieli  the  ui'eate-t 
niimher  of  -ho^un-  \\eiv  appointed  \\e'.r  the  Taira  and  Minainoto,  that 
for  -e\rral  ei  nturii  -  In  Id  tlie  ehief  iuili!a!'\  appointment-.  A-  luxurv, 
i-orniptioii.  intrigue,  and  etTeminae\  imTi-a>ed  at  the  raj.ital.  the  dilli- 
eiilty  of  keeji'm^;  the  ivinotr  part-  of  the  empire  in  order  im-rea-ed. 
e-peeiall\  in  the  North  and  Ka-1.  The  \\  ar  Department  heeame  cli-- 
nr^aiiixi-d.  and  the  i_'i-iieral>  at  Kioto  h,-t  t  heir  al'ilit  \  to  rnfuree  their 
order-. 

Manv  of  the  pea-ant-,  on  heeomin^  -"Idier-.  had.  on  aeeuiint  of  their 

per-oual   \aior  or  merit,  heeii    jii-oiiioted   to   the   permanent    <_;-arn-on  of 

hold  tronp-.     (tneeintln    ^a\    eapital.lhe\    learned  t  he  detail-  of 

int riifiii    and  polit ie-.      ^    up    v\ i-ri    madi    e,,ui-t  pau'e-,  or  attendant-  on 

im-Ti  of  hi'_'h  ran  k.  ati' 1  1  hu-  learned  tic    I'oiit  Hie  o)   oflieial  dnt  \ .      I  IH-V 


Till-:   GROWTH  AND   Cl'STO.VS   OF  FEUDALISM.  215 

caught  the  tone  of  life  at  court,  where  every  man  was  striving  for 
rank  and  his  own  glory,  and  they  were  not  slow  to  imitate  their  au- 
gust examples.  Retiirnii^;  to  their  homes  with  the  prestige  of  having 
been  in  the  capital,  they  intrigued  for  power  in  their  native  districts, 
and  gradually  obtained  rule  over  them,  neglecting  to  go  when  duty 
called  them  to  Kioto,  and  ignoring  the  orders  of  their  superiors  in  the 
\\  ar  Department.  The  civil  governors  of  the  provinces  dared  not  to 
molest,  or  attempt  to  bring  these  petty  tyrants  to  obedience.  Having 
armor,  horses,  and  weapons,  they  were  able  to  train  and  equip  their 
dependents  and  servants,  and  thus  provide  themselves  with  an  armed 
follow  ing. 

Thus  was  formed  a  class  of  men  who  called  themselves  warriors, 
and  were  ever  ready  to  serve  a  great  leader  for  pay.  The  natural  con- 
sequence of  such  a  state  of  society  was  the  frequent  occurrence  of  vil- 
lage squabbles,  border  brawls,  and  the  levying  of  black-mail  upon  de- 
fen.-ele>s  people,  culminating  in  the  insurrection  of  a  whole  province. 
The  disorder  often  rose  to  such  a  pitch  that  it  was  necessary  for  the 
court  to  interfere,  and  an  expedition  wa>  sent  from  Kioto,  under  the 
command  of  a  Taira  or  Minanioto  leader.  The  shogun,  instead  of 
waiting  to  recruit  his  armv  in  the  regular  manner — a  process  doubt- 
ful of  results  in  the  disorganized  state  of  the  War  Department  and 
of  the  country  in  general  —  had  immediate  recourse  to  others  of 
these  veteran  "  warriors,"  who  were  already  equipped,  and  eager  for  a 
fray. 

Frequent  repetition  of  the  experience  of  the  relation  of  brothers  in 
arms,  of  commander  and  commanded,  of  rewarder  and  rewarded,  grad- 
ually Lfivw  into  that  of  lord  and  retainers.  Kach  general  had  \i\-  >pe- 
cial  favorites  and  followers,  and  the  professional  soldier  looked  upon 
his  commander  as  the  one  to  whom  his  allegiance  was  directly  due. 
The  distant  court  at  Kioto,  beinjjf  utterly  unable  to  enforce  its  author- 
ity, put  the  whole  power  of  quieting  the  disturbed  districts,  whenever 
the  disorder  increased  beyond  the  ability  of  the  civil  iiiagi-trate  to  re- 
press it.  into  the  hands  of  the  Minamoto  and  Taira.  These  families 
thus  became  military  clans  and  acquired  enormous  influence,  en  jo\ vd 
the  monopoly  of  military  patronage,  and  finally  became  tin-  virtual 
rulers  of  the  laud. 

The  power  of  the  sword  was,  as  earlv  a>  the  twelfth  century,  lo-t  to 
the  court,  which  then  attempted,  by  every  means  in  it>  power,  to  check 
the  rising  influence  of  the  military  families  and  clasx's.  They  began 
by  denying  them  lii^'li  rank,  thus  putting  them  under  >ocjai  ban. 


Till-:   MIKM'O'S   K.Ml'IHK. 


'\'\\<-\  ii.-\t  attempted  1"  !;iv  aii  interdict  upon  tin-  warrior-  l.y  forhid- 
din_;J  tin-ill  tn  ;il!\  thein-eUe-  \\itli  either  the  Taira  or  tin.'  Minaniotn. 
i  ;  iioUiiiiir.  for  tin-  warrior-  knew  who  rewarded  tin-in. 

d'h.A  tin  ii  i-!nli-a\iirt'il,  with  poor  success,  to  UM-  one  faiuilv  as  a  check 
[her.  l;inall\  ,  u  hen  tin-  Minanioto,  Yorivushi.  and  Y'^hiive 
i-i'iiijiiereil  all  tin-  iii.rth  nf  Hondo,  and  kept  in  traiiijiiillitv  the  \vli«le 
ni  the  Kiiantu  fur  tiftet-n  years,  even  paying  !l"Venin)ental  expenses 
from  their  private  funds,  the  court  ignored  their  achievements,  \\heii 
the\  petitioned  for  reward-  to  he  I..  -towed  (.n  their  M  .Idier-,  the  dila- 
tor) and  i-eliii-tant.  perhap-  jealou-.  ii"hle>  compo-inur  the  c,.urt  not 
onl\  neglect  .-d  to  do  -o.  hut  left  them  without  the  iinpeiial  commi<- 
sioii,  and  di>lnmored  their  achievements  1-v  -peaking  of  them  a->"  pri- 

vate   fen<U"        Hence   tlli'V    took    tile    IV-p'  ill-il  lilit  \  .  all'  1    i-oIlfelTed    Upon 

their  M-Mii-i's  grants  of  tin-  cuiiijUei-i-d  l.-md  in  their  ..wn  name.  The 
'1'aira  t'ollo\\.-d  the  >aine  poli.  v  in  the  south  and  \veM. 

\\hrii  \  oritomo  lu-'-anie  Sci-i  Tai  Shr.^iin  at  Ivainakura.  erected  tho 
dual  <y.-t<-in,  and  appointed  a  military  \\ith  a  civil  governor  ..f  each 
pi'"\  iii'-e  in  \\i~-  intere>1  <>f  ufo.  id  order,  feudal  i.-in  a-~nmed  national  pro- 
portion-. Such  a  di^trihutioii  .-oi'ii  cea-ed  to  he  a  halance.  the  milita- 
r\  pan  in  the  >c;j]r  ^aiin"!  uei^ht  and  the  eivil  ln-t  until  ii  kicked  the 
l.eam.  A'  the  end  of  the  H"jo  (h-minatioii.  the  court  had  h.-t  the 
LTovermnenl  of  the  |.ro\  inee.-,  and  the  kn^v  (cmirt  nohle-)  had  h.-cn 
de-p"iled  and  jmpi.vei'i-lieil  hv  the  Luke  (inililarv).  Si.  thor.ni^hlv 
had  feudali-in  hi-ei.me  tin-  national  poiitv,  that  in  tin  tejnpurarv  mika- 
[luat.-,  I."):;  J-l.">::i;.  the  i-jupei-or  <;..-!  )aiu'o  i\'warded  tlm-e  \\h,,  had  rc- 
^toi-ed  him  l>\  '/raut>  of  land  for  them  to  rule  in  their  o\\n  naiin--  as 
hi-  v  a-~als. 

1'nder  the  A-hika^a-.  the  hold  of  .-v.  n  tin-  central  military  a\ilhor- 
it\  .  of  ehi.'f  daii  t.  and  the  empiri  -plit  ip  into  fra'_qin-nt<. 

Hi-1o|-iaii-  ha\e  in  '.am  attempted  to  coii-triict  a  >eries  of  hi-tori'-al 
map-  ol  I  hi-  p.  ri.'d.  '1  In-  ]ia-tiine  wa>  war—  ;i  ^aiin-  of  patchwork  in 
whi'-h  laud  '•oiitinualh  changed  po->e--ors.  Tin-re  wa-  \\»  one  Lfrcat 
leader  nt  -  itl  •  "  po\\er  |n  n\ei'awe  ail  :  hence  miLflii  made  r;^lit  ; 
and  wlioe\er  had  thi-  ahiiit\,  valoi-,  nr  daring  to  make  him-elt  piv-eiiii- 
1  .  '  iw-.  and  -.-i/.ed  mofe  land,  hi-  po\\er  \\ouid  La-t, 
until  in-  \\a-  ovi-rcnii 
tin  '  ireiiiinacv  ..f  h;- 
\\  i;  h  who-e  name-  tin  r-  id«-r-  of  tin-  \\opk-  of  tin-  ,Je-uit-  and  I  'uti  h 

-  are    familiar.  »r    which  eeii    nio>t    prominent    -nn-e    the 

•  _     •'  tin-  empire,  (..  ,  ,  ;  !..  jj-  ;  •>.  .     Tir  \  were  tho-e  of  II..-,  ,ka«a 


THE   dliOWTll   AXI>    CUSTOMS    OF  FEUDALISM.  217 

Uvesugi,  Satake,  Takeda,  the  "  later  IIojo  of  Odawara,"  Mori,  Otonio, 
Shimad/.u,  Itiuxoji,  Ota,  and  Tokugawa. 

As  the  authority  of  the  court  grew  weaker  and  weaker,  the  alle- 
giance which  all  men  owed  to  the  mikado,  and  which  they  theoretic- 
ally acknowledged,  was  changed  into  loyalty  to  the  military  chief. 
Every  man  who  bore  arms  was  thus  attached  to  some  "great  name1' 
(daimio),  and  became  a  vassal  (kerai).  The  agricultural,  and  u'radual- 
ly  the  other  classes,  also  put  themselves,  or  were  forcibly  included, 
under  the  protection  of  some  castle  lord  or  nobleman  having  an  armed 
following.  The  taxes,  instead  of  being  collected  for  the  central  gov- 
ernment, flowed  into  the  treasury  of  the  local  rulers.  This  left  the 
mikado  and  court  without  revenue.  The  kuge,  or  Kioto  nobles,  were 
thus  stripped  of  wealth,  until  their  poverty  became  the  theme  for  the 
caricaturist.  Nevertheless,  the  eve  of  their  pride  never  dimmed.  In 
their  veins,  they  knew,  ran  the  blood  of  the  gods,  while  the  daimios 
were  only  "  earth  -  thieves,"  and  the  parvenus  of  feudalism.  They 
still  cherished  their  empty  titles;  and  to  all  students  of  history  their 
poverty  was  more  honorable  than  all  the  glitter  of  the  shogun's  train, 


The  daimios  spent  their  revenues  on  their  retainers,  their  personal 
pleasures,  and  in  building  castles.  In  almost  everv  feudal  citv,  or  place 
of  strategic  importance,  the  towers,  walls,  and  moats  of  these  charac- 
teri-ti<-  specimen-;  of  Japanese  architecture  could  be  seen.  The  strict- 
est vigilance  was  maintained  at  the  castle-o'ates,  and  a  retainer  of  an- 
other daimio,  however  hospitably  entertained  elsewhere,  was  never  al- 
lowed entrance  into  the  citadel.  A  minute  code  of  honor,  a  rude 
sort  of  chivalry,  and  an  exalted  sense  of  lovaltv  were  the  growth  of 
the  feudal  system. 

Many  of  the  media'val  military  customs  were  very  interesting. 
During  this  period  the  habit  originated  of  the  men  shaving  the  hair 
oil'  their  temples  and  from  the  middle  of  the  scalp,  and  binding  the 
loiiir  cue  into  a  top-knot,  which  was  turned  forward  and  laid  "ii  the 
scalp.  1  he  object  of  this  was  to  keep  the  hair  out  of  the  eyes  dui'iiiLT 
battle,  and  also  t<>  mark  the  wearer  as  a  warrior,  dividual! v  it  became 
a  universal  custom,  extending  to  all  classes. 

\\  hen.  in  l*7o,  the  reformers  persuaded  the  people  to  cut  .>tl  their 
knot-  and  let  their  hair  u'row.  the  latter  refused  to  "imitate  the  for- 
eigners." and  supposed  they  were  true  conservatives,  when,  in  reality, 
the  ancient  .Japanese  knew  nothing  of  shaven  t'ace<  and  >calps.  or  of 
top-knots.  The  ancient  warriors  wore  mustaches,  and  even  beards. 


'S  /•:.)//  '//.'/:. 


Tli.-   practice  of  keeping  the  face  <cnipuloa-ly   bare,  until   recently   so 
iini\  er-all\  .  >h-er\  c'l  except  l>v  botanists  and  doctors,  is  comparatively 


i\ 


Tin-  militarv  tactics  and  -trateu'ic  arts  of  the  Japanese  were  aneieiit- 
i-opii  i  from  the  <'liiiiese.  bat  were  afterward  modified  as  the  nature 
of  the  phv-ical  features  of  their  country  and  the  institutions  of  fead- 
aii-m  reijaire«l.  No  le-s  than  seven  di-tinct  systems  svere  at  different 
time-  in  \oe/ae;  but  that  perfected  by  Taki'da  and  I'vi'sa^i.  in  the 
A-hikau^i  period,  tinallv  bore  off  the  palm.  The-e  tactic-  enlitiinifd 
to  command  the  e-teem  and  practice  of  the  Japan-'-e  until  the  iv\ohi- 
tion  wrought  by  the  adoption  of  the  European  s\stem-  in  the  piv-eiit 
eeiitarv.  The  -arfaee  of  the  coantrv  bein^  -o  largely  mountainous 
uneven,  and  covered  with  riee-s\\  amp-,  cavalrv  were  bat  little  eniploy- 
ed.  A  volley  of  arrow-  u-aally  opened  the  battle,  followed  by  a  "vn- 
i-ral  en^au'cment  alon^;  the  whole  line.  Single  combat-  between  com- 
mander- of  ho-tile  anilie-  Wel'e  of  tVeijaellt  occurrence.  \\hen  they 

met  on  the  field,  their  retainers,  according  to  the  strict  etiijui'tte  of 
war.  '.rave  no  aid  to  either,  but  encouraged  them  by  -hout-,  a-  they 
called  oat  each  other'-  names  and  rushed  to  the  combat.  The  battle 
slackened  while  the  leader-  -trove,  the  ai'mic-  lii'i'oiuillil  spectators. 
The  victor  cat  off  the  head  of  hi-  antagonist,  and.  holding  it  ap, 
slioiited  hi- name  and  claimed  the  victory.  The  triumph  or  defeat  of 

their   leader-    often    decided    the    fa'e    of    the    ai'lllV.        Vengeance    aifaill-t 

the  victor  wa-  in-t  permitted  to  be  taken  at  the  time,  but  mu-t  be 
sought  a^'ain.  t!ie  two  armie-  a^ain  joinin^r  battle.  The  ti^htinif  over, 
tho-e  who  had  -lain  di-tin^'ui-hed  per-oiia^e-  mu-t  exhibit  their  heads 

|iefo]-e    their    chief-,    who    he-toWed     1'eWanl-    Upon    them.         Tlli-    pl'aclice 

still  continue-;  and  d'lrini:  the  expedition  in  l-'ormo-a  in  I  --74.  the 
vhief  tfopliii  -  were  the  h,ad-  of  the  1'ioiitaii  cannibal-:  thoa-'h  the 
rommander.  <ieiieral  Sai'_ro.  attempted  to  aholi-h  the  ruMnin.  \\'ho- 
cver-a\ed  hi-  chieftain'-  life  on  the  ti,  Id  was  honored  with  the  place 
of  hiirhe-t  rank  in  tin1  d-m.  'I'he-e  ca-tom-  had  a  tivmeiidou-  in- 
fluence iii  cu!ti\at'n  i  a  -pirit  of  l-valtv  in  the  retainer  to- 
ward the  prince.  '!  •  me-t  --idler,  if  brave  and  faithful,  mi-'ht 
ri-e  to  the  hi'_'lii  •  place  of  hoi,,,]',  rank,  emolument,  and  influence. 
Tiie  be-towal  •!  ,i  reward,  the  inve-titaiv  of  a  command,  or  militarv 
promotion,  wa-  i-ver  aii  •  pre--ive  ci-i'diionv. 

Kveii    iii    time   of  peace   the    -amiirai    m-ver  appeared   oat-of-doors 

d.  invariably   w.annj   \}.<}}    two    -w,,fil-    in    their   girdle.      The 

offeu-i',     weajion pear-  ]»n_:  and  -hort,  tlio  buws,  arrows,  and  ijiiiv- 


THE  GROWTH  A XI)    CUSTOMS   OF  FEUDALISM.  -2  \  <J 

er,  and  battle-axes — were  set  on  their  butts  on  the  porch  or  vestibule 
in  front  of  the  house.  Within  doors,  in  the  tokonoma,  or  recess,  were 
ranged  in  glitterim;  state  the  cuirass,  helmet,  greaves,  gauntlets,  and 
chain-mail.  Over  the  sliding  partitions,  on  racks,  were  the  long  hal- 
berds, which  the  women  of  the  house  were  trained  to  use  in  case  of 
attack  during  the  absence-  of  the  men. 

The  i'ate  of  a  samurai,  or  noble's,  house  was  permanently  guarded  by 
his  armed  retainers,  who  occupied  the  porter's  lodu'c  beside  it.  Stand- 
ing upright  and  ready  were  three  long  instruments,  designed  to  en- 
tangle, throw  down,  and  pin  to  the  earth  a  quarrelsome  applicant. 
Familiar  faces  passed  unchallenged,  but  armed  strangers  were  held  at 
bay  till  their  business  was  known.  A  grappling-iron,  with  barbed 
tongues  turned  in  everv  direction,  making  a  liall  of  honks  like  an  iron 
hedgehog,  mounted  on  a  pike-stall'  ten  feet  long,  thrust  into  the  Japa- 
nese loose  clothing,  sufliced  to  keep  at  a  wholesome  length  anv  swash- 
bticl<lei-  whose  sword  left  its  sheath  too  easilv.  Another  spiked  weapon, 
like  a  double  rake,  could  be  thru-t  between  his  le^s  and  bring  him  to 
the  earth.  A  third,  shaped  like  a  pitchfork,  could  hold  him  helpless 
under  its  wicket  arch.  Three  heavy  quarter  staves  were  also  ready,  to 
belabor  the  struggling  wi^ht  who  would  not  yield,  while  swords  on 
the  racks  hiin^  ready  for  the  last  re>ort,  or  when  intruders  came  in 
numbers.  On  n>\\>  of  peu's  hung  wooden  tickets  about  three  inches 
square,  branded  or  inscribed  with  the  names  of  the  retainers  and  ser\- 
ants  of  the  lord's  house,  which  were  handed  to  the  keeper  of  the  gate 
as  they  passed  in  or  out. 

The  soldiers  wore  armor  made  of  thin  scales  of  iron,  >teel,  hardened 
hide,  lacquered  paper,  brass,  or  shark -skin,  chain -mail,  and  shield-. 
The  helmet  was  of  iron,  very  strong,  and  lined  within  by  buck-kin. 
It-  flap  of  articulated  iron  rinu's  drooped  well  around  the  shoulders. 
The  visor  was  of  thin  lacquered  iron,  the  nose  and  month  piece-  bein^ 
removable.  The  eves  were  partially  protected  by  the  projecting  front 
piece.  A  false  mustache  was  supposed  to  make  the  upper  lip  of  tin- 
warrior  dreadful  to  behold.  On  the  frontlet  were  the  di-tinu'iii-liini:' 
symbols  of  the  man,  a  pair  of  horn>,  a  ti>h,  an  eau'le.  dragon.  hti--k~ 
horns,  or  rla-hing  brass  plates  of  various  designs.  Some  of  the  In  1- 
niets  were  verv  Tall.  Kato  Kivoina-a'>  was  three  feet  hiu'h.  On  the 
to])  was  a  hole,  in  which  a  pennant  was  thru>t.  or  an  ornann-Mi  shaped 

like  a  pear  inserted.  The  "pear-splitter"  was  the  fatal  stroke  ii m- 

bat  and  the  prize-cut  in  fencing.  Behind  the  corslet  on  the  bark  wa- 
another  socket,  in  which  the  clan  rlaii'  was  inserted.  '1  he  breastplate 


\sa-  hea\  \  and  touu'h:  the  arms,  leLfs,  alidomeii,  and  thighs  were  pro- 
tected t>\  plate-  joined  1>\  \\o\eii  chain-.  Shield-  \\etv  often  used; 
and  fi'i  'i ' '] "'-  "i"  assaults,  eavalrv men  made  MM-  of  a  st  utTcil  hair 

re-eml'lin^  a  Iti ilstcr.  t»  iveei\e  a  vollev  <>f  arro\\-.  I'.c-ide-  liciu^ 
mi--.!.  i'T""!.  il  ln-ld  tin-  arr»\v>  ;is  >]>niK  (  h\  the  slioiihlcrs,  liaiiii'in.Uf 
v,  wrrc  uiiK-iialiv  \\'nlc  ami  licavv  lira-sart<.  ilrsi'^iird  \<*  dradni 
lln-  t'.irrc  i'}'  the  tw.i-liauded  s\vord-str<ike.  ^reaves  and  sandals  coin- 
jileted  ihe  -nit.  \\tiieli  \\as  laced  and  l»>uiid  \\itli  in>u  elaisip^.  and 
cord-  nf  1'iick-kin  and  -ilk.  and  deci-ratcd  \\itli  civ-t-,  ^ilt  la— el-,  and 
^liiterinu'  in-iu'nia.  Suit-  of  arim>r  \vei'e  of  Mack,  white,  purple,  rriiii- 
.-oii,  \iolet,  uTeell,  golden,  of  silvef  eo!'i|--. 


The    ratio)]-    of    the    -..Idler-     \\e|V     1'ii'e.   ti-ll.   alld     \  e'^efll'les.         Ill-tead 

of  tent-,  hut-  of  -ti'au   or  l.oii^h-  \\riv  ea-ih    .iv-ted  to  t'oriti  a  catup. 

Tile     -•,  li-fai'-      liead -quarters     Were     iln-ln-ed      !'\      c;m\a-.    -tl'et«'lled     nil 

po>t-  -i\  fi-.-t  lii^'li,  on  \\hich  hi-  ai'iip'i'ial  hearing-  \\ere  wrought. 
The  \\eajion-.  \MTi-  ln.\\s  and  ai'i'ow-.  -pear,  -word,  ;,nd.  rarely,  liattle- 
a\e-  and  '.o\\  ---ijn-  ;  fo]- -ir^es.  tire-arri>w-,  The  nviierai's  -caliliard  \\a- 
of  i;^'  r -kin.  Suppli'--  of  thi-  material  \\ere  ol.taiiied  frmn  ('urea. 
where  t!ie  animal  alioiinds.  Hi-  katoi.  \\a-  a  -mall  laeijtiefed  wand, 
with  a  chi-ti-r  of  -trip-  of  thick  u  lute  paper  dependent  fr>  >m  the  point. 
I'LT-:-.  ''.inn.  r-.  and  -ti'eamer-  \\ere  fVeeK  u-ed  :  and  a  camp,  ea-tle.  or 
nio\  in--  armv,  in  time  . .f  \\  ai\  \\  it  h  it-  hundred-  and  t  hou-and-  of  lla^s 
fii'e-ented  a  ii'a \  and  li\el\  appearance,  I 'nun-,  hard-uoml  elajipe)--. 
and  c,  >;i  'li-^helN  -onnded  :  In  arm.  t  he  ntix  t,  or  the  r,- 

tivat. 

(  >\\  iuj.'  to  the  nature  •  ,f  tip    ^I'oinid.  1-1.1  -i-titiLT  chietlv   of  mountains 
••nd  \alle\-s.nr  plain-  covei'ed  \nth    rie.  --\\  amp-  intcr-u'ted  \<\'   narrow 


THE   GROWTH  AND   CUSTOMS   OF  FEUDALISM.  221 

paths,  infantry  were  usually  depended  upon.  In  besieging  a  castle, 
the  intrenchnients  of  the  investing  army  consisted  chiefly  of  a  line  of 
palisades  or  heavv  planks,  propped  up  from  within  by  hinged  supports, 
at  an  an^le  of  forty-five  degrees,  behind  which  the  besiegers  fought  or 
lived  in  camp  life,  -while  sentinels  paced  at  the  gates.  Lookouts  were 
posted  on  overlooking  hills,  in  trees,  or  in  towers  erected  for  the  pur- 
pose. Sometimes  huge  kites  able  to  sustain  a  man  were  flown,  and  a 
bird's-eye  view  of  the  interior  of  the  enemy's  castle  thus  obtained. 
Fire,  treachery,  stratagem,  starvation,  or  shooting  at  long  range  having 
failed  to  compel  surrender,  an  assault  took  place,  in  which  the  u'ates 
were  smashed  in,  or  the  walls  scaled.  Usually  <jreat  loss  resulted  be- 
fore the  besiegers  were  driven  off,  or  were  victorious.  Hough  surgery 
awaited  the,  wounded.  An  arrow-barb  was  usually  pulled  out  by  a 
jerk  of  the  pincers.  A.  sabre-cut  was  sewed  or  bound  together  with 
tough  paper,  of  which  every  soldier  carried  a  supply.  The  wonderful- 
ly adhesive,  absorptive,  and  healing  power  of  the  soft,  tough,  quickly 
wet,  easily  hardening,  or  easily  kept  pliable,  Japanese  paper  made  ex- 
cellent plasters,  bandages,  tourniquets,  cords,  and  towels.  In  the  dress- 
ing of  wounds,  the  native  doctors  to  this  day,  as  I  have  often  had  oc- 
casion to  witness,  excel. 

Seppuku  (belly-cut)  or  lara-ktri  also  came  into  vojjue  about  the 
time  of  the  beginning  of  the  domination  of  the  military  classes.  At 
first,  after  a  battle,  the  vanquished  wounded  fell  on  their  swords,  drove 
them  through  their  mouth  or  breast,  or  cut  their  throats.  Often  a  fa- 
mou.>  soldier,  before  dyini;',  would  flay  and  score  his  own  face  beyond 
recognition,  so  that  his  enemies  miidit  not  ^lory  over  him.  This  OTCW 
into  a  principle  of  honor;  and  frequently  the  unscathed  survivors,  de- 
feated, and  feeling  the  cause  hopeless,  or  retainers  who>e  master  \\as 
slain,  committed  suicide.  Hence  arose,  in  the  A>hikau'a  period,  the 
fashion  of  wearing  two  >w»>rds  ;  one  of  which,  the  longer,  was  for  en- 
emies; the  other,  shorter,  for  the  wearer's  own  body.  The  practice  of 
h<ir«-kiri  as  a  judicial  sentence  and  punishment  did  not  come  into 
voifuc  until  in  the  time  of  the  Tokugawas. 

Thrust  into  a  tiny  scabbard  at  the  side  of  the  dirk,  or  small  sword, 
was  a  pair  of  chopsticks  to  eat  with  in  camp.  Aneientlv  liic-M-  were 
.-kewers,  to  thrust  through  the  top-knot  of  a  decapitated  enemy,  thai  t  lie 
head  miirht  be  easily  carried.  Besides,  or  in  lieu  of  them,  wa-  a  small 
miniature  >word,  ko-k«t(in<i  (little  sword),  or  long,  narrow  knife.  Al- 
though this  -was  put  to  various  trivial  uses,  such  as  tlio^e  for  which  we 
employ  a  penknife,  yet  its  primary  purpose  was  that  of  the  curd  "f 

15 


_>-;>  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

the  owner.  Kach  swopl  \vas  adorned  with  some  svmbol  or  crest, 
\vhirh  -erved  to  mark  the  clan,  family,  or  person  of  tlie  owner. 

The  Sat-uma  men  wore  swords  with  red-lacquered  scabbards.  Later. 
tin-  T"ku_;awa  vas-als,  who  fought  in  the  battle  of  Seki«jaliara,  \\erc 
called  "  white  hilts,"  because  thev  wore  >words  of  extraordinary  length, 
\\hii  white  hilts.  The  bat,  the  falcon,  the  dragon,  lion,  tii^er,  o\\  1,  and 
hawk.  \\ere  amoii<r  the  most  common  designs  wrought  in  jjfold,  lacquer, 
carviiiLT.  <>r  alloy  on  the  hilts,  handles,  or  scabbard;  and  on  the  kn-ka- 
t'nt'1  was  engraved  the  name  of  the  owner. 

Feudalism  was  the  mother  of  brawls  innumerable,  and  feuds  be- 
tween families  and  clans  continually  existed.  The  wife  whose  hus- 
band was  slain  bv  the  cjrud^e-bearer  brought  up  her  sons  religiously 
t»  avenge  their  father's  death.  The  vendetta  was  unhindered  bv  law 
and  applauded  by  society.  The  moment  of  revenue  selected  was 
usually  that  of  the  victim's  proudest  triumph.  After  promotion  to 
(>tli<-e.  -uccession  to  patrimony,  or  at  his  marriage  ceremony,  the  sword 
of  the  avenger  did  its  bloodv  \\ork.  Maiiv  a  bride  found  herself  a 
widow  on  her  weddinir-niii'ht.  Many  a  child  became  an  orphan  in 
the  hour  of  the  father's  aeme  of  honor.  When  the  murder  was  seeret, 
at  ni_;'!it,  -<r  on  the  \\a\>ide,  the  head  was  cut  off,  and  the  avenger. 
plucking  "lit  his  kn-kutiiiKi.  thrift  it  in  the  ear  of  the  victim,  and  let 
it  lie  on  the  public  highway,  or  sent  it  to  be  deposited  before  the 
Lr;tte  ..f  the  ho',i-e.  The  k'i-lcn  (n  nu,  \\itli  the  name  i-n^ra\ed  "it  it,  told 
the  whole  -tory. 

\\"hi-ne\er  the  lord  of  a  clan  wished  hi-  rival  or  enemy  out  of  the 
wav.  he  Lf:i\c  'he  order  "f  Ib'i'odia-  t"  her  daughter  To  hi-  faithful  re- 
tainer-. and  ti-iiailv  the  head  in  due  time  was  brought  before  him,  a- 
wa-  ,l"li!:'s.  "ii  a  charter  or  ceremonial  -land. 

T!r  nio-t  miiiutelv  detailed  etii|iieite  pre-ided  over  the  sword,  the 
bad'_v  "f  the  '_;(  m  !.  man.  'I'he  vi-itor  uho-e  mean-  allowed  him  to  be 


wlfii  en!c'riic_r  a  friend's  hoii-e  ;  the  salutation  bein^  repeated  bowing 
of  tin  fojvhead  I-  the  tl-.-T  while  on  the  hands  and  knee-,  the  breath 
beiii'j1  -ucked  in  at  tip'  same  time  with  an  impiv--ive  sound.  The  de- 
Lrri  •••  of  obeisance  wa-  accurately  graded  accordinLT  to  rank.  If  alone, 
the  vi-it->r  laid  hi-  swop!  ,,11  the  ll....r  of  the  vestibule.  The  host's 
servant-,  if  so  instructed  bv  their  ma-ter,  then,  with  a  silk  napkin  in 
hand,  removed  it  in-ide  and  placed  it.  with  all  honor,  on  the  -w  ord- 
rack.  At  meeting-  between  those  ],•--  familiar,  tin  sheathed  weapon 
was  withdrawn  from  the  girdle  and  laid  on  thi;  \\>»-r  to  the  ri-'ht.  an 


THE  GROWTH  AND   CUSTOMS   OF  FEUDALISM. 


223 


indication  of  friendship,  since  it  could  not  be  drawn  easily.  Under 
suspicious  circumstances,  it  was  laid  to  the  left,  so  as  to  be  at  hand. 
On  short  visits,  the  dirk  was  retained  in  the  girdle  ;  on  festal  occasions, 
or  prolonged  visits,  it  was  withdrawn.  To  clash  the  sheath  of  one's 
-word  against  that  of  another  was  a  breach  of  etiquette  that  often  re- 
sulted in  instantaneous  and  bloody  reprisal.  The  accompanying  cut  by 
llokusai  represents  such  a  scene.  The  story  is  a  true  one,  and  well 


told  by  Mil  ford.  Fuwa  Banzaemon — lie  of  the  robe  marked  with  the 
Hn/'itv/if/iititi  (swallow  in  a  shower)  —  and  Nagoya  Sanzaburo  —  lie  of 
tiir  coat  figured  with  the  device  of  lightning — both  enemies,  and  i-r,nin, 
,-:-  their  -traw  hats  -how,  meet,  and  intentionally  turn  back  to  bark 
and  dash  scabbards,  holding  their  hands  in  tragic  attitude.  In  a 
moment  more,  so  the  picture  tells  us,  the  insulted  scabbards  will  be 
empt\.  and  the  blades  cros>ed  in  deadly  combat.  In  the  story,  which 
ha--  been  \vrsiiied  and  dramatized,  and  which  on  the  boards  will  hold 
an  audience  breathless,  Xau'ova  finally  kills  Fuwa  The  writing  at  the 
side  of  the  sketch  <_nves  the  clue  to  the  incident:  ,wi/(i-<iti-  (>cabbard- 
collision),  equivalent  to  our  "  flinging  down  the  gauntlet." 

TO  turn  the  -heath  in  the  belt  as  if  about  to  draw  was  tantamount 
to  a  challenge.  To  lav  one'-  weapon  on  the  floor  of  a  room,  and  kick 
the  LTuard  toward  a  per-oii,  was  an  insult  that  generally  re-nlted  in  a 
combat  to  the  death.  Kvcn  to  touch  another's  weapon  in  any  way 
wa-  a  gra\  c  ofl'en-e.  No  weapon  was  ever  exhibited  naked  for  any 


004  'J'lJL'  MIXADO'.S  EMPIRE. 

purpos,..  mil.--  the  wearer  tirst  profusely  l>ein:cd  pardon  of  tho-r 
piv-eiit.  A  wi-h  1"  see  a  sword  was  seldom  made,  unless  the  Made 
\v;is  a  rare  "tie.  The  owner  then  held  the  l>aek  of  the  sword  to  the 
spectator,  with  the  edi:'e  toward  himself,  and  the  hilt,  wrapped  in  the 
little  -ilk  napkin  whieh  !_Tentlemen  alwavs  earrv  in  their  pot'kot-hooks, 
or  a  pieee  of  white  paper,  to  the  left.  The  Made  was  then  withdrawn 
from  the  -cal'kard,  and  admired  ineh  1>\  ineh,  luit  never  entirely  with- 
drawn nnle<s  the  owner  pressed  his  inie-t  to  do  -o,  when,  with  mueh 
apology,  tlie  -word  was  entirely  withdrawn  and  held  away  from  th"-e 
[iresent.  Manv  uvntleinen  took  a  pride  in  making  collections  of 
t-v.  oi'ds,  and  the  men  of  everv  samurai  family  wore  weapons  that  were 
heir-looms,  often  centuries  old.  \\omen  wore  -hort  -words  when 
traveling,  and  the  palace  ladies  in  time  of  tires  armed  themselves. 

In  no  country  has  the  sword  Keen  made  an  oKject  of  such  honor 
as  in  Japan.  It  is  at  once  a  divine  symliol,  a  knightly  weapon,  and 
a  certificate  of  noMe  Mrth.  "The  girded  -word  is  the  soul  of  the 
samurai."  It  is  "the  precious  possession  of  lord  and  vas-al  from 
times  older  than  the  disine  period."  Japan  i>  "the  land  of  many 

Made-."       The    ^od>    Wore   and    wielded   two-edited    -Words.        From    the 

tail  of  tin-  dragon  \va-  l>orn  the  sword  which  the  Sun-u-nddcss  <_rave  to 
the  tir-1  emperor  of  Japan.  \\\  the  -word  of  the  clu-terinu"  cloud-  of 
heaven  Yamato-I  take  -uMliied  the  Ka-t.  l»v  the  -word  the  mortal 
heroes  of  Japan  w  .  .n  t  In-ir  fame. 

"  Then-'-  naiiLi'ii!  'twixt  heaven  and  earth  that  man  need  fear,  who 
rarrie-  at  his  I.elt  thi-  single  Made."  "One's  fat.-  i-  in  the  hand-  of 
Heaven,  lui!  a  -killfiil  li^i.t.-r  does  tiot  meet  with  d.-at!i."  "In  the 
la-t  days,  one's  sword  IK-COMICS  the  wealth  of  one's  po-h-nty."  The-e 
are  the  mottoes  ^ra\en  oti  .)apain--e  -woi-.l-. 

Name-  of  fainoii-  -word-  lieloii^iii^  to  the  Taira.  Minanioto.  and 
other  famil'ie-  are.  "Little  Crow,"  "  l>eard -cutt<-r,"  "  Kni-c-diviiler." 
The  two  latt.-r,  when  tried  on  .-enteiic.'d  criminals,  after  -everin^  tin- 
head-  f'-oin  the  I'o.lv.  cut  the  heard,  and  divided  the  knee  respective- 
ly. The  for^-'m^  of  the-e  -\\ord-  occupied  the  smith  sixty  da\-.  No 
artisans  wen-  held  in  '.rival er  Imrior  tlian  the  -word maker-,  and  some 
of  them  even  ro-e  to  honorary  rank.  The  for^in^  of  a  Made  wa- 
'•ft.-n  a  nTiLri"n-  ceremony.  The  name-  of  Munechirka,  Masamune. 
V"-himi!-u,  and  Muraina-a.  a  few  out  of  manv  noted  -mith-,  are 
familiar  word-  in  the  m,.uth-  ..f  even  .lapaiie-e  children.  The  name-, 
or  mark-  and  date-,  of  fanioii-  make!'-  wet1.-  al\\a\-  att-i.-he«l  to  theii 
Ma  !'•-,  and  from  the  ninth  to  th.;  lifb-enth  century  were  >uiv  to  lie 


THE  GROWTH  AXD   CUSTOMS  OF  FEUDALISM.  225 

genuine.  In  later  times,  the  practice  of  counterfeiting  the  marks  of 
well-known  makers  came  into  vogue.  Certain  swords  considered  of 
trood  omen  in  one  family  were  deemed  unlucky  in  others. 

I  had  frequent  opportunities  of  examining  several  of  the  master- 
pieces of  ivtiowned  sword -makers  while  in  Japan,  the  property  of 
kugos,  dannios,  and  old  samurai  families,  the  museum  at  Kamakura 
being  especially  rich  in  famous  old  blades.  The  ordinary  length  of  a 
sword  was  a  fraction  over  two  feet  for  the  long  and  one  foot  for  the 
short  sword.  All  lengths  were,  however,  made  use  of,  and  some  of 
the  old  warriors  on  horseback  wore  swords  over  six  feet  lonu'. 

The  Japanese  sword -blade  averages  about  an  inch  in  width,  about 
seven-eighths  of  which  is  a  backing  of  iron,  to  which  a  face  of  steel  is 
forced  along  its  entire  length.  The  back,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
thick,  bevels  out  very  slightly  to  near  the  centre  of  the  blade,  which 
then  narrows  to  a  razor  edge.  The  steel  and  the  forging  line  are 
easilv  distinguished  by  a  cloudiness  on  the  mirror-like  polish  of  the 
metal.  An  inch  and  a  quarter  from  the  point,  the  width  of  the  blade 
having  been  decreased  one -fourth,  the  edge  is  ground  off  to  a  scmi- 
parabola,  meeting  the  back,  which  is  prolonged,  untouched;  the  curve 
of  ihe  whole  blade,  from  a  straight  line,  being  less  than  a  (jiiarter  of 
an  inch.  The  guard  is  often  a  piece  of  elaborate  workmanship  in 
metal,  representing  a  landscape,  water  -  scene,  or  various  emblems. 
The  hilt  is  formed  by  covering  the  prolonged  iron  handle  hv  shark- 
skin and  wrapping  this  with  twisted  silk.  The  ferule,  washers,  and 
elects  are  usually  inlaid,  embossed,  or  chased  in  gold,  silver,  or  alloy. 
The  rivets  in  the  centre  of  the  handle  are  concealed  by  designs,  often 
of  solid  gold,  such  as  the  lion,  dragon,  cock,  etc. 

In 'full  dress,  the  color  of  the  scabbard  was  black,  with  a  tinge  of 
irreen  or  red  in  it,  and  the  bindings  of  tin;  hilt  of  blue  silk.  The 
t'i-te  of  the  wearer  was  often  displayed  in  the  color,  size,  or  method 
of  wearin'j.'  his  sword,  e'ay  or  proud  fellows  affecting  startling  colois 
or  extravagant  length.  Riven  through  ornamental  ferule-  at  the  side 
of  the  scabbards  were  lonu',  flat  cords  of  woven  silk  of  various  tint-. 
uhich  were  used  to  tie  up  the  flowing  sleeves,  preparatory  to  fighting. 
Kverv  part  of  a  sword  was  richly  inlaid,  or  expenshely  tini>hed. 
!>a;mios  often  spent  extravagant  sums  on  a  Mii^le  Made,  and  small 
fortunes  mi  a  collection.  A  samurai,  however  poor,  \\ouid  have  a 
Made  of  Mire  temper  and  rich  mountings,  deeming  it  honorable  to  MI(- 
fer  for  food,  that  he  might  have  a  \\orthy  emblem  of  hi-  social  rank 
as  a  samurai.  A  description  of  the  variou-  styles  of  blade  and  scab- 


Till-:  .VI  K  A  DO'S   EMI'IRH. 


hard.  Irtcrjurr.  ornaments,  and  the  rieh  \oeal>ulary  of  terms  minutely 
detailing  eaeh  pieee  enterint:  into  the  construction  of  a  Japanese 
-\\nrd.  tin  etiuuette  to  l>r  ol>-er\  ed.  the  names,  mottoes,  and  legend-' 
relating  to  them,  would  fill  a  lar^e  voliiinc  closely  printed.  A  eonMd- 
[lortion  of  native-  literature  is  devoted  to  thi-  one  sul'jeet. 


\\capoii-.     (,|-  ~~c-^-  aim   !••!!•_' 
a    [teeuliar   ^haj-c.  as   set-n    ii> 
well—  i-leeted   oak  (ka-hil.  inea~rd  on 
of   -lit    liainl'0,.   ti.u^liciied  \<\    (in-. 


The   tliiv-   jpii-i'i--  f.iiliji'-il  ••-.     iMTr    thi'li   l-i'MIld   lirilliv    into    ,.;,>• 

pieec   !>v   thin   with*--   oj    ral'aii.   making   an    r\i-clli-nt    comliinat  son    ..( 

•    -.    -•'•'  iiu'tli.  and  •  '          Th"  -trini;'  wa-  of  ln-ni]i.        \iTo\s- 

wtTe  of  variou-  kind-  and  !"n_rth-.  acfurdin-j  to  tin-  anu-  of  the  ar-'li- 


THE  GRO  ITT//  AND   CUSTOMS   OF  FEUDALISM. 


or.  The  average  length  of  the  war-arrow  was  three  feet.  The  "tur- 
nip-head," "  frog  -  crotch,"  "  willow-  leaf,"  "  armor  -  piercer,"  "bowel- 
raker,"  were  a  fe\v  of  tlio  various  names  for  arrows.  The  "turnip- 
top,"  so  named  from  its  shape,  made  a  sinking  noise  as  it  flew.  The 
"frog-crotch,"  shaped  like  a  pitchfork,  or  the  hind  legs  of  a  leaping- 
frog,  with  edu'ed  blades  was  used  t<>  cut  down  flaufs  or  sever  helmet 
lacings.  The  "willow-leaf"  was  a  two-edged,  unbarbed  head,  shaped 
like  the  leaf  of  a  willow.  The  "bowel-raker"  was  of  a  frightful 
shape,  well  worthy  of  the  name;  and  the  victim  whose  diaphragm  it 
penetrated  was  not  likely  to  stir  about  afterward.  The  "armor- 
piercer"  was  a  plain  bolt-head,  with 
nearly  blunt  point,  well  calculated  to 
punch  through  a  breastplate.  Barbs 
of  steel  were  of  various  shape:  some- 
times very  heavy,  and  often  handsome- 
ly open  -  worked.  The  shaft  was  of 
cane  bamboo,  with  string-piece  of  bone 
or  horn,  whipped  on  with  silk.  Quiv- 
ers were  of  leather,  water-proof  paper, 
or  thin  lacquered  wood,  and  often 
splendidly  adorned.  Gold-inlaid  weap- 
ons were  common  among  the  rich  sol- 
diers, and  the  outfit  of  an  officer  often 
cost  many  hundreds  of  dollars.  Not 
a  few  of  these  old  tools  of  war  have 
lost  their  significance,  and  have  be- 
come household  adornments,  objects 
of  art,  or  symbols,  of  peace.  Such 
especially  are  the  emblems  of  the  car- 
penter's guilds,  which  consist  of  the 
half-  feathered  "  turnip -head"  arrow, 
wreathed  with  leaves  of  the  same  suc- 
culent, and  the  "  frog-crotch,"  inserted 
in  the  mouth  of  a  draifon,  crossed 
upon  the  ancient  mallet  of  the  craft. 
The-e  adorn  temples  or  houses,  or  are 
carried  in  tin.1  local  parades  and  festi- 
vals. 
As 


the  \\\-\  majority  f>i  lli'-  military  men  were  Buddhi-tx  Each  had 
hi-  patron  nr  deity.  Tin1  >"!dier  \\ctit  into  l>attle  \\ith  an  imauy  »f 
Buddha  r-e\\ed  in  his  helmet,  ami  after  vietorv  a-cribed  >j[l<r\  t"  hi- 
tli\  iin  d'  ii\  <TI  r.  Many  temples  in  .Ia]>an  arc  the  -tandiiiL;'  monuments 
of  triumph  in  liattk1,  or  vows  performed.  Many  of  the  noted  captains, 
\  Katt..  in-crihed  tlicir  banner-  with  texts  frmn  the  cla--ics  <ir 
t!ie  pra\ers  "  Namu  Ami'la  But-u,"  or  "  Xainii  niio  hfi,"  etc..  ac- 
i.Mi-ilin^  t,i  their  sect.  Amulets  an<l  charms  were  worn  almost  without 
e\c,-ptii'ii.  and  many  a  tale  i-  toM  i.f  arrows  tunie'l  as'nle.  or  sw^nl^ 
1'roken.  that  struck  on  a  <ac]-eil  ima^e.  picture,  or  text.  Before  enter- 
ing a  l.attle.  or  performinur  a  -pecial  feat  of  .-kill  or  val"r.  the  hem 
uttereil  the  warrior'  >  j>rayer,  "  Nainu  Hachiman  I  >ai-l"  '-at-u  "  ((  ilorv  to 
llachiman.  the  incarnation  of  divat  HiuMlia).  Th"ii^li  l>ra\e  heroe< 
must,  like  oi-ilinarv  men.  pas-^  thr»i;L.rli  puriraturv.  \'-t  death  oil  the 
liattle-tield  wa-  reckoned  hiu'hlv  meritorious,  and  the  happine--  df  the 
v.  arri^r's  <ciil  in  the  next  world  was  seuuivd  1>\"  the  j>ra\ei>  of  \il^ 
u  ife  aii.j  children. 


»]i 

"     ' 

tli  ,.'-    tn    inn  nl         •'  fcuilalir-iii,  ~:i\-  :    "  Iu  Jiij'an,  ;i-    in  utlu-r  .  \-iatir 

i  •        two  iiKtin  t'uiictiipn~  i  if  ^iivrniincii;  were  the  c<  illrctio'i  ol'the  huul 

iii'i  tin    ri'j'i'fi-^ion  of  nipini'.      In  tin1  \  uliny  day.-  of  tin1  iiiik;i(ln'>  puwrr. 

Hi-  '.verc  iin  it  i-il  in  tin-  ham  I.-  of  t  lie  prefect^  \\  1m  were  appuiut- 

ril  IVi'in  Ki"i,r,  n  ith  u  ttMiiife  of  ottiee  re-triel  ,    year-.      \Vliat  Vnritunin 

(i-ti-|i-iSl\     (!i'l     'A  :i-    t'l    '     u    :.!''      :i     lli\  i>inll    uf  the-'     t\Vn    (ie  part  111'  'litr    of  iT-'ViTil- 

ll^   ill  .          t'l    tile    lllil.alln'.-    t'Ulletiull- 

•  •   -1  of  the  iitlier  i  tlii    n-pre--     :  •  .  :  hiin-elf. 

'!:.'-,       ti  i  .  .  .  .  in  virtue  ff  IT;.-  iiiilitarv  1'ilice  nl'  Sei-i  Tai  Slin- 

•_"in.  ''•,'  '  _  '!.'.-  military  p  i\\  '•;•  un  \-  '•'  :  h>    _;;':-•  •  •  •!'  hi-  ei\  il  \'\  i>  .  >••  'I'.-iii- 

i.    .    Shi,    '.'.  liiell     III  bill     Well     '"'     rellilereil    I  f  I  UliT    ol     I  ',  ,  ',  i  .  •,  ,    .  1  1'    I  i  1  _'l  i 

!,      •    .        !  .  -ti-i,i  i  it'  uppi  linliiej:  1'iilii.iry 

!!.,•_'-•      •    -.    .        -•.,•.  .-  ;•.•..:'.     .  ill  tin     K  lai  '   >.  In  the  cent  r.il   ainl 

.•-.••'•'  lie   received   hi-  rank  '  •!  \\.\v- 

c  ,  1  ;.-,...!.-  ,  :      jn    {he    direetii  'I)    ill    feinlali-ni 

..•.'.  .-;':••-  1  -••:..      ni'     '     I  tiv  1         \  iura  -hntruns,  of  making  the  iniiitai'x 

n:,i_'.-  '     .  .v  n    iii  miiiiei--.      'I'hi-   t  h  :;•'!   ^^  .1- 

\vh'-n   llid'-yi.-hi   |  .'    '  .  '        ';••!.•      In  1  hi     -n\  ,  n-'iL'-n.  !•> 

lit    that    I\i  \:i-'"i    l-.ll-iw- 

!    '  '  I'-uhal   f.    illy   i,t   the 

l.-." 


A,  THE  PERSECUTOR  OF  THE  BUDDHISTS.        229 


XXIII 

SOBCXAGA,  THE  PERSErrfVIl   OF  THE  BUDDHISTS. 

Iv  tin:  province  of  Kchizeii,  a  few  miles  from  Fukui,  on  the  sea- 
roast,  stands  the  mountain  of  Ochi,  adorned  with  many  a  shrine  and 
sa<Ted  portal,  and  at  its  foot  lies  the  village  of  Ota.  Tradition  states 
that  nearly  a  thousand  years  ago  the  pious  bonze,  Tai  ('ho,  ascended 
and  explored  this  mountain,  which  is  now  held  sacred  and  resorted  to 
by  many  a  pilgrim.  Here,  in  uninterrupted  harmony,  dwelt  for  cent- 
uries priests  of  both  the  native  Shinto  and  Buddhist  cultus,  until 
LiSGS,  when,  in  the  purification,  all  Shinto  sliriues  were  purged  of  Bud- 
dhist symbolism  and  influences,  as  of  a  tiling  unclean.  The  priests- 
were  w«>nt  to  make  occasional  journeys  to  Kioto,  the  ecclesiastical  cen- 
tre of  the  country.  Centuries  before  the  troublous  times  of  Ashikaga, 
and  during  the  period  of  the  Taira  and  Minamoto,  one  of  the  Shinto 
priests,  while  on  his  way  through  Omi,  stopped  at  Tsuda,  and  lodged 
with  the  tt'/'n>(x/tt\  or  head-man  of  the  village,  and  asked  him  for  one 
of  his  sons  for  the  priesthood.  The  host  gave  him  his  step-sou,  whom 
the  priest  named  Ota  Chikazane. 

That  boy  was  of  Taira  blood,  the  great-grandson  of  Kiyomori.  Hi- 
father,  Sukemori,  had  been  killed  by  the  Minamoto,  but  his  mother 
had  tied  to  Omi,  and  the  head-man  of  the  village  of  Tsuda  had  mar 
ne  1  her. 

The  mother,  though  grieving  for  the  loss  of  her  son,  doubtless,  as  a 
pious  woman,  rejoiced  to  see  him  in  such  excellent  hands.  The  lad 
was  returned  to  Ota,  and  lived  in  the  village.  He  invw  up,  married 
as  became  a  kniiitnxlti  (custodian  of  a  Shinto  shrine),  and  founded  a 
familv  of  Shinto  priests.  He  was  the  common  ancestor  of  the  famou- 
•hero  of  iv'hi/en,  Shibata  Katsuiye,  and  of  the  renowned  Nohimaga, 
who  deposed  the  Ashikaga,  persecuted  the  Buddhists,  eneourauvd  the 
-bruits,  and  restored,  to  a  great  extent,  the  supremacy  •>!'  the  mikado. 
In  the  "History  of  the  Church,"  a  portrait  is  iriven  of  Nohnna^a, 
which  is  thus  translated  by  Dr.  Walter  l>ixon.  He  i-  >\<  -crib.  ,j  as  "a 
prince  of  large  stature,  but  of  a  weak  and  delicate  complexion,  \\ith  a 


•_>:',!)  Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

h.-art  ;iri'l  -  d  :ill  other  \\ant-;    ambitious  al>ove  all  man- 

kind :  !  >rt\  >  .  jviierou-.  and  hold,  ami  n«>t  without  many  excel  lent  m»r- 
.1!  \irv-:  inclined  to  just  ice,  and  an  enemy  to  treason.  ^  ith  a  quick 
aii'  i  j '  •  net  rat  MIL;  \\  it.  lit-  seemed  cut  out  tor  business.  Kx  cell  HILT  in  miii- 
tar\  di-cipline.  he  was  esteemed  the  titte-t  to  coiiiinand  an  annv.  man- 
age a  -ieiT1'.  fort  if  v  a  town,  or  mark  out  a  camp,  of  anv  general  in  Ja- 
pan, never  ii-inu'  anv  head-  hut  \\\<  u\vn.  It  lie  a-ked  advice,  it  wa- 
nioiv  to  kiiosv  their  hearts  than  t<«  profit  by  their  advice.  He  .-miu'lit 
to  -ee  into  others,  and  to  conceal  hi-  own  eotin-el,  IMMIILT  verv  secret  in 
in-  designs.  He  laughed  at  the  \vor-hip  of  the  u^'ds.  convinced  that 
the  hon/e-  were  impo-tors  aliii>inu'  the  simpli.-ity  of  the  people,  and 
-cp'cnin^  their  nun  dehauflu's  under  the  name  of  religion." 

\olniiiaura  h;id  four  general-,  whom  the  people  in  those  davs  \\en 
\\out  to  nickname,  re-pectivdy.  "CottDii."  "Rice,"  "Attack,"  "  Re- 
treat."  The  urn1  was  ><>  fertile  of  resmirees  that  he  wa-  like  cotton, 
that  can  l>e  put  to  a  nuiltitnde  of  u~e- ;  the  <econd  was  as  a!'-olutel\" 
nece-<arv  as  rice,  which,  if  the  people  In-  without  for  a  dav.  they  die  : 
the  third  excelled  in  on>et  :  the  fourth,  in  <killful  retreat.  Tliev  \\ei-e 
llideyo~hi.  ( ;,,iM/a.  Shihata.  and  lki'"la.  A  tifth  afi^rward  joined  him. 
uho-e  name  wa<  T"kiii;-a\\a  Ive\a-u.  Thc-e  three  name-;.  Nohunau'a. 
Hidi'Vo-hi.  and  Ivevasii,  an1  the  mo^t  renowned  in  .Japan. 

\ol>;nia--a  tii'-t  appear-  on  the  scene  in  l.">li'.  Hi-  fat  her.  after  the 
fa-hioii  of  the  times.  \\a-  a  warrior,  \\lio,  in  the  general  -craniMi1  for 
land.  \MI-  dent  on  x-i-uritiLi  ;i  fair  -!!•-,•  of  territory.  He  di.'d  >n  1  ">  H1. 
leaving  to  hi-  -on  !n-  arm-,  hi-  land,  and  hi-  feud-.  Noliunajja  Li'.'iined 
i,  Miiio.  ( (mi  and  Mikaua.  !->'•  ai;d  Mchi/'-n.  in  -ucee--ion.  Ha\- 
inv;  po--e— ion  of  Kioto,  he  Luilt  the  tine  ca-tle  of  Niju.  and  took  the 
-idc  of  A-hikaiM  ^  o-hiaki.  \\lio  !,\-  hi-  inthn  nee  wa-  made  -ho^un  in 
1").")^.  >i\  vi'ar-  later,  tin  two  ^uanvled.  Nohunau;a  anv-teil  and 
(1-po-e  |  h  in  i.  and  t  h>-  power  of  thi-  fainilv.  \\  hich  had  ]a-t''d  two  hun- 
di'i-d  and  t hirt v-ei^lit  year-,  came  to  an  end.  From  thi-  time  there 
was  UK  Sei-i  Tai  Sho^un,  niitil  Iyeva-u  ohtained  the  otlif'.  in  liinj. 
1>\'  the  aid  o|  hi-  commander-,  Hidrvo-hi  and  Iveva-u,  he  lirmiifht 
!ap_'e  portion-  nf  tin  •  n]  under  hi-  authority,  and  ii"minail\  ;hat 
of  the  mikado,  in  \\ho-,  name  he  ifoverned.  HI-  1'ecame  Naidaijin 
Lrreat  mil  it  neAef  -ho^-i;n.  The  rea-oii  of  thi-.  douht- 

!'•--.  wa-  that  the  oflice  of  -ho^un  ua-  l'\'  en-toin  nion,,poli/.ed  hy  ;!n 

\Fiiiamot"  familv  aiid  d>  -  N        ::. ,r_a  wa<  of  Talra  d-'- 

Like  Voi  e   WM-   a   -  d  deti  rmiiii''!   -      ii>  i'.  hut 

'.  .-•.••..  i    ;         '  '        tin    _;^  at      '  in-,       I'nlikc   him.  lu  lacked  ad- 


XOBUXAGA,  THE  PERSECUTOR   OF  THE  BL'DDHISTS.        031 

ministrativc  power,  ami  was  never  al>le  to  follow  up  in  peace  the  vic- 
tories trained  in  war. 

lie  met  his  death  in  Kioto,  when  in  the  fullness  of  his  power  and 
fame,  in  the  following  manner.  Among  his  captains  was  Akechi,  a 
brave,  proud  man,  who  had  taken  mortal  offense  at  his  leader.  One 
day,  while  in  his  palace,  hein<j;  in  an  unusually  merry  and  familiar 
mood.  Xobunaga  put  Akechi's  head  under  his  arm,  saying  he  would 
make  a  drum  of  it.  struck  it  with  his  fan,  like  a  drumstick,  playing  a 
tune.  Akechi  did  not  relish  the  joke,  and  silently  waited  for  revenue. 
His  passion  was  doubtless  nursed  and  kept  warm  by  a  previous  desire 
to  seize  the  place  and  power  and  riches  of  his  chief. 

In  those  days  treachery  was  a  common  and  trivial  occurrence,  and 
the  adherent  of  to-dav  was  the  deserter  of  to-morrow.  The  opportu- 
nity did  not  delay.  Xobunaga  had  sent  so  lartre  a  re-enforcement  into 
the  west,  to  Ilideyoshi,  who  was  fig}  it  ins;  with  Mori,  thai  the  garrison 
at  the  capital  wa>  reduced  to  a  minimi'.m.  Akechi  was  ordered  to  the 
(.'hiuti'okn,  and  pretended  to  march  thither.  Outside  the  city  he  dis- 
closed his  plan  of  kiU'mi1:  Xobunaga,  whom  he  denounced  to  his  offi- 
cers, and  promised  them  rich  booty.  They  returned  to  Kioto,  and  sur- 
rounded the  temple  of  Honnoji,  where  their  victim  was  then  residing. 
Hearing  of  the  unexpected  presence  of  so  many  soldiers  in  armor 
around  his  dwelling,  he  drew  aside  the  window  of  his  room  to  ascer- 
tain the  cause.  lie  was  struck  by  an  arrow,  and  instantly  divined  the 
-ituation,  and  that  e>cape  was  impossible.  He  then  set  tin.-  temple  on 
tire,  and  committed  suicide.  In  a  few  minutes  the  body  of  the  great 
hero  was  a  charred  crisp. 

An  uninscribed  tomb  of  polygonal  masonry,  built  in  his  honor, 
.-lands  in  the  toi-xhi",  or  keep,  of  his  most  famous  castle,  A/.uchi  yama, 
on  a  his;h  hill  looking  out  upon  the  white  walls  of  the  fortros  of  Hi 
koiie,  the  blue  lake  of  IJiwa,  and  the  towering  grandeur  of  Ihuki  yama 
lie  died  at  the  age  of  forty-nine. 

The  position  of  Ota  Xohunatra  in  Japanese  history  would  be  il!\ 
understood  were  the  reader  to  regard  him  merely  as  a  leader  in  clan 
limits,  who  by  genius  and  vi^or  rose  abo\e  the  crowd  of  petl\  mibta- 
ry  adventurers,  or  even  as  one  who  wished  to  tranouili/e  and  unity  ail 
Japan  for  the  mikado.  We  must  inquire  why  it  i-  that  IM  m  in  ha> 
\von  more  execration  and  anathemas  from  the  Buddhist-  in  Japan 
than  he.  Thev  look  upon  him  as  an  incarnate  demon  sen!  to  dc-tn>\ 
their  faith. 

The  period  of  the  A>hikaui-a  was  that  in  which  the  Uuddhi-t  prie-t- 


L';iL'  Till-:  MIKADO'S  KMTIRK. 

reached  the  acme  of  pov\er.  Their  monasteries  were  often  enormous 
-tone  .  !  moated  fortiv— ,•-.  The  hoii/es  kept  armor  and  ar- 

senals full  of  v\eapons  to  don  and  u-e  them-elve-,  or  to  equip  the 
armies  :a  their  pav  when  it  Milled  their  plea-ui'e  t»  cope  with  or  a— 
si-t  either  of  the  chan-jin^  sides,  or  to  take  -poll  of  l.oth.  Many 
kattlcs  took  place  ln-tween  rival  sects,  in  which  temple-  were 
i.'.mied  down,  villages  lired,  and  hundred-  on  Kotli  sides  killed.  1'art 
of  what  i-  now  the  immcii-c  ea-tle  of  O/.aka  belonged  to  the  Ikko  or 
Shin  sect. 

At  Hivei/an.  on  Lake  llivva,  was  the  mo-t  e\ten-ive  mona-tery  in 
lapan.  The  grounds,  adorned  and  I'eaulitied  with  the  raiv-t  art  of 
the  native  land-cape  gardener,  ind'  >-ed  thirteen  valley-,  and  over  live 
hundred  temples,  shrines,  and  prie-tly  dwelling-.  Here  thousand-  of 
laonk-  were  congregated.  They  chanted  het'oiv  ifor-jvous  altar-,  cele- 
1'fated  their  splendid  ritual.  reveled  in  luxurv  and  liceiitiou>ne-s.  drank 
their  sake,  eat  the  forhidden  viand-,  and  dallied  with  their  coiicilKilie-, 
or  hatched  plot-  to  ii-'ht  or  fan  the  tlanie-  of  feudal  war,  so  a-  t<>  make 
the  quarrels  of  the  clan-  and  chiefs  redound  to  their  aggrandizement, 
Thev  tru-ted  profoundly  to  their  professedly  sacred  character  to  ,-hield 
th'-m  fr  -in  all  danger. 

F"i-  these  Imii/e-  Xohuna^a  had  no  respect.  Hi-  early  life  anion^- 
tin-  prie-t>  had  doulitless  destroyed  whatever  reverence  he  mi^ht  have 
had  for  their  sanctity.  Hi-  education  as  a  Shintoi-i  made  him  hate 
the  I  '•:;  Id!  list-  a-  'lien  ii,--.  The  lion/.es  Coiitinuall\  foiled  hi-  si'helll'-s, 
and  in-  -aw  thai.  e\e!l  if  war  hetWeeti  the  clan-  cea-c'l,  the  I'xi-tellce 

of  the-e  mona-terir-  v>onld  jeopard  the  national  peace.  lie  re-ol\rd 
to  de-tro\  them. 

In  the   Ninth  month,  l.",71.  -a\  -  tin-  Xi/nn,  (i.in',  >'/,;.  ]„.  (.ucamped 

at  Si  •  i.  and  ordered  his  L'eiieraU  to  set    |::\,  ;/ ,.,  on  tire.      The  •rein-r- 

al-,  surpii-i   1  at   the  order.  lo-1  eoinitenaiiee,  and  exhorti-d  him  not  to 

•  •  ii  _.  "  Sin  'e  Kuan  in  in  Ten  no  [  7>i'— s(Mi  I  huilt  i  hi-  mona-t'-rv. 

•    1   year-  aif".  it    ha-  l»een    e-teemcd    the    mo-t    vigilant 

aLTain-t  the  de\  il.      N'o  one  ha-  vi-1  dared  to  injure  thc-e  temple-  ;    hut 

now.  do  you  intend  to  do   -o  ;      H,,U   can   it    he   p  i— ihl,  :"     To  thi- 

i-_r;i    an-wei-ed:    "  1    hav.    put    down  the  tliieve-  a'_fain>t   the  ein- 

,l-"k>iz»k'i.  ro!.  !..•;•-.;',. .  .;/rv  |  :   why  <lo  you    hinder  me   thu-.' 

•   \  to  tranquili/'    the  \vhoj,.  Land,  aiid  n-vivi-  the  dec'lininir  power 

imperial  (Jovernnn-i  r.      I  I'onlinual/v  make  li^h:    of  m\   lid-  for 


XOnUXAGA,   THE  PERSECUTOR   OF  THE  BUDDHISTS.        2-°>3 

when  Yoshikage  [Daimio  of  Echizen]  and  Nagamasa  [Daimio  of  Omi] 
attacked  inv  rear,  and  I  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  and  retrace  my 
step-;.  My  allowing  the  priests  to  remain  on  this  mountain  was  in  or- 
der that  1  miidit  destroy  them.  I  once  dispatched  a  messenger  to  the 
priests,  and  set  before  them  happiness  and  misery.  The  bonzes  nev- 
er obeyed  my  word,  but  stoutly  assisted  the  wicked  fellows,  and  so 
resisted  the  imperial  army  [oshi,  or  kuangun\.  Does  this  act  not 
make  them  \_kok  usokii\  country -thieves  ?  If  I  do  not  now  take  them 
away,  this  ijreat  trouble  will  continue  forever.  Moreover,  I  have  heard 
that  the  priests  violate  their  own  rules;  they  eat  fish  and  stinking 
vegetables  [the  five  odorous  plant-  prohibited  by  Buddhism — common 
and  wild  leek,  garlic,  onions,  scullions],  keep  concubines,  and  roll  up 
the  sacred  books  [never  untie  them  to  read  them  or  pray].  I  low  can 
they  be  vigilant  against  evil,  or  proerve  justice  \  Then  surround  their 
dwellings,  burn  them  down,  suffer  no  one  to  live." 

The  generals,  incited  by  the  speech  of  their  commander,  agreed. 
On  the  next  day  an  awful  scene  of  butchery  and  conflagration  ensued. 
The  soldiers  set  fire  to  the  great  shrines  and  temples;  and  while  the 
stately  edifices  were  in  flames,  plied  sword,  lance,  and  arrow.  None 
were  permitted  to  escape.  Without  discrimination  of  age  or  sex,  the 
toothless  dotard,  abbot,  and  bon/e.  maid-servant  and  concubine  and 
children,  were  speared  or  cut  down  without  mercy.  This  was  the  first 
U'i'eat  blow  at  Buddhism. 

In  1579,  the  two  u'reat  sects  of  Xichiren  and  Jodf>  held  a  great  dis- 
cussion upon  religious  subjects,  which  reached  such  a  point  of  acri- 
mony that  the  attention  of  the  Government  was  called  to  it.  and  it 
was  continued  and  finished  before  Nobunaga,  at,  his  castle  at  A/urhi 
yama,  on  the  lands  of  which  he  had  already  allowed  the  Je-uits  to 
build  churches.  A  book  called  Azxrhi  Ron,  still  extant,  contains  the 
substance  °f  the  argument  on  both  >ides.  One  result  of  the  word\ 
contest  was  the  suppression  of  a  sub-sect  of  Jodo,  whose  doctrine- 
were  thought  to  be  dangerous  to  the  State. 

The  immense  fortified  temple  and  monastery  called  Ilon^'iianji,  in 
Ozaka,  was  the  property  of  the  Monto,  ^r  Shin  sect  of  Buddhi-ts  and 
the  retreat  and  hiding-place  of  Xohunau'a's  enemies.  The  bi>n/e> 
themselves  were  his  most  bitter  haters,  because  he  had  so  eti'-oiira^ed 
the  Jesuits.  They  had  taken  the  side  of  bis  eiicmii'-  for  over  twelve 
years.  At  last,  when  >oine  of  hi-  be-t  captains  bad  been  killed  by 
"  irrass-ivbels,"  or  ambuseaders,  who  tied  into  the  mona-tery.  In-  laid 
sie^e  to  it  in  earnest,  with  the  intention  of  serving  th>'  inmate-  a-  he 


^.U  Till:  MfKMXj'S  KM  PI  UK. 

did  tli"-'1  of  Jliveizan.  Within  tlie  enceinte,  crowded  in  five  connect- 
ing fortiv>M->,  wen-  thousands  of  women  and  children.  besides  the 
warriors  and  prie>t>.  Another  frightful  massacre  >eemed  iinininent. 
The  place  \\a~-  so  surrounded  that  every  attempt  of  the  pirrison  to 
e-cape  \\as  cut  oiT.  On  an  inteiiselv  dark  ni^ht,  under  cover  of  a 
storm  then  ra^iim;,  several  thousunds  of  the  people,  of  all  sexes  and  a^es, 
attempted  to  e-eaju'  from  one  of  the  forts.  Tliev  were  overtaken  and 
>laULrhtered.  The  main  garrison  >lmrtly  afterward  learned  the  fate  of 
their  late  comrades  \>\  seeing  a  junk,  dispatched  lev  the  vietms,  laden 
\\;th  htniian  ear>  and  noses,  approach  the  ca-tle  with  its  hideous  cargo. 


Another  mitpM-1  «\'  the  ea-tle  ua>  -un-cjiil!  red.  In  the  -ecund  month 
of  the  -i."_fe.  ;i  -ortif  in  foi'ce  was  fejii-lli'd  \>\'  .-houer-  "f  arrows  and 
match!.. ,-'K  LalU;  hut.  in  the  li-h;in--.  NMhuna^a's  l.e-t  ollicer>  were 
•-laiti.  1  he  l'e-.ie_;-in_r  ann\  tin;,il\  i.cciniied  three  ot  the  ti\e  in  the 
net  \\.-rk  of  furl  re— it-.  Thoii-and^  !"t\setit\  thousand")  of  the  ^ar- 
r:-..n  had  heeii  killed  h\  aiT"\\  and  hall,  or  had  peri-hed  in  the  tlanie-, 
and  ill'-  horrihle  >teiieh  ,.f  Ic.irninu'  tle-h  till.-d  tin-  air  for  mih-s.  The 
fate  ,,f  tin-  main  hody  \sithin  the  \salls  wa>  soon  to  he  decided. 

The    mikado.  ._aievini_f   over    tin'    -hediliii'_f   of   >o    much    hi 1.  >ent 

three  cMiirt  noliles  and  a    .rie-t  of  another  sect  to     ersuade  the  ir.-irri- 


XOSUXAGA,  THE  PERSECUTOR   OF  THE  BUDDHISTS.         2:55 

-on  tn  yield.  A  conference  of  tlie  abbot  and  elders  was  called,  and  a 
-unvnder  decided  upon.  The  ca>tle  was  turned  over  to  Nobunaga, 
and  from  that  (lav  until  the  present  has  remained  in  the  hands  of  the 
Government.  Pardon  was  granted  to  the  survivors,  and  the  bonzes 
scattered  to  the  other  large  monasteries  of  their  sect.  To  this  day, 
the  threat  -rets  in  Japan  have  never  fully  recovered  from  the  blow- 
dealt  by  Xolmnaga.  Subsequently,  rulers  were  obliged  to  lay  violent 
hands  upon  the  strongholds  of  ecclesiastical  power  that  threatened  so 
frequently  to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  country;  but  they  were  able  to 
do  it  with  comparative  ease,  because  Nobunaga  had  begun  the  work 
with  such  unscrupulous  vigor  and  thoroughness. 


Nobun ;ii;a's  Victims:  Types  of  Buddhist  Priesthood  and  .Monastic 


THE   MIKAIXJ'S  EMPIRE. 


XXIV. 


OF  ro/;7:'\ 


TIIF.KK  aiv  hundreds  of  )n  urn,  or  villages,  in  Japan,  called  Nakaimi- 
ra  (>"//?•'/,  middle;  nmrn,  villaLTf),  for  the  same  reason  that  there  are 
inanv  Middlctowns  in  Knirii-li—  peaking  countries,  but  none  of  them 
elaim  to  1-e  the  liii'tliplaci-  of  1  lidevo.-iii  except  that  in  the  diMri'-t  <>f 
Aidii.  in  (>\\ari.  There,  in  \.  ">'•'>>>,  lived  a  peasant  ealled  Va-ukt'1.  uh<»i- 
\sife  IIMIT  a  wizen-faced,  ]>ithei-uid  K-tliv,  who  u-re\v  up  tu  l>e  a  i-unnin^ 
and  reekl.->>  l>..y.  In.-tead  «>f  ^"in--  <mt  t«>  the  hill-sides,  ^ra—  h<>,,k 
iii  hand  and  l>a-ket  on  back,  to  cut  p-eeii  fodder  t'oi1  horses,  or  >tand- 

._.  illL!,'  kllee  --deep  ill  the  imid- 
plllp  of  the  riee-lield>  Ueed- 
inu'  the  vouiiii'  plaiits.  re- 


tk'  stn'tlts  an<1 


ho\  '-  niolikev  faee  .-Mid  rest- 
hill)    to     heeoiile    a    >oi,lic]-. 

:.??&\i(l '-.':';    ^ hie) i  he  did. 

The  number  aiid  \  arietv 
;•     of  name-  jHi--c--.il  hv  him 
in    hi-    life-time    illu-trate 

Uell    the    eonfll-iliu'    I'll.-tolll 
:     in   vo^-iie  aiiion^   id.'  ,Japa- 
ne-c  , ,f  freijiiently  "han^inLr 
J     their   name-.       Tin     reader 


HIDEYOSlirS  ENTERPRISES.— IXVAS10N  OF  CO  HE  A.        237 

is  perplexed,  among  llic  multitude  of  names  and  titles,  to  distinguish 
the  personage  to  \vhoni  they  belong.  AVheii  tliere  are  many  actors  in 
the  scene,  and  each  is  "known  by  a  half-do/.en  aliases,  confusion  becomes 
confounded,  and  the  patience  is  sorelv  taxed. 

In  this  work  I  designate  one  person  by  one  name,  although  appar- 
ent anachronisms  must  thereby  be  committed,  and  the  eves  (.if  the 
scholar  be  often  annoyed.  It  has,  until  recently,  in  Japan  been  the 
custom  for  ever}'  samurai  to  be  named  differently  in  babyhood,  boy- 
hood, manhood,  or  promotion,  change  of  life  or  residence,  in  com- 
memoration of  certain  events,  or  on  account  of  a  vow,  or  from  mere 
whim.  Thus,  at  his  birth,  llideyoshi's  mother  having,  a<  it  i<  said, 
dreamed  that  she  had  conceived  bv  the  sun,  called  him  Iliyoshi  maro 
(u'ood  sun).  Others  dubbed  him  Ko  chiku  (small  boy),  ami  afterward 
Saru  matsu  (monkey-pine).  As  a  soldier,  he  enlisted  as  Kinoshita  To- 
kichiro,  the  first  being  an  assumed  name.  As  he  grew  famous,  he  was 
nicknamed  Moine.ii  Tokichi  ("Cotton"  Tokichi).  When  a  general, 
from  a  mere  whim,  he  made  himself  a  name  by  uniting  two  syllables, 
let  and  xiiUju,  making  Hashiba,  from  the  names  of  two  of  his  generals, 
Xi-wa  or  ha,  and  Shibata,  which  the  Jesuits  wrote,  as  the  Portuguese 
orthography  required,  Faxiba. 

When,  in  15S(j,  he  attained  the  rank  of  Kuambaku  (Cambaku  dono 
of  the  Jesuits),  or  premier,  his  enemies,  who  were  jealous  of  the  par- 
venu, spoke  of  him  as  Sam  Kuan  ja.  or  crowned  monkey.  How  he 
obtained  this  hiu'h  ollice,  even  with  all  the  limitless  store  of  cunnini;' 
impudence  and  egotism,  is  not  known,  for  no  one  except  nobles  of 
Fujiwara  blood  had  ever  filled  that  otlice,  it  being  reserved  exclusively 
for  member.-,  of  that  family.  lie  obtained  from  the  emperor  the  pat- 
ent of  a  farnilv  name,  and  he  and  his  successors  are  known  in  history 
as  the  Toyo'tomi  family,  he  being  Tovotomi  Hidevoshi.  In  151)1  he 
resigned  his  high  otlice,  and  wa>  succeeded  by  his  son.  Hence  he 
took  the  title  of  tu/ko,  and  the  people  referred  to  him  as  Taiko  sama, 
just  as  they  put  the  term  wnud  (Mr.,  or  .Sir,  Honorable,  etc.)  after  the 
titles  of  emperor,  shou'un,  other  titled  oflicials,  or  after  the  name  of 
anv  person.  Japanese  address  foreigners  as  "Smith  sama.  '  or  "Smith 
-an,"  or  an  infant  as  "  baby  win,'' instead  of  "  Mr.  Smith,"  "  the  baby,'1 
etc.  The  term  miita  fulfills,  in  a  measure,  the  function  of  ihe  definite 
article  or  demonstrative  pronoun,  or  serves  as  a  social  handle.  Hence, 
in  foreign  works,  llideyoshi,  the  taiko  ;  or  that  one  of  the  many  taiko, 
called  llideyoshi,  is  referred  to  as  Taiko  sama. 

llideyoshi  was  a  man  of  war  from  his  youth  up.  His  abilities  and 

10 


j:fs  THE  MIKADO'S  EXPIRE. 

soldierlv  .jualitie-  made  hiin  a  favorite  <•• >mmander.  His  banner  eon- 
-i-ted  of  a  clu-ter  <>f  e-ourds.  At  tir-t  it  was  a  single  ^ourd.  After 
1'iieh  battle  ;>noiher  wa-  added,  until  at  last  it  became  an  imposing 
-hea!'.  The  standard-bearer  carried  aloft  at  tin1  head  of  the  columns  a 
golden  repre-eiitation  of  the  original  model,  and  wherever  llideyoslu's 
banner  moved  there  was  the  centre  of  victory. 

At  the  death  of  Xobunau'a,  the  situation  was  as  follows:  His  third 
>ou,  Nohutaka,  was  ruler  over  Shikoku  ;  Shimad/.u  (Satsuma)  wa> 
li^htiiiLf  \\ith  Otomo,  and  -ei/.ini;1  his  land  iu  Kiushiu.  Hidevoshi  and 
Nohuwo,  -ecoiid  sou  of  Nobunac-a,  with  tin-  imperial  armv,  were  ti^ht- 
in^1  with  Mori,  Prince  of  ('ho-hiu,  who  held  ten  provinces  in  the  \\est. 
[\e\a-u,  ruler  of  ei^'ht  provinces  in  the  Kuanto,  was  in  the  field  against 
IIujo  of  (>dawara.  Shiliata  held  Kchi/en.  I  lidevoshi  and  Ivovasu 
\\eiv  the  ri>iiiLT  men,  l>ut  the  former  attained  tirst  to  highest  po\\cr. 
Imuiediati'lv  on  liearinn'  of  Nubunauja's  death,  I  lidevoshi  made  terms 
\\ith  Mori,  ha-teiied  to  Kioto,  and  defeated  and  slew  Akechi.  The 
fate  "f  this  as>as-in  has  ^iyeii  rise  to  the  native  proverb,  "Akechi  ruled 
three  da\s."  His  name  and  power  were  now  paramount.  The  pri/e> 
of  rank  were  before  him,  for  the  mikado  and  court  could  not  oppose 
hi-  wi-hes.  Of  his  ma-ter's  sons,  one  had  died,  leaving  an  infant  :  the 
second  -on  was  a-si-ted  1>\  1  \'e\  a-u,  wit  h  whom  Hide\i)shi  had  made 
a  compromise;  the  third,  Nolmtaka,  was  weak,  and  endeavored,  sec- 
onded li\  hi-  chief  captain.  Shiliata,  who  had  married  the  -i-ler  of  No- 
luinau'a.  to  maintain  hi-  ri^ht-.  Ilidevoshi  marched  into  Mino.  de- 
feated him,  pur-ued  Shil'ala  into  Mdiixen,  and.  after  -event!  .-kirmishes, 
luinied  his  ca-tlc.  The  aci-ount  of  this,  a-  u'ixcn  liv  the  .le-uit-.  i-  as 
f.  -ll.-w  -  :  "  A  Hi"  1 1  _r  the  r-i.n  federates  of  N'ol.utaka  \\a>  one  Shiliata  d"iio, 
ln'other-in-law  to  Nolnma^a.  lie  wa-  lie-ie-'eil  in  the  f>.rtre--  of  Shi- 
l>ata  in  what  i-  )i"\\  Kukui];  and  seeiiiLT  no  \vav  of  escaj>e,  he,  having 
dined  with  hi-  friend'-  wife  and  children  and  retainers,  -et  lire  to  hi- 
ca-t!e.  lir-t  killing  hi-  wife,  his  children,  and  the  female  servants;  and 
hi-  friend-,  f"ll"wini;-  hi-  example,  afterward  committed  suicide,  and 
lay  there  wallowing  in  tln'ir  l.lo,,d.  till  the  lire  kindled,  and  burned 
them  to  ;i>lu'-." 

M\  re-ide!ice  in  Kukui,  during  the  year  1S71,  wa-  immediately  on 
the  -ite  .if  part  of  Shil.ata'-  -id  i"istle.  Hi-  Lmili  -land-  under  some 
vni  raMe  old  pine-tree-,  -dine  di.-tance  (Vdiii  the  cit\~.  \\hen  I  \i-ited 
i;,  the  did  prie-t  \\\\«  ki'i-p-  th--  temple,  -incc  erectecl,  liroii'j'ht  out  sev- 
eral did  lid\e-  carefullv  label,  d,  and  r-veivntlv  dpene.l  them.  One 
contained  the  rusty  biva-tplate  and  "th,  \-  portion-  (,f  Shibata's  armor. 


mnEYosnrs  ENTERPRISES.— INVASION  OF  CORE  A.      2:19 


picked  up  after  the  fire.     Oilier 
relics  saved  from  the  ashes  were 
shown  me.     The  story,  as  it  fell    IfP^tB^-:",. 
from    the    old   house's    lips,  and 
was  translated  !>y  mv  interpret-    U^j.-X'-V" 
er,  is  sulistantially  that  s^iven  li\ 
the  native  liistorians.  K-s?~S£glffi^ 

llaviiiLi'  tied,  after   manv   de- 


f«.-!lts,    he  readied   the  nlaoe   now     Calnl'  llf  HUU-ynshi  on  At;,--  Mountain,  l.c- 


alled  rukui.     IlideV'islii,  in  hot 


pursuit,  fixed  his  camp  on  Atagoyama,  a  mountain  which  overlooks 
the  citv,  and  lie^an  tin;  siege,  which  he  dailv  pressed  closer  and 
closer.  lieing  hopeles>ly  surrounded,  and  succor  hopeless  Shil.ata, 
like  a  true  Epicurean,  gave  a  grand  feast  to  all  his  captain-  and  re- 
tainers, in  anticipation  of  the  morrow  of  death.  Ail  \\ilhin  the 
doomed  walls  eat,  drank,  sunir,  danced  and  made  morrv.  for  the  mor- 


•240 


Till-:   MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


row  wa-   not   1"   see  lli-'in  in  tlii<  world.      At    the   height   of  the   l>an- 
iiiiet.  v  tiin^  the    partitiLT   dip   before    death,  addressed   hi- 

uife    thu- :     "You    max    u'"    out    of    tin-    ca-tle    ami    save    your    life. 
Yo'i  a i1'    a   \\oiuan;  lull  \ve  are  nieii,  and  will  die.      You  are  at  Iibert\ 
tlier."      Hi-  \\ife,  the   -i-t.T  of   Nobiinauca,  with   a  -pint 
.'    to    hi-,  ua-  moved   to   tear.-,  thanked   IHT   lord   for   hi-  love  and 
kindiie--.  and  dei-lared  >he  would  never  marrv  another,  hut  would  die 
with   her  hii-hand.      She  then    composed   a    farewell  -tan/a   of   poetrv. 
and,  with  a  .-oul  no  less  brave  because  it  was  a  woman's,  received  her 
hit-band's  dirk  into  her  heart. 

Like  true  Stoies.  Shibata  and  hi-  companions  put  all  the  \\otiien 
and  ehildivn  to  the  death  the\  \veicoiiied.  and  for  \\hieh  the\  ^ave 
thank-  ;  and  then,  with  due  dee>  'ruin  and  cereiiionv.  opi-iiinLT  their  own 
hodio  1'V  Iiiii-ii-kiri.  thev  died  as  l>ra\e  Japaiie-e  ever  !o\'e  to  (lie.  !>v 
their  o\\n  hand-,  and  not  l>y  tho-e  of  an  eiieinv. 

1  lidevo-hi.  on  hi-  return  to  Kioto,  he^an  a  career  of  ti-efiilne--.  devel- 
oping the  iv-oinves  of  the  empire  and  streiiLTtheninii'  the  power  of  the 
emperor.  Kiio\\in--  it  \\a-  nece--arv  to  keep  hi-  captain-  and  .-oldier- 
l'ii-y  in  time  of  inaction,  and  ha\  inu'  a  ^''niu-  for  the  u  »rks  <  if  peace  a- 
well  a-  uar.  he  hiiilt  >j>lendid  palace-  at  Kioto.  impi'o\eil  the  eitv,  and 
paved  tin-  l>ed  of  the  river  Kaiiio  \\ith  broad,  tlat  ^tdies.  He  laid  the 
foundation-  of  the  future  eoinniercial  ".Teatne—  of  ()/aka  l>v  enlar^inu' 

the  -ite  of  the   IlloHa-t  el"/  de-t  1'oVed    l'\     NoLillia^a,  t'lliidillU'  the  i  111  II  lei  1>C 

fort  iv--.  ,,;,>,  p;(I-t  of  \v  hi'-h  -till  remain-,  the  pride  of  t  he  eitv,  enlarged 
and  deep'-ned  t  ;i"  ri\  er.  and  du^  man  v  of  t  he  hundred-  of  canal-  \\  hich 
-•i\e  thi-  city  wli.-itcvel1  rijit  it  may  have  to  l.e  .'ailed  the  N'eiiiee  of 
Japan.  It  ha.!,  u  hdi  1  -a\\  it  in  1  v 7  1 .  over  eleven  hundred  bridge-, 
one  of  them  of  iron.  U,.  fortitied  l-'u-himi,  the  Mrat'-^if  key  of  Kioto, 
vs  ith  a  tri|ile-nioatc(l  ca-t!e.  erected  eol.i--.al  to\\vr-  and  pagoda-  in  nianv 
place-.  lie  -e.jiie-1  rated  the  tl.  iuri-hii;'_i"  commercial  port  of  Xau'a-aki 
from  t||..  [laiinio  of  (miura.  and  made  it  the  property  of  the  (T»wn. 
Neith'-i-  he-hima  imi1  1'appenliei-j;  wa-  tlnn  hi-t"i'ic:  Lnt  the  lovelv 
-cciier\  wa-  a-  much  the  -nl.ject  of  admiration  as  it  i-  now.  Hi-  policy 
wa<  to  forgive  tho-e  \\  ho  had  foii'_di1  n^ain-1  him.  and  n.-t  to  put  t  hdn 
to  death,  a-  \o!'Una-"i  had  (loiie,  who.  in  the  course  of  hi-  life,  had 
kiileii  hi-  liroth"!1.  fat  In  '  and  manv  of  hi-  enemies.  He  reform- 

.  d  '  he  P'\  en ue-.      Hi-  '  r.  for,  in  his  execution  of 

ticc.  h«-  cared  little  for  rank,  name,  or  familv  line,  or  services  done 
dim-elf.      He   wa-   -       >•— 1        in   ind      inn1    Iveva-u,  after  the    latter 
IP'  1  the  taikO'-  ni..th..'r  a-    !;•  -ta_fe,  to  com,,  to  Kioto  and  pav 


UIDETOSHPS  ENTERPRISES.— INVASION  OF  COREA. 


homage  to  the  emperor;  ami  the  two  rivals  becoming  friends,  Tyeyasu 
married  tho  taiko's  sister.  Mori,  lord  of  the  Western  provinces,  also 
came  to  tlie  capital,  and  acknowledged  him  as  his  superior. 

Anioiitr  his  other  works,  Ilideyoshi  followed  out  the  policy  of  Xo- 
bunaga,  destroyed  the  threat  monastery  at  Kumano,  the  bonzes  of  which 
claimed  tin-  province  of  Kii.  lie  \\as  never  made  sliogun,  not  being 
of  Minamolo  hlood;  but  having  become  Ktiambaku,  and  being  sur- 
rounded by  nobles  of  high  birth  and  the  lofty  etiquette  of  the  court, 
he  felt  the  need  of  a  pedigree.  No  one  at  court  knew  \vlio  his  grand- 
father was,  if,  indeed,  he  was  aware  himself.  lie  made  out  that  his 
mother  was  the  daughter  of  a  kuu;e,  who,  in  the  disturbed  times  of 
Ashikaga,  had  tied  from  Kioto,  and,  while  in  poverty  and  great  distress, 
had  married  his  father,  but  had  conceived  him  before  her  marriage. 

In  his  youth  he  had  wedded  a  peasant  ti'irl  ;  but  as  he  rose  step  by 
step  to  eminence,  he  kept  on  marrying  until  he  had  a  number  equal 
to  that  of  the  polvu'amous  English  king,  Henry  VIII.  ;  but,  unlike  that 
monarch,  he  enjoyed  them  all  at  once,  and  caused  none  of  them  to 
lose  her  head.  The  last  two  of  his  spouses  were,  respectively,  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  house  of  Maeda,  of  the  rich  province  of  Kaira,  and  the 
I'riii'vs<  A/ai,  from  Omi,  daughter  of  the  wife  of  Shibata  Katsuiye, 
whom  the  Jesuits,  under  the  name 
of  Kita  Mandocoro.  sav  was  The 
lir.-t  wife  of  the  taiko,  "  sweetest 
and  be-t  beloved.''  lie  had  no  son 
until  in  old  age. 

The  immoderate  ambition  of 
Hide-yoshi's  life  was  to  conquer 
<  'orea,  and  even  China.  it  had 
been  his  dream  when  a  boy.  and 
hi--  plan  when  a  man.  When  un- 
der Nobunaga,  he  had  begged  of 
him  the  revenue  of  Kiiishiu  for 
one  \car  and  weapons,  while  he 
him-elf  would  provide  the  ships 
and  pro\  i-ioiis,  offering  to  subdue 
Coiva,  and  \\ith  an  army  of  ('o- 
rean^  to  conquer  ('h'ma.  and  thus 

make  the  threi untries  one.     His 

master   laughed,  but    he    kept 


Image   of  Japanese  Peltier!   Hern,  seen  in 


-_•(_'  TIL':'  MIK.\J)0'S  EMPIRE. 

in.-iv    -till    SIT    in    the    temple    of  T-uru_raoka.       lluM/mir  ami   pattinu' 

it-    l>;i<-k.    thr    parvenu    thus    addre.->ed    tin-    iilu-t  riou-    eiliirv  :    "You 

ml.      YOU   took   all    tile   power   under    Heaven    (in   Japan ). 

\  •    !   I.  Miily,  have  heeii  al-le  to  do  this;   l.ut  you  were  of  a  fani"ii- 

fami!\.  and  m>t    like   inc.  >prum_r   from   pea>ants.      I   intend,  at   la-t.  to 

r  all  lhr   earth,  and   even   China.      "What    think   you   of  that:" 

]!;•!.  \o>hj   u-ed  to  >ay,  "The  earth  is  the  earth'-  earth" — a  doetrim- 

uhi'-h  led  him  to  re-pert  verv  >li^htlv   the  claim   of  any  one  to  l.-md 

\\hieli  he  coveted,  and  had  \voji  t>y  his  own  effort-. 

I  "nder  the  deel'miuir  j'ower  of  A-liika_ra,  all  trilmto  from  <',,]•, -a  h;id 
'•'•a-ed,  ami  tin-  pirates  who  ran^'d  the  roast-  seanvlv  allowed  a  pn- 
earii'ii-  trade  to  exist.  The  So  familv.  wlio  heM  'I'-u-hinia.  ho\\e\er. 
had  a  -mall  -eltleiin'iit  in  Coiva.  Some  Chine-e.  emi^ratiiiL;'  t<>  Japan. 
t"M  Hide\'o>hi  of  the  military  disorganization  and  anarchy  in  ('liina. 
whi'-h  iii'-rea-ed  hi-  de-ire  to  "  peep  into  China."  lie  then  s,.nt  tw< 

ellll'a  — i>'-   in    -ucce--io]i    to   ('olea   to    demand   triluitl'.        Tile    -eeond    \\a- 

-uece>-fill.  I  Ie  al-o  -.Mit  wori'l  to  the  I^mpei'o]-  of  <  'hina  1  .\  -.'me  Lii. 
Kiu  tril 'lite-hearers  that  if  lie  (the  Kmper,.r  of  ('hina)  would  not  liea1 
hini.il'-  would  invade  his  territory  with  an  army.  To  the  Coivan  rn 
\"\  h--  iveo'.inted  his  exploit-,  and  announced  hi-  int'-ntion-  detinitel\'. 
Se\eral  i-mlias-ies  crossed  and  nrrossed  t!;e  -i-a  hetween  Cop-a  and 
Japan.  Hide\"-hi  meaiiuhile  awaiting  lii-  '"j-t  opportimitv,  a-  tin 

di-pa!'-!l    of    the    e\peilitic'll    ' !  i  'pi  •  1 1  d  ( -d    allllo-t     elitirelv    on     hi-    oWll     \\ili. 

Hi-  wif.-.  .\/ai.  had  IM-I'IH-  him  a  clii'j,!.  \\1i,.m  In-  lo\ecl  ilearh'.  ''lit  it 
died,  and  In-  mourned  for  it  manv  month-.  (  >in-  da\  lie  uent  "(it  t» 
a  temple.  Kivoiniii/.u,  in  I\i'''t".  to  In-^iiili-  tin-  -ad  h  >ur.-.  I.o-t  in 
th'iULrh'.in  looking  over  tip-  we-teni  -k\  l>e\ond  tin  mountain-,  lie 
-ud'lenlv  e\i  laimed  t"  hi-  attendant,  "A  LTn-at  man  on_dit  to  i-mplo\ 
hi-  army  ln-vniid  t'-n  thou-and  mil'--,  and  !:'ii  >±\\'c  \\a\  to  -..n-,,\v." 
Ki-tiin.:::_'  to  ;.i-  hoii-e.  In-  a— einMed  hi-  general-,  and  t'm-d  tln-ir  i-n- 
thii-i:i-m  !'\  recoiintinLT  tlidr  e\[il"it-  mutuallv  ai-hie\i'd.  ||,-  tln-n 
jiroini-'-d  \"  march  to  I '<  •  k  >  n  if.  and  di\id'-  tin-  -oil  "f  ('hina  in  tii-f- 
am»ic_r  >!ji  m.  '1  h>  '.  '  au'i'eeil,  atid  d'-part'-d  to  the  varimi- 

pro\inc'--  to  pf-jiari-  troop-  and  mati  rial.  llide\o-hi  him-i-lf  \\ent  to 
K '.  ,-;iiu. 

< 'n    hi-   \\av,  -onie   o?n     -•;_-:-.  -•.••]    tliat    -diolar-    \-r-ed    in   ('him-> 

-h"  ild  ri'-c.  .mpanv  t  !:•    •  '  .      I  lid<  vo-hi  lau'_died.  and  -aid,  "  Thi- 

1     .'.   .    make  tin    i  •      i-i    our    .:>'•,';  r-  ."      A  ft'-:'  u  >  'I'-hij  >- 

ii  _  at  -i  -hrinc-,  he  thi  •    hundr'-d  "  ea-h  "  in  :>•  -nt 

'"  t!  •    -hrinc.  ami  -aid.  "  If  I  am  to  coiiom-r  <  'hina,  l.-t  th<-  h'  ad-  -ho\\ 


IIIDEYOSUrS  ENTERPRISES.— INVASION  OF  CORE  A.         J43 

it."  The  Japanese  copper  and  mm  ZC>II,OY  kas,  have  Chinese  charac- 
ters representing  the  chronological  period  of  coinage  on  one  side,  and 
waves  representing  their  circulation  as  inonev  on  the  reverse.  The 
lettered  side  is  "  head,"  the  reverse  is  "tail."  All  the  coins  which  the 
taiko  1lun^  up  came  down  heads.  The  soldiers  were  delighted  with 
the  oinen.  Maps  of  Corea  were  distributed  among  the  commanders 
of  the  eight  divisions,  and  the  plan  of  the  expedition  and  their  co-op- 
eration explained. 

Kato  Kiyomasa,  who  hated  the  Christians,  and  who  afterward  he- 
came  their  bitterest  persecutor,  was  commander  of  the  first  ;  and  Koni- 
shi  Vukinaga,  the  Christian  leader,  and  a  great  favorite  of  the  Jesuits, 
of  the  second.  These  divisions  were  alternatelv  to  lead  the  van.  The 
naval  and  military  force  that  embarked  is  set  down  in  the  6V.//  S/tt 
at  rive  hundred  thousand  men.  A  reserve  of  sixtv  thousand  was  kept. 
I'eadv  in  Japan  as  re-enforcements.  Manv  of  the  generals,  captains, 
and  private  soldiers  were  of  the  Christian  faith.  Kato  despised  Ko- 
ni-hi,  and  they  were  not  friends.  The  latter  was  the  son  of  a  druu'^ist, 
and  per<i-ted,  to  the  disgust  of  the  hiu'h-born  Kato,  in  carrying  a  ban- 
ner representing  a  paper  medicine-bag,  such  as  can  he  seen  swin^'in^ 
in  front  of  a  native  drug-shop  to-dav.  He  probably  took  his  cue  from 
the  august  parvenu,  the  taiko. 

Hidevo-hi  expected  t<>  lead  the  army  himself;  but  being  sixty  year- 
old,  and  inlirm,  and  his  aged  mother  sorrowing  so  that  she  could  not 
(.•at  on  account  of  it,  he  remained  behind.  lie  gave  Kato  a  flag,  say- 
iiii;\  "This  was  given  me  bv  Ota  [Xobunaga]  when  I  marched  a^ain.-t 
Mori  [Choshiu]."  To  Koiiislii  he  presented  a  fine  horse,  saying,  "  Witli 
this  "'allot)  over  the  bearded  savages  [Coreansl"  All  heiii"1  readv, 

o  L.  J  ~ 

tin-  tleet  -et  sail  amidst  the  shouts  of  the  army  and  the  thunder  of 
cannon  on  the  shore.  Huleyoslri  had  attempted  to  buy  or  charter  two 
I'ortii'juoe  ships,  luit  was  unsuccessful,  and  the  fleet  consisted  of  lar^'e 
junks.  Tlu-v  wen>  detained  off  Iki  Island  bv  stormy  weather.  A> 
soon  as  it  was  calm,  Koni-hi,  well  acquainted  with  the  route,  >ailcd 
a.wa\  with  his  division,  arrivetl  at  1'ii-an,  in  Southern  Corea,  tir<t,  and 
sei/ed  the  castle.  \\  ithoiit  allowing  his  troops  to  rest,  he  nr^'d  t!i''!u 
on  to  other  triumphs,  that  the  idorv  mi^ht  he  theirs  alone.  anJ  not  !>e 
shared  Kv  the  other  troops,  who  Would  soon  arrive.  Another  lar^i- 
ca>tle  was  stormed,  several  towns  captured,  and  brilliant  victorie-  \\oii. 
Three  dav-  later,  Kato  ari'ived,  and  heard,  to  his  chagrin,  of  his  ri\al'- 
advaiice  into  the  interior.  He  exclaimed,  "The  boy  ha-  taken  my 
route;  I  -hall  not  follow  in  his  tracks."  {[r  tlieti  burned  the  town, 


-.14  TflK   MIKADO'S  A' 

\\hidi  K    '..-:'  had  -pared,  and  advanced  iut"  tin-  cmnitrv  l*y  another 


fur  ea  •::  coq»  of  the  annv  to  com  pier  a  circuit.  The  Co  real  i  kin-'  ap- 
1  a  coiiiniamler-in-chief.  and  endeavored  to  defend  hi-  coimtrv. 
Japanese  armie-  were  everywhere  victorious.  After  manv  hat- 
tie-  foii-'ht.  and  f>  >rt  roses  -tornied.  nearlv  all  the  pro  \  i  nee-  of  the  ci-'ht 
[s  were  -lii'dued.  and  the  capital.  Keiikitai.  \\ a-  taken.  The  kin-; 
and  hi-  son  tied.  At  one  "Teat  !>attle.  fii  thou-and  <  'oivan-  arc  -aid 
to  ha\e  heeii  killed,  and  their  car- iMit  otT  and  preserved  in  -alt  or  sake. 
The  fort-  \veiv  -jarri-oned  1>\  .)apaiic-e  troops.  The  < 'on  an-  a-k-d 
the  aid  of  China,  and  a  Chine-e  annv  of  a— i-tance  wa-  sent  f»r\sanl, 
and  after  several  severe  i>attlcs  the  Japaiic-c  \\ere  compelled  to  fall 
hack.  Ke-ervo  from  Japan  \\vre  di-patdicd  to  ( 'on  a.  and  the  Japa- 
nese  were  on  the  point  of  in\  adiii-'  China,  when,  in  1  .V.i^.  the  death  <>( 
the  laiko  wa-  annoum-ed.  ;ind  order-  ucrc  received  from  their  <io\erm 
men!  to  return  home.  A  truce  was  concluded,  and  «  'orcan  cii\o\-  ac- 
roin]  1,-iiiieil  I\o]ii-hi  to  Japan. 

Tin-  compiest  of  Corea,  thus  in--lorioi;-ly  terminated,  reflect-  no 
hon»r  on  Japan,  and  perhap-  the  i'e-pon-ii'ilit  v  of  the  outrage  upon  a 
:  re-t>  \sholl\  upon  llide\o-hi.  Tile  (  'ol'cail-  Were  a 

mild    and  pea"eaMe    people,  \shollv    unprepared    for    war.      There    \\  a- 
a  -had"\\    of  provocation  for  tin-  iiiva-ion.  \\hidi  \\a-  nothing 
lc--   t:  teriiin'   -cheiiie.      It    u  a-  iiot   popular  with  the 

people  or  the  riili  i1-.  and   wa-  only  carried  throii-'h   l-\   the  \\ill  of  the 

[loveri-hcd   l-\    the   -Tea;    drain    >  -n   it-  re- 

-ource-.  t!:  iier-  alu'oad   ruthlc--l\    ile-olated  the   home-  and  need- 

md   "f  the  Cureali-.       \\diil'-  1  !n-  Ja]paiie-e  \\  eiv  ,!•- 

-tl'o\il    :'  '       -     of    the    Cul't-ail-.    tile     j 1'    IKltlM-    at     home    often 

pa\\'i ••'!   or  -old  .    -   a-   -lave-  to  th,    Spaiiiard-  and    I 'ort  u^iie-e 

-la1,  e  -  trader-.        I  !  li  -        n   either   -ide    mii-t    ha\  >     heeti 

-'i'ea'.  and   ii          I  and'ition  .,f  i»m    man.       N'everthdo-,  a  partv   in 

Japan  it   '      rea    \va-.  l-\    the   cuiiipie-t-   of   the   third 

and  -i\ti     utl  '  •      f  the  Japane-e  empire,  and  the  reader 

«  :i!  -e,    !r  ,\\   in   ]  -7-,  a  i .  .  •     I  -7").  the  crv  of  "  (  »n  to  <  'orea  !" 

tiatioi 

'I"h"  laiko  di,    1  on  l  -  I  .Vi-.       [l.-fojv  hi-  death. 

:  c  -i  ••  .  d  lii.    lonn  o(  ,_f,,\  ;  married  hi-  -on   I  lidc\  ori.  th.-n 

>-ar-  old.  to  i  :  -u.  and    app.  'inti  d    tive 

'  •"•-.  or  mini-ter-,  who  \\erc  to    1.-    -'uardiaii-  ,,f  the  hov,  and  to   ac- 


S  ENTERPRISES—  INVASION  OF  CORE  A.         i>45 

knowledge  him  as  his  father's  successor.  As  Tvevasii  was  tlio  rising 
mail,  the  taiko  hoped  thus  to  gain  his  influence,  so  that  the  power 
mi^'lit  descend  in  his  own  family.  Tho  last  thoughts  of  the  hero 
were  of  strengthening  the  citadel  at  O/aka.  The  old  hero  was  buried 
in  the  grounds  of  Kodaiji,  in  Kioto. 

Tlii-  victorious  annv,  returning  from  Corea,  brought  much  spoil, 
and  tine  timlier  to  build  a  memorial  temple  to  the  memory  of  the 
dead  hero.  Among  other  trophies  were  several  thousands  of  ears, 
\\hich,  instead  of  heads,  the  Japanese  carried  back  to  raise  a  barrow  in 
Kioto.  The  temple  was  erected  on  a  hill  on  the  west  side  of  Kioto 
bv  his  wife,  who,  after  the  death  of  her  husband,  became  a  nun.  This 
splendid  edifice  was  afterward  burned,  and  the  site  of  the  taiko's  re- 
mains is  uncertain. 


Mimidzuka   (Ear  Monument),  in  Kioto.    (From  a  photograph.) 

In  the  city  still  stands  the  Mimidzuka  (ear-tomb),  a  monument  of 
characteristic  appearance.  It  consi>ts  of  a  cube,  sphere,  and  p;iLi'"da- 
cr.rve,  surmounted  by  two  spheroids,  the  top-stone  rising  to  a  point. 
The  mound  is  seven  hundred  and  twentv  feet  in  circumference,  and 
ninety  feet  in  height;  the  pedestal  at  the  top  bein^  t\\'elve  feet  square, 
and  tlic  monument  twelve  feet  hi^li.  As  usual  on  P>uddhi-t  tombs  or 
ecclesiastical  edifices,  a  Sanskrit  letter  is  carved  on  each  side  »f  the 
four  faces  of  the  cube.  Deneath  this  tomb  is  a  !>aiT"W,  COM  rin^-  the 
di--c\v]vd  ears  of  thousands  of  ( 'oreans  :  but  the  mo-i  enduring  iiimiu- 
iiH'iit>  of  the  great  taiko  wen-  the  political  institution-,  and  the  works 
of  peace  reared  bv  his  genius  and  labor. 


It  i-  11.  •(  ditliciilt  i"  account  fur  the  tone  of  admiration  and  pride 
\\ith  \vhirh  a  i!i"'l.Tii  .lapatie-e  -peak-  of  "the  a'jv  of  Taiko."  There 
arc  inan\  who  hold  that  In-  \v;is  the  real  unitier  of  the  empire,  ami 
that  l\r\a-u  nirivU  followed  in  hi-  foe  .t-tep-,  perfecting  the  \\crk 
Ilidi'voshi  I'e^'an.  ('eilain  it  i-  tliat  in  inanv  of  the  nio>t 
ULT  form-  of  national  administration,  and  iiotaMv  in  l>e-towinc.- 
upon  hi-  \a-al-  u'raiit-  of  laii'l,  and  making  tin-  eonditioii-  of  tenure 
'.  i\alt\  to  liiin-elf  and  fainilv.  I\e\a-u  wa-  luit  the  cop\  i-t  of  the 
'aiko.  In  hi-  time,  the  ai't-  and  sciences  were  not  onlv  in  a  \erv 
flourishing  condition.  l>ut  irave  promi-e  of  rich  development.  The 
-pint  of  military  enterpri-e  and  internal  national  improvement  \va-  at 
it-  height.  Coiitaet  \\ith  the  foreigners  of  inanv  nation-  awoke  a 
-pint  of  inquiry  and  intelleetnal  activity:  \>\\\  it  wa-  on  the  -.  a-  that 
u'eiiiu-  and  re-tle.-s  aeti\itv  found  their  mo-t  eonu'eiiial  tield. 

Thi-  era  is  marked  \>\  the  hiu'lte-t  perfection  in  marine  aivhiti-  -i  inv. 
and  the  extent  and  variety  of  commercial  enterprises.  The  >h;p- 
1'iiilt  in  tlii-  cetiturv  were  twice  or  thrice  the  >i/e,  and  va-tlv  t!:e 
-uperior  in  model,  of  the  junk-  that  now  lni'j,'  the  ,Iapane-e  shores,  or 
pi  v  1  M-t  \s  ceii  (  'hina  and  .Ia]>an.  The  picture-  of  them  piv-er\  ed  ti  .  t  he 
pre-eiit  i!a\  -h-iw  that  thev  \\cre  -nperior  in  >ixe  to  the  \e--el-  nf 
('olumlni-,  and  nearlv  eijiial  in  -ailing  ijiialities  to  the  conteniporar\' 
I  Mitch  and  Portuguese  galleon-.  Thev  \\eiv  provided  with  ordnance, 
and  a  ni"del  of  a  .lapaiie-e  hivei-h-loadim:'  camion  i-  -till  pn'-i-n  e<l  in 
Kioto.  K\er  a  !>ravc  and  adventurous  people,  the  .lapaiie-e  ih^i 


mixleni  -hore-lioiind  peop'i-  \\oiild  seareeh  credit.  Voyages  of  trade. 
di-eo\erv,  or  pirac\  had  lieeli  inadi-  to  India,  Siam.  I  Mil  inah,  1  he  1'iiil- 
ippiii"-.  Southern  <'hina.  the  Ma!a\  Aivhipi  'a-M.  and  the  Knrile-;.  on 
the  iii'i'tli,  even  iii  the  fifteenth  century,  I'til  \\eiv  mo-t  nmneroii-  ii: 

the    -!\teelitll.        The    .lapalle<e    if;iVr    the    liaille    to    the    i-lalld    of    lio-on 

1 

i  I.u/on  >,  and  the  ile-eeiidant-  of  ,!apaiie-e  pirate-  or  t  rader<  arc  -•  ill  t" 
•'  found  in  numl'iT-  in  thi-  arcliijielaLTo.  In  the  citv  of  Avntliaya. 
•  in  tin  MI  nam.  in  Siam,  a  tloiiri-liiii'j;  >ea-port,  the  people  call  one  part 
"f  the  place  the  ".lajiaiie-e  .  narti  r."  Tlir  .Iaj)ane-e  literature  eoiitain- 

IliailV    referelli'e-     to     the-e    advelitliroU-     -ailoj--:     and    \\llell    th'1    ivcord- 

•f    the    Kar    Ma-t    are    tlmi  nv.'-ti^ated,   and    thi-    -nl'jeet    full\- 

-tudied,  very  interi-tiiiLr  re-  It-  will  IT  olitained,  -howiim1  the  wide- 
-pread  intliieiice  of  Japan  at  a  time  \\hen  -he  wa-  -cared  v  kiioun  \>\ 

'he    I-];;]-,  ipfiin    World    t'  '    ha\e    i   \i-telice. 


L'URISTIANITY  AXD  FOREIGNERS. 


XXV. 

(  ///,'/>  77. 1 MTY  A  XI)   FOR  Kir;  .VAVtt.  * 

IT  soems  now  nearlv  Certain  that  \vlicn  Columbus  set  sail  from 
Spain  to  discover  a  new  continent,  it  was  not  America  lie  was  seek- 
ing; for  of  that  he  knew  nothing.  His  quest  was  the  land  of  Japan. 
Marco  I'olo,  the  Venetian  traveler,  had  spent  seventeen  years  (1275- 
1202)  at  the  court  of  the  Tartar  emperor,  Kublai  Khan,  and  while  in 
Peking  had  heard  of  a  land  lyin^  to  the  eastward  called,  in  the  lan- 
e'uauv  of  the  <  'hinese  capital,  Jipanu'u,  from  which  our  modern  name, 
Japan,  has  been  corrupted.  Columbus  was  an  ardent  student  of  Polo'- 
book,  which  had  been  published  in  1208.  He  sailed  westward  acros> 
the  Atlantic  to  tind  this  kingdom  of  the  sun-source.  Jle  discovered, 
not  Japan,  but  an  archipelago  in  America,  on  whose  shores  he  eagerly 
inquired  ooncerninii1  Jipanti'U.  The  torch  of  modern  discoverv  thu- 
kindled  bv  him  was  handed  on  bv  Vasco  da  Gama.  and  a  host  of 
brave:  Portuguese  navigators,  who  drove  their  keels  into  the  once  un- 
known seas  of  the  Orient,  and  came  back  to  tell  of  densely  populated 
empires  enriched  with  the  wealth  that  makes  civilization  possible,  and 
•»f  which  Europe  had  scarcely  heard.  Their  accounts  tired  the  hearts 
of  the  zealous  who  longed  to  convert  the  heathen,  aroused  the  cupiditv 
of  traders  who  thirsted  for  "-old,  and  kindled  the  desire  of  monarchs  to 
found  empire-  in  A-ia. 

AS  tin-  Spaniards  had  founded  an  empire  in  America,  Portugal  was 
then  Hearing  the  zenith  of  her  maritime  idory.  Meiidez  1'iuto,  a  1W- 
tu^uese  adventurer,  seems  to  have  been  the  first  European  \\h<>  landed 
on  Japanese  soil.  On  his  return  to  Europe,  he  told  so  m;-;nv  wonder- 
ful stories  that  he  was  dubbed,  bv  ;i  ]>un  on  his  Chri-tian  name,  "  the 

*  In  eniii[iiiiii!X  this  eha|itcr,  I  liuvc  made  Use  of  IIildi\-lir-  "J;tj>;iti  ;;-  i;  \V.i- 
.mil  Is;"  Li'on  Paices'  ••Hi-tuiri'  dc/  la  Kuliicion  (.'lirt'-tH-niir  ;n:  Ja]i-iu:"  (.'liar 
levoix's"  Hist  oirc  du  ChrL-tianisnii' an  Japon;''  Dixoii's  ''Japan :"  '  '•'  im!><ir<i ;  \ 
•lapaiu'si'  Account  nl'thc  I'iir'^tian  Insurrection  in  KM?;"  the  .lapnncM1  Kiir\vl<>- 
pivdia,  S't/i  S,t!  I)~ii  Y<  ;  and  the  able-  paper  of  Ilerr  Von  Brand!  ;  Mini-U'r  d'  the 
N'orth  Gunnan  Coufuck-ration  in  Japau)  ruad  bei'ure  tiic  (junn;;;:  A^iaiie  .Suciri\ 
of  Japan. 


1'4-i  Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMU  RE. 

mendaciou<."      Hi-  narrative  was,  liowevor.  as  we  now  know,  suhstan- 

tial  \  c  •  ;•••.  •'.  Pinto,  while  in  <'liina,  had  LTMt  on  hoard  a  <  'hine-e 
junk,  commanded  !>v  a  pirate.  Thev  were  attacked  hv  another  cor- 
.  u-ir  pilot  ua-  killed. and  the  ve--d  wa-  driven  oil'  the  coa-t  hv 
a  -torm.  Thev  made  for  the  Liu  Kin  I-lands  :  hut,  Uliahle  to  find  a 
.  pul  to  -ea,  and  after  twenty-three  days  heating  ahout,  >i<_rhted 
tl.e  i-!aiid  of  Tane  (  7'" /"//" xlt'mto.  i-iaiid  of  the  seed),  off  the  -outli  of 
Kiii-hiu,  and  landed.  The  name  of  the  i-land  wa-  i-i^niticant.  /The 
.rrhal  of  those  foreigners  was  the  seed  of  trouhles  innunierahle.  The 
•  Top  ua-  priestcraft  of  the  \\or-t  tvpe.  political  intrigue,  religious  per- 
-'•cution,  the  Inquisition,  the  >la\  e-trade.  the  propagation  of  ( 'hri-iian- 
itv  liv  the  sword,  sedition,  rehellioii,  and  civil  war.  Its  har\e.-t  \\a- 
jai'!i,  reil  in  tin  hlood  of  sixty  thousand  Japanese. 

The  native  hi-tories  recount  the  fir-t  arrival  of  Europeans  on  Taiie- 
".•a-hima  in  \~i\~2.  and  note  that  Near  a-  the  one  in  which  thv-arm- 
weiv  tir-t  introduced.  Pinto  and  hi-  tuo  companions  \\eiv  armed 

with  ariplehuses,  which  delighted  thi-  people,  ever  1'eadv  to  accept 
'  .'T  will  tend  to  their  advantage.  Thev  were  even  more  ini- 
piv—cd  with  the  novel  ueapon-  than  hv  the  -tranter-.  Pinto  \\a-  in- 
vited  1'N  the  hailllio  of  linn--,,  to  visil  him.  which  he  did.  The  i,a- 
tive>  he-':  m  i  mi  Medial  el  v  to  make  u'llli-  and  poNvder.  the  secret  of  which 
ua-  taii_!i;  them  !.\  their  \i-itors.  In  a  few  vears,  as  we  know  from 
Japaiie-i-  hi-torv,  tii'e-ai'iu-  came  into  general  u-e.  To  thi-  dav  maiiv 

cotllltrV     people     call     tllelll    "    1  a  II  e".';i-h  1  Ilia.  'I  lil!-.    Ill     the     he'j'inililllf, 

hand-in-haiid  cann-  foreigners.  <'liri-tianit  v,  and  tire-arm-.  TO  jnanv  a 
nati\  e  tliev  arc  ^t ill  each  and  e. pial  memi'cr-  of  a  trinhy  <>f  tern  >r>,  and 
one  i- a -vi  '  .  < 'hri-tianit\  to  nm>l  of  "  the  heatiu-n  " 

-i  ii!  mean-  ;-:  j  j  n-  and  p.  >u  der. 

\\\  th —  dav-  !•  and  jiiracv.  uar  aii'l   religion,  wire  cl,,-e!v 

,  :   and  the  -\\ ,  i  i-d  and  the  cp ,--  were  twin  weapon  N,  like  the  cinie- 

ter  ami  the   Iv.ra     i  :   -;.     Turks,  !>N    which   the   pioii-   rohh.-rs  of  the 

iiio-t  ('hri-lian  empire-  of  Spain  and    Portugal    went    forth  \->  coinjuer 

.veak  nation-. 

Tl  i"  pi  rat  i   trade  i    •••. :.     hroinrhl    Pint.  >  to  Japan  cleared  twelve  hu  n- 

.il'ed    ]nT   ce'it.  1    the    three     Portll-'IIe-e    1'et  II  riled,   loaded 

..•.'••.  pr  -'  !;!-.'•    '  I'iii-  iieu   market  attracted  hundred- of  j'of- 

••;-  ,,'-e  advi  ntun  I1-  to  .'  i]  a    .  \\  ho  found  a  I'cadN    welcome  at  the  hand- 
;  in  — ihli     i  •     ;  1  i-   vii  d  with  each  •  .;h.'i-  in  at- 

-.  •:  the  foreign,  r-  to  :  ,   ir  -l;o]-i  -.  tie  ii'  ohject  heinn'  to  ohtain  the 
n-.  all  1  Lft   ':'  -    i   in. Tea-.,    their  power,  as.  the 


CHRISTIANITY  AND   FOREIGNERS.  LMO 

authority  of  tin-  Ashikaga  shdguns  had  K'fore  this  time  been  ca>t  oil', 
and  cadi  diicf  was  striving  for  local  supremacy. 

The  missionary  followed  the  merchant.  Alreadv  the  Portuguese 
priests  and  Franciscan  friars  were  numerous  in  India  and  the  strait>. 
A  native  of  SatMima  named  Anjiro,  \\lio.  having  killed  a  man,  had 
tied  to  Pinto1  s  boat,  and  was  carried  oil'  l>y  him,  after  the  long  Mitl'er- 
ings  of  remorse  readied  Goa,  becoming  a  convert  to  Christianity. 
Learning  to  read  and  write  Portuguese,  and  having  mastered  the  whole 
Christian  doctrine,  he  became  Xavier's  interpreter.  To  the  question 
whether  the  Japanese  would  l>e  likely  to  accept  Christianity,  Anjin 
answered — in  words  that  seem  fresh,  pertinent,  and  to  have  been  ut- 
tered but  yesterday,  so  true  are  they  still — that  "  his  people  would  not 
immediately  assent  to  what  might  be  said  to  them,  hut  they  would 
investigate  what  I  might  atlirm  re-peeling  religion  bv  a  multitude  -if 
questions,  and,  above  all,  by  observing  whether  mv  conduct  agreed  \\  ith 
my  words.  This  done,  the  king  (daimio),  the  nobility,  and  adult  p>  p- 
ulation  would  tiock  to  Christ,  bdnii' a  natio;,  v.h'di  always  follo\\s  rea- 
son as  a  iniide."  The  words  are  recorded  by  Xavier  himself. 

In  Io40,  the  pirtv  of  two  Jesuits  and  two  Japanese  landed  at  Ka- 
goshima,  in  Sutsuma.  Xavier,  after  studying  the  rudiments  of  the  lap- 
guage,  beyond  which  he  never  advanced,  and  making  diligent  use  of 
the  pictures  of  the  Virgin  and  Child,  soon  left  the  capital  of  this  w;,i 
like  dan,  for  the  city  had  not  becu  favored  with  the  commerce  of  tl;  • 
Portuguese;  and,  as  the  missionaries  had  not  come  to  improve  th  • 
material  resources  of  the  province,  they  \\ere  not  warmly  welcomed. 
lie  then  went  to  Ilun^o  and  Xau'ato.  P>csidcs  having  an  interpreter, 
though  unable  to  preach,  he  used  to  read  the  Gospel  of  Matthew  tran- 
lated  by  Anjiro  into  Japanese,  and  Romanized.  Though  unable  to 
understand  much  of  it,  \\v  read  it  in  public  with  great  elfcct.  There 
trade  was  flourishing  and  enriching  the  daimios,  and  he  was  \\armh 
received  by  them.  Ili^  next  step  was  a  journey  to  Kioto.  There,  in- 
stead of  tin.-  extraordinary  richness  of  the  sovereign's  palace,  \\hich  he 
had  expected  to  see  plated  with  gold  on  the  roofs  and  ceilings,  with 
tables  nf  the  -ame  metal,  and  all  the  other  wonders  as  related  hv  Mar 
co  Polo,  he  found  it  but  a  city  which  wars  and  tires  had  rendered  de>- 
olate,  and  almost  uninhabitable,  except  as  a  camp.  II<Te  he  employed 
the  policy  of  austerity  and  poverty,  his  appearance  bciiiu' that  of  a  In -^- 
gar,  though  later  he  used  wealth  and  uTeat  di-plav  in  liis  ministrations, 
with  marked  effect.  The  mikado's  (dairi)  authority,  he  found,  \\a> 
merely  nominal;  the  shoinm,  A-hika^a  Vo-hiteni.  ruled  only  over  LI 


KAlx.i'S  KM  I'll;  I-:. 

ie\\  pro\iiier-  around  the  eapital.  Kverv  one'-  thoughts  were  of  war. 
and  i.;inir  \\a-  imminent.  Thf  \vrv  idea  "1  ;ui  interview  \\ith  the  mi- 
kad  \\  i-  .:  i  'Mir  lit  v.  and  one  \\ith  thr  Kui>o  -ama  (.-hn^un)  an  im- 
po-.-ihilit  v,  hi-  temporan  po\-rt\  not  permitting  him  t«>  make  a  piv-- 
i-nl  •  •':'•  'ti\rlv  lar^e  enough  for  the  latti-r.  and  rendering  him  eoii- 
!  iiijitil'K'  in  tin-  eyes  of  thr  people.  Id-  attempted  to  juvaeh  seve/a! 
lime-  in  the  streets,  lint,  imt  1'r'm^  ma-ter  (,f  the  lan^ua^e,  failed  to  se- 

•  ire  attention,  and  after  t  \\  o  ucek-  left  the  i-itv  di-u'ii-t'-d.      Not  lon^ 
•    :.  haxiiiLi'  turned   hi-  attention   t"  the  fiirtheraniv  of  trade  and  di- 

jiioinacy,  lie  drjiarted  from  .lapan,  ili>liearti-iii-il  i«y  the  realities  of  mis- 
-ionarv   work.      lie  had,  lio\vc\ei'.  inspired    others,  who   followed  him 
and  their  >ueee»  v,  as  ainax.in^l\   u'reat.      \\  ithin  five  years  after  Xavier 
\'>:ti-d    Kioto,  >c\eii    churehes    \\eiv   estahli-hed   in   the    \i'-initv  of  the 
e',t\    it-elf,  \\  llile  -core-  of  (  'h  1'i-t  la  II   i.'ollllllUliit  ies   had   -pnilli:'  H]  i   ill   the 

-  ',l!l-Ue-t.         Ill    lo^l.  tll'Tr    Uel'e   1  \\  o    hl'.lldl'ed    I'lltlivhe-.  alld    olle    Imil- 

ih'ed  and  fiftv  thou-aiid    nati\e   Chri-t  ian-.       In    IMIIIL:'",  whc-re   Xa\  n-r 

won  hi-ua\  l>v  eo>tlv  ^'ifts,  as  lie  did  in  Stiwo  Lv  dijilomaev  :  in  Ilari- 

iiia  and   Uiimra,  tlse  daimios   themselves    had    pl'ofe—  ed   the   ne\\    taitii. 

\\liile   Noi'iiiia.iivi,  the  hater  of  the  linddlii-t-.  o^-liiy  fa\ol'ed  tin-  ('hris- 

-.  and  L^ave  tln-m  eli^iMc  -iie-    iiju.n  \\hi'-h   to   ImiM   dueiliiij,1-  and 

irehe-.      Keadv  to  u-e  aiiv    \\eaj.on-  a_;'ain-t   the   !".n/.e-    Nuimna^a 

hojp.-d    t,,    UNC   tile    foreigner-   a-   a   emit.terjiol-.e   to   their  alTo^alier. 

lii    1  .")•>:{,  all   rmlia--  v  of   four   \o,i!i--   nolili-meii    \\a-  di-jiatehed  !>v 

(  'hri-tian   daimio>  of   Kin-hiu    to  the    [H.JII-.  to   dee|are    tlu-insdvcs 

sa—  al>  of  the   Ii..|\    See.       MiLfht   years  afl-  ruard.  ha\inj.'  had  aiidienec 

of   I'hili]'   II.  of  Spain,  and    ki->ed   th^   feel    of  tie-   \>»\-c  at    U-me.  ihey 

ri'turiied,  hnnu'iiiLT    with   them    M-vi-ntfi-n   .1,  -]\\\    mi--i»iiarii  —  an  im- 

portant   addition    to    thr    maii\    I  'oft  iiL;'Ui'-e   r.-li^ioii--    of  that   order  al- 

I'ea'iv    in    Japan.      Spani-h    meinlieaiit    friar-    from    the    Philippine   1-1- 

aiid-,  v.  itii    ]  >•  'inini'-an-   ;ind    Au^'u-taiis.  al>o  tloeketl   into  the  cuuiitrv. 

[ir.-aeiiiiin;  and  x.i'al"U-l\    [ipi-el\  tinir.      Tin-  numl'er  of  "  <  'hri-tians  "  at 

ill.-  time  of  the  hi^'he-1    >ucci-i>    of   the  mi--i.  'iiarie.-   in   Jajian   was  a«-- 

'•ordiiiLT  to  1  hrir  o\\  n   ti^ur<--.  -i\   himdrecl  thousand  —  a  niimher  uhnh 

I   helieve  i-  no   exau'^i'rat  ion,  the   .jiiantity.  not    ijualitv.  l>ein^   eoii-id- 

:    'i.      Tip'  Japaip  -•  .  !••--   a  '        .  set   down   a  total   of  tuo  million 

uinal   adln-n-nt-   to   the  ('hri-tian   -eet-,  lar^e   nuiiierieal   slatenii'iit- 


thi'ir  eiin\erts  ui'i'i1    -I'Vi'i'al    pnn<-i'-,  and    lar^'1    niniilii-rs   o)    hn'd-   and 

^•••ntli'iiieii  in  liiirli  "Hi'-ial  p"-it  ion.  ^cnc-ral-  and  e^ptain-  in  the  arm\, 

!i  1  tin    admiral  and  oilie.-r-  of  tin    Japaiie-e  }]e,-t-.      S,-\  eral  of  the  la- 


CURISTIAX1TY  A  XL  FOREIGNERS.  251 

dies  of  the  hou>eholds  of  Ilideyoshi,  Ilideyori,  and  lyeyasu,  besides 
influential  women  of  noble  blood  in  many  provinces  whose  rulers  were 
not  Christians,  added  to  their  power,  while  at  the  seat  of  government 
the  chief  interpreter  was  a  Jesuit  father.  Churches,  chapels,  and  resi- 
dence- of  the  fathers  were  numbered  by  thousands,  and  in  some  prov- 
ince- crosses  and  Christian  shrines  were  as  numerous  as  the  kindred 
evidences  of  Buddhism  had  been  before.  The  fathers  and  friars  had 
traveled  or  preached  from  one  end  of  the  western  half  of  Hondo  to 
the  other;  northward  in  Kchizcn,  Kaga,  Kchigo,  and  ()>hiu,  and  in 
the  provinces  of  the  Tokaido.  They  had  also  one  church  in  Yedo. 

The  causes  of  this  astonishingly  rapid  success  of  the  Jesuits  are  to  be 
sought  in  the  mental  soil  which  the  missionaries  found  ready  prepared 
for  their  seed.  It  was  in  the  later  days  of  the  Ashikaga,  when  Xavier 
arrived  in  Japan.  Centuries  of  misrule  and  anarchy  had  reduced  the 
people,  on  whom  the  burdens  of  war  fell,  to  the  lowest  depths  of  pov- 
erty and  misery.  The  native  religions  then  afforded  little  comfort  or 
consolation  to  their  adherents.  Shinto  had  sunk  to  a  myth  almost 
utterly  unknown  to  the  people,  and  so  overshadowed  by  Buddhism 
that  only  a  few  scholar-  knew  its  origin.  Buddhism,  having  lost  it; 
vitalizing  power,  had  degenerated  into  a  commercial  system  of  prayer-; 
and  mas.-cs,  in  which  salvation  could  be  purchased  only  by  the  merit 
of  the  deeds  and  prayers  of  the  priests.  Nevertheless,  its  material  and 
outward  splendor  were  never  greater.  Corneous  vestments,  blazing 
lights,  imposing  processions,  altars  of  dazzling  magnificence,  and  a 
sensuous  worship  captivated  the  minds  of  the  people,  while  indulgences 
were  sold,  and  saints'  days  and  holiday-  and  festivals  were  multiplied. 

The  Japanese  are  an  intensely  imaginative  people;  and  whatever 
appeals  to  the  iesthetics  of  sense,  or  tires  the  imagination,  leads  the 
ma— es  captive  at  the  will  of  their  religious  leaders.  The  priests  of 
Rome  came  with  crucifixes  in  their  hands,  eloquence  on  their  lips,  and 
with  rich  dresses,  impressive  ceremonies,  processions,  and  mysteries 
out-dazzled  the  scenic  display  of  the  Buddhists.  They  brought  pict- 
ures, gilt  crosses,  and  images,  and  erected  gorgeous  altars,  which  they 
u-ed  as  illuminated  texts  for  their  sermons.  They  preached  the  doc- 
trine of  an  immediate  entrance  into  paradise  after  death  to  all  be- 
lievers, a  doctrine  which  thrilled  their  hearers  to  an  uncontrollable 
pitch  of  enthusia<m.  Buddhism  promises  rest  in  heaven  only  after 
man}'  trail-formations,  births,  and  the  repeated  miseries  of  life  and 
death,  the  very  thought  of  which  wearies  the  soul.  The  story  of  the 
Cross,  made  vivid  by  fervid  eloquence,  tears,  and  harrowing  pictures 


J.-.J  Till-:  MIKADO'S   A'.W '//.'A1. 

and  >•  •  ._•••-.  \\hieh   bridged  tin1  Li'nlf  of  remoteii<--s.  ami   made 

•     i        \   .'".     M'-ar    Mini    illteliseh     real,    melted    the    heart-    of   the 

impre--i'  •  natives.  Furtlu  nii"iv.  tin'  transition  from  tin-  religion  ol 
at  of  Koine  \\a-  extivmelv  ea>y.  The  \vrv  id"!-  of  I>uddha 
[•  a  littK1  alteration  \\ith  the  eh;-el.  for  imauv-  of  t'hri-t. 
Th'-  I  '>iiddhi-l  >aints  ueiv  ea-ilv  transformed  into  the  T \\ei\c  Apo-tli  -. 
T  n  '  'ro-s  took  the  j.laec  of  the  /«/•//.  It  \va-  i'iiil.la/oiir<l  »i\  the  h,  [- 
niet>  aii'l  lianiieis  of  the  \\arri' >rs  aini  rintiroidered  on  their  lirea-t-. 
'1'he  Japain-si1  Mil.lii-rs  \\ent  forth  to  l.uttlr  like  i  'hri-tian  i'ni>aile:'-. 
In  the  roaiUiile  shrine  Ktiaiion,  the  (ioilile-s  of  Meiw,  ma'lf  uav  f<  : 
the  Virgin,  the  mother  of  (ioil.  li:i'l'llii-ni  \\  a>  beaten  \\ith  it-  o\  :, 
ueai'on-.  It-  o\\n  artillerv  was  turned  a^ain-t  it.  Nearlv  all  tl 
<'hri-iian  rlmri'lies  were  nati\e  temj>le>,  sprinkled  aii-l  }>ui-itieil.  'i '. 
same  hell.  \\!io-e  hooiii  had  so  often  .jiiheivd  the  air  aniioiinein^  ti. 
ori>oiis  and  matin>  of  paganism,  wa-  a^ain  Me^-ed  and  sprinkled.  ;,i.d 
i-alli  1  the  same  heareis  to  mass  and  tjotiff-sion  ;  the  -aim-  l;i\al<'j\ 
that  fronted  the  temple  served  for  holy-water  or  hapti-mal  f-nt  :  ;i- 
same  IVIIMT  that  -uunu'  before  Amida  could  be  retilled  to  \\aft  ('lii'i- 

liall     ilieellX-;     the     lleW     CoIlVert      eollld      ll-e     Uliehail^ed      hi-     "Id      bead-. 

-,  ineeiise,  and    all    the    paraphenialia    of    hi-    old    faith    in 

eelebral  i"ll    i  <f    t  he    lle\V. 

Aini"-!  everv  ihin^that  i-  d;-tineti\e  in  the  Itoinaii  form  of  ( 'hri— 
tianitv  i-  to  br  found  in  r>iiddhi-m  :  images,  jiieiure-.  li^ht-.  altars, 
ineeti-e.  v e-t ineiit -.  ma---,  bead-,  wav-ide  -hniie-.  nioiiaMeries,  nun- 
iierie-.  I'elibaev.  fa-tin-^-.  \  :_;';!-.  retreats,  pii^rimaires,  mendieant  \o\\-. 
-horn  In  ad-,  ord'-i'-.  hai'il-.  iiniform-.  nun>,  eoiivent-.  pnrj.'ator\ .  -aiiii- 
1\  and  prie-t!\  interee>-ioii.  indiiLvnee-.  \\..rk-  of  sujierero^ation, 
pope,  arehbi-hop-.  ,,  .:•-.  n,-i,lx-.  ]ie"ph\te-.  iv',|.--  and  ivlie- 

\\ '  >r-liip.  e\eiu>i\e  burial  _:•  •  :iid.  '-:e. .  .  ;.•.  ,  te. 

'I'h>-  method-  \\hieh  th^  foreign  prie-t-  emp|o\-ed  to  propagate  th'- 
fi"\v  faith  uei'e  i\i,\  -\}'-]\  a-  eomim  nd  themselves  to  a  eandid  mind. 
Th"  tir-t  aet  of  propagation  wa-  an  aet  of  Mariolatry.  Thev  broii-'j;; 

'  them  the  .]  ii  •  of  tin  In.|ii;-i;  i"ii,  1  h<-i,  ii:  full  bla-t  in  Spain  and 
I'oiiiiiral.  uhieh  the\  in  1  u-ed  there  for  th,.  n-elamatiou  of  native  and 


CHRISTIANITY  AND  FOREIGNERS.  253 

lars)  for  the  support  of  his  mission.  This  abundance  of  the  foreign 
precious  metal  was  noticed  especially  by  the  native  rulers.  In  Kiu- 
<hiu  the  daimios  themselves  became  Christians,  and  they  compelled 
their  <ubjects  to  embrace  their  religion.  The  people  of  whole  districts 
of  country  were  ordered  to  become  Christians,  or  to  leave  their  land 
and  the  homes  of  their  fathers,  and  go  into  banishment.  The  bonzes 
were  exiled  or  killed;  and  tire  and  sword,  as  well  as  preaching,  were 
employed  as  instruments  of  conversion.  Furthermore,  fictitious  mira- 
cles were  frequently  got  up  to  utilize  the  credulity  of  the  superstitious 
in  furthering  the  spread  of  the  faith,  plowing  accounts  of  which  may 
}>e  found  in  Leon  Pages'  "  Ilistoire  de  la  K.  (V  Not  only  do  the  na- 
tive Japanese  writers  record  these  things  as  simple  matter  of  fact,  but 
the  letters  of  the  Jesuits  themselves,  and  the  books  written  by  them, 
teem  with  instances  of  ferocious  cruelty  and  pious  fraud  wrought  in 
their  behalf,  or  at  their  instigation.  The  following  passages  from  the 
Jesuit  Charlevoix's  "  Histoire  du  Christianisme  an  Japon"  are  trans- 
lated by  I  )r.  Walter  I  >ixon  in  his  "Japan:''  "Snmitanda,  King  of 
Omiira.  who  had  become  a  Christian  in  loU^,  declared  open  war 
against  the  devils  j  bonzes J.  He  dispatched  some  squadrons  through 
his  kingdom  to  ruin  all  the  idols  and  temples  without  any  regard  to 
the  bonzes'  rage."...,  "In  1-577,  the  lord  of  the  island  of  Ama- 
cu-a  [Anmknsa]  is>ued  his  proclamation,  by  which  his  subjects — 
whether  bonzes  or  gentlemen,  merchants  or  tradesmen — were  required 
either  to  turn  Christians,  or  to  leave  the  country  the  very  next  day. 
Tney  almost  all  submitted,  and  received  baptism,  so  that  in  a  short 
lime  there  were  more  than  twenty  churches  in  the  kingdom.  Cod 
wrought  miracles  to  confirm  the  faithful  in  their  belief."  The  I>aimio 
of  Takatsfiki,  Settsu,  "labored  with  a  zeal  truly  apostolic  to  extirpate 
tli"  idolaters  out  of  his  states.  lie  sent  word  that  they  should  either 
receive  the  faith,  or  be  gone  immediately  out  of  his  country,  for  he 
would  acknowledge  none  for  his  subjects  but  such  as  acknowledged 
the  true  Cod.  The  declaration  obliged  them  all  to  accept  in-tructioii. 
whi.-h  cut  out  work  enough  for  all  the  fathers  and  mis-innarie-  at 

M:-!l-n   |Miako|." 

'I  he  I  >aimio  of  Bunu'o  at  one  time,  during  war,  destroyed  a  mo<t 
prodigious  and  magnifieenl  1eni|)le,  with  a  colossal  statue,  burning 
thri".'  thousand  monasteries  to  a-hes  and  razing  the  temp! 
u'!'oiin  |.  Tin1  coiii!!n  nt  of  the  Jesuit  writci1  on  tin-  i-.  "  Tl 
/-al  of  the  prince  is  an  evident  instance  of  hi-  faith  and 


254  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

above  tlio  P.ethK-heni  hills,  few  echoes  uf  which  the  Japanese  have  as 
vet  heard. 

A-  tin'  different   i Tilers,  Jesuits,  Franciscans,  and  Auijustinians,  in- 

civa-ed.  thev  hc^aii  to  t!vn<'li  upon  each  other's  parishes.  This  ^uve 
ri-e  to  ijuanvls,  indecent  squabbles,  and  mutual  vituperation,  at  which 
the  pagans  sneered  and  the  bon/cs  rejoiced.  AVhile  the  friars  of 
the-e  order-  were  riijorouslv  excommunicating  each  other,  thinking 
heathen  \\ere  not  favorably  impressed  with  the  new  religion,  ('hri— 
tianitv  received  her  sorest  wound  in  the  house  of  her  friends. 

At  tin-  time.  also,  political  and  religious  war  was  alnio>t  universal 
in  Kuropc.  and  the  ijiiarrels  of  the  various  nationalities  followed  the 
buccaneers,  pirates,  traders,  and  missionaries  to  the  distant  seas  of 
Japan.  The  Prote>tant.  hutch,  and  Knirlish  stirred  up  the  hatred 
and  fear  of  the  Japanese  ai^ain-t  the  papists,  and  Hnallv  against  each 
other.  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  blackened  the  character  of  the  here- 
tic-, and  a- vigorously  abused  each  other  when  it  served  their  inteiv>t. 
All  of  which  impelled  the  shre\\d  .Japanese  to  contrive  how  to  u-e 
them  one  nirain>t  the  other,  an  art  which  they  still  uinleistand.  All 
foreigners  but  espeeiallv  PorttiLTUese,  then  were  slave -trader-,  and 
thoti-and<  of  Japanese  were  bought  and  sold  and  shipped  to  Macao, 
in  ('liina.  and  to  the  Philippines.  The  lon^-  civil  wars,  and  the  misery 
cau-ed  b\' them,  and  the  expedition  to  ( 'oiva,  had  >o  impoverished  the 
people  that  »laves  became  so  cheap  that  even  the  Malav  and  ne^ro 
r-ervant-  of  the  1 '.  .]iu-'!ie-e.  -peculated  in  tlie  hoi ii, •-  . if  Japan e-e  -laves 
\\lio  were  bought  and  -"Id  and  transported.  Ilideyo-hi  i-epeateiilv 
i--iied  decrees  threat'-niriLT  \\ith  death  the-e  slave-traders,  and  e\en  the 
purcha-ec-.  Tlie  sea-ports  of  Hirado  and  Na'ja-aki  wei-i-  the  res,,rt 
of  the  l.iwe-t  i-las-  uf  adventurers  fp-m  all  Kurnpean  nation-,  and  the 
iv-iiit  "a-  a  continual  series  ..f  uproai1-  i>n>iU.  and  murders  anionir 
the  foreigner-,  ri-'jiiirin^  ever  and  aii"n  the  intervention  of  tin-  native 
authorities  tn  keep  the  peace.  TO  thi.  everlasting  honor  of  -ome  of 

the    .le-llit     bi-ll"p-     and    plie-t-     be     it      -aid.    thev     endeavored     to     do     ail 

they  could  to  piwi  nt  the  traflic  in  the  bodies  of  Mien. 

Sue),  a  pii-tiin  in'n  inJhience  and  of  (  'hri-tianit v.  which  i- 

hei-e  dl'avvn  in  mild  c,,l.,|--.  a-  the  .lapatie-e  -a\\  it.  \\a-  not  calculated 
to  make  a  pen;iam  nt  .  :  ,  ible  impr.— ion  on  the  .lapane-e  mind. 

\\'hi!e  \,,bunai:'a  li\-l.  aiid  th--  .b-nit-  ba-ked  in  hi-  fav,,r,  ail  wa- 
pi-o-'re--  and  vietorv.  Ilidi'-v  o-hi.  though  at  {ir-t  fav orable  to  the  new 
•''  _'  'ii.  is-ued.  in  l">-7.:i  ileeree  o)  liaiii-hnietit  apiin-t  the  foreign 
mi— ioiiaries.  The  Je-nit-  .[,,-ed  their  churches  and  chapels,  ceased 


CHRISTIANITY  AND  FOREIGNERS.  255 

to  preach  in  public,  but  carried  on  their  proselyting  work  in  private 
a<  vigorously  as  ever,  averaging  ten  thousand  converts  a  year,  until 
1500.  The  Spanish  mendicant  friars,  pouring  in  from  the  Philippines, 
openly  defied  the  Japanese  laws,  preaching  in  their  usual  garb  in  pub- 
lic, and  in  their  intemperate  language.  This  aroused  Ilidevoshi's 
attention,  and  his  decree  of  expulsion  was  renewed.  Some  of  the 
churches  were  burned.  In  1500,  six  Franciscan,  three  Jesuit,  and  sev- 
enteen Japanese  converts  were  taken  to  Nagasaki,  and  there  crucified. 
Still  the  Jesuits  resided,  in  the  countrv,  giving  out  to  the  people  that 
the  Spaniards  nourished  the  political  designs  against  Japan,  and  that 
the  decrees  of  expulsion  had  been  directed  against  the  priests  of  that 
nation,  and  that  the  late  outburst  of  persecution  was  an  explosion  of 
zeal  on  the  part  of  a  few  subordinate  officials.  Several  of  the  gener- 
als of  the  army  in  Coiva  still  opeiilv  professed  the  Christian  faith. 

When  the  taiko  died,  affairs  seemed  to  take  a  more  favorable  turn, 
but  onlv  for  a  few  years.  The  Christians  looked  to  llidevori  for 
their  friend  and  <]uasi-leader.  The  battle  of  Sekigahara,  and  the  de- 
feat of  Iliuevoi'i's  following,  blew  their  hopes  to  the  winds;  and  the 
ignominious  death  of  Isluda,  Konishi,  and  Otani,  the  Christian  nvncr- 
;\.\>  uho  had  witnessed  a  good  confession  both  as  warriors  and  as  up- 
holders of  tin.'  faith  in  Corea  and  at  home,  drove  their  adherents  to 
the  vei'ii'e  of  despair.  lyevasu  re-adjusted  the  feudal  relations  of  his 
vassals  in  Kiu>hiu  ;  and  as  the  taiko  had  also  re-arranged  the  fiefs,  the 
political  status  of  the  Christians  was  profoundly  altered.  The  new 
daimios,  carrying  the  policv  of  their  predecessors  as  taught  them  bv 
the  Jesuits,  but  reversing  its  direction,  began  to  persecute  their  Chris- 
tian subjects,  and  to  compel  them  to  renounce  their  faith.  The  native 
converts  resisted  even  to  blood  and  the  taking-up  of  arms.  This  \v;1> 
an  entirely  new  thing  under  the  Japanese  sun.  Hitherto  the  attitude 
of  ;he  peasantry  to  the  < roverninent  had  been  one  of  pa->i\e  obedi- 
ence and  slavish  submission.  The  idea  of  armed  rebellion  among  the 
farmers  was  something  so  wlmllv  new  that  Iveyasu  suspected  foreign 
in-tiii'ation.  Color  was  given  to  this  idea  by  the  fact  that  the  f"ivi ^ti- 
ers still  secretl v  or  opeiilv  paid  court  to  llidevori,  and  at  the  same 
time  frcelv  dispersed  i;'old  and  gifts,  in  addition  to  religion- 
to  the  persecuted.  heva-u  became  more  vigilant  a>  hi- 
creased,  and,  resolving  to  crush  this  spirit  of  independen 
date  the  foreign  emissaries,  met  even  outbreak  with  blo 
in  louti,  an  edict  from  Yedo  forbade  the  exercise  of  the 
ligion,  but  an  outward  show  of  obedience  warded  "tT  active 


ti.-ti.  In  It'll",  ilu-  Spaiii-h  friars  a^ain  aroused  the  wrath  of  the  CJnv- 
ernmeiit  !>',  d-'fvitm'  it-  commands,  ami  exhorting  the  nathe  converts 
t..  d"  likewise.  In  hill.  Iveva-u  obtained  (locuiuiMitarv  JUNK  if  of 

lie  had  Ioim-  .-U-pected,  \  \'/...  the  exigence  of  a  plot  <>n  tile  part  (if 
tin-  native  e. invert-  and  the  foreign  emissaries  to  reduce  Japan  to  the 
p  '-ition  of  a  Mihject  state.  The  chief  con-piralor.  Okuho,  then  <Jov- 

•  •n. or  ,,f  Sado,  to  \vhieh  place  thousands  of  Christian  exiles  had  heen 

•  nt  to   uurk  the  mine-,  was  to  l>e  made  hereditary   ruler  l>y  the  for- 
eigners.     The  names  of  the  chief  native  and  foreign  conspirators  \\eiv 
written  down,  with  the  usual  seal  of  Mood  from  the  end  of  the  middle 
ringer  of  the  ringleader.      With  this  paper  was  found  concealed,  in  an 
ir  in  !><>x  in  an  old  well,  a  va-t  hoard  of  '_T"ld  and  -iher. 

Ivt'-ya-u  no\\   put  forth  -tivntioiis  measures  to  root   out  utterlv  \\hat 

he   lielieVed   to   lie   a  pe-tilelit    I'l'eeder   of   -edition  alld   Wai1.        I;re-h   edicts 

were  i--ued,  and  in   H>14  twent\-two  Franciscan,  I  >ominican,  and  Au- 

n'-'.-liiiian  friar-,  one  hundred  and  seventeen  Jesuit-,  and  hundred-  of 
native  priests  and  cateclii-ts.  were  einliarked  'ny  force  on  hoard  junk-. 
and  >ent  >  'Ut  of  the  eoiintrv. 

In  I'll  .").  Ivi'-va-u  pu-hed  matters  to  an  extreme  with  Ilidevori.  \\ho 
was  then  cntt-rtaininiT  sonic  Jesuit  prie-ts;  and.  calling  out  the  troops 
of  Kiu-hiu  and  the  K'uanto.  laid  -ie-v  to  tin-  ca-tle  of  (~)/aka.  A  1  tat- 
tle of  unu-ual  fei'ocitv  and  hloodv  -laughter  ra^ed,  on  the  Uth  of  -lime. 
1 ''>!-").  ending  in  the  l.urniiiL:-  "f  the  citadel,  and  the  total  defeat  and 
d  :tth  of  Hideyori  and  thou>ands  of  his  follower-.  The  Je-uit  fathei-s 
-•i\  thai  one  hundred  thoii-and  men  pi^ri-hed  in  thi-  hrief  \\ai'.  of 
v. !  Tic  1 1  \i\id  details  are  ^fiveti  in  t  he  "  1 1  i-toin-  tie  la  I  {elision  <  'hr/'tieiiiie." 
The  (  '!iri-t  ian  I'uu-e  was  now  politicallv  and  irreirie\-aM\  rn'uied.  llil- 
di'edth  remarks  that  (  'at  hol^i-m  in  Japan  "  received  i;-  di'alh-hlo\\  n, 
that  same  vear  in  \\1iich  a  t'.'W  I'liritan  [ii'--rim-  landi-d  at  I'lvnioiitli 
I"  plant  the  ol>-ciiiv  ^eed-  of  a  iie\\  and  -till  ^ro \\inj;  I'rote-tant  em- 
pire." 

Th'1  eviled  fop •!•_'!!  fi'iar-.  howe\-er,  kept  secret Iv  returniiio',  appareiit- 
lv  d:'-irous  of  the  crown  of  mart  vrdotii.  1  lidi'-tada.  1 1n-  -ho^'un.  now 
pronounci'd  -eiitence  o)  di-ath  an'aiu-1  anv  toi-ei^i,  pi-je^i  found  in  the 

•  'Untrv.      Iv(''iint-u,  h;-   -ucce-.-.or,  re-trieted    all   |O|-I'IL;'!I  commerce  to 
Nagasaki  and  ITirad"  :    all  Ja]»aiii--e  were  forMdden  to  leave  the  coun- 
try o|i    pain    of   di-ath:    and   in    1  ''n_'  1    all   foreign' 'I1-,  except    I  hitch  and 

\  were  ham-lied  from  Japaii.  and  an  >  diet   \va-  i--ued  I'oinmaiid- 

'l"-truction  of  all  \e--.-l-  !-.  sond  a  certain  diminutive  -i/e.  and 

';-••!)]_'  tin-  univer-al  model  in  -h  ,;   of  the  ''..a-tiirj 


CHRISTIANITY  AND  FOREIGNERS.  L'57 

junk.  Fresh  persecutions  followed,  many  apostate  lords  and  gentry 
now  favoring  the  Government.  Fire  and  sword  were  used  to  extir- 
pate Christianity,  and  to  paganize  the  same  people  who  in  their  youth 
were  Christianized  by  the  same  means.  Thousands  of  the  native  eon- 
verts  lied  to  China,  Formosa,  and  the  Philippines.  All  over  the  em- 
pire, but  especially  at  Uxaka  and  in  Kiushiu,  the  people  were  com- 
pelled to  trample  on  the  eross,  or  on  a  copper  plate  engraved  with  the 
representation  of  "  the  Christian  criminal  God.'1  The  Christians  suf- 
fered all  sorts  of  persecutions.  Thev  were  wrapped  in  straw  sacks, 
piled  in  heaps  of  living  fuel,  and  set  on  tire.  All  the  tortures  that 
barbaric  hatred  or  refined  cruelty  could  invent  were  used  to  turn  thou- 
sands of  their  fellow-men  into  carcasses  and  ashes.  Yet  few  of  the 
natives  quailed,  or  renounced  their  faith.  Thev  calmly  let  the  tire  of 
\\ood  cleft  from  the  crosses  before  which  they  once  prayed  consume 
them,  or  walked  cheerfully  to  the  blood-pit,  or  were  filing  alive  into 
the  open  grave  about  to  be  tilled  up.  Mothers  carried  their  babes  at, 
their  bosoms,  or  their  children  in  their  arms  to  the  tire,  the  sword,  or 
the  precipice's  edge,  rather  than  leave  them  behind  to  be  educated  in 
the  paii'an  faith.  If  anv  one  doubt  the  sincerity  and  fervor  of  the 
Christian  converts  of  to-day,  or  the  ability  of  the  Japanese'  to  accept  a 
hiii'her  form  of  faith,  or  their  willingness  to  suffer  for  what  thev  be- 
lieve, they  have  but  to  read  the  accounts  preserved  in  Knglish,  I  hitch, 
French,  Latin,  and  Japanese,  of  various  \\itnesses  to  the  fortitude  of 
the  Japanese  Christians  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  annals  of 
the  primitive  Church  furnish  no  instances  of  sacrifice  or  heroic  con- 
stancv,  in  the  Coliseum  or  the  Roman  arenas,  that  were  not  paralleled 
on  the  drv  river-beds  and  execution-grounds  of  Japan. 

Finallv,  in  16^7,  at  Shimabara,  the  Christians  rose  bv  tens  of  thou- 
sands in  arms,  seized  an  old  castle,  repaired  and  fortified  it,  and  raised 
the  1lag  of  rebellion.  Armies  from  Kiushiu  and  the  Kuanto,  coin- 
poM-d  mainlv  of  veterans  of  Corea  and  O/aka,  were  sent  bv  the  >ho- 
U'un  t<>  besiege  it.  Their  commanders  expected  an  easy  vict»r\-.  and 
sneered  at  the  idea  of  having  anv  difficulty  in  subduing  these  farmers 
and  peasants.  A  sieo-e  of  two  months,  bv  land  and  water,  wa-,  how- 
over,  necessary  to  reduce  the  fortress.*  Thousands  of  the  relu/i-. 
were  hurled  from  the  rock  of  1'appenburg,  or  were  bani-hed  to  va- 


•_';>-;  Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

rious   pfo\ inces  or   put    1"   death    1>y  tortuiv.      Others   escaped,  aii'l 
tied   :  -  ,:   1    of   Formo-a.  joining  thrir  brethren   aln'a<ly  there. 

Tin1  edict-  pi-'liiliitiiiLT  tin-  "evil  sect"  \\ere  now  promulgated  and 
..  d  permanently  all  o\er  the  empire,  and  new  one-  commanded 
thai,  a-  l"ii_r  a^  tin-  >un  >lnmld  >hiue,  n<>  furriiriuTs  >limild  niter  Ja- 
pan. i'i'  nati\e>  leave  it.  The  iMiteli  gained  the  privilege  <>f  a  jialtrv 
trade  and  iv>ideinv  «\\  the  little  fan-shaped  i-land  of  I)r.-hinia  (outer 
i-land).  in  fi'out  of  Nagasaki.  Here,  under  de^ritdinj;  restrictions  and 
eon-taut  -ur\ fillani'c,  lived  a  little  company  of  less  than  t\veiit\  11<>1- 
lander>.  \\lio  were  allowed  one  ship  per  annum  to  eoint'  from  the 


f  P;,ii;ifiil)fri.',  in  N:i.u'!isnki  Harbor.     CN""» 


lliiteh   Ka-t    Indie-  and   exehaiiLT''  e..iinriodities  of  Japan   fi>r  tho-r  ,,f 
Holland. 

Aft-'r  nearl\  a  hundred  vear-  of  <  'hri-tianity  and  fon'i^n  inter 
course,  the  onl\  apparent  iv-ult-  of  thi-  contact  with  aii"ther  religion 
and  ci\  ili/ation  were  tin  ad"ption  of  gunpowder,  and  fin'-anns  a- 
\vt-apon>.  tin-  u-f  of  lol.aec,,.  and  the  haLit  -f  -ni-kinL'.  ill--  inakini: 
,,f  ^..n-.-.-nke  (Mill  called  <  a-tira— the  Japanese  f..nn  of  Castile), 
the  natiira'i/atioii  into  ihe  laiiLfiia^v  ,,f  a  f-w  foreign  \\ord<,  the  intro- 
n  ,,f  iic\\  ami  strange  form-  "f  di-case,  anion^  which  the  Japa 


CHRISTIANITY  AXD  FOEEIGXERS.  259 

nese  count  the  scourge  of  the  venereal  virus,  and  the  permanent  addi- 
tion to  that  catalogue  of  terrors  which  priest  and  magistrate  in  Asiat- 
ic countries  ever  hold  as  weapons  to  overawe  the  herd.  For  centuries 
the  mention  of  that  name  would  hate  the  l>reath,  blanch  tlie  cheek, 
and  smite  with  fear  as  with  an  earthquake,  shock.  It  was  the.  svno- 
nyin  of  sorccrv,  sedition,  and  all  that  was  hostile  to  the  purity  of  the 
home  and  the  peace  of  society.  All  over  the  empire,  in  everv  eitv, 
town,  village,  and  hamlet;  hv  the  road>ide,  ferrv,  <>r  mountain  pass; 
at  everv  entrance  to  the  capital,  stood  the  pul>iii§  notice -hoards,  on 
which,  with  prohibitions,  against  the  great  crimes  that  di>turh  the 
relations  of  society  and  government,  was  one  tablet,  written  uith  a 
deeper  hrand  of  guilt,  with  a  more  hideous  memoi'v  of  Mood,  with  a 
more  awful  terror  of  torture,  than  when  the  like  superscription  wa> 
oJrixed  at  the  top  of  a  cross  that  stood  between  two  thieve-  on  a  little 
hill  outside  Jerusalem.  Its  daily  and  familiar  sie/ht  startled  ever  and 
anon  the  peasant  to  clasp  hands  and  utter  a  frc-h  prayer,  the  bon/e 
to  add  new  venom  to  his  malediction.-,  the  magistrate  to  shake  his 
head,  and  to  the  mother  a  ready  word  to  hush  the  crvin^  of  her  fret- 
ful bahe.  That  name  was  Christ.  So  thoroughly  was  Christianity, 
or  the  "Jnshiu  iiion'"  (corrupt  sect),  supposed  to  be  eradicated  before 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  that  its  existence  was  historical, 
remembered  only  a>  an  awful  scar  on  the  national  memory.  Xo  ves- 
tiges were  supposed  to  be  left  of  it,  and  no  knowledge  of  its  tenet- 
was  held,  save  by  a  very  few  scholars  in  Yedo,  trained  experts.  \vh» 
were  kept,  as  a  soil  of  spiritual  blood-hounds,  to  scent  out  the  adher- 
ents of  the  accursed  creed. 

So  perfect  was.  the  work  done,  that  the  Government  believed  fullv, 
as  Europeans,  and  among  them  Mr.  Leckv,  who  uses  the  example  to 
strengthen  his  argument,  that  "  persecution  had  extirpated  <'hri-tiai!- 
ity  in  Japan.'  It  was  left  to  our  dav,  since  the  recent  opening  of 
Japan,  for  them  to  discover  that  a  mi^htv  tire  had  been  smoldering 
for  over  two  centuries  beneath  the  ashes  of  persecutions.  As  late  a- 
1  S'L".I,  -even  persons,  six  men  and  an  old  woman,  were  crucified  in 
O/aka,  on  suspicion  of  being  Christians  and  coininunicatiiiLT  with  for- 
eigners. When  the  rYench  brethren  of  the  Mission  Apostolitjtie,  of 
Paris,  came  to  Nagasaki  in  1S(><>,  they  found  in  the  village-  ar»und 
them  over  ten  thousand  people  who  held  the  faith  of  their  fathers  of 
the  seventeenth  cent urv. 

A  few  interesting  traces  and  relics  of  the  cent  urv  »f  Christianity 
and  foreigners  still  exist  in  Japan.  In  the  lann'uai:'<:  the  names  of 


L>r,o  7V//:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

<;.>d  (/>/•>/.*).  Ii"ly  Spirit  (k'*/>/'ritn  Snnt<>).  Jesus  (  }'<'*>/),  and  Cliri-t 
(  A"/'/vV/ 'V" )  have  remained.  Ca.-tiri  is  Mill  tin-  name  of  sponov-eak.'. 
-.o  nnivt-rsillv  u-ed.  and  tlir  making  of  uhidi  \va>  first  taught  l>v  the 
nil  n  of  <  'a-tile ;  and  the  Japanese  having  no  /,  ehan<;e  that  letter  into  /•. 
Tii'  Japanese  have  no  \vord  for  Im-ad  ;  thev  u-e  the  Latin  j»nt.  The 
\\..rd-  /./_'/)/  (tal'le).  Di.mtukii  (Sundav),  c<i/>/iii  (enp),  rnuil/i  (lauda- 
num), /itriktcr  (eleetrieity),  !><»it»n  (luitton),  l>riki  (tin),  and  mam"  »f 
the  names  of  dmus  and  mediciiu's,  and  I'are  metals  and  suhstatiees, 
term-  in  seieiiee.  ete.,  and  even  some  in  common  u>e.  are  luit  the  Jap- 
ani/.ed  forms  of  the  I>uteh  words.  1  have  >eeii  "  \\'eird  Seeitiea" 


and  "  \"oum  \'nii  Milii-r"  in  lar^v  U^man  letter^,  or  in  kntniifiim.  ad- 
V"rli-id  "ii  tin-  I,  i-i j;;i_;  >i^n-  «\'  tin'  dru^  -h"p-  in  everv  part  of  the 
eountrv  I  have  lieeii  in.  fi'"i!i  Iviln'-  to  Heal1  Nii'jata,  and  "the!-  tra\- 
elei->  have  Ii"ti'''"l  it  !i'M;!\  e\  i -]'\  \vliere  in  Japan.  It  i>  the  old  "i 
ilieol'l'eet  r-pi'lh'i^1  o|  >•  ,  >[  -ollie  I>li!'-ll  n"MniIII. 

Tin-   native>   -peak  of  ( 'hri-tianit\    a-  the  re!i--i'.n  of  the  "Lord  ,,f 

HeJlVell."        Tin1    <\'-~:  i:     '        '      "f   the    <  'liri^tiall    l-lllll'ehi'S  'Tn>M'S.  iniJi^fi-, 

ete..  \va-    >o    tllop.llu'h    that    tlie    di-e,,ver\     of     reli<'-    hv    lll'ideril     Seeker- 

lia-    Keen    verv    rare.      A  f>-\\    vears   aifo.  -h-rl!\-  after    lVrr\'-  arrival, 


CHRISTIANITY  AND  FOREIGNERS.  201 

tlioro  was  in  Suruga  ;i  cavo,  to  which  the  country  people  resorted  in 
large  numbers,  on  account  of  the  great  efficacy  believed  to  reside  in  an 
iman'e  of  the  mother  of  Shaka  (Buddha),  with  her  infant  in  her  arms. 
The  idol  was  reputed  to  have  healed  many  diseases.  An  educated 
samurai,  who  hated  all  foreigners  and  their  ways  and  works,  especially 
the  "Jesus  doctrine,"  happening  to  enter  the  cave,  perceived  in  a  mo- 
ment that  the  image  was  a  relic  of  the  old  Christian  worship.  It  was 
nothing  else  than  an  image  of  the  Virgin  Marv  and  the  infant  Jesus. 
The  samurai  dashed  it  to  pieces. 

The  attempts  of  the  English  and  French  to  open  a  permanent  trade 
with  Japan  are  described  in  llildredth's  "Japan  as  It  Was  and  Is." 
Captain  John  Saris,  with  the  ships  Cloi'c,  TItoiiutti,  and  Hector,  left 
England  in  April,  1011,  with  letters  from  the  kinu1.  James  I.  of  En- 
gland, to  the  "emperor"  (shogun)  of  Japan.  .  Landing  at  Ilirado.  he 
was  well  received,  and  established  a  factory  in  charge  of  Mr.  Richard 
Cocks.  With  Will  Adams  and  seventeen  of  his  company,  Saris  set 
out  to  see  Iveyasu,  who  \\as  then  living  at  the  modern  Shidzuoka. 
lie  touched  at  Hakata,  traversed  the  Inland  Sea,  past  Shimoiioseki,  to 
O/aka ;  thence  bv  boat  to  Fushimi,  thence  by  horse  and  palanquin  to 
Sumpu  (Sliidzuoka).  In  the  interview  accorded  the  English  captain. 
Ivevasu  invited  him  to  visit  his  son,  Ilidetada,  the  ruling  slid^im  at 
Yedo.  Saris  went  to  Yedo,  visiting,  on  his  wav,  Kamakura  and  the 
"Teat  copper  image  of  Dai  Butsu,  some  of  the  Englishmen  u'oino;  in- 
side of  it  and  shouting  in  it  for  the  fun  of  the  thing.  Thev  also 
wrote  their  own  names  inside  of  it,  as  foreign  tourists,  visitors,  and 
even  personal  friends  of  republican  rulers  do  to  this  dav,  and  as  the 
natives  have  alwavs  done,  to  immortalize  themselves.  After  a  stav 
in  Yedo,  they  touched  at  Uraga  ;  thence  returned  to  Sumpn,  when-  a 
treaty,  or  privileges  of  trade,  in  eight  articles,  was  signed  and  given  to 
Sari-.  It  bore  the  signature  of  Minamoto  Iveyasu. 

After  a  tour  of  three  mouths,  Saris  arrived  at  Ilirado  again,  having 
vi-ited  Kioto,  where  he  saw  the  splendid  Christian  churches  and  Je>- 
uit  colleges,  on  his  way.  After  discouraging  attempts  to  open  a  trade 
\\ith  Siam,  Corea,  and  China,  and  hostilities  having  broken  out  !'(•- 
tweeti  them  and  the  Dutch,  the  English  abandoned  the  project  of  per- 
manent trade  with  Japan;  and  all  subsequent  attempts  to  reopen  it 
failed. 

Will  Adams,  who  was  an  English  pilot,  and  the  iirst  of  his  nation 
in  Japan,  is  spoken  of  frequentlv,  and  in  no  tlatterin^  terms,  by  the 
Jesuit  fathers.  lie  arrived  in  Japan  in  1007,  and  li\ed  in  or  near 


•2<\-2  Till-:  MIKADO'S   EMPIRE. 

Yedo  till  he  'lied,  in  InL'o.  r,\-  tin-  sheer  force  of  a  manly,  honest 
character,  thi-  -turd\  Union,  "who  ni;iv  have  -een  Shakspejire  and 
Hen  Jon-oii  "  and  l,|iieeii  J']l  i/al  >et  h.  ro-e  into  favor  with  I\e\a-u, 
and  Alined  the  regard  of  the  people.  Hi-  knowledge  of  -hip-hnild- 
in^1.  matheinaties,  and  foreign  atfaiis  ma«le  him  a  verv  n>eful  man. 
Although  treated  with  honor  and  kindne--,  he  wa-  not  allowed  to 
lea\e  Japan,  lie  had  a  wife  and  daughter  in  Knidand.  lie  wa- 
made  an  otlicer.  and  Li'iven  the  revenue-  of  the  village  of  Hemi.  in  Sa- 
U'ami.  near  the  modern  Yokosuka,  \\here  are  situated  the  dry -docks, 
machine-shops,  and  ship-hnildiii'j;  hoii-e-  in  whirh  the  modern  war-\e— 
><•!-  of  the  imperial  na\  v  are  !>nilt  and  laiinehed — a  tittiii'j;  location,  so 
near  the  ground  made  ela-^ie  h\  tlii-  exile  from  the  ^I'eate-t  marine 
nation  in  the  world.  \\ill  Adam-  had  a  >on  and  daughter  Korn  to 
him  in  .Japan,  and  there  are  -till  living  .lapane-e  who  elaim  descent 
from  him.  (  >ne  of  the  -treets  of  Vedo  \\a-  named  after  him,  Anjin 
('ho  (1'ih't  Street),  and  the  people  of  tiiat  street  -til!  hold  an  annual 
ci-lrhratioii  on  the  l.'iih  of  June  in  hi-  honor,  one  of  which  I  attended 
in  Iv7:i.  \\hcn  Adam-  died,  he,  and  afterward  hi-  Japanese  wife, 
were  hurled  on  the  -ummit  of  one  of  the  ]o\r!v  hills  ovi-rlookinti1  the 
I'»av  of  Vedo,  ( ioldslioroiiH'h  Inlet,  and  the  surrounding  heaulifnl  and 
cla>- ic  laini-cape.  Adam-  cho-c  tin-  -p,.t  him-clf.  The  people  (,f 
\ed''  erected  meiiiorial-stolie  lantei'ii-  at  hi-  tomli.  l'(i'i'\'-  fleet,  m 
1  s,")4,  anchored  within  the  \,-\-\  -hadow  of  the  Kn^li-hman'-  .-epnl- 
clnv.  In  Ma\.  |s7i'.  Mr.  \Valters,  of  Vnk.iliaina.  aft«-r  a  study  of  Ilil- 
di'etli  and  -oine  search,  discovered  the  toml,.  \\hich  others  had  -oiiu'ht 
for  in  \ain.  'I  u.i  neat  -tone  -haft-,  in  the  characten-tic  style  of  na- 
ti\e  monumental  ai'chitecture,  -et  on  a  -tone  pediment,  mark  the  -pot. 
I  \i-ite)  it,  in  company  of  the  hoii/.e  in  charge  of  the  Shin  -hiu  tem- 
ple of  the  village,  iii  July.  I  -7:;. 

In  <  'liarlevoix'-  "  1 1  i-toiiv  dn  ( 'liri-tiani-me  an  Japon."  it  i-  related 
that  the  Alil'i'1  Sidotti,  an  Italian  prie-t.  came  to  Manila,  \\ith  the  in- 
tention ot  landing  m  Japan,  and  once  m.>re  attemjitin^'  to  regain  Japan 
t"  ( 'liri-tiamt  v.  After  -everal  vear>'  uaiiin^.  he  per-iiaded  the  eai.- 


ua- done  in  ITn'.i.  lie  ua-  anv-ted  and -enl  loYedo.  There  he  \\a- 
coiiiined  in  a  hou-e  in  the  eitv  di-trict,  called  Ix'oi-hikaua.  on  the 
-lope  of  a  hill  ever  -ince  i  -ailed  Kiri-hitan  /aka  ( < 'liri-t  iaii  -lope),  a- 
the  valley  at  the  fool  i-  called  Kiri-hitan  dam'  M'hri-tian  valiev).  and 
the  place  Kiri-hitan  ii'in  i(  hn-liaii  iiei^liKorliond ).  Ilepe  the  cen>ors, 
j'id'_'e-.  -ch"lar-.  and  interpreter-  a--em!.led.  and  f..r  manv  dav-  ex- 


CHRISTIANITY  AND  FOREIGNERS.  2«:{ 

amined  him,  asking  many  questions  and  gaining  much  information 
concerning  foreign  countries.  In  another  building  near  by,  an  old 
man  and  woman  \vho  had  professed  Christianity,  and  had  been  com- 
pelled tn  recant,  were  confined.  After  the  abbe's  arrival,  exhorted  by 
him,  thev  aii'ain  embraced  their  old  faith.  The  abbe  u'ave  his  name 
as  Jean  Baptiste.  He  made  a  cross  of  red  paper,  which  he  pasted  on 
the  wall  of  his  room.  lie  was  kept  prisoner,  living  for  several  vears 
after  hi>  arrival,  in  Vedo,  and  probably  died  a  natural  death. 

About  ten  years  ago,  the  Rev.  S.  R.  Brown,  I). I).,  discovered  a 
book  called  Si'i  Yo  Ki  l>nn,  (Annals  of  Western  Xations),  in  three 
volumes,  written  by  the  Japanese  scholar  who  examined  the  abbe. 
The  books  contain  a  summary  of  the  history  and  judicial  proceedings 
in  the  case,  and  the  information  gained  from  the  Italian.  The  whole 
narrative  is  of  intensest  interest,  \\hile  in  Tokio,  in  1S74,  I  endeav- 
ored to  find  the  site  of  the  Inquisition,  and  the  martyr's  tomb. 

Tradition  says  that  the  abbe'1  was  buried  on  the  opposite  slope  of 
the  \allev  corresponding  to  that  on  which  he  lived,  under  an  old  pine- 
tree,  near  a  spring.  Pushing  mv  way  through  scrub  bamboo  alonn'  a 
narrow  path  scarcely  perceptible  for  the  undergrowth,  1  saw  a  name- 
less stone  near  a  hollow,  evidently  left  by  a  tree  that  Lad  long  since 
fallen  and  rotted  away.  A  little  run  of  water  issued  from  a  spring 
hard  by.  At  the  foot  was  a  rude  block  of  stone,  with  a  hollow  for 
water.  Both  wen'  roughly  hewn,  and  scarcely  dressed  with  the  chi>el. 
Such  stones  in  Japan  mark  the  graves  of  those  who  die  in  di>u'race, 
or  unknown,  or  uncared  for.  This  was  all  that  was  visible  to  remind 
the  visitor  of  one  whose  heroic  life  deserved  a  nobler  monument. 

The  influence  of  a  century  of  Papal  Christianity  in  Japan  on  the 
national  ethics  and  character  was  ///'/.  A  careful  examination  has  no' 
revealed  any  trace  of  new  principles  of  morals  adopted  by  the  Japa- 
nese from  foreigners  in  the  sixteenth,  as  has  been  gained  in  the  nine- 
teenth eentiiry.  though  the  literary,  scientific,  and  material  u'aiiis  were 
LH'eat.  The  Japanese  mental  constitution  and  moral  character  have 
been  profound!)  modified  in  turn  by  Buddhism  and  Confucianism, 
but  the  successive  waves  of  Christianisin  that  passed  over  Japan  left 
no  sediment  teeming  with  fertility,  rather  a  barren  \vaMe  lik"  that 
which  the  river-floods  leave  in  autumn.  I  should  be  ^lad  to  see  these 
statements  disproved.  Let  us  hope  that  the  ( 'hrist ianit  v  of  Hie  present, 
whether  ('atholic,  Protestant,  or  Russo-fircek,  mav  work  a  profoimder 
and  nioiv  beneficent  revolution  in  faith  and  moral  practice,  and  that 
onlv  that  kingdom  mav  be  established  whieh  is  not  of  this  w.-rld. 


XXVI. 

iYf:Y.\sr,  Tin-.  Fi>r\i)i:n  OF  yi-:r><> 

'I'm-:  la-t  of  -triiii'Li'lc-  of  rival  inilitarv  factions  for  tin1  ]iosscs>iou  <>: 
power  is  ]|,i\\  to  l>e  narratci!,  and  the  uearv  record  of  war  and  -trite 
closed.  Since  11- V.I,  \\hrii  the  Taira  and  Minanioto  came  to  How-  in 
tlic  capital,  and  the  imperial  palace  fell  into  the  hand-  of  armed  men. 
and  the  domination  of  the  military  families  !>e^an.  until  the  opt-ninu 

of   the    seventeenth    CelltUl'Y    the    hi-tory    of    Japan     i-    1'llt     that    of   e;\il 

war  and.  -laughter.      The  hi-tory  of  two  ceiitnrie-  ainl  a  half  that  f  • 
lo\\ed  the   triumph-  of   lyeya-u   i-  that    of  profound  peace       I;e\\    na- 
tions  in   tile   World   have   elljo\ed   Jieace   So   lollLT. 

Tin-  man  who  now  -tood  foivmo-t  amoii^1  men.  who  wa-  a  le^i-lai  *  T 
a-  \\ell  a-  \\arrior.  \\ho  could  win  a  \ict<irv  and  earlier  the  fruits  of  i;. 
wa-  Tokiiu'awa  I\eva-u.  the  hero  of  Seki^'ahara.  the  mo-t  (leci-i\c  1. at- 
tic in  .lapane-e  hi-tory,  the  ci'eator  of  the  perfected  dual  s\ -tern  and 
of  feiidali-m.  and  the  founder  of  Vedo. 

^'edo  i-  no*  an  ancient  cit\.  It-  -ite  hecome-  lii-tori,-  \\licn  ^"ama- 
to  I»:ki'-.  in  the  -rcoiid  eeiitur\  o(  our  ,-i'a.  marcheil  to  coinjiii-r  the 
Mi-!eni  triiie-.  In  later  time-,  (he  Minann>to  idiieftain-  >u!'diied  the 
plain-  of  the  Kii-into.  I'ntil  the  twelfth  century,  the  region  around 
the  |',-i\  of  Vedo  v\a-  \\ild.  unciv  il'/ed,  and  spar-elv  populated,  ard 
the  inhal'itant-  \\ere  called  l>\  the  poli-hcd  Kioto  people  ". \dzinna 
I']l>i-n."  •  'i1  lOa-tern  !i.  •.  >r-. 

In  the  Hft.'.-ntli  century,  a  -mall  ca<tle  \va-  l.uilt  on  the  ri-in^ 
-•round  within  the  ue-tern  cjrcuii  of  the  pre-ent  -tronu'hold,  and  near 
K'oji  machi  (Vea-1  Street),  \\h-r-  now  -tamls  the  Ilriti-h  Legation. 
Ma-t  of  the  i-a-l'e  \\a-  a  -mail  rela\'  xilia^'e,  ()  Teiiima  '  ho.  near  the 
modern  -ite  of  the  pri-on.  at  uhich  "llieial-  or  t  ia\  el.  r-.  on  their  \\a\ 
to  Kamakura  or  Kioto.  > ••</  the  Tokai'lo,  mi'^ht  -top  for  iv-t  and  re 
fre-iiiiient,  of  to  ulitain  fre-h  km/n*  ( palaiiijiiin-),  hearer-,  and  ''a_:' 
u'a'_;'e-e;irrier-,  'lip-  iiaiiie  .it  ;he  commander  of  the  ca-tle,  ()ta  I  >o- 
:i  retainer  of  the  -hou'un  at  Kamaknra.  and  a  doi:-_;-ht  v  warre-;. 

pei  iple.  and  in  p"i  t  rv,  -on_, 


lYEYASr,    THE  FOUXDKR   OF   YEDO.  20/3 

art.  and  local  lore.  A  hill  in  tin.'  north  of  the  city,  a  delightful  plo- 
nk- resort,  bears  his  naino,  and  the  neighborhood  of  Shiha  was  his 
favorite  drill-n'round  and  rendezvous  before  setting  out  on  forays  or 
campaigns. 

( >in-  romantic  incident,  in  which  a  maiden  of  equal  wit.  and  beauty 
ho  re  chief  part,  has  made  him  immortal,  though  the  name  of  the  fair 
one  has  been  forgotten.  One  day,  while  out  hawking  near  Yedo,  a 
heavy  shower  of  rain  fell.  Dismounting  from  his  horse,  he,  with  his 
attendant,  approached  a  house,  and  in  very  polite  terms  begged  the 
loan  of  a  u'rass  rain-coat  (ml)io).  A  prettv  girl,  daughter  of  the  man 
of  the  house,  came  out,  listened,  blushing,  to  the  request,  but,  answer- 
ing not  a  word,  ran  to  the  garden,  plucked  a  flower,  handed  it,  with 
mischief  in  her  eves,  to  the  hero,  and  then  coquettishly  ran  away. 
i)ta,  chagrined  and  vexed  at  such  apparently  frivolous  manners  and 
boorish  inhospitality,  and  the  seeming  slight  put  upon  his  rank,  re- 
turned in  wrat h,  and  through  the  rain,  to  his  castle,  inwardly  cursing 
the  "Ad/.uma  Kbisu."  who  did  not  know  how  to  treat  a  gentleman. 
It  happened  that,  shortly  after,  some  court  nobles  from  Kioto  A\  ere 
present,  sharing  the  hospitalities  of  the  castle  at  Yedo,  to  whom  he 
related  the  incident.  To  his  own  astonishment,  the  guests  were  de- 
lighted. "  Here,"  said  they,  "in  the  wilderness,  and  among  the  'Ad- 
/i UP. a  Ebisii,'  is  a  gentle  girl,  who  is  not  only  versed  in  classic  poetry. 
but  had  the  wir  and  maidenly  grace  to  apply  it  in  felicitous  style." 
Ota  had  asked  for  a  rain-coat  (mino) ',  the  little  coquette  was  too  po- 
lite to  acknowledge  she  had  none.  How  could  she  say  "no"  to  such 
a  gallant  '.  Rather,  to  disguise  her  negative,  she  had  handed  him  a 
mountain  camellia;  and  of  this  flower  the  poet  of  ^  amato  had.  ceiitu- 
ries  ago,  sung:  "Although  the  mountain  camellia  has  seven  or  ei^ht 
petals,  yet  1  grieve  to  say  it  has  no  seed"  (iniuo). 

After  the  death  of  Ota,  no  name  of  any  li'reat  note  is  attached  to 
'he  unimportant  village  or  fortress;  but  in  1  590,  at  the  sie^v  of  Oda- 
\\ara,  llidevoshi  suggested  to  his  general,  Ivevasu,  Yedo  as  the  lies! 
site  for  the  capital  of  the  Kuanto.  After  the  overthrow  of  the  "later 
Ilojo"  elan,  and  the  capture  of  their  castle  at  Odawara,  I\eva-fi  \\eiit 
to  Vedo  and  bewail  to  found  a  city,  lie  set  up  his  court,  and  uatehed 
hi-  chaii'-es. 

lyeyasfi  was  born  at  Okasaki,  in  Mikawa,  in  l.lk.':  he  served  \\ith 
V 'buna^a  and  with  Uideyoslii  ;  au'ain  fought  with  the  latter,  and 
a'j;'ain  made  terms  with  him.  !li-  tir-t  [iosses>io!is  wi-re  M;ka\\a  and 
Sa.ruu'a.  In  the  latter  province  he  built  a  line  castle  at  Sumpu  (now 


_V,r,  Till-:   MTKADO'X  EMl'lRK. 

called  Sliid/uoknV  ami  made  it  hi-  residence  for  uianv  year-.  He 
-ccni-  to  lia\r  had  little  to  <lo  \\ith  the  < 'oivan  expedition,  While 
!'ii-\  in  1'iiiMiiiLT  Vcdo  in  l.V.i1-.  In-  received  news  of  the  t;iik(V>  nek- 
m  --.  attended  hi-  death-Led,  and  v\a-  ur^'d  to  swear  to  protect  the 
1  iv-t-  of  Ilidevori.  tlicn  >i\  vcar-  old.  He  evasively  declined. 

T!  prospects  of  the  l>oy  \\eiv  not  very  fine.  In  tlit'  first  jilaee.  few 
helieved  hi  in  to  Le  the  son  of  the  taiki'i.  In  the  second  pla<  e. 
:he  i  iu'h— pirited  lords  and  MoLles,  \vlio  prided  themselves  on  their  Mood 
l leaire,  detested  HidrVo-hi  ;is  an  up-tart,  and  had  Leen  kept  in 
nl'  oiilv  l>v  hi-  indoinitaLle  will  and  uvnius.  Thev  were  still  iimn- 
:  n>etl  at  the  idea  of  his  -on  1 1  ide\  ori.  cvt'ii  if  a  true  son.  succiril- 
inu-.  Au'ain  :  Hideiioliu,  the  in-phew  of  N ol.una^a.  wa-  living,  and 
put  in  a  elaim  for  power.  Hi-  pi'ofe-~ed  eoiiversioii  to  (  'hri~tianit\ 
_\-i\c  him  a  -how  of  -upport  anioii^  the  ('hri-tian  malcontent-.  A- 
for  IviA'a-ii,  he  was  siispectt-d  of  \\i-hiiiL;'  to  -ei/e  the  militar\  power 
of  the  uhole  empire.  The  -ti'on^  hand  of  the  taiko  wa-  no  longer 
f\  It.  The  aliandohiiieiit  of  the  < 'oivan  in\a-ion  l.roii^lit  hack  a  ho-t 
of  men  and  leaders,  flushed  with  vietorv  and  amliitioii.  I  >iiTerciicr- 
-prujiu'  up  amoii^  the  five  >^<>\  i-riior-.  \\  itli  such  elements  at  \\"rk  — 
thoii-ai.il--  of  men,  idle,  to  whom  war  wa-  pastime  and  delight,  prince-. 
ea^'er  for  a  fra\  in  which  laud  \\a-  the  spoil,  inoiv  than  one  man  a-pir- 
ii,-'  Jo  till  the  dead  ina>ti-r's  place — oiilv  a  -park  was  needed  to  kindle 
the  Ma/e  .  if  \\  ar. 

The   ^nvi-niors   suspected   I\i'-va-u.      Thev  lie^-.-in  to  rai-c  nn  arm\". 

Ivt'\a-U  ua-  imt  to  lie  surprised.  lie  followed  the  example  "f  hi- 
rival-.  and  watched.  1  -hall  not  tax  the  patience  ,,f  the  reader  to  fol- 
low tlii'oii'j-li  the  ma/.e-  of  the  intricate  ijiiarrd-  which  preceded  tin- 
tinal  appeal  to  arm-.  Sutlice  to  -ay.  that  alter  the  -ei/.ure  and  re-i'i/.- 
n re  of  the  citadel  of  ()/aka  and  tlie  1'UrninLT  of  the  taiko'-  -plendid 
palace  in  Fn-himi.  tin-  ai'inv  of  the  league  and  the  :irmv  of  I\eva-u 
met  ;,t  Sekiu'ahara  (plain  of  tin-  harrier),  in  Omi,  near  Lake  |'.i\\a. 
Hv  tin-  l-attli'  were  derided  the  condition  of  .Japan  for  over  tuo 

-    of  the  line  of   N..liiiin^a  and 

II;. !    \    i-hi.  tin    -ettlei      nl    i-l    ';,     Tokiiu'aua  famih    in   heivditarx    sin1- 
i  — ion  to  the  -  '    '     of  ( 'liri-tianit\ .  tlie  i>olatioii  of  ,Ja- 

:,;t!i  from  tin-  world,  tin  ti\iie_f  into  perinaiieliex  of  the  du;,l  sv-tein 
and  of  feudal  i-i  it,  tin  2  '  •  '  -  it  in1--  of  ^"(  do.  and  peace  in  Japan 
c  .r  t  w- .  hundreil  and  -i\1  -n  -. 

In  the  army  of  the  league  u<  re  the  live  governors  appointed  l,y  tin 
taiko.  and  tin-  lord-  and  \a-al-  of  II  ide\o-hi.  ami  nio-t  of  the  generals 


ir£vAsr,  riff:  Forxnnii  OF  YI-:DO.  -_>u7 

and  soldiers  who  had  served  in  the  Coivan  campaigns.  Amono;  them 
were  the  dans  of  Satsuina,  ('hdshiu,  Uyosuui,  and  Ukita,  \vith  the 
famous  ( 'hristian  ifenerals,  K<>ni<hi  and  Isliida.  This  army,  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty  thousand  strong,  was  a  heterogeneous  mass  of  veter- 
ans, aetinir  under  various  leaders,  and  animated  l>v  various  interests. 
As  the  leaders  lacked  unitv  of  purpose,  so  the  army  was  made  the  vic- 
tim :>f  di>cordant  counsels  and  orders.  On  the  other  hand,  the  armv 
of  one  man,  lyeyasu,  had  one  soul,  one  discipline,  and  one  purpose. 
The  Castle  of  (rifu,  in  Mino.  was  captured  l>y  one  of  his  captains.  On 
the  1st  of  October,  KiOO.  lyi'-yasu  marclied  from  Yedo  over  the  To- 
kaido  with  a  re-enforcement  of  thirty  thousand  troop>.  Jlis  standard 
was  a  golden  fan  and  a  .white  t1air  embroidered  with  hollyhocks.  The 
diviners  had  declared  "the  road  to  the  West  was  shut."  Ivoyasu 
answered,  "Then  I  shall  open  it  l>v  knocking."  On  the  thirteenth 
day  he  arrived  at.  (iifu,  when-  he  effected  a  junction  \\ilh  his  main 
liody.  Some  one  offered  him  a  persimmon  (o^'aki).  lie1  said,  as  it 
fell  in  his  hand,  "  O^aki  wa^a  to  ni  otsuru  "  ("O^aki  has  fallen  into 
my  hand").  He  threw  it  down,  and  allowed  his  attendants  to  oat  the 
o'ood-omencd  and  luscious  pieces. 

The  l.attle-tield  at  Seki^ahara  is  an  open,  rolling  space  of  ground, 
iyinu'  just  inside  the  eastern  slope  of  hills  on  the  west  wall  of  Lake 
Jliw-i,  and  part  of  the  populous  plain  drained  l>v  the  Ki-o  ya\\a,  a 
liraiich  of  which  crosses  the  Held  and  winds  round  the  hill,  on  \\hieh. 
at  that  time,  stood  a  resilience  of  the  Portuguese  missionaries.  The 
Nakasendo,*  one  of  the  main  roads  lietweeu  \  edo  and  Kioto,  enteis 
from  Omi,  and  l>i>ects  the  field  from  west  to  ea-t,  while  from  the  north- 
\\e-t.near  the  village  of  Seki^'aliara,  t he  road  eiiteis  from  Kchixeii.  I">\ 

'•''  Tlii-  .V;ik;t-i'ii(lu  (Central  Mnuntain  Roacl)  is  tlnvc  liundn-il  ami  eiu'lily-Kiir 
inilo  lotm'.  it  liciri:^  at  the  Bridge  ( if  vSiinjo,  ovi'r  the  river  at  Kiutn,  and  end-  at 
Nilimi  Uridu'i'  in  Tr.kio.  It  \va~  i^c-d,  in  part,  as  early  a^  the  -t-cund  criitui'y,  t>iit. 
was  inni'c  i'liily  1 1  pi -n  ed  in  tin  early  part  of  t  lie  eighth  century.  It  passes  tlirouirii 
<)ini.  Mini).  Shinann,  Kr>d/,uke.  tcnninatinir  in  Musashi.  It  can  he  easily  trav- 
ersed in  tuiirteen  da\>  ;  Ijut  the  tniirir-t  who  ean  understand  and  apprerialc  all 
he  M-C-  \\mild  lie  n.'iiietant  to  perl'iinn  the  tour,  it'  tor  plea-ure,  in  less  than  . 
month.  Thciv  arc  on  the  rmite  nine  t<a/i'  (mountain  passes).  It  carries  Hi.-  trav 
i-ler  tlirou^h  thi-'  -plcndid  i-eenery  of  Shinano,  which  averau'e.-  twenty-live  him 
dred  feet  above  tin'  sea-level,  aiun^  Lake  Bi\va,  and  nearly  it-  whole  length  i- 
eia-r-ie  I't'oimd.  The  Xaka-endu  '^  Mimetimes  called  the  Ki-ok.-'idi"'.  \\\  excel 

lent  i_r'iide-l k,  iii  seven   volume-,  t'nll  of  i,ri)o(l  fiiu'ravin^r-.  pnMi-hecl  in   I1-'1'), 

fallal  K'moj'i  .1///W/0  /)•:,!!/>'  ("  Colleetinn  of  Pictures  of  Famon-  1'lae.  -  un  UP'  Na- 
ka>endo  "  i,  t'lirni-lns  the  iiilni-iiiation  that  makes  a  si^ht  ot  the  !am>>ii>  plaer- 
vei-y  enjoyable.  The  ln-iu'ht.s  of  the  t^ji  are  as  lullows:  O'JU,  '.'loo.  :j'.«;u.  -lo-ln,  :!iMi, 
•VVJO.  :}->W.  and  4KJU  feet,  respectively. 


tiii-  r»:i'i  iii'1  writer,  in  l^T:.'.  came  to  reach  the  classic  -he  and  .-tudy 
liu'  -pot  around  \\hidi  elu-ter  -o  inanv  stirring  memories.  The  lead- 
er- uf  [In1  arnn  nt'llif  league,  ha\inu;  arranged  their  plan-,  mardied 
nut  from  :hr  Castle  "f  <  »--aki  at  early  morn  on  tin-  fifteenth  day  of 
the  Nintli  month.  The\  1'iiiit  a  lire  on  a  hill  overlooking  the  narrow 
path.  1"  LTnide  them  a-  thev  walked  without  keeping  step.  It  \\a> 
i-ainiii::.  -'Hid  the  armor  and  clothe-  of  tin1  soldiers  were  \vrv  wet.  At 
li\c  n'cliii'k  thrv  readied  the  tidd.  the  Sa'-uiua  elan  taking  up  their 
p»-iti<>ii  at  the  t'i'iit  of  a  hill  facing  ea-1.  Kunishi,  the  Christian  hern 

iif    ('nl'ea,   enniinaniled    the    left    centre,    I-hida    tile    rxtl'i'llle     left.        l-'ulir 

fanii'iis  coiuinaiuli'rs  formed,  with  their  corps,  the  ri'_dit  \\hr_:.  Kf- 
serves  were  stationed  on  and  ahout  the  hill>  faein^  north.  The  cav- 
a!r\  and  infantry,  aei'urdiiiLi'  to  the  d'nu'i  >'///'  li^uri •-,  numlxTed  one 
liundred  and  t weiity-eii^lit  thousand. 

At  early  morn  of  the  >ame  dav  om-  of  the  pickets  of  Iv('iva>ii's  oiit- 
po^ts  lia-tfiifd  to  tlie  t.-nt  of  his  general  and  ivp.-irted  that  all  the  en- 
emy had  left  the  Ca>tle  of  (Vaki.  <>ther  picket.-,  from  t  it  her  point-. 
annoiineed  the  >ame  reports  simultaneously.  I\eva-i"i.  in  h'iL:'h  ^\>-f. 
exelaimed,  "  Tliu  enemy  has  indeed  fallen  into  mv  hand."  He  urder- 
i-d  hi-  •j.'eiiei'al-  to  advati'-e  and  take  pn-itions  ,,n  the  tidd.  him-elf 
li-ailinuf  the  centre.  Hi-  force  nimiheivd  -eveiity-tive  thou-and. 

'1  In-  \va>  the  >upreine  ninmeiit  ot  fvi'vasu's  lite.  The  picture  a- 
_;\''ii  M-  h\  native  arti-t  and  tradition  i-  that  nf  a  inediinn--i/ed  and 
i-i'tund  man.  "f  full,  round,  and  inerrv  face.  \\ii,.  ]n\ed  mirth  at  the 
riii'lit  time  and  place,  and  even  uhen  others  cmild  not  rdi-h  or  -ee  it- 
apj'i'opnateiie-^.  <  )}  indomitahle  \\iil  and  eliei'u'y,  and  ha\in^  a  ii'di- 
iii-  for  under-tanilinu'  men  -  nature-,  he  a-t-'in-hed  hi-  i  neinie-  h\-  ee- 
leritv  of  movi-iiieiil  and  the  promptitude  uith  \\hich  he  followed  up 
his  ad\anlaur''-.  Ne\erthele»,  he  \\a-  fond  of  v.him-.  <  Mie  of  tluse 
ua-  t"  take  a  h-t  l-ath  In -fore  he^innin-'  a  hattle;  another  was  to  js- 
-iie  amlii^iiou-  ordei1-  purpo-dy  \dn-n  he  \\i-hed  to  |i  a\  e  a  .-uhoidi- 
nati  to  act  according  to  hi-  o\\  n  |'id^iiient.  (  >n  tin-  prc-ent  occa-ioti, 
in-  \\  him  \\a-  to  'j-o  ini  •  .•  •  .  v,  jth  ai  nior  donn,  ,1.  l,in  \\  it  li  no  hel- 
nie'  on.  knotting  hi-  haii'lkerchief  o\vr  hi-  1.,-uv  forehead.  A  dcn-e 
fouf  huiiLT  like  a  pall  o\,-i  ;),,.  hai  t  It-lieM.  -o  that  one  could  not  -,•,•  far- 

,  i!    M    l'i    U     feet. 

The  two  armic-.  m\  i-;';'..  .  -t i   facing  earl,    other.       l|o\>e\er.  I\e 

\  .-a    -'-nt    an   •  >\Y\<-<  i     '•   .'  f    niei      ,\  ith  '     .-,   v,  le  •    ad- 

!  >i\  hundred  fe.       •  i   tin-  main  arm v.  to  prevent  -ui'pi'i-e. 

\'   dj.r  ••'< -loe k  tl i ••!"••_'.:       '         I          ed  a\\av.  aiid  the  tuo  hor-ts  tie- 


IY£YASir,  THE  FOUNDER  OF  YEDO.  269 

scried  each   other.     After  a  few    moments'    waiting,  the   drums   and 

eonchs  of  the  centre  of  each  army  sounded,  and  a  sharp  fire  of  niatch- 
loek>  and  a  shower  of  arrows  opened  the  battle.  The  easterners  at 
Hist  wavered,  and  till  noon  the  issue  was  donUful.  Cannon  were 
used  during  the  battle,  hut  the  Moodiest  work  was  done  with  the 
sword  and  spear.  One  of  the  corps  in  the  annv  of  the  league  deserted 
and  joined  the  side  of  Iveyasii.  At  noon,  the  discipline  and  unity  of 
tin.'  eastern  army  and  the  prowess  and  skill  of  Ivova>u  triumphed. 
Ordering  his- conch-blowers  and  drummers  to  beat  a  final  cli.iruv,  and 
the  reserves  having  joined  the  main  body,  a  charge  was  made  along 
the  whole  line.  The  enemy,  routed,  broke  and  tied.  Xearly  all  the 
wounded,  and  hundreds  of  unscathed  on  the  battle-Held,  committed 
]nii'ii-l,-//'i  in  order  not  to  survive,  the  disgrace.  The  pursuers  cut  off 
the  heads  of  all  overtaken,  and  the  hutcherv  was  frightful.  The  ijrass 
was  dved  red,  and  the  moor  became  literallv,  not  only  an  Aceldama, 
but  a  (iolgotha.  According  to  the  (r'/uii  »SY/f.s'  exaggerated  figures, 
forty  thousand  heads  were  cut  off.  Of  the  Eastern  army  four  thousand 
were  slain,  but  no  general  was  killed.  The  soldiers  assembled,  accord- 
ing to  i-ustom,  after  the  battle  in  the  centre  of  the  Held,  to  show  their 
captivo  and  heads.  <  )n  this  spot  now  stands  a  memorial  mound  of 
granite  masonrv  within  a  raised  earthen  embankment,  surrounded  and 
approached  from  the  road  bv  rows  of  pine-lives.  On  the  Kioto  side 
of  the  village,  near  the  shrine  of  Ilaehiman,  mav  be  seen  a  Icubiilzukd 
(barrow,  or  pile  of  hcad<),  the  monument  of  this  awful  slaughter,  and 
one  of  the  many  such  evidences  of  former  wars  which  careful  travelers 
in  Japan  so  often  notice. 

fyeyasu  went  into  the  light  bare-headed.  After  the  battle  he  sat 
down  upon  his  camp-stool, and  ordered  his  helmet  to  be  brought.  All 
wondered  at  this.  Donning  it  with  a  smile,  and  fastening  it  securely, 
he  >aid,  (jiioting  the  old  proverb,  "After  victory,  knot  the  cords  of 
your  helmet."  The  hint  was  taken  and  acted  upon.  Neither  iv>t  nur 
iieu'liu'eiice  was  allowed. 

The  ('a>tle  of  Hikoiii'1,  on  Lake  I>iwa,  was  immediately  invested  and 
captured.  Oxaka  was  entered  in  great  triumph.  Fnshimi  and  Kioto 
were  held:  < 'hoshiu  and  Satsnma  yielded.  Koni-hi  and  Mitsuda  were 
executed  on  the  execution  -  ground  in  Kioto.  The  final  and  speedy 
result  was  that  all  Japan  Mibmitted  to  the  hero  who,  after  victory,  had 
knotted  the  cords  <>f  his  helmet. 

18 


THE  311 K ADO'S  EXl'IllE. 


XXVII. 

Tin:  /'/:/.'  /v.vT/o.v  OF  nrAi-ffjir  A.\D  FEUDALISM. 


\\  K  have  traced  the  ri-e  ami  fail  of  no  fewer  than  six  familie-  that 
hel'l  u'<  <\  ernin^  power  iii  their  persons  or  in  ivalitv.  These  \\eiv  in 
-necession  the  Su^awara,  Fujiwara,  Taira,  Minainoto,  IIojo,  ami  A-hi- 
kau'a.  Tin.'  la-t  half  of  the  sixteenth  ceiiturv  witnessed  the  ri>e,  not 
of  ".Teat  families,  luit  of  individuals,  the  mark  of  whoso  genius  ami  en- 
ergy i-  -tamped  upon  Japanese  liistory.  These  three  individuals  were 
Nohunaifa,  Hide\o-hi.  and  ly.'-ya-ii.  \\'ho  and  what  \\ere  thev  .' 

Xoluinan'a  was  one  of  many  elan-leaders  who,  liv  genius  and  dai1- 
in-\  roM'  iihove  the  ei'owd.  and  planned  to  lirinj.'  all  the  others  in  >ul>- 
jeetion  to  him-elf.  that  he  miidit  rule  them  iii  the  mikado's  jiame. 
Froin  having  Itri-n  ealh'd  l>nk<i  l)<>in>  (Lord  l;o"l)  \>\  his  enemir^,  lie 
i'ose  to  hi'  Nai  1  >ai  Jin.  and  ^uaved  power  fjiial  t<>  a  shofflin,  l>llt  In- 
m-\  cr  reeri\  cd  that  name  or  honor  :  for  not  l.rin^  a  Minanioto.  he  \\  a- 
ineli  -•!''!••.  r.n;  for  this  inviolahlc-  precedent.  Nol'iina^a  mi^ht  have  ho- 
(?ome  Sci-i  Ta;  Shr»^'nn,  aii<l  t'oinidi-d  a  famih  line  a-  pp'iid  and  pow- 
i'1-fiil  a-  thai  of  the  Tokn^awas  of  later  time. 

\\"ho  was   1  1  i<!'.'\  o-lii  :      'I'hi-   <jiie-tii>n  wa-  often  a-ked.  in   hi-  own 

tillH'.    1'V    Ille!)    \\llo    fc'lt    olilv    too    keeliU'    //•/"//    he    \\  a>.        Tlli-    lliall,   \\llo 

inanufaetiired  hi-  "\\  n  an^e-trv  on  paper,  \\a-  a  parvenu  fi'om  the 
pea-ant  e!a>s  uho,  from  Ll'i'""niiiiLlf  hi-  ma-ter>  horses  in  the  -taMe. 
fniitiiiiii-d  hi-  ma-;.'!-'-  \\ork,  as  -ho'_qiii,  in  tin-  tield.  and.  tr:un]ilin<; 
on  ali  preeeileiit.  ama/ed  tin'  l''u  jiuara  perr-  l>v  u'ettiiiLi'  the  otlii-e  of 
k'.iamhak  u. 

\\  ii"  wa-  l\c\a-u  :  N'i'ither  of  hi-  two  predecessors  had  Minanioto 
it!  .....  1.  i\e\a-u.  it  tii'-t  an  <'!>-.  aire  eaiitain  under  Nohunaixa. 

I 

wa-   of   true    (J.'i  ,  .....  1   of    mikado-,  and    of  the   -'ivat 

i'1'ofs   of   Iv'i-ti-i'ii    Japan.   \sa-   in    hi-  veins.       !!••   ua-   de-tiiieil  to 

!  veil  th«    -jileii'lor  of  |)i-  foivfathers.       He  \\  a-  eli^ihle,  \>\    riii'ht 

of   de-ee|lt,    to    lieeollie   Sei    i    Tai    v  ;  .O-.M  i  .    or  e]|ief   of  al  1    tile    dailllio-. 

Tl      :  in  ilv  "f  'I'okun'aw  I-  naii:e  from  a  pla>-e   aiid   river  in 

Shiniot-ukr.   near    A-hikai:'a    and     \itta  —  v.  hi.-h   are    LT''"Lri'aphieal   a- 


THE  PERFECTION   OF  DUAECHY  AND  FEUDALISM.          27l 

well  as  personal  names —  claimed  descent  from  the  mikado  Sei\va 
through  tin-  Minamoto  Yoshiiye,  thence  through  that  of  Nitta  Yoslii- 
sada.  ToktiLi'awa  Shiro,  the  father  of  Iveyasu,  lived  in  the  village  of 
Matsudaira,  in  Mikawa.  lyeyasu  always  signed  the  documents  sent 
to  foreigners,  Mimimoto  no  Iveyasii. 

As  it  is  the  custom  in  Japan,  as  in  Kurope.  to  nam"  families  after 
places,  the  name  of  this  obscure  village,  Matsudaira,  was  also  taken  as 
a  family  name  by  nearly  all  vassals,  who  held  their  lands  l>y  direct 
u'ntnt  from  lyeyasu.  In  1.S07.  no  fewer  than  fifty-four  daimios  were 
holding  the  name  Matsudaira.  The  title  of  the  daimio  in  whose  capi- 
tal the  writer  lived  in  ItfTl,  was  Matsudaira  Echi/eii  no  Kami. 


The  Toknu'awa  crest  was  a  circle  inclosing  thi'ee  leaves  of  the  <nr<>/ 
(a  species  of  mallow,  found  in  Central  Japan)  joined  at  the   tips,  the 
.-talks  loiicliinii'  the  circle.      This  gilded  trefoil  ^h-amed  on  the  <  Jo\-cr!i 
mciiT  liuildiiiu's  and  property  of  the  sho^un,  and  on  the  oilicia!  docu 
nieiits,  lioais,  robes,  fia»'s,  and  tombs.      (  )n  Kaempfer's  and   Ilildivth'.-' 
Imoks  thciT  is  printed  under  it  tin-  misleading  legend,  "  In-i^'iiia  ////• 
l/i'i'i/torix  Japonic!."      The    trefoil   Ha '4    iluttered   in  the    hive/e    when 
C'ommodore    1'erry   made  his  treaty  under   its   shadow.      'I'"   thi-  day 
manv  foreigners  suppo>e  it  to  be  the  national  tla-j  of  Japan.      l!   was 
simplv  the  familv  crc^t  of  the  chief  daimio  in  Japan. 

The  imperial  court,  yearning  for  peace,  and  finding  in   Iveva-^u  the 
person  to  keep  the  empire  in  order,  command  uni\er>al  obedience,  and 


THK  MIKADO'S   KM  PI  UK. 


• 


sati-fv  tin-  lilimil  n-ijuiiTiiii'iits  of  precedent  to  tln>  oflico,  created  lii 
Sei-i  Tai  Sj|. .j-iiii,  and  it  was  left  to  Minainoto  Tokujjawa  Ke-vasu  to 
achieve  tin-  perfection  of  duarchy  and  Japanese  feudalism. 

I.i  ;  u-  see  lio\\-  he  arranged  the  che---l>oard  of  the  empire.  There 
were  hi-  tuelve  ehildren.  a  mimlier  of  powerful  prinres  of  lar<jv  landed 
p — essions  whom  In1  had  not  conquered,  1'iit  eoneiliated;  the  le— er 
daimius,  who  had  joined  him  in  his  career;  his  own  retainers  of  everv 
•j;rade ;  and  a  vast  and  miscellaneous  array  of  petty  feudal  -uperi»r-. 
ha\iiiir  grants  of  land  and  retinues  of  from  three  to  one  hundred  fol- 
lowers. The  IOIILT  hereditary  occupation  of  certain  land-  had  ^iveii 
the  holders  a  rii;'ht  which  even  Ivevasu  could  not  dispute.  Out  of 
Mich  complexity  and  chaos,  how  was  such  a  niotlev  arrav  of  proud 
and  turlmleiit  men  t«  l>e  reduced  to  discipline  and  obedience'  Upon 
Mich  a  palimp-e-t.  how  was  an  accurate  map  to  lie  drawn,  or  a  duraMe 
len'il'le  record  to  \>c  written?  lyeyasii  had  force,  re-ouives,  an<l  pa- 
tience. He  was  master  of  the  art-  of  conciliation  and  of  letting  alone. 
He  could  wait  for  time  to  do  its  work.  He  would  </i\e  men  the  op- 
portunity of  licinir  conquered  liy  their  own  ^ood  sense. 

Of  lyeya-ff-  t\\elve  children,  three  daughters  married  the  daimio- 
of  Mima-aka.  SaiTaini,  and  Hida.  (^  hi-  nine  sons.  \ol>uya-u  died 
1'efoiv  hi-  father  Kecanie  -ho^iin.  IIide\a-u.  his  second  son.  had  Keen 
adopted  1'V  the  taiko.  l.ut  a  >on  wa-  l>orn  to  the  latter.  Ive\a-u  then 

Lfave    hi-   soil    the    )>ro\llp'e    of    l'»ii/en.        Helice    the    Kchi/eli    clallSllleTl, 

a-  I'elatnc-  oi  the  >hn^unal  familv,  \\ere  i-vcr  their  stanchest  -;ip- 
porter-.  (-ven  until  the  cannon  tired  at  I'li-hiini  in  1  vt',^.  Their  crest 
wa-the  -aim  tivfi.il  a-  that  of  their  -i;//  rain.  \\lnii  I!iih'\a-u  wa- 
eiifei  >lTed  \\  i  1 1 1  iv'hixrii.  man  v  p  i'o  ii  i  \  ii  •  •  1 1 1  iin  'ii  and  heads  i  »f  old  families, 
supposing  that  In-  w  oiild.  of  c-i  iiir-e.  succeed  hi-  fat  hei-  in  oil  ice.  f.  ill.  .\\  ed 
him  to  In-  domain,  and  li\cd  tin-re.  Hence  iii  r'ukui,  the  capital  of 
Kchi/en.  in  v.di'li  I  li\id  dui'in'_r  the  year  1V71.  I  l>ecaiiie  acijiininted 
\\ith  tin  di -••'  ndaiit -  of  mativ  pr<»ud  families,  wliose  anee-tor-  had 
nur-i-d  ;i  profound  di-apjiointnient  for  ovi'i1  two  centuries ;  for  !\e\a-u 
elio,e  hi-  third  -on,  Hidetada.  who  had  married  a  dau^'htei'  of  tic- 
taiko.  to  Micceed  him  iii  the  -lioirilliate. 

Tadava-hi.  tifth  >on  of  I  \ .  \  a-u.  u  ho>e  title  wa-  Mat  -lida.ira  Sat-nma 
iio  Kami,  dii'd  voiiic_r.  Ar  hi- death  five  of  his  retainers  diseinl-oweled 
t hein-i'K'e-.  t hat  i h'-\  ii, ,.  \  their  yoiinu'  master  into  the  happ\' 

land.      Thi-   i-  said  :<>    i"-   tlie    la-1    in-taiiee   of  the  ancient   fi:>toin  of 
ii/n-x/ii  (livimc  with  tin-  ma-ter).  -uch  a-  we   ha\  e  not  ic.  d  in  a  forni'  r 
r.      J  luring  the  early  and  !n<  dia/val  ••••nturie-  occur  authentic  in- 


THE  PERFECTION  OF  Dl'.UiClIY  JLVZ>  FEUDALISM. 


stances  of  such  immolation,  or  the  moiv  horrible  test  of  loyalty  in  the 
burial  of  living  retainers  to  their  necks  in  the  earth,  with  only  the  head 
above  ground,  \vho  were  left  to  starve  slowly  to  death.  JJurving  a  man 
alive  under  the  foundations  of  a  castle  ahotit  to  l«e  built  or  in  the  pier 
of  a  new  bridge,  was  a  similar  instance  of  lingering  superstitions. 

In  the  Jin  Kau  ("  Mirror  of  tlie  Military  Families  of  Japan  "),  a  com- 
plete li>t  of  the"  Yedo  nobility,"  or  clans,  no  record  is  given  of  lye- 
yasii's  sixth  and  ninth  male  children.  On  his  three  last  sons  were 
bestowed  the  richest  ricfs  in  the  empire,  excepting  those  of  Satsuma, 
Kau'a,  Miitsu,  Iliir'n,  and  a  few  others  —  all-powerful  daimios,  whose 
lands  lyeyasii  could  not  touch,  and  whose  allegiance  was  only  secured 
by  a  policy  of  conciliation.  These  three  sons  were  invested  with  the 
principalities  of  Owari,  Kii,  and  Mito.  They  founded  three  families, 
who  were  called  (iosanke  (the  three  illustrious  families),  and  from 
these,  in  case  of  failure  of  heirs  in  the  direct  line,  the  >ho:>'iin  was 
to  he  chosen.  The  assessed  revenue  of  these  families  were  010,500, 
o.j.j.OOO,  and  MoO,0()0  kokn  of  rice,  respectively.  Thev  were  held  in 
UTeat  respect,  and  wielded  immense  influence;.  Their  yashikis  in  \  edo 
were  among  the  largest,  and  placed  in  the  most  conspicuous  and  com- 
manding sites  of  the  citv.  At  the  toinlis  of  the  shoguns  at  Shiha  and 
I."  verm,  the  broiixe  memorial  lanterns  presented  in  honor  of  the  de- 
ceased ruler  are  pre-eminent  above  all  others  for  their  size  and  beautv. 

In  the  course  of  history  down  to  1  SOS,  it  resulted  that  the  first  sev- 
en shoguns  were  descendants  of  Ivevasfi  in  the  line  of  direct  heirs/-' 
From  the  eighth,  and  thence  downward  t<>  the  sixteenth,  or  next  to  the 
ia-t,  the  shugims  were  all  reallv  of  the  Mood  of  Kii.  The  Owari  fani- 
ilv  was  never  represented  on  the  seat  of  Ivt'-vasii.  It  was  u'eiieralh 
Believed,  and  is  popularly  stated,  that  a>  the  first  Prince  <>f  Mito  had 


*  SIIOGLNS  or  Tin:  TOKCGAWA  FAMILY. 

1.  lyeynsfi IWJ-ldni: 

.'.  ilid.'l.ula 1  di !.-)-] (;-.'•> 

.'I.  IvelliitM'l Id'jo-ll'il'.' 

4.  lyt'i-iiiiii II i."i(t-l I Isn 

.">.  T-iiiiayd-lii H1S1-17OS 

•  I.  lyi'-ii.iliii 17il!l-171'J 

\  V.-.-li'nuun.-. .  .  .  1717-1744 


•_'7t  THK  MIKADO'S  EXPIRK. 

married  the  daughter  of  an  enemy  of  lyuyastt,  tho  Mito  family  could 
in>t  furnish  an  \\:  ir  to  the  shoixunate.  In  1  *f>7.  however,  as  we  shall 
>ee.  Kriki,  a  son  of  Mito,  Lut  adopted  into  the  IIit'itMil>a>hi  family.  l>e- 
came  the  tliirt v-iiint h  and  last  Sei-i  Tai  Sho<;uii  of  Japan,  the  fifteenth 
i>t  of  TokiiLTawa.  and  the  fourth  and  last  "Tycoon"1  of  Japan. 

Nr\t  to  the  (iosanke  ranked  the  Koknshiu  (k'nkn,  province;  *//''", 
ruler)  daimios,  the  powerful  leaders  whom  Iveva-u  defeated,  or  \v..n 
over  to  ohedielice,  luit  never  tamed  or  conquered.  He  treated  them 
rather  as  puna's  less  fortunate  in  the  name  of  \\ar  than  himself.  Some 
of  them  were  direct  descendants  of  the  Kokushiu  appointed  l>y  Yori- 
tomo.  l.ut  most  were  merely  successful  military  adventurers  like  Iy- 
vasu  himself.  Of  the-e.  Kau'a  was  the  wealthiest.  lie  ruled  over 
Kan'a,  Noto.  and  Ktclmi.  his  chief  citv  and  castle  liein^  at  Kanezawa. 
His  ineomc  was  l.di'T.Oiti)  koku.  The  family  name  was  ,Maeda, 
There  were  three  cadet  families  ranking  as  To/ama.  two  with  incomes 
of  KMI.UIMI.  the  other  of  10. (MK)  koku.  The  Maeda  crest  consi>ted  "f 
ti\e  circles,  around  ten  >hort  ra\  s  representing;  sword-punctures.  The 
Shimad/u  family  of  Sat>uma  ruK'd  o\ci-  Sat>uma.  ()/iimi.  Hiu^a.  and 
the  Liu  Kin  Islands — revenue,  710. (Kid  koku:  chief  city,  Ka^oshima. 
There  v.as  one  cadet  of  the  hou-e  of  Shimad/.u.  with  a  revenue  of 
•_'7,doii  k(.ku.  The  ere>t  was  a  white  ero>sJ'r  within  a  circle. 

The  I  )atte  family  ruled  over  the  old  northern  division  of  Hondo, 
called  Mutsu  :  capital.  Seiidai  ;  revenue.  :J.i'.").ddu  koku.  There  were 
three  cadet  families,  two  having  .'id.ddd  kokn  :  anil  one,  l"\\  a  jima.  in 

Ivo.  ldo,i Their  crest  \vas  t\v<»  sparrows  within  a  ein-le  of  liaiulio«i 

and  lea\  e-. 

The  Ho.-okawa  family  ruled  Hi-_r":  income  ."ao.ddd  ;  the  chief  eity 
is  Kumaiiiotii.  in  vvhich  i-  one  of  the  tiue-,i  ea^tlo  in  .Japan,  l-uilt  l>v 
Kato  l\i\ .  ijna-a.  ( >f  three  cadets  \\!ios,.  uiiit>-d  income^  \\ere  S|.:;IMI 
koku.  two  had  cities  iii  Hi •_••".  and  one  in  Hitaehi:  crest,  ei^hl  disks 
around  a  1-1  :  tral  sinalli  v  disk. 

The   Kur.. da    family  ruled  <'liiku/en;    revenue.  ^^d.ddO  ;   chief  cit\ 

l-'ukui'ika  :    crest,  a    Mack    disk.       <  >ne    cadet     in    K'ad/iisa    had    ilujmo 

:     crest,   a     -lice     i  if    eueiimlnT.        Aliotiier     in    (  'hikll/eli  ;     revenue, 

."•I  '.i  UK  i ;  crest,  \Vi-tari     l!    v    :•-. 

Kavii'r.   \vlni   >iis]n-i-t  i-ii 
'.    ill    it.       It    1  .       '-   :,    -1    t'i   lip-   Mi;ill\    \\  i  ill!(l-hc   :il;-i- 

-.  whti  burn  e'  inn  '  inj-'arlliin^  ( 'hri~l  ian  i'i-!ir-  in 

!'    :-  .1  -!  .In  I.,!   i   -  :  '       '  ;--'Tt;iti'i'l  1>\    l;t-w-t-'i)iHTs,  who  liclji  to  idV'1 

ruth   to   tin  ti|<!  I   the   l"  irl    ,  tl     I    "  tin-    loiiiT'T   din-    li\  •  -    :: 

'.'.-;  lie  kl; ')•>'•-  .'      '  Ll  i-  ;i III!  1\    a  i[( ' !•-!_•'-!. it- MI !H". 


THE  PERFECTION  OF  DIARCHY  AXD  FEUDALISM.         27.j 

Tli!.-  Asano  family  ruled  Aid;  chief  city,  Hiroshima;  revenue, 
420, 000  ;  niie  cadet. 

Tlie  Mori  faiuilv  ruled  Chdshiu;  chief  city,  Ilairi;  revenue,  300,000. 
Of  three  cadet  families,  two  were  in  Xau'ato,  one  was  in  Suwo.  Their 
united  incomes,  100,000  koku  ;  crest,  a  kind  of  water-plant. 

The  above  are  a  few  specimens  from  tin;  thirty-six  families  outside 
of  the  Tokugawa,  and  the  subject  (fudai)  clans,  who,  though  not  of 
the  shogunal  family,  took  the  name  of  Mat-iidaira.  There  were,  in 
1S02,  two  hundred  and  sixty— even  feudal  families,  and  as  inanv  dai- 
inios  of  various  rank,  income,  and  landed  possessions.  Japan  wa-  thus 
di\  ided  into  petty  fragments,  without  real  nationality,  and  utterly  un- 
prepared to  bear  the  shock  of  Contact  with  foreigners. 

The  To/ama  [outside  (of  the  shogunal  family)  nobility]  were  cadet 
families  of  the  Kokushiu,  or  the  smaller  landed  lords,  who  held  heredi- 
tary possessions,  and  who  sided  with  lyeyasu  in  his  rise  to  power. 
There  were,  in  IS 02,  ninety  whose  assessed  revenue  ranged  from  ten 
to  one  hundred  thousand  koku  each. 

The  Fudai  (literally,  successive  generations)  were  the  general,  cap- 
tain-, and  retainers,  both  civil  and  militarv,  on  whom  Iyeya-u  be- 
stowed land  as  rewai'ds.  They  were  the  direct  vassals  of  the  Toku- 
ii'awa  family.  The  shogun  could  order  any  of  them  to  exchange  their 
Mefs,  or  could  increase  or  curtail  their  revenues  at  will.  Thev  wt-re  to 
the  shogun  as  the  old  ''Six  (luards"  of  Kioto,  or  household  troop-  of 
the  medheval  mikadoatc.  There  were,  in  1S02,  one  hundred  and  h'f- 
tccn  of  this  class,  with  lands  assessed  at  from  ten  to  one  hundred 
thousand  koku.  It  was  only  the  fudai,  or  lower-grade  daiinio-.  who 
could  hold  oiiice  under  the  Yedo  bakufu,  and  one  became  recent,  as 
we  >!ial!  SOP. 

\Vlun  once  firmly  seated  on  the  throne,  lyeyasu  found  himself 
hitter  of  almost  all  Japan.  His  jj;reatest  care  was  to  make  Mich  a 
di>po-al  of  his  lands  as  to  strike  a  balance  of  power,  and  to  ;IIMII> 
harmony  among  the  host  of  territorial  nobility,  who  already  held  or 
were  about  to  be  given  land-;.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  fveva-u 
and  his  -uccessois  were,  both  in  theorv  and  reality,  vassals  of  the  ein- 
peror,  though  they  assumed  the  protection  of  the  imperial  per-oii. 
Neither  the  shogun  nor  the  daimios  were  acknowledged  at  l\ioto  a~ 
iioli!e>  of  tin-  empire.  Tlie  lowest  kuin''  was  a'»ove  the  -ho^un  in 
rank.  The  shogun  could  obtain  his  appointment  onl\  frojn  ;!  e  mi- 
kado. He  was  >imply  the  most  powerful  ainone'  the  daimio-.  who 
had  won  that  pre-eminence  by  the  sword,  and  who,  by  wealth  and 


L'Tii  THE  MIKAlXi'S  EMPIRE. 

pouer,  ;;'    ;  f:ill\    w  fought    plan    of  divi-ion    of  land  amon-'  tin 

other    ilaiinii")-.  \sas    a!>Ie   1"    ml''    for   over  two   ;ui'l   a  half  cenluric-. 
i  .    \ .  he  \va-  i>i-i:nn*  mil  /•  juinx  ;    in  actualitv,  he  was  supreme 

ovci   /  '    riois.      Tlir  mikad»  wa-  left   \\ilii   nieivlv  nominal  power,  de- 
'    iijinti   th.'    ^  edo   tiva-urv   for  revenue   and    protection,  luit    lie 
v.  a-  -till  tin-   fountain  of   honor  anil  preferment,  ami.  uith    hi-   court. 
fonui-d   uhai    ua-   tin-    lau  fill.  ami.  in  tin-    la-t    anah  -i-.  tlir   oiilv    true 

p»Wi  ".        Then-    Wa-   fonned   ;it    Ycdo   the   il(    fnrfn,    actual    ai  111  lilli-t  rat  i\  i' 

•_:'o\  eminent  of  tin-  empire.  \\ith  the  imperial  famiiv,  court,  ami  110- 
lilt-S  lyrya-u  had  nothing  to  do  except  a-  \a--al  and  guardian.  He 
-imph  undertook  to  -ettle  the  position  and  Li'i'ade  the  po\ver  of  the 
territorial  iioMe-,  and  rule  them  l>v  the  >troiiii;  hand  of  militarv  force. 
\e\eri  hel.--.  real  titles  were  Ke-towed  oiilv  I'V  the  emperor;  and  an 
honor  granted,  howexcr  emptv  of  actual  po\\er,  from  the  Son  of 
Heaven  in  Kioto  \\a-  coii.-ideivd  iinnieasiiralilv  -uperior  to  anv  ii'itl 
\\hidi  the  awi'-Cdinju'lliiiii1  chief  daimio  in  ^  ed"  could  l>e-t"\v.  Tin- 
po>ses.-iuii  of  rank  and  otlieial  title  i-  the  ruling  pa->'n>iL  of  a  .lapaiie-e. 
'Ih'-  L'ichest  daimiov,  not  content  with  their  power  and  revenue,  -pent 
va-t  -urns  of  nionev.  and  u-ed  e\ery  intlueiice  at  tin-  Kioto  court,  to 
win  titles,  mire,  indeed,  the  exponent  of  a  realitv  that  existed.  l>m. 
I'eatioji  of  tin-  duarehv  and  the  deeav  of  the  mikado'-  ac- 
tual power,  as  al'-urdlv  empty  a-  those  of  the  mediati/ed  prince-  of 
<  <•  rnianv,  and  ha\m^'  no  more  comic. -tion  with  the  ilutie-  implicil 
than  :  if  I'oiitifex  Maxiniu-  ha>  with  tlio.-e  of  ( 'hief  I'.rid-v- 

Uon-e. 

'I':  •  I  of  i  ir  '•  Si  imadxfi  familv.  with  hi-  va-t  province^ 

of  Sat-i  II::;.;':.  i  •  i  tin  I.  l\iu  I-';,'.  ! -.  cared  a-  mi!'-!i 

for  the  poM  i  p.  HI-  \aeiiit  \  of  Shun  im  ilailui  i  "  '  :  '  f  of  the  (  Mli f 

Kcele-ia-tii-al  <  'arpenter-  ")  a-  to  1-e  -tyled  I.oi'd  of  Sat-unia. 

1'  i-  in  the  -•'"-;•, iXii'-.V,  di-trililition  of  hi-  feudal  \a--al-  that  the 
evm'u-  "f  |\.'\  ,;•.;,  i~  -e,-n.  Wherever  two  powci'fu!  elan-  that  -till 
liorea  Lri';id  '  'I'okii'j'awa  name  were  iiei^hKor-.  lie  put  In - 

t  ween  tt,  m  one  •  ,-',-•  ,  ,<•  diivet  va— al-.  \\  hich  M-J-VI-I]  to 

pre\int  laii  ••  <••  'inl 'iniiej'  •  'V  iiiti'iu'uini;'.  De-ide-di  — 

po-in-_-  of  IT;-  em-mii-  •  make  them  harmle— ,  hi-  olijeet  wa- 

to   •_;•!! -i  I'd    the   eapil   i   .    l\    .    '     ,      -    i!iat    a-pil'H.L:'    lead'  I'-   e->ll!d    lii-\e!'   a-.:';iill 
tile   pe|--oli   of  the    mil  :i   ';     .    ;i-    had    I'eeli    1'i-peat  ei  U  \    done    in   tillie- 

[  |e  1  hu-  removed  '•  m.-n;  of  di->  '1'der. 

!.          •    command-  Kiol  I    it  wa-  Driven  to  hi-  e!de-t 

''        L^'iiard-  i;    from   Ih     •      r:    it    wa-   ili\id'-d  amoin;   hi-   direct 


THE  rEIU-'KL'Tloy   OF  DU.\Rr][Y  A.VD  FEUDALISM.          277 

vassals,  while  (.)\vari  and  Kii  were  assigned  to  his  sons.  His  fudai 
vassals,  or  "household  troops,"  \vcre  also  ranged  on  the  west,  while 
to  the  south-west  was  O/aka,  a  city  in  the  government  domain,  ruled 
by  his  own  otlieials.  Thus  the  capital  was  completely  walled  in  by 
friends  of  Tokugawa,  and  isolated  from  their  enemies. 

Mori,  once  the  lord  of  ten  provinces,  and  the  enemy  of  Tokugawa, 
was  put  away  into  the  extreme  south-west  of  Hondo,  all  his  territories 
except  Xagato  and  Snwo  being  taken  from  him,  and  given  to  Toku- 
gawa's  direct  vassals.  Opposite  to  Xagato  were  Kokura  and  Chikuxen, 
enemies  of  Nagato.  \\'u  shall  see  the  significance  of  this  when  we 
treat  of  events  leading  to  the  Restoration  (1  S.V5  -  J  SOS).  Shikoku 
was  properly  divided,  so  as  to  secure  a  preponderance  of  Tokngawa's 
iimst  loval  vassals.  Kiushiu  was  the  weakest  part  of  the  system  ;  yet. 
even  here  Satsuma  was  last  and  farthest  away,  and  Iligo,  his  feudal 
rival  and  enemy,  was  put  next,  and  the  most  skillful  disposition  possi- 
ble made  of  the  vassals  and  friends  of  Tokugawa. 

In  the  daimioates  succession  to  their  lands  was  hereditary,  but  not 
always  to  the  oldest  son,  since  the  custom  of  adoption  was  very  preva- 
lent, and  all  the  rights  of  a  son  were  conferred  on  the  adopted  one. 
'  H'teii  the  adopted  child  was  no  relation  of  the  ruler.  Sickly  infant- 
were  often  made  to  adopt  a  son,  to  succeed  to  the  inheritance  and  keep 
up  tin.-  succession.  One  of  the  most  curious  sights  on  occasions  of 
important  gatherings  of  samurai,  was  to  see  babies  and  little  boys 
Iressed  in  men's  clothes,  as  "  heads  of  families,'1  sustaining  the  dignity 
•  if  representing  the  familv  in  the  clan.  I  saw  such  a  sight  in  1S71. 

'  hie  great  difference  between  the  Japanese  svstem  and  that  of  en- 
tail- in  Europe  lav  in  this,  that  the  estate  granted  to  each  daimio 
could  not  lie  added  to,  or  diminished,  either  bv  marriage,  or  \>\  pur- 
chase, or  by  might,  except  by  express  permission  and  grant  from  the 
shogiin,  the  superior  of  all. 

Xe\t  to  the  daimids  ranked  the  Iiafanioto,  or  flag-supporters  (hutu, 
flag:  unto.  root,  under),  who  were  vassals  of  the  shogun — hi<  special 
dependence  in  war  linu — having  less  than  ten  thousand  kokii  rcve- 
TIUC.  Kadi  had  from  three  to  thirty  retainers  in  his  train.  Tiny 
wen-,  in  most  cn<es,  of  good  familv,  descendants  of  noted  \\arriors, 
Thev  numbered  eightv  thousand  in  various  pails  of  the  empire,  but 
the  majority  lived  in  Yedo.  They  formed  the  great  bodv  of  military 
and  civil  olficiaU.  The  f/okenii>,  nianv  of  the  descendants  of  I\c\'a- 
sffs  prixate  soldiers,  were  inferior  in  wealth  and  rank  to  the  halanioto, 
but  with  them  formed  the  hereditary  [>ei'sunal  follo\\ing  of  the  sliO- 


j7-i  '/'///•:  MIKAltn'S   A 

LMIII.  ;in<l  con-tituted  tlif  Tokuirawa  dan  proper,  whose  united  revc- 
ii;ii-  amounted  I"  nearlv  nine  million  koku.  The  shoijun,  i>r  chief 
daimio  of  i!i-  empire,  has  thus  unapproachable  military  resources,  foi- 
lo\\ii:_;-.  and  revenue,  and  could  <>\crawe  court  and  emperor  above. 
-  ali'l  \a--als  beneath. 

Aii  included  \\itliin  the  above  classes  and  their  military  retainer.-. 
were  -aiimrai,  receiving  licrcditarv  income-  of  rice  from  the  <io\vrn- 
ineiit.  Thev  were  privileged  to  wear  t  \vo  swords.  t<>  he  exempt  from 
taxes.  They  may  be  styled  the  military -literati  of  the  country.  To  the 
••.Teat  bulk  of  the-.i.'  >amurai  were  ^ivn  >implv  their  dailv  portion  of 
rice;  to  others  rations  of  rice  for  from  two  to  the  persons.  Some  of 
them  reeeived  small  otlices  or  positions,  to  which  land  or  other  sources 
of  income  were  attaehrd.  The  samurai's  idea-  of  honor  fc>rl>ade  him 
to  do  any  work  or  en^au'e  in  any  business.  Hi-  onlv  duty  was  to  kei-p 
perfunctory  watch  at  the  ca.-tle  or  his  lord'-  hou-e,  walk  in  hi-  h-rd'- 
retinue,  or  on  stated  occasions  ajipear  in  ceremonial  div— .  His  life 
wa-  one  of  i(lleiie.-s  an<i  ease;  and.  a.-  mav  be  imagined,  the  loii^  cent- 
uric-  of  peace  -erved  oiilv  to  develop  the  dangerous  character  of  thi- 
lai'^'c  class  of  armed  idlers.  Sonic,  indeed,  were  studious,  or  enu'a^ed 
with  x.eal  iii  martial  exercises,  or  became  teachers;  but  the  majority 
-pent  their  life  in  eating,  smoking,  and  loun^inu  in  brothels  and  tea- 
houses, or  led  a  wild  life  of  crime  in  one  of  the  ^reat  cities.  When 
too  dei  ply  in  debt,  or  having  committed  a  crime,  they  left  their  lioim  s 
and  th'-  sen  ice  of  their  ma-ters.  and  roanc-d  at  lar^e.  Such  men  were 
called  I'l'iiti/iv,  or  "\\a\e-meii."  I  .-uallv  the\'  \\  »•]•(•  villains,  readv  foi 
anv  ill  ed  of  bl I,  the  pfM-rve  iiiercenarie-  from  which  everv  conspir- 
ator could  n-'-ruit  a  -'ji:ad.  ( )cca.-ionallv,  the  ronin  \\a-a  virtuous  cit- 
izen, v.  ho  had  left  the  servici1  of  hi-  lord  for  an  honorable  purpo-e. 

Ill  fai'i-d  ii  \\iih  the  nicivhan', -.  Thc\  were  considered  so  lo\v  in 
the  sfH-ial  scale  that  thev  had  m>  rij.'ht  in  anv  wav  to  oppo-e  or  To 
remonstrate  uith  tin-  -amurai.  Anion--  the  latter  were  many  tiobK- 
•  xamp'c  -  oj  .  mi-n  \\lio  were  i-vcr  readv  to  a--i-t  the  oppi-, — 

'•d  and  ivdre-s  their  u  ri  IIILT-.  often  becoiiiini;  knights-errant  for  the  ben- 
i  tit  of  "ihe  u]on<_vd  orphan  and  the  widow,  made  so  bv  a.  murderer^ 
h;:!'d.  H'.it  anioi!^1  '  into  and  uTokcnin.  e-pcci;t!!v  aiiion^  tin 

vi   lor-    of   Sel<i_-|l1;:!'  i.  I'l'lleltie-   ;md    acts    of   violence    Were   Hot    onlv    fn- 

ijUcnt    and    "lit:  i    at    b\    the    '  iosernmeiit    oliici;,;-. 

'!'!;•  -e  blackmailer-,  in  tn  •  il-  for  a  spree,  \\oiild  e.xtort  nioiii-\ 

under   \ariou-   pretext-,  or  none-   at    ail.  from    heiplc—   trade-men:    "i 

erv;mt-    uouid    -alh  out    to   a   tea-hoiisf,  and,   having    eaten    "i 


THE  PERFECTION  OF  DUARCHY  ANT)  FEUDALISM.          L'7<» 

ilnmk  their  till,  would  leave  without  paving,  swaggering,  drunk,  and 
sinking  between  their  tipsy  hiccoughs.  Remonstrances  from  the 
landlord  would  he  met  with  threats  of  violence,  and  it  was  no  ran' 
thin^  f«>r  them,  in  their  drunken  fury,  to  slash  off  his  head.  Vet 
these  same  non-producers  and  genteel  loafers  were  intensely  sensitive 
on  many  points  of  honor,  and  would  he  ready  at  any  moment  to  die 
for  their  master.  The  possession  of  swords,  and  the  arrogance  hred 
of  their  superiority  as  a  privileged  class,  acted  continually  as  a  temp- 
tation to  hrawls  and  murder. 

Edinburgh,  in  the  old  days  of  the  clans,  is  perhaps  the  host  illustra- 
tion of  Yedo  during  the  Tokugawa  times.  Certain  localities  in  Yedo 
at  night  would  not  suffer  by  a  comparison  with  the  minino;  reu'ions 
of  California  during  the  tirst  opening  of  the  diggings,  when  to  "eat  " 
a  man,  or  to  kill  an  Indian  before  breakfast,  was  a  feather  in  the  cap 
of  men  who  lived  with  revolvers  constantly  in  their  belts.  As  there 
were  always  men  in  the  gulches  of  whom  it  was  a  standing  prophecy 
that  they  would  "  die  with  their  boots  on,"  so  there  was  many  a  man 
in  every  city  of  Japan  of  whom  it  would  be  a  nine  days'  wonder 
should  lie  die  with  his  head  on.  Of  such  men  it  was  .-aid  that  their 
death  would  be  uuijini  (in  a  dog's  place). 

Yet  the  merchant  and  farmer  were  not  left  utterly  helpless.  The 
Otokodate  were  gallant  and  noble  fellows,  not  of  the  samurai  elas-. 
but  their  bitter  enemies.  The  swash-bucklers  often  met  their  match 
in  these  men,  who  took  upon  themselves  to  redress  the  grievances  ot 
the  unarmed  classes.  The  Otokodate  were  bound  together  into  a 
sort  of  guild  to  help  each  other  in  sickness,  to  succor  each  other  in 
peril,  t«>  scrupulously  tell  the  truth  and  keep  their  promises,  and  never 
to  be  guiltv  of  meanness  or  cowardice.  They  lived  in  various  parts 
of  Japan,  though  the  most  famous  dwelt  in  Yedo.  They  were  the 
champion-;  of  the  people,  who  loved  and  applauded  them.  Many  a 
bitter  conflict  took  place  between  them  and  the  overbearing  samum;. 
especially  the  "white-hilts."  The  story  of  their  cfallant  deeds  form- 
tlie  staple  of  many  a  popular  -tory,  read  with  delight  hv  the  eomnioi 


><  were  the 

merchants.     These  were  the  common    people, 
ere  the  r/'/\,  who  were  skinners,  tanner-,  leather-dre 


_<-MI  /•-'   MIKADO'S   AM//'//,'/: 

the  -aim-  tii'f  \\'ih  other  per-on-.      The-e  pC'.pl.'  \\.Te  s;ii'l  by  some  to 

ml-  !•!  <  oivaii   prisoners;    l.v  otlu-is.  to  have  ITCH  ori'_rinal- 

;..]':>•  \\lio  killed  animal-  for  feedim_;'  tin-  i ID JM -rial  fa!eon-.     A- 

'.  -in   proh.liited  the  eat  in::'  i  't  animals  a-  t 1,  tin1  eta  \\eiv  left 

pale  »f  sodetv.       'I'iu-  fi  in  in   (iio|    human)    Ueiv   the    io\\r-t 

•!--  of  i'l^ar-,  the  -<|uatter-  on  \va-te  land-,  \\ln>  Imilt  huts  alon^  the 

I'oa  i.  and  t -\i-ted  I  iv  -ojjeit  imj;  alms.     Thev  al-o  attemleil  to  the  i-v.ru- 

ti.'ti  ,,f  i-riiniiial-  ami  the  ili.-po-al  of  their  corpses.      hi   general,  they 

v\efe  tillh\   aii1!  ili-Li'ii^tinir.  iii  their  rav>  ;.n  1  <iirt. 

'I'ii. -re  \\eiv  thus,  aei 'or,  1  i n ^  to  otic  ili\  i>ioii,  .'i-'lit  i-lasscs  of  soeiftv  : 
:-;.  the  ku-'e,  Kioto  , ,r  court  no!»ility  :  Jil.  the  daimirp-,  Vdl..  ,.r  ter- 
ritorial iioliles;  :'.'!,  the  luiki'1.  or  hatanioto,  or  samurai  of  louer  rank 
than  that  of  <lai:n:o  ami  piie-t  :  4th,  laml<-'l  proprietor  without  tit!''. 
(\:>\  fai'lliel's,  ealled  ],'<  >l<i  kit  *l  n  .'  .">tll,  artisill-.  earpMlters,  ete.,  eailed 

V/'M, /,•»,/,;/,  ,•  lith.  niereliaiii-,  ,-hop-kei'pers.  ami  trader-,  ealli'd  nk'unln- 
7th,  aetors,  prostitutes,  genteel  l.e^-^ar.-,  i'te,  :  >th,  tanner-,  -kinm-r-, 
hinin.  and  eta. 

Another  div  isioii  i-  that   into  four  classes;    1-t.  militarv  and  olli^'ial 

rai  ;    I'd.  aii'i'ieultural  —  iarniei-;    :!d.   lalninu^  —  arti-an  ;    4th, 

trading  — niei'diaiit.      IS^low  the  level  of    liiimanilv   uei'e  the  et;i  and 

nin. 

'I'hi-  \\a<  tin1  eoii-titution  of  -oeirty  in  .iajian  duriiiL;'  the  rule  o! 
the  I'oku^'a\^a  nni  li  1  x>i v. 

[\e\a-u,   ill    ir.uii   am!    the    vears    foll.i\vini;',  i'Hiplove'1   an   ;;nn\    of 

;',tlH.illHI    lai'ol'el1-    ill    ^i-'lo.    ill     i-Til;'|'L,nilLj    til-'    ea>t!e.    Mi-^'ile.;'    llloat-    alld 

ra!;al-.  ^radimj;  -tn'i-1-.  tiiiiii'j  mar-he-,  and  eri-etin^  ImildiiiLi1-.  II'- 
il--.  t-  i>l  j  ink-  hi1.  _  •  granite  from  H ';•",_;,.  f, .r  i  Id  and  Lf;ite 

hu'ti-e--!  -,  and  the  ri\  er-  In.at-  tin1  dark  -1.  .;,••   for  lln-  \vail-  of  the  di 
Hi-  fall        '    tin    ',':>••    of  tin-  <-it  \    \\a--ho\\n   in   hi-  ..rd'Tin^ 
an    iimi.'-ii-e    ".'  to    In    ilii-jf,  ulii'-h    far  nmre  ihaii  eoiupleidv 

•  •neirel.'d  Lot  h  ea-lle  and  eity.  and  -'a'.  -  and  to\\er-  to  |,r  Luih ,  \s  In  n 
a-  \  et  1  :.  »r  il\\i  Ilin^-ln  m-es  \\  ithin  them, 

and    eii  v    pi-op  •  til  r\    to    -•.•    ami    laii^h    at 

A--e,  .]'ilit  -'real    f.  .in    1'  r  de.'lai'ed  that   \\ail- 

"•  •  •  ,    !  :-  •    '  •;'..' .  •.:    i  '  '       i  far  IM-V.  .ml  t  In-in.      The  pn-dietion 

\\ a-  xei'ilird:    for    it          '  that    uiihm    lil';\    \.'at-.   a-  \\'e   kiinu 

Id  map-  of  V'-d        '  a-1   of  1!;.    r;\i  r  \\a-  i.uilt  np-.n.  and 

had  -jip-ad  1  :  i-nt    \>\->  'porti.  m-. 

for-1   tin-    \ .  ar    I  7 1 "  ••  ,      >n   of   0-,-,-r   ~i*  ''•  <.(  >'  m   -•  .nl-. 

'i  D.-V.-I    did   hav.'.  ;,-   tin-    i  i  •     iml'-r-  ini-  — -1.    in  i  a-  our  old   u-\t- 


THE  PEHFECTIOX  OF  DUAIiCUY  AXD  FEUDALISM.          283 

books,  in  stereotyped  phrase,  told  us,  2, .500, 000  souls.  It  is  probable 
that,  in  lx-~>7,  when  Mr.  To\\  nsend  J I  arris,  the  American  envoy,  lirst 
entered  it,  it  had  as  many  as  1,000,000.  In  1872,  by  oilieial  census, 
the  population  of  Tokio,  including  that  of  the  villages  around  it  and 
under  the  municipal  jurisdiction,  \vas  02,"), 000 ;  of  the  citv  proper, 
TiHi.OOO  pei'inanent  ivsi<leiits,  to  which  should  be  added  nearly  100,000 
floating  population. 

Outside  of  Vedo,  tlie  strength  of  the  great  unifier  was  spent  on  the 
public  roads  and  highways,  especially  the  Tokaidd,  or  r.iad  ,-kirtinj; 
tin1  Eastern  Sea,  which  begins  at  Kioto  and  ends  at  Tokio.  lie  ar- 
ranged fifty-three  stations  (x/iiktt,  relays,  or  post-stations),  at  \\hich 
were  hotels,  pack -horses,  baggage  -  coolies,  and  palanquin -bearers.  A 
regular  code  of  regulations  to  u'overn  the  movements  of  the  daimios 
and  noble-  when  traveling — the  etiijuette  to  be  observed,  the  -cale  of 
prices  to  be  charged — was  duly  arranged,  and  continued  in  force  until 
1808.  The  roads,  especially  the  mountain-passes,  bridges,  and  ferries, 
were  improved,  and  one  ri  (measure  of  two  and  two-fifth  miles)  hill- 
ocks to  mark  the  distances  set  up.  The  regulations  required  that  the 
main  road.-  >hould  be  thirty-six  feet  wide,  and  be  planted  with  pine- 
trees  alono-  their  length.  Cross-roads  should  have  a  width  of  eighteen 
feet;  foot-paths,  six;  and  of  by-paths  through  the  fields,  three  feet. 
At  the  ferry-landing  on  either  bank  of  a  river  there  was  to  be  an  open 
space  of  about  three  hundred  and  sixtv  feet.  Various  other  regula- 
tions, pertaining  to  minute  details  of  life,  sumptuary  laws,  and  feudal 
regulations,  were  promulgated,  and  gradually  came  into  force  through- 
out the  empire. 

To  defend  the  Kuantd,  and  strengthen  his  position  as  military  rule]' 
'"if  the  empire,  he  built  or  improved  the  nine  castles  of  Mho,  l"t-uno- 
miva,  Takasaki,  Odawara,  and  five  others  in  the  Kuanto.  At  Suinpu 


ly   :SO. Odd, (MM)    koku   ( 10;"), (MM), (100   bushels)  of   rice. 

1). (too, (MM)  koku  were,  retained  as  the  revenue  of  the 

mines  were  government   property;   and  at,  this  time 

\\as  discovered,  uhicli  fui'iii>hed  Iveyasu   w 

peace.     Thi>  i>land  mav  be  .-aid  to  be  a  mas 

ha-  ever  -'nice  lu'en  the  natural  treasure-house  of  Japan. 

IvevaMi  had   now   the   opportunity  to  prove  him.-i-ll'a   legi-lator,  a- 
well  as  a  warrior.      He  be^an  by  ^'rantinu-  ;uiine.-tv  to  all   \\lio  \\oiild 


accept   it.      II'-  wi.-lied  the  pa-t  forgotten.      He  regretted  that  PCI  iim.-li 

hi  .....  1  ii.fi  In  .  ii  -pilled.     He  entered  upon  a  poliev  ,  .f  conciliation  ;hat 

liis  -'uli'  nil  tlir  neutral  and  nrnrlv  ail  tin-  h".-tile  clan-. 

T  v.  ,  •]'!•    sollli-    U  ho    UelV    -till    too    ]i!'.H|il    of    -llllell    tn    Slll'lllit    nr   !1C- 

irdon.      Thi'-i'  \\ere  left   i|tiictiv  al"in'.  the  LH'eat   nniticr  waiting 

healing    hand    I'ftillH'.         He    felt    -life    "f    111-    jil'e-elit    ]  )"\Ver.  al  H  1 

i-elf  iliii_rentlv  In  \\ork  during  the  remainder  of  hi-  life  to  con- 
M.lidatr  and  -t  relict  hen  that  p«v\er  so  that  it  uoiiM  la-t  for  centime-. 

I\eva-u  \\a-  ei'eateil  Sei-i  Tai  Sho^un  in  Hi"-'!.  (Milv  t  \\ice  during 
hi-  life-time  \va-  jieace  interrupted.  The  persecution  of  thr  Christian- 
was  i>nc  in-tance.  and  the  1'i'ief  campaign  a^'am-t  Hidevori,  the  >oii 
i'f  the  taiko,  ua<  the  si-cond.  Ai'i'iind  thi>  younu;  man  had  gather- 
ed nio-t  of  the  malcontents  of  the  empire.  Iveva-u  found  or  -oii;/!i; 
a  Lrf"Uiid  of  quarrel  against  him,  and  on  the  :\<\  nf  June,  IdJ'i.  nt- 
tacked  the  ('a-tle  .>f  O/aka,  uhich  \va-  set  on  lire.  A  l.l.'odv  Kattle. 
the  la-t  fought  "ii  the  -"ii  fur  two  hundred  and  lift  v-three  year-,  re- 
sulted in  the  triumph  of  Iveva-u.  and  the  disappearance  of  Hide'.'  ri 
and  hi-  mother.  \vh<>  \\ere  pi'ohal.h-  con>nmed  in  the  flame-.  II:- 
Itiluli.  lio\\ever,  i-  >aid  to  he  in  Kau'o-hima.  It  i-  nio-t  prohahU"  a 
Cell,  'tapll. 

The  ifi-eate-t   of  the  Tokn^aua-   -pent    the    la-t    years   of    hi-  life  at 

I  Shid/.uoka),  en^a-vd  in  era-m-'  the  scars  of  ^ar,  secnriin;'  the 

triumph-  of  peace,  perfecting  hi-  plan-  for  li.xin^-  in  -lahilitv  hi-  sv>- 

t'-m   "t  govern  i  ii'  lit.  and  in  collectinu'  hooks  and  manu-cript-.      He  he- 

ijlleathed    hi-  •'  I.eu'acy,"  or  ci.de  of   law-   (-ee  Appi  ndix).  t"    hi-  ehi'-f 

r-,  and   ad\i-ed    hi-   <on-   to   ^o\c-i-ii    in   the   -pirit    of   kiiidiic->. 

He    died    oil     th''     ^\\t    of    Ma  Fell.    1  •',  ]  Ii.          Hi-,    p-lMaMi-    Wel'e    dej.o-ileil    tel||- 

p'l':iijii\  at  Kutio/aii.  a  feu  mile-  fi'om  Siin.pu.  ,.n  the  side  of  a  |o\e- 
Iv  mountain  ox'erlookin^  the  sea.  \\heiv  the  -oleninitv  of  the  foi'e-t 
moiriivh-  and  the  ^I'andeiir  of  -ea  and  .-kv  are  hleiided  together. 
Aetin^-  ;ip'  n  the  d\in_f  \\i-h  of  hi-  father.  Hidi''tada  had  eau-ed  to  he 
.  :-•  'ti  d  at  Nikko  /an.  one  hundivd  miles  north  of  ^"edo.  a  ^or_f"on- 
-iirine  and  iiiau-"!euni.  Tin-  -pot  i-hosen  v,  a-  on  the  >|opc  of  a  hill. 


K  -:  "  I  >ai-hi'-  theol,,^..  had  deelaiv.l  the  ancient  Shinto  deity  ot  tin- 
mountain  1"  he  a  in  n  :-  -'  .''  u  ot  Iluddha  t"  Japan,  and  named  him 
';i.-  iJoiiLTeii  of  Nik;,."..  H.  ;-.-  Nature  ha-  e'h't'itied  herself  in  -now- 
raii^'es  of  nu^litv  IIP  .  •-!>  iflorioii--  Nan;  ii/an  ]'eiu;'ii-  kmi:'. 

hi-  :'-  ei   laved   |.\    th.  i--  of  the   Lake  (  hiu/eiiji,  (.n   u  hi.-h 

t\     form    i-    iiiin1'  f'-d.      Ni  -  in-    .-"/</«/  .</>/i  m/'i/-;   and 


THE  PERFECTION  OF  DUARCHY  AXD   FEUDALISM.          285 

through  Japanese  poetry  and  impassioned  rhetoric  ever  sparkle  the 
glories  of  the  morning's  mirror  in  Chiuzenji,  and  the  golden  Hoods  of 
light  that  bathe  Xantai/an.  The  water-fall  of  Kiri  Fnri  (falling  mist); 
and  of  Keufon,  the  lake's  outlet,  over  seven  hundred  feet  high;  the 
foaming  river,  grassy  green  in  its  velocity;  the  colossal  forests  and 
inspiring  scenery,  made  it  the  tit  resting-place  of  the  greatest  char- 
acter in  Japanese  history. 

In  1017,  his  remains  were  removed  from  Kuno,  and  in  solemn  pag- 
eantry moved  to  Nikko,  where  the  imperial  envoy,  vicar  of  the  mikado, 
court  nobles  from  Kioto,  many  of  his  old  lords  and  captains,  daimios, 
and  the  shogiin  liidetada,  awaited  the  arrival  of  the  august  ashes. 
The  corpse  was  laid  in  its  gorgeous  tomb,  before  which  the  vicar  of 
majesty  presented  the  gohei,  significant  of  the  apotheosis  of  the  mighty 
warrior,  deitied  by  the  mikado  as  the  divine  vice-regent  of  the  gods  of 
heaven  and  earth,  under  the  title  Sho  ichi  i  To  Sho  Dai  Gonu'en,  or 
"Noble  of  the  first  Degree  of  the  first  Hank,  Great  Light  of  the  East, 
Great  Incarnation  of  Buddha.''  During  three  days,  a  choir  of  Bud- 
dhist priests,  in  their  full  canonical  robes,  intoned  the  Hokki-  sac- red 
'•lassie  ten  thousand  times.  It  was  ordained  that,  ever  afterward  the. 
chief  priest  of  Nikko  should  be  a  prince  of  the  imperial  blood,  under 
the  title  of  Rinnoji  no  miya. 

Of  liidetada,  the  successor  of  lyeyasu,  there  is  little  to  record.  The 
chief  business  of  iiis  life  seems  to  have  been  to  follow  out  the  policy 
of  his  father,  execute  his  plans,  consolidate  the  central  power,  establish 
good  government  throughout  the  empire,  and  beautify,  strengthen,  and 
adorn  Vedo. 

lyemitsu,  the  grandson  of  lyeyasu,  is  acknowledged  to  have1  been 
the  ablest  ruler  of  all  the  Tokugawas  after  the  founder,  whose  system 
he  brought  to  perfection.  In  102:3,  he  went  to  Kioto  to  do  homage 
1<>  the  mikado,  who  invested  him  with  the  title  of  Sei-i  Tai  Sho^un. 
By  tins  time  many  of  the  leaders  and  captains  who  had  fought  under 
lyeyasu,  or  those  who  most  respected  him  for  his  prowess,  were  dead 
or  superannuated,  and  had  been  succeeded  by  their  sons,  who,  a< 
though  fated  to  follow  historical  precedent,  failed  to  possess  the  \igor 
of  their  fathers,  their  associations  being  those  of  peace,  luxurv.  and 
the  effeminacy  which  follows  war. 

Ivemitsu  was  a  martinet  as  well  as  a  statesman.  lie  proposed  that 
all  the  daimios  should  visit  and  reside  in  Yedo  during  half  the  year. 
Bein<r  at  first  treated  as  guests,  the  sho^un  eomitii:'  out  to  meet  them 
in  the  suburbs,  they  swore  allegiance  to  his  rule<.  sealing  their  signa- 

19 


Till: 


rs   KMl'IRE. 


tui'i  -.  ace.  .rdinir  to  cii-tom.  with  Mood  drawn  from  the  third  linger  of 
the  riiiht  hand.  'iraduallv.  ho\se\er,  the-e  rules  hei'ame  more  and 
more  re-tricti\e,  until  the  hoiiorahle  jm-ition  degenerated  into  a  eoii- 
ilition  tantamount  to  mere  va>salacjv.  Their  \\i\e-  and  children  were 
kept  as  ho-ta^'e-  in  Yed»,  and  the  rendition  of  certain  token>  of  n- 
sjn  [.almost  equivalent  to  homage  to  the  slio^un,  lieeanu1  imperative. 
iMiriin:  his  rule  the  Christian  insurrection  and  massacre  at  Shimahara 
look  ]>lace.  The  I'utch  were  cmitined  to  I  >e-hima.  Vedo  \\a-  va-tly 

illlpro\  ed.  Ai|lleduet-,  -till 
ill  excellent  U-e.  \\  el'e  laid,  to 

supply  the  citv  with  water. 
TO  --uard  against  the  ev- 
cr-tlireateiiin^  enemy,  tire, 
wati  h  -  tow  ers,  or  lookout-, 
such  as  are  to  he  seen  in 

eVel'V     fit  V,    W  el'e     erected      ill 

U'l'eat     liumhers.        I'.ell-    are 
huii^1  at  the  top  and   a  code 
'     of   signals,  and  a   pre-crihed 
immher  of  tap-  c/i\e  the  |o- 

eaiit\      and      pI'i'LlT''--     of     the 

conflagration.       Mint>    were 
^^•-^     e-ial'li-ln  d.     eoins      struek. 
^^'-/^s.OK'     uciirht-  and  mea-iire-  tix'-d  ; 


f  /.     era';     -ur\'e\     ot     the    empire 

-\v       '     j  ' 

exi  ''Uted  ;    ma].-  of  i  he  \  ari- 
Firc-lniiknut'   ;;i  Yi-rto.       H.  '.-'  •   ~\,   \\-\\  by  a  ki-i-    on-    proviii'-e-    and    plan-    of 

;'  .-A  :.'•.,,''.::•:.•-•'..•  ,     •       •  _     .  , 

tin       itaimin-      ca-tles     were 

mad'',  an' i  their  p.  .1;-T<-.  -  made  mit  and  puMi-ln  d  :  the  ,•,  .imeii-  calied 
II         -hr.  (l>i-  ml    heei-ioni.  and  \Vakado<hiyori  (Assemhl\ 

of    KldiT-i.  e-tahli-he.l.  and  I 'oreali   elivov.-   received. 

'I  In-    height    '•(     pridi     and    amhitioii    whii-h     lyemit-li    had    alreadv 

!    1-    -eeli     ]I|    tin  i      letti    \     of     ]•,   pl\      fri'Ill     the     hakllftl 

i 
to  ( 'oi-ea.  the    -hoLTUii    i-    referred    t»a-   Tai    Kun  ( "  Tvcooii  ").  a  title 

I      Ver      ollfelTed    1 1\     tile    lit  I         o|ie.  llor    ha.'l     l\elIlit-U    ailV     le- 

'_fa!  r:_;'!it  to  it.      It  w a-  a--unied  in  a  -en-e  honorary  or  im  aniii^li  --  t » 
n  \    Jajiam-e.  unle—  hi^hi\'   j«-a        -      '    tin     mikado's   -..ver,  i^,,; v.  and 


THE  PERFECTION  OF  DUAKCIIY  AXD  FEUDALISM.          2 Si 

was  intended  to  overawe  the  "  barbarian  "  Coreans.  It  is  best  explain- 
able in  the  lin'ht  of  the  Yirunlian  phrase,  wuyim  pars  fui.  or  the  less 
dignified  "  lii^r  Indian  I." 

The  building  of  the  line  temples  of  Tovei/an,  at  I'yeno,  in  Yedo, 
and  at  Nikko,  were  completed  in  lyemitsuV  time,  lie  making  five  jour- 
neys thither.  lie  died  in  1  04!),  after  a  prosperous  rule  of  twenty-six 
years,  and  was  buried  with  his  uTandt'ather  at  Nikko. 

The  successors  of  Ivevasu,  the  slio^uns  of  the  Tokilijfuva  dynasty, 
fourteen  in  all,  were,  \sith  one  exception,  buried  alternately  in  the 
cemeteries  of  Zo/.oji  and  Toveizan.  in  the  eitv  di>tricts  of  Shiba  and 
I'veno.  These  twin  necropolises  of  the  illustrious  departed  wen-  the 
chief  glories  of  Yedo,  which  was  emphatically  the  citv  of  the  Toku- 
iCawas.  T]u.  remains  of  six  of  them  lie  in  I'veno,  and  six  in  Shiba, 
while  two  are  at.  Xikko. 

I  hiring  the  summer  of  1S72,  in  company  with  an  Ameriean  friend 
and  three  of  my  brightest  students,  I  made  a  journey  to  Nikkd,  and 
for  nearly  a  week  reveled  in  its  inspiring  scenery  and  solemn  as-o- 
ciations.  I  Miring  mv  three  vears*  residence  in  Tokio,  I  vi.-ited  these 
twin  -acred  places  manv  times,  spending  a  half-dav  at  a  visit.  No 
one  has  described  these  places  better  than  .Mr.  Mitford,  in  his  "Tales 
of  Old  Japan."  He  says:  ''It  is  very  diflicult  to  do  justice  to  their 
beaiitv  in  words.  1  have  the  memory  before  me  of  a  place  green  in 
winter,  pleasant  and  cool  in  the  hottest  summer,  of  peaceful  cloisters, 
of  the  fragrance  of  incense,  of  the  subdued  chant  of  richiv  robed 
priests,  and  the  music  of  bells  of  exquisite  design-,  harmonious  color- 
ing, and  rich  gilding.  The  hum  of  the1  vast  citv  outside  is  unheard  here. 
Ivevasfl  himself,  in  the  mountains  of  Nikko,  has  no  quieter  resting-place 
than  hi>  descendants  in  the  heart  of  the  citv  over  which  he  ruled." 

1'a-siiiM-  through  an  immense  red  portal  on  the  north  side  of  Shiba, 
\\ e  enter  the  precincts  of  the  sacred  place  through  a  lon^-,  wide  a\c- 
nue.  lined  by  overarching  firs,  and  rendered  solenmlv  beautiful  bv 
their  .-hade.  A  runner  is  usually  on  hand  to  conduct  visitor-  \<>  the 
",'ate.  in-ide  of  \\hich  a  prie-t  is  waiting.  \Ve  enter  a  pebbleil  coiirt- 
vard,  in  \\hich  are  ranged  over  two  hundred  lar^e  stone  lantern-. 
The-e  arc  the  u-'ifts  of  the  fudai  daimios.  Hach  lantern  i-  in-crihed 
with  the  name  of  the  donor,  the  posthumous  title  of  the  deceased  -ho- 
iTuii,  the  name  of  the  temple  at  Shiba,  and  the  province  in  which  ii  i- 
situated,  the  date  of  the  offering,  and  a  legend,  \\lii<-h  states  that  it  i- 
i-e\erent]\  ofTered.  On  the  following  page  is  the  reading  on  one.  and 
will  serve  as  a  specimen  : 


•_>y;s  TllK  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

TO     T1IK 

ILLrSTRlors  TK.MI'LK  OF  LKAKXING* 

THIS     STUNK     I.ANTKKN, 
SET     UP     BEFORE     TllK     TUMI!     AT     THK     TEMPLE     OF    ZOZOJI, 

IN     MISASHI, 
IS     KKVKRENTLV     UFFEKEU 

BY     THE 

Rtl.INIi     DAIMIO, 
NOBLE     UK    THK     FIFTH     RANK, 

MASUVAMA  FfjnVAKA  MASATO, 

LOUD     OK    TSrsiIIM  \, 

IN     THE     SECOND     YEAR     UK     THE     PERIOD     OK     STRICT     VIRTUE, 
IN     THE     CYCLE     OF    THE     WATER     DKAGON 

[1711]. 

1'a^-inir  through  a  handsomely  Lrilt  and  carved  ^rite-way,  wo  enter 
another  cc.urt  -  vard,  the  -ide-  of  \\hich  arc  t^T^eim-lv  adorned. 
Within  the  area  are  l>ronze  lanterns,  the  u'if't  of  tho  Kokushiii  daimios. 
Tin-  -i\  verv  larjv  ifildrd  lantri-n-  staiidini;'  l>v  tlu-liiselvos  arc  from 
the  <io  San  Kc.  the  three  prineelv  fainilii's,  in  which  the  Micees-ion  to 
the  otlicc  nf  -hoo-iin  \sas  \r-te,l.  '[',,  the  left  is  a  nioiiolitli  Ia\a1o]-v; 
and  t"  tip-  riu'ht  i-  a  -plendid  linildiiiiT.  u-ed  a-  a  dejn»;itorv  <>{  sacred 
ntcii-iN.  -uch  a-,  ln-lU.  ^on^-i,  laiitern-,  etc.,  u-ed  oiilv  (.11  inntxitri,  up 
fc-tivai  d-i\-.  !'a--inu'  tliroiiirh  an»thcr  hand-ome  ^atc  \\liicfi  eciip-ex 
tin-  !a-t  in  richiie-<  i.f  de-i^u.  \\  c  enter  a  roofed  Li'all'Tv  soiiieuhat  like 
a  -eric-  .,f  i  Idi-ter-.  In  fi-"iit  i-  \\\<-  -hririe,  a  magnificent  -peciuieii  of 
native  architecture. 

Sitting  down  upon  th,-  Incipiered  steps,  we  remove  our  -hoe-,  \\hile 
the  -haven  luiii/e  -wiiii;--  i. pen  tlie  ^'ilt  do..]--,  and  rexeal-  a  'I'an-epr 
and  nave,  laid  \\ith  tine-t  \\hite  matting,  and  <viled  in  suares  wrought 


paiiel-  cai\ed   \\ith   I'ii'd-  and   ll"\v.-r the   fauna    of  Japan.  Imth    real 

and  rnvtliical — and  \\\<-  variou-  iil.jri't>  in  .lapanc-e  -acred  and  le^eiid- 
arv   art.      In    each    pain-]    the   -ul>ject-   are   ditTe-riit.  and    richlv    repav 

/i»/«ii''».  or  jin-tllUI  it'll       '       !i   T'I'K  !!_••, i  \V;i  .-lii'iLjlllI-.  ;il'f  :    1,  (il'c. it 

:  the  F.a-t  ;  '.'.  ('!.:•!  Virtiii      '.'<,   \'  ii-tr'nni-  Knt'T]iri-e ;   4.  Stri'-t  ILildin^r; 

~.  Cnii-tMlit    >v-t«-in;    (i.   l.itri-iii-v    i(ri_'.'iM--- ;    7.    I'pti<  >liicr   of   the    I'hui  :    s,    ('., 

•    ;••  1      -  -•      :••   li:...:/i;c--  .   11,  Lciinii;i]  K. •%.•!- 

.    1'J,    I.,  .i-li-.'d  (.'alM'uil,!  -.-  .    l:;.   !;,_';'!   VirUiu. 


THE  PERFECTION  OF  DUARdlY  AM)   FEUDALISM.          ^89 

studv.  The  <j;lorv  of  motion,  the  passionate  life  of  the  corolla,  and 
the  perfection  of  nature's  colors  have  Keen  here  reproduced  in  inani- 
mate wood  liy  the  artist.  At  the  extremity  of  the  nave  is  a  short 
flight  of  steps.  Two  massive  gilt  doors  swing  asunder  at  the  touch  of 
priestly  liands,  and  across  the  threshold  we  behold  an  apocalypse  of 
splendor.  Behind  the  sacred  offertories,  on  carved  and  lacquered 
table-,  are  three  reliquaries  rising  to  the  ceiling,  and  bv  their  outer 
covering  simulating  masses  of  solid  gold.  Inside  are  treasured  the 
tablets  and  posthumous  titles  of  the  august  deceased.  Descending; 
from  this  sanctum  into  the  transept  again,  we  examine  the  canonical 
rolls,  bell,  book,  and  candies,  drums  and  musical  instruments,  with 
which  the  Buddhist  rites  are  celebrated  and  the  liturgies  read.  Don- 
ning our  shoes,  we  pass  up  a  stone  court  fragrant  with  blossoming 
flowers,  and  shaded  with  rare  and  costlv  trees  of  everv  varietv,  form, 
and  height,  but  overshadowed  by  the  towering  tirs.  We  ascend  a 
flight  of  steps,  and  are  in  another  pebbled  and  stone-laid  court,  in 
\vhieh  stands  a  smaller  building,  called  a  hun/ai,  formerly  used  bv  the 
living  shfigun  as  a  plaee  of  meditation  and  praver  when  making  his 
annual  visit  to  the  tombs  of  his  forefathers.  Beyond  it  is  still  another 
flight  of  stone  steps,  and  in  the  inelosure  is  a  plain  monumental  urn, 
"This  is  the  simple  ending  to  so  much  magnificence" — the  solemn 
application  of  the  gorgeous  sermon. 

The  visitor,  on  entering  the  cenieterv  bv  the  small  gate  to  the  right 
of  the  temple,  and  a  few  feet  distant  from  the  great  belfrv,  will  see 
three  tombs  side  bv  side.  The  first  to  the  left  is  that  of  Ivenohii, 
the  sixth  of  the  line,  who  ruled  in  17(19-17]:].  The  urn  and  gates  of 
the  tomb  are  of  bron/e.  The  tomb  in  the  centre  is  that  of  Ivevoshi, 
the  twelfth,  who  ruled  1  Si'.S-l  So4.  The  third,  to  the  right,  is  that  of 
Ivemochi,  the  fourteenth  shogun,  who  ruled  ISyS— 18li(i,  and  was  the 
last  of  his  line  who  died  in  power. 

1'Vom  the  tomb  of  Ivemoehi,  facing  the  east  and  looking  to  the 
left,  we  may  see  the  tombs  of  lyetsugu  (1713— 1 71 6),  the  seventh,  and 
of  Ive-higo  (l  745—1762),  the  ninth,  shogun.  Descending'  the  ^eps 
and  reaching  the  next  stone' platform,  we  mav.  bv  looking  down  lo 
the  left,  see  the  tombs  of  a  shogmi's  wife  and  two  of  hi-  children. 
The  court -vards  and  shrines  leading  to  the  tomb-  of  Ivet-ugu  and 
lye-hige  are  fully  as  handsome  as  the  other-.  Ilidetada  (I  »>(><>- 
1(5^.'!),  the  second  prince  of  the  line,  is  buried  a  few  hundred  yards 
south  of  the  other  tombs.  The  place  is  ea-ily  found.  Pa— ing  down 
the  main  avenue,  and  turning  to  the  riu'lit.  we  have  a  walk  of  a  tur- 


USMI  THE  MIKADO'S  KMl'UiK. 

[.-no-  <>r  two  up  a  hill.  «n  tin-  top  <'f  which,  surrounded  l>y  eaiiieiii;;- 
tree-.  and  \\itliii)  a  heavy  -tone  palisade,  is  a  handsome-  eetairon  edi- 
liiv  of  the  same  inatrrial.  A  mausoleum  «>f  o;old  laeijuer  rots  up- 
right on  a  pede-tal.  Tin-  ti>inl'.  a  very  eo-tlv  «>iu'.  is  in  a  state  <>f 
perfect  preservation.  On  one  side  of  the  ]>ath  is  a  eiirii>u>ly  earved 
stone,  representing  Buddha  on  lii>  deatli-l.ed.  The  o-reat  tenijile  of 
Xo/oji  l>eloiiovd  to  the  Jodo  seet,  within  whose  pale  the  Toku^awas 
iivrd  and  died.* 

*  This  splendid  temple  and  belfry  wa-  reduced  to  ashes  mi  the  niirht  of  Decem- 
ber ol-t,  ls~4,  by  a  fanatic  incendiary.  It  had  been  sei[Uc-tratcd  by  the  Imperial 
Government,  and  converted  into  a  Shinto  m'ujn.  On  a  perfectly  calm  midnight, 
iluriiiL:  a  ln-avy  Tail  ol'  ~no\v,  the  :->>ark>  and  tin-  (lakes  iniimlcd  together  \\ilh  in 
dr-crihahle  rll'cct.  The  nrw  year  ua.s  n>lirred  in  by  a  ]"Tprndinilar  Hood  of 
da/xlin::'  ^refii  (lame  poiiri d  up  to  an  iininen-e  liei^ht.  Tip-  background  df  tall 
i-rijjitonti  r'm  trce>  heightened  Hi.-  <_ri'aiidcur  of  the  licry  pictni'c.  A>  the  volatil- 
ized ir:»»-s  of  the  varioii~  metal-  in  tlie  im|uire  copper  -heathini:'  of  the  roof  and 
fide.-  iih.wi  d  and  >]>arUh-d,  and  -tn-aki-d  the  iridi-.-ct-nt  ma^  of  llainc,  it  aH'oi'dcd 
a  spectacle  only  to  be  likened  to  ;.  near  ol^ervation  of  the  sun,  or  a  view  through 
a  CM  — .d  spectroscope.  Tip-  ^n-:\\  bell,  who-c  ca-tiiiL;'  had  been  siiperintendcd 
'ny  lyi-mit-u.  and  by  him  jire-.-ntcd  to  the  temple,  had  for  two  hundred  year- 
I'een  the  Mili'iuii  iiioiiiior,  inviting  the  jM-nple  to  tlii/ir  devotions.  It-  lii|nid 
note-  could  be  heard,  it  i-  -aid.  at  Oda\\ara.  On  the  ni^lit  of  the  fin-  the  oid 
belbi-in-vr  leaped  to  hi-  po-t,  and.  in  place  ,,f  the  n-ual  solemn  monotoi.c.  i;avc 
tie-  il,iiili|i<  -troke  of  alarm,  until  the  heat  had  changed  one  -hie  of  the  bell  to 
«hit>  .  th<  note  dcepe'iine  in  tone,  until,  in  red  heat,  the  ponderous  link  softened 
and  hent,  dropping  it-  bui-il.-n  to  the  earth.  Il  i-  to  be  ^really  ivirn  tied  (hat 
tip-  once  -acred  -  round-  of  Shiba  proves  are  now  de-i.cratcd  and  i-ominoli.  "  .Vie 
tri.in>~it  ,/-'.,,•(,(  Tukuyu<i:ant>iL." 

The  laniiiy  of  Tokuirawa,  the  city  ,,('  Vedo  ulid  the  in-t  it  ntjon-  of  peaceful 
feiidali-m  took  th'-ir  ri-e  and  had  their  fall  together.  \\'licn  the  ia-t  sho^un  i'e- 
-:_•  :  iii  !-''•-  Vedo  tieeamc  tin  Tokio,  m  national  capital,  and  \\ith  Old  Vedo. 
feudali-in  and  Old  .lapan  pa--i-d  away.  The  dc-pcratc  '  tl'ort-  afterward  made  in 
Is; 4  at  S  :.:;i.  iii  Hi /.eii  1 1 1.  •">?.">  i,  in  \^',i'i  at  Knmamoto.  in  Ili^o  (  p  I'll'.*-,  and  in  Sat- 
.-iniM  iii  1  v"7  p  'i'.M  ..  to  nvi-rilin  i -,v  the  mikado'-  ^ovi-riiim-nt,  wei-i  bul  the  i-x- 
j'ii'iiiL;  '  lip"--  of  |euilali-in.  Old  .lapan  ha-  foiv\  i-r  pa--ed  awa  v.  to  li\  e  only  in 
art.  diama.  ill  re.  The  -indent  will  find  HP-  (oilowin^  monograph-  \al- 

liable  and  intere-t  in  _;  :  "The  SI  n-et-  and  Street  Name-  of  Vedo."  in  "  Trail  -ac- 
tion- of  the  A-iati  Soi  i.-ty  of. lapan."  1^7:'..  "The  Tokio  (iuide,"  and  "  Map  of 
Tokio.  witli  N..IC-  Hi-toi-ica!  ami  K\  pl.maiory  :' '  Vokohama.  1^7'.'.  "  Tin- ( 'a-th- 
of  V.  do."  b\  '!'.  I!  H.  M'Ci.itehic.  a  valuable  paper  read  before  the.  \-iatic  Sn- 
C'P-IS  .  |)e,  ••."_',  I  1-;;.  a] ..  I  (he  ./.(/*.|;i  1 1.  > ,  /  1  o  r  .1  a  II .  1  '.'t  h .  1  -  7  s,  a  II 1 1  i  II  1 1  n; 

society's  ••Transaction-"  for  1^7-v  Mitford'-  "Tales  ol  Old  .hijmn."  "(.'Ifui- 
-hinjnr.i  ;  or.  The  l.oy  al  League,"  a  .Iapam--e  Ilnmaiici  i  of  the  17  1!  on  in-  ),  enrich  - 
cil  with  native  illu-trati  appendix:  N'e\\  Vork.  !s?r,.  ••Japanese 

II          lr\ ."  by  T    |{.  II.  M-Ciat'-lii,-,  in  A-iatic  Soeh-t  \'s  ••  Transactions"  for  1x77. 

'    _  ',  im  j.-e    into    .   \  .   r\    1 1  :-    allofded   ill    "  Our   N  e  i  _;'h  bo  !'i  i  oo>  I  ; 

•  r.  >ketch  i-  iii  the  Suburb-  o|  Vedo."  |,\  I  .  A  1'  i  T.  A.  I'll  reel  I,  Ml);.  Voko 
:-;  1.  Iii  Ah-o.-k'-  ••  Thn  •  Veai--  in  .lapan  "  <  N'eu  Vork,  llarj'er  ,V  I', roth 
:  1 1 . . dreclth'-  ••  Japan  "  ai  •  also  -onie  Ln  »»\  j'i«  lure-  a-  .-ecu  b\  loi'i  j^n  i  yes. 


TILE  HE C ESI  ^REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  291 


XXVIII. 

THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN* 

IT  is  tlie  popular  impression  in  the  United  States  and  in  Europe 
that  the  immediate  cause  of  the  fall  of  the  shotnin's  Government,  the 
restoration  of  the  mikado  to  supreme  power,  and  the  abolition  of  the 
dual  and  feudal  systems  was  the  presence  of  foreigners  on  the  soil  of 
Japan.  No  one  \\ho  lias  lived  in  Dai  Nippon,  and  made  himself  fa- 
miliar with  the  currents  of  thought  annum;  ihe  natives,  or  who  has 
studied  tlie  history  of  the  country,  can  share  this  opinion.  The  for- 
eigners and  their  ideas  were  the  occasion,  not  the  cause,  of  the  de- 
struction of  the  dual  svstem  of  ^•overnmeiit,  which  would  certainly 
have  resulted  from  the  operation  of  causes  already  at  work  before  the 
foreigners  arrived.  Their  presence  served  merely  to  hasten  what  was 
already  inevitable. 

I  purpose  in  this  chapter  to  expose  the  true  causes  of  the  recent, 
marvelous  changes  in  Japan.  These  comprise  a  three-fold  political 
revolution  within,  a  profound  alteration  in  the  national  policy  toward 
foreigners,  and  the  inauguration  of  social  reforms  which  lead  us  to 
hope  that  Japan  has  rejected  the  Asiatic,  and  adopted  the  Kuropeati, 
ideal  of  civilization.  1  shall  attempt  to  prove  that  these  causes  oper- 
ated mainlv  from  iritliiii,  not  from  without;  from  impulse,  not  from 
impact  :  and  that  thev  were  larovlv  intellectual. 

The  historv  of  Japan,  as  manifested  in  the  current  of  e\eii!s  -ince 
the  advent  of  Commodore  1'errv,  has  its  sources  in  a  number  "!'  dis- 
tinct movements,  some  logical!}'  connected,  others  Totally  distinct  fruin 
the  rest.  These  were  intended  to  elfeet  :  I.  The  o\erthr<'W  of  the 
shou-iin,  and  his  reduction  to  his  proper  level  a>  a  vassal:  -.  The  res- 
toration of  the  true  emperor  to  supreme  power:  :!.  The  ab»'itioii  of 
the  feudal  system  and  a  return  to  the  ancient  imperil  regime;  4. 
The  abolition  of  Buddhism,  and  the  establishment  of  pure  Shinto  as 


L",e_'  7V/ A'  MIK.iDo'S  EXPIRE. 

the  national  faith  and  tin-  engine  of  government.  These  four  mo\e- 
mriit-  were  hi-toricallv  and  logically  connected.  Tin1  tiftli  was  the 
r\]>iil-i"ii  of  the  foreign  "  harl>arian-,"  and  the  dictatorial  isolation 
of  Japan  fi'oin  the  rest  of  the  world;  the  >i\th.  the  abandonment  of 
thi-  de-i^n.  the  adoption  of  \\e-tern  eivili/.atioii,  and  the  eiitranee  of 
Japan  into  the  comity  of  nations.  Tin  origin  of  the  lir-t  and  second 
movements  must  l>e  referred  to  a  time  di-tant  from  the  present  l>v  a 
eeiitun  and  a  half;  th"  third  and  fourth,  to  a  period  within  the  past 
cetiturv  ;  the  fifth  and  >i\tli.  to  an  impulse  developed  inainlv  within 
the  memory  of  vouir_T  men  no\\  living. 

There    c\i-ted.   lo!)^    hefol'e    the    ad\e!|t    of    IVlTV.   definite    conception- 
of  the   oliject-  to   lie   accoinpl  i-llec  1.        The-e   la\     ill   the   minds   of  earile-t 

thinkers,  to  \\hom  life  under  the  dual  -\stem  was  a  perpetual  winter 
of  di-conteut,  like  snow  upon  the  hills.  In  due  season  the  spring- 
would  have  come  that  was  to  make  the  llood.  The  presence  of  ]  Vrrv 
in  the  I  lav  of  Vedo  was  like  an  untimely  thaw,  or  a  hot  south-wind  in 
Fe!>ruarv.  The  snow  melted,  the  stream-  gathered.  Like  houses  luiilt 
upon  the  -and.  the  slioifiinate  and  the  feudal  system  were  -wept  as\av. 
The\  svere  already  too  rotten  and  \\onn-eaten  to  have  the  ".Teat  fall 
which  the  -imile  miii'ht  -u^^'e-t.  The  mikado  mnl  the  ancient  ark  of 

state  tloati-d  into  p.p\ver.       lluddhi-m   -t 1  a-  upon  ;i  rock,  damaged, 

Imt  tinn.  The  foi-ei^'iier,  moofnl  to  the  pile-dri\eii  foundation-  of  his 
treatie-,  IH-'II]  hi-  o\\n  more  tirmU  than  liefmv.  Th-  tiood  in  full  mo- 
mentum \\  a-  -uollen  K\  a  iie\\  -ti'eam  and  detlecteil  into  a  IH-W  chan- 
nel. . \liandonini;-  the  attempt  to  def\  the  ^ra\  itatiou  of  events,  to 
run  iiji  the  hill  of  a  pa-t  forever  -loping  hackssard  into  the  impo--i- 

lile.  the  tl 1  found   -urcea>e   with   the   rivers  of  nation-  that  make  the 

ocean  of  human  -olii  larit  \ . 

The     eh'n-f     Illotor-     of     the-e     111 .  .\  el  1 1  e|  1 1  -     Uel'e    intellectual.         Neither 

tin-  impact  of  foreign  eaniion-l.all-  at  Ka^o-hima  or  Shiniolioseki  (see 
Appeiniixi.  nor  the  In-av\  and  nnjii-t  indemnitie-  demandeil  from  the 
Japane-i.  wroii'_dit  of  theui-el\e-  the  e\eiit-  of  the  la-t  ten  veal's,  a- 
foi-i'i^ncr-  so  coinplaeenth  l,,-lic\e.  Aii  Mir^li-li  uriter  re-ident  in 
Japan  eoii'-ludi  -  hi-  tran-  the  "'  L.-^ai-x  ,,f  I\eya-u"  i'V  refer- 

rin_r  to  it  a-  the  "enn-til  .'  --M  under  v  hich  thi-  cmintrv  [Japan]  uas 
e^osi-riied  until  tie-  linn-  within  the  |-.-ro!i,  ,-tii  in  of  all.  uhen  it  Lra\e 
•A,-I\  to  the  irre-i-ti!ile  moiiH-nt inn  of  a  higher  civilixation."  Tin- 
translator  evidently  mean-  that  the  fail  of  tin-  dual  form  of  ^o\  ,-rn- 
MK-nt  and  the  feudal  -v-tem  sva-  t!i<  diivit  re-ult  of  i-i.ntact  with  the 
higher  eivili/atioii  of  Kup>pe  and  America.  l-Ji.iTi.-h  uritt-r-  on  Japan 


Till-:  RECEM  REVOLUTIONS   IN  JAPAN.  293 

seem  to  imply  that  the  bombardment  «>f  Ivagoshima  was  the  para- 
mount cause  that  impelled  Japan  to  adopt  the  foreign  civilization. 

MiK'li,  also,  has  boen  said  and  written  in  praise  of  Japan  for  her 
abolition  of  the  feudal  system  b\  a  "  stroke  of  the  pen."  and  thus 
"achieving  in  one  dav  what  it  required  Europe  centuries  to  accom- 
plish.'" An  outsider,  whose  knowledge  of  I>ai  Nippon  is  derived  from 
our  old  text-books  and  cyclopedias,  or  from  non-resident  book-makers, 
may  be  so  far  dazed  as  to  imagine  the  .Japanese  demi-gods  in  state- 
craft, even  as  the  American  newspapers  make  them  all  princes.  To 
the  writer,  who  has  lived  in  a  daimio's  capital  before,  during,  and 
after  the  abolition  of  feudalism,  the  comparison  surest s  the  reason 
why  the  Irish  recruit  cut  off  the  leu1  instead  of  the  head  of  his  enemy. 
Lonjj  before  its  abolition.  Japanese  feudalism  was  ready  for  its  ^rave. 
The  overthrow  of  the  shogun  left  it  a  headless  trunk.  To  cut  otT  its 
leu's  and  bury  it  was  easy,  and  in  reality  this  was  what  the  mikado's 
Government  did,  as  I  shall  show. 

As  it  would  be  vain  to  attempt  to  comprehend  our  own  late -civil 
war  by  beginning  at  Sumter,  or  even  with  the  Compromise  measures 
of  1851  ;  so  one  will  be  misled  who,  in  attempting  to  understand  the 
Japan  of  to-dav,  looks  only  at  events  since  IVrrv's  time.  The  roots 
of  the  momentous  growth  of  18(JS  are  to  be  found  within  the  past 
centuries. 

Voritomo's  acts  were  in  reality  the  culmination  of  a  lonu;  series  of 
usurpations,  be^'un  by  the  Taira.  Under  the  plea  of  military  necessity, 
he  had  become  an  arch-usurper.  In  the  period  1  1S4-1  lit!)  A.D.  bco-an 
that  dual  system  of  government  which  has  been  the  political  pux./lc 
of  the  world;  \\hich  neither  Kaempfer,  nor  the  Deshima  Hollanders, 
nor  the  Portuguese  Jesuits  seem  ever  to  have  fully  understood;  which 
has  filled  mir  cyclopedias  and  school-books  with  the  misleading  non- 
sense about  "  two  emperors,"  one  "  spiritual  "  and  the  other  "  secular ;" 
which  led  the  astute  I'errv  and  his  successors  to  make  treaties  \\ith  an 
underling;  which  gave  rise  to  a  vast  mass  of  what  is  now  very  amus- 
ing reading,  embracing  much  prophecy,  fiction,  and  lamentations,  in 
the  Diplomatic  Correspondence  from  Japan;  and  which  kecp>  alive 
that  venerable  solecism  heard  anion^  a  few  Rip  Van  \\inkles  in  Ja- 
pan, who  talk,  both  in  Japanese  and  English,  about  the  "return  of  the 
tycoon  to  power."  There  never  was  but  one  emperor  in  Japan:  the 
shos^un  was  a  military  usurper,  and  the  bomba>tic  til''1  "tycoon"  a 
diplomatic  fraud. 

\Y"   h"vc   seen  how  the   policy  of  Voritomo  was   continued  by  the 


L-Ot  TH1-:  MIKADO'S  EM  Tilt  K. 

Ilojfi.  tin-  A-hikau'a.  an-1  tin-  Toknijawas,  who  consummated  the  per- 
manent -eparatioM  of  the  throne  anil  the  ramp.  The  custom  of  the 
-hoLi'im-  u'o'm-;  1"  Kioto  to  do  the  mikado  homage  fell  into  desuetude 
after  the  \i-it  of  Ivemitsii.  The  inm-liaiidrd  rule  of  the  ^reat  com- 
mander at  ^  edo  \va>  felt  all  o\er  the  empire,  and  after  centuries  of 
\\ar  it  had  perfect  peace.  Learning  flourished,  the  arts  pn»pered. 
So  pei'fect  was  the  political  machinery  of  the  hakufu  that  the  power 
of  the  mikado  seemed  Inn  a  shadow,  though  in  reality  it  was  vastly 
greater  than  foreigners  ever  imagined. 

The  dwelling-  of  the  two  rulers  at  Vedo  and  Kioto,  of  the  dotni- 
neerini:'  general  and  the  o\  erased  emperor,  were  tvpical  of  their  po-i- 
tions.  '1'he  mikado  duelt,  unguarded,  in  a  mansion  .-urrouiided  hv 
garden-  inclosed  within  ;i  plaster  wall,  in  a  city  which  was  the  chosen 
centre  of  nohles  of  -imple  life,  hiii'he-t  rank,  and  pure-t  Mood,  men  of 
letters,  student-,  and  prie-t-,  and  iiotdl  for  it-  classic  hi-torv  and 
-acred  associations,  monasteries,  garden-,  and  people  of  courtlv  man- 
Tier-  and  gentle  |jf,._  rp]M,  -hoinin  li\eil  in  a  fortified  and  ^arri-oned 
ca-tle,  overlooking  an  upstart  city  full  of  ar-eiiaU,  \a»a!  princes,  and 
militarv  retainer-.  The  feelitiL:1-  of  the  people  found  truest  expiv-sion 
in  tin-  maxim.  "The  -ho^un  all  men  fear;  the  mikado  all  men  love." 

The  MiccessKi's  of  !\e\a-u,  cai'i'viii^'  out  hi-  policv.  having  extermi- 
nate,! th,-  "eorrupt  sect"  (( 'hri-tianity ),  -wept  all  foreigner-  out  of 
the  empire,  and  hohiii";  it-  -ea-!iarred  u'ate-.  proceeded  to  de\  i>e  and 
execute  niea-ures  to  eiimiiiate  all  di-t iifl 'in^'  causes,  and  tix  in  eternal 
stal'ilitv  the  peaceful  condition-  uhich  were  the  fruit  of  the  toil-  of 
hi-  arduou-  life.  Thev  deliberately  attempted  to  present  ( 'hnnios 
from  de\  i  iiiriiiL:'  hi-  c'hiidreii. 

Aci'ordinu'  t»  their  -cheine.  the  intellect  of  the  nation  \\a-  to  he 
h, Minded  i".  the  (ircat  \\'a!l  of  the  ('hilie-e  ela  —  ics.  while  to  the  hie- 
ral'cllV  of  Hilddhi-m one  of  the  lllo-t  polelit  eliLl'in"-  e\er  devi-ed  for 

cru-hini,r  and  keeping  '-ru-hed  the  inteli,  ct  of  the  A-iatic  ma--e- — was 
Lfi\en  the  ample  eiicoiii'a^eiiieiit  of  c.-.  >\  eminent  example  and  pati'oii- 
aife.  An  emliar^o  wa-  laid  upon  all  foreign  idea-.  Ivli«-t-  commaiided 
the  de-tructioii  "f  ail  l»iat>  1'iiilt  upon  a  foreign  model,  and  forl'ade 
the  i.uildiii'_f  of  ve.— e]-  of  any  -i/e  or  -hape  -uperior  to  that  of  a  junk. 
I  >eat  h  wa-  the  pe  nail  \  of  |ie]ie\  in^  in  <  'liri-1  ianit  \ .  <  -f  traveling  ahn-ad, 
of  -tud\iir_r  fofe]j;n  laiiifiiaLTe-.  "t  introiliiciiiij  foreign  cu-tom-.  \'><~- 
foiv  the  aiiLTU-t  train  of  the  -ho^un  men  mu-t  >eal  their  upper  \\in- 
i',ow-,  and  how  their  face-  to  the  earth.  ll\en  to  hi-  tea-jar-  and  cook- 
ing-pot- the  populace  mu-t  do  ohd-aiice  with  face  in  the  dii-t.  To 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTION  IX  JAPAX.  295 

study  ancient  history,  which  might  expose  the  origin  of  the  shogun- 
ate,  was  forbidden  to  the  vulgar,  and  discouraged  among  the  higher. 
A  rigid  censorship  dried,  the  life-Mood  of  many  a  master  spirit,  while 
the  manufacture  and  concoction  of  false  and  garbled  histories  which 
extolled  the  reio-ning  dynastv,  or  glorified  the  dual  system  of  govern- 
ment as  the  1'est  and  only  one  for  Japan,  were  encouraged.  There 
were  not  wanting  poets,  fawning  flatterers,  and  even  historians,  who  in 
their  effusions  styled  the  august  usurper  the  O-gimi  (Chinese,  t(ti-kntt, 
or  "tycoon"),  a  term  meaning  great  prince,  or  exalted  ruler,  and 
properly  applied  only  to  the  mikado.  The  blunders,  cruelties,  ami  op- 
pressions of  the  Tokugawa  rulers  were,  in  popular  iiction  and  drama, 
removed  from  the  proent,  and  depicted  in  plots  laid  in  the  time  of 
the  Ashikagas,  and  the  true  names  changed.  One  of  the  most  perfect 
systems  of  espionage  and  repression  ever  devised  was  elaborated  to 
fetter  all  men  in  helpless  subjection  to  the  great  usurper.  An  iticred- 
iblv  larii'e  army  of  spies  was  kept  in  the  pay  of  the  (Government. 
Within  Mich  a  hedge,  the  Government  itself  heinn1  a  colossal  fraud, 
rapidly  grew  and  flourished  public  and  private  habits  of  lying,  and  de- 
ceit iii  all  its  forms,  until  the  love  of  a  lie  apparently  for  its  own  sake 
became  a  national  habit.  When  foreigners  arrived  in  the  Land  of  the 
<  rods  during  the  decade  following  Terry's  arrival,  the}  concluded  that 
the  lyinn'  which  was  everywhere  persistently  carried  on  in  the  (Govern- 
ment and  by  private  persons  with  such  marvelous  facility  and  unique 
originality  was  a  primal  characteristic  of  Japanese  human  nature.  The 
necessity  of  hoodwinking  the  prying  eyes  of  the  foreigners,  lest  they 
should  discover  the  fountain  of  authority,  and  the  true  relation  of  the 
slio^un.  ii'ave  ri-e  to  the  use  of  official  deception  that  seemed  as  varie- 
gated as  a  kaleidoscope  and  as  regular  as  the  laws  of  nature.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  daimids  who  had  received  lands  and  titles  from  the  sho- 
li'iin  believed  their  allegiance  to  be  forever  due  to  him,  instead  of  to 
the  mikado,  a  belief  stigmati/ed  as  rank  treason  by  the  students  of 
liistorv.  As  for  the  common  people,  the  great  ma—  of  them  for-'"!, 
or  never  knew,  that  the  emperor  had  ever  held  power  or  governed  hi- 
people;  and  being  oiHciallv  taught  to  believe  him  to  be  a  di\:ne  per- 
sonage,  supposed  he  had  lived  thus  from  time  immemorial.  Ki!»\\  in^ 
onl\  of  the  troubled  wartimes  before  the  "  great  and  good"  Tokuga- 
wa-, they  believed  devoutly  in  the  infallibility,  paternal  benevolence, 
and  di\ine  ri^ht  of  the  Yedo  rulers. 


will   hold,  the  military  power  in  Japan.      To   them   the  Japanese 


•_>rni  Tin:  MIKADO'S  r.uniiE. 

people  owe  th'1  Mes-in^  of  nearly  two  hundred  and  seventy  years  of 
peace.  I'nder  llifir  firm  rule  the  dual  form  of  e/oveniuie'it  seemed 
lived  on  a  I'a-is  unchaiiu'eaMe,  and  the  feudal  system  in  eternal  stahili- 
t\.  There  did  not  exist,  nor  was  it  jios>ililc  there  should  arise,  causes 
Mieh  a-  undermined  tin1  feudalism  of  Kumpe.  The  ( 'htirch,  the  Km- 
piiv,  free  eities,  iiidtistriulisni — these  were  all  al»ent.  The  eiu'ht  classes 
of  the  people  were  kejit  contented  and  liappv.  A  fertile  soil  ami  De- 
nial clime  i^ave  food  in  unstinted  profusion,  and  thus  was  removed  a 
cause  which  is  a  chronic  source  of  insurrection  in  portions  of  China. 
As  there  was  no  commerce,  there  was  no  \a>t  wealth  to  lie  accumu- 
lated, nor  could  the  mind  of  the  merchant  expand  to  a  limit  danger- 
ous to  despotism  ti\  fertilizing  contact  with  foreigners.  All  learning 
and  education,  properly  so  called,  \\cre  confined  to  the  samurai,  to 
\\hoin  also  belonged  the  s\\ord  and  privilege.  The  perfection  of  the 
governmental  machinen  at  Yedo  kept,  as  was  the  design,  the  daimios 
poor  and  at  jealous  variance  with  each  other,  and  rendered  it  impo>M- 
Me  for  them  to  comliine  their  power.  NO  two  of  them  ever  were  al- 
lowed to  meet  in  private  or  to  visit  each  other  witlwnit  spies.  The 
va-t  army  of  eighty  thousand  retainers  of  the  Tokuu'avvas,  backed  l>y 
the  follouin'j:  ,,f  -ome  of  the  riche-t  clans,  >iic!i  as  <  hvari,  Kii,  Mito, 
and  Kchi/eii  (,-ee  Appendix),  \sho  were  near  relatives  of  the'  sho^unal 
familv,  together  \\jth  the  va>t  re-ource-  m  income  and  accumulation, 
made  it  appear,  a-  many  l'elie\  ed,  t  hat  the  o\-erthi'o\\  of  the  Toku^a- 
\\a-.ortiie  I'akufii.  or  t  lie  feudal  svsfeiu,  was  a.  moral  impo-siliiln  \ . 

Yet  all  thi'-e  fell  to  ruin  in  the  >pace  of  a  few  months!  The  liaku- 
fu  is  no\\  a  >hrtdo\\  of  the  pa-t.  The  Toku^'awas,  once  prince>  and 
the  LTentr\-  of  th<-  land.  \\lin>e  hand>  never  loiiehed  other  tools  than 
pen  and  ^\\ord.  n.'\\  li\e  in  oliMMiritv  or  po\ei1\,  and  d\'  thousands 
keeji  >oiil  ami  t'odv  together  liv  piekiiiL;'  tea,  making  paper,  or  di'j'^'iii'j 

the     mud     of     I'iee-tirliU     tlleV     olp'e     oSMled,    like     tile     laliorel'-,    they     ollce 

de-^pi-ed.  Their  aiice-tral  tomlis  at  Kuiio,  ShiKa.  l'\  riio.  and  Nikko, 
oiii-e  the  ni'i-i  >aefi-(l  and  mainiitiivnt  1\  adornecl  of  Japanese  places 
of  honor,  are  \\^\\  ililapidat  in::'  in  unarn-ted  neglect,  di>hoiior,  and  <le- 
ca\.  The  feudal  -  -tem,  at  the  touch  of  a  fVw  dariliir  parveiiu>,  cnim- 
lie'd  to  du~t  lik.-  t!ie  loiiLT  u ndi -tu rl >ed  tenants  of  cataeoml>s  \\  hi-n  -ud- 
il.'tily  mo\ed  or  expo-'-d  t"  tin-  li-'ht  -f  da\.  T\\o  hundred  and  lifty 
prinees,  i-t-M'^rnitiLT  land-,  fi-taini'i'-,  and  income^,  ret ired  t o  pn\  ate  iite  in 
Tokio  at  thf  Kidding  "f  th-ir  former  -ervant-.  acting  in  the  name  of 
the  mikado.  Tlh-v  an-  m>w  c|iiiei!\  waiting  '"  die.  Tln-\-  ai'e  the 
"d^ad  f;i''t-  -trand'-d  on  the  -li^re-  -!  the  ohlivious  vears." 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  AV  JAPAX.  297 

What  were  the  causes  of  these  three  distinct  results  }  When  be- 
ucan  the  tirst  gathering  of  the  waters  which  burst  into  flood  in  1808, 
sweeping  away  the  landmarks  of  centuries,  floating  the  old  ship  of 
state  into  power,  impelling  it,  manned  with  new  men  and  new  ma- 
chinery, into  the  stream  of  modern  thought,  as  though  Noah's  ark  had 
been  equipped  with  engines,  steam,  and  propellers'  To  understand 
the  movement,  we  must  know  the  currents  of  thought,  and  the  men 
who  produced  the  ideas. 

There  were  formerly  many  classes  of  people  in  Japan,  but  only 
three  of  these  were  students  and  thinkers.  The  tirst  comprised  the 
court  nobles,  the  literati  of  Kioto  ;  the  second,  the  prie-ts,  who  brought 
into  existence  that  mass  of  Japanese  Buddhistic  literature,  and  origi- 
nated and  developed  those  phases  of  the  India  cult'us  which  have 
made  Japanese  Buddhism  a  distinct  product  of  thought  and  life 
among  the  manifold  developments  of  the  once  most  widely  professed 
religion  in  the  world.  This  intellectual  activity  and  ecclesiastical 
Sfiowth  culminated  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Since  that  time  Japa- 
nese thought  has  been  led  by  the  samurai,  among  whom  we  may  in- 
clude the  priests  of  Shinto.  The  modern  secular  intellectual  activity 
of  Japan  attained  its  highest  point  during  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
and  the  tirst  quarter  of  the  present  century.  Fven  as  far  back  as  the 
seventeenth  century,  the  students  of  ancient  history  began  to  under, 
stand  clearly  the  true  nature  of  the  duarchv,  and  to  see  that  the  sho- 
tjfiinate  could  exist  only  while  the  people  were  kept  in  ignorance. 
From  that  time  Buddhism  bcu'an  to  lose  its  hold  on  the  intellect  of 
the  samurai  and  lay  educated  classes.  The  revival  of  Chinese  learn- 
ing, especially  the  Confucian  and  Mencian  politico -ethics,  followed. 
Buddhism  was  almost  completely  supplanted  as  a  moral  force.  The 
invasion  of  Corea  was  one  of  the  causes  tributary  to  this  result,  which 
was  greatly  stimulated  by  the  presence  of  a  number  of  refugee  schol- 
ars, \\lio  had  tied  from  China  on  the  overthrow  of  the  Min^  dvnastv. 
The  secondary  influence  of  the  fall 
the  Tanars  became  a  parallel  to  the 
di-q>er>ioii  of  the  Creek  scholars  th 


(-ho;j.'un)  had  become  so  nearly  mythical,  that  most  J'ipane-e  fathers 
could  not  satisfy  the  innocent  and  eauvr  question-  of  their  children 
as  to  who  \\as  sovereign  of  Japan.  The  study  of  the  Confucian  moral 
scheme  of  "  The  Five  Relations"  (/.<?.,  sovereign  and  minister,  parent 
and  child,  husband  and  wife,  elder  and  younger  brother,  and  between 


-us  rii."  MiKMio's  J-:MPII:H. 

friend-),  in  which  tin-  first  ;iinl  u'reat  requirement  i<  the  obedience  of 
the  \a--al  !••  iii-  1'>]'<1.  aroused  an  incoeivihlc  de-ire  amoni:  the  samurai 
to  restore  aii'l  define  thai  relation  so  Imi^  obscured.  This  spirit  in- 
eiva-ed  with  e\erv  blunder  of  the  bakufu :  ami  when  the  revolution 
• '] i,  I;,'.],  "the  \\ar-ery  that  led  tlie  imperial  party  to  vietorv  was  l)<iii)i 
mi'1"/!!.  or  tlie  '  Kini;'  ;tnd  tlie  subject:'  \vheivbv  it  was  understood 
that  the  distinction  between  them  must  be  restored,  and  the  slme'iin 
should  he  reduced  to  the  proper  relation  of  subject  orsenant  to  his 

so\  eivi^n."* 

The  province  of  Mho  was  especially  noted  for  the  number,  abilit\ , 
:md  aeti\itv  of  its  >c}iolars.  In  it  dwelt  the  learned  ('liinese  n-fu^ec^ 
as  ^ue-t^  of  tin'  daimifj.  The  ela--ic.  whii-h  ha-  had  so  powerful  an 
influence  in  forming  the  public  opinion  which  now  upholds  the  mi- 
kado'- throne,  i>  the  product  of  the  native  scholars,  \\ho  submitted 
their  te\t  for  correction  to  the  ('liine-e  scholars.  The  second  Prince 
of  Mho.  who  was  1,,,1'n  KiL'i'.  and  d'n-d  i7<tu.  is  jo  he  considered,  a- 
was  tir-t  pointed  <>ut  \>\  Mr.  Krnest  Satow,  as  "the  real  author  of  the 
ino\cmeiit  wliii-li  culminated  in  the  revolution  of  l  M;S."  Assembling 
ap-iind  him  a  ho-t  of  scholar-  from  all  pails  of  Japan,  he  bewail  the 
foni|>o-itinn  (.f  the  l)n'i  Xihnn  S),i.  or  "  H  i-t  or\  of.lapan."  It  i- writ- 
ten in  the  pui'e-t  <  'liine-e.  which  i-  to  Japan  what  Latin  is  to  learning 
in  I'Jirope.  and  till-  two  hundred  and  forty-three  volume-,  or  matter 
about  ci|iial  to  Mr.  Uain-roft's  "  Hi-tory  of  ihe  I'nited  Mate-."  It 
wa-  tini-hed  in  1  71").  and  immediateU  liecame  a  clas-ic.  'I  hou^li  d.il- 
iLreiitl\  -tudi'-d.  it  r<  irained  in  mami-cript.  copiei)  fr..m  hand  to  hand 
b\  eau'er  -tudeiits.  until  !-•'>!.  when  the  wide  demand  for  it  indu* -i-d 
it-  puMi'-ati-n  in  print.  The  tendeiic\  of  thi-  l>ook.  a-  of  ino-t  of  the 
inanv  piiMi'-alion-  of  Mho. I  was  to  direct  the  mind-  of  the  people  to 
the  mikado  a-  the  true  and  oiilv  -oiirce  of  authoritv.  and  to  point  out 
the  hi-fori."il  f-iet  that  the  -ho|_i-un  wa-  a  military  usurper.  Mho.  l>e- 
inu'  a  near  ivlati\e  of  the  lnr\i-e  of  Toku^awa.  was  allowed  greater  lib- 
ertv  in  -tatin::  hi-  view-  than  could  have  been  granted  to  anv  other 
per-on.  The  work  be^nn  bv  Mito  was  followed  up  by  the  famou^ 
scholar.  Kai  Saii\o.  who  in  1  -i'7.  after  twent\  years  of  continuous  la- 
bor. .'..Tiipleted  hi-  Xil'iii  ''"«''  >'/-/'  ("  1-lxternal  Hi-tory  of  Japan  "),  in 
whieh  In-  ^i\e-  the  hi-t"]-\  of  each  of  the  milharv  familie-,  Taira,  Mi- 
IlMlloto.  Ilojo.  .  \-liikaja.  '  '•••..  w  ),,.  In  .]  the  LTM\  ertlili^  poW  er  fn  •III  the 


TILE  HECEST  REVOLUTIONS  I\  JAI'AX.  299 

period  of  the  decadence  of  the  inikados.  This  work  had  to  pass  the 
ordeal  of  the  eensorate  at  Yedo,  and  some  of  the  volumes  were  re- 
peatedly purged  !>y  the  censors  before  they  wen;  allowed  to  be  pub- 
lished. The  unmistakable  animus  of  this  great  book  is  to  show  that 
the  mikado  is  the  only  true  ruler,  in  whom  is  the  fountain  of  power, 
and  to  whom  the  allegiance  of  every  Japanese  is  due.  and  that  even 
the  Tokuu'awas  were  not  free  from  the  ^uilt  of  usurpation. 

The  lontf  peace  of  two  centuries  gave  earnest  patriots  time  to  think. 
Though  the  great,  body  of  the  people,  both  the  governing  and  the  gov- 
erned clashes,  enervated  by  prolonged  prosperity  and  absence  of  dan- 
ger, cared  for  none  of  these  things,  the  serious  students  burned  to  see 
tlie  mikado  a^ain  restored  to  his  ancient  authority.  This  motive  alone 
iron lil  liiii'i-  rttnxi'il  resolution  in  ilnc  fi/nc.  They  felt  that  Japan  had 
retrograded,  that  the  military  arts  had  sunk  into  neglect,  that  the  war 
spirit  slumbered.  Yet  on  all  sides  the  "greedy  foreigners"  were  ey- 
ing the  Holy  ('ountry.  Already  the  ocean,  once  a  wall,  wa-  a  high- 
way for  wheeled  vessels.  The  settlement  of  < 'alifornia  and  the  Pacif- 
ic coast,  made  the  restless  American- their  neighbors  on  the  east,  with 
onlv  a  wide  -team  ferry  between.  American  whalers  cruised  in  Japa- 
nese water-,  and  hunted  whales  in  siifht  of  the  native  coasters.  Amer- 
ican >hip>  repeatedly  visited  their  harbors  to  restore  a  very  few  of  the 
human  waifs  which  for  centuries  in  unintermitted  stream  had  drifted 
up  the  Kuro  Shiwo  and  acro-s  the  1'acitic,  giving  to  America  wreck- 
and  spoil.-,  her  tribes  men,  her  tongues  words,  and  perhaps  the  ci\ili/.a- 
tion  which  in  Peru  and  Mexico  awoke  the  wonder  and  tempted  the 
cupidity  of  the  Spanish  marauders  (see  Appendix).  Defying  all  prec- 
edent, and  trampling  on  Japanese  pride  and  isolation,  the  American 
eaptains  refused  to  do  as  the  Hollanders,  and  u'o  to  Nagasaki,  and  ap- 
peared even  in  the  Hay  of  Yedo.  The  long  scarfs  of  coal-smoke  \\ere 
becoming  daily  matters  of  familiar  ugliness  and  prognostic.-  of  doom. 
The  steam-whistle  heard  bv  the  junk  sailor- — as  potent  a-  the  ram-' 
horn-  of  old  —  had  already  thrown  down  their  walls  of  e\cln-ion. 
The  "black  -hips"  of  the  "barbarians"  passing  Matsumae  in  one 
year  numbered  eighty-six.  Russia,  on  the  north,  was  descending  upon 
Saghalin  ;  the  English,  French,  Dutch,  and  American-  w<  n  piv— in^ 
their  claims  for  trade  and  commerce.  The  bakufu  wa-  idi*-.  making 
feu  or  no  preparations  to  re-i-t  the  tierce  barbarians.  Far-sighted 
men  saw  that,  in  presence  of  foreigners,  a  collision  between  the  two 
centres  of  government,  Yedo  and  Kioto,  would  be  immediate  a-  it  wa> 
inevitable.  When  it  should  come,  in  the  nature  of  the  case,  the  >ho- 


;;uu  Till-:   Mlh'Mm'X   KM1 '/ A'/.'. 

:_Min:iti  iiiu-t  fall.  Tin1  .-ainurai  would  adhere  to  the  mikado's  -idc, 
and  tlie  destruction  "f  the  feudal  >\>tein  \\ould  follow  a<  a  logical  lie 
ce— itv.  It  \\a-;he  time  of  luxury,  fan msal.  and  the  stupor  of  licfii- 
iinii-  carnival  with  nio-t  of  the  daimio-.  luit  with  others  of  i^loomv 
forel.odinu:-. 

An  'tlier  eunvnt  of  thought  \\a-  flowing  in  the  direction  of  a  rc- 
-toivd  mikadoate.  It  may  lie  called  the  revival  of  the  -tudy  of  pure 
>hin'o.  and.  in  I'xaininiiiir  the  caii<c-  of  the  recent  revolution,  can  not 
he  overlooked.  The  introduction  ,,f  Buddhism  and  < 'hine-e  philo-o- 
phv  greatly  modified  or  "corrupted"  the  aiiciriit  faith.  A  school  of 
in  idem  writer-  has  attempted  to  pur^v  modern  Shinto,  and  piv-eiit 
it  in  it-  '  iriu'inal  form. 

According  to  tin-  religion.  Japan  i-  piv-einiiieutlv  the  Land  of  the 
<iods,  and  the  mikado  i-  their  divine  ivpiv-etitath  e  and  vicegerent. 
Iletiee  the  diitv  of  all  Japaiie-e  impl'ic'itU  to  nl.cy  him.  I  Miring  the 
loir_f  I'ei^n  of  the  -hou'un-.  an<l  of  lluddhi-m,  uhieli  thev  favoml  and 
jn-ofe— cd.  few,  indeed.  kiie\\  what  pun-  Shinto  ua-.  It-  UiMe  i-  the 
l\"j<k'<.  compiled  V.D.  71^'.  Several  other  \\ork-.  -uch  a-  the  Xtlt<>n;ii, 
Miimiiixhiii.  are  nearlv  a-  old  and  a-  valuaHe  in  the  eves  of  Shinto 
scholar-  a-  the  l\<>j;k>.  Thev  are  written  in  ancient  Japanese,  and  can 
lie  read  only  \<\  -pecial  -indent-  of  the  archaic  form  of  the  lan^ua^e. 
The  developments  of  a  ta-te  for  the  -tud\  of  ancient  nati\e  literature 
and  for  that  of  history  were  nearl\  synchronous.  The  ne--lect  of 
pun- Japanese  I'-arniiiL:'  for  that  of  <  'hiiie-i  had  l>eeii  alnio-t  univer-al. 
until  iv-i'diii:.  K'ada.  and  other  -e]|olai'-  re\i\-eil  it-  critical  -tudv.  The 
liakufil  di-coiirau'ed  all  -uch  m\  e-i  i^at  ioii,  \\hile  the  mikado  and  coiii'l 
at  Kiol  •  lent  il  ai!  their  aid.  hotli  moral  and.  a-  it  i-  -aid.  pcci;niaiv. 
Mahiichi  !  i  i  i '.i  7-1  7ti'.'l.  Motoori  (  I  ~:\n-\  ^n\  ).  and  Hirata  ( 1  77ii-l  S4:?), 

each    >Ue--e«-ive!\    the    pupil    of   the   otli.-p.   a  IT    the    u'l'eate-t    li_'ht-   of   pure 

Shinto  :    and   their  uri!inj>.  uhich  are  de\ot,>d  to  fii-jno^oriv,  ancient 


rill  til-,  eXerted    ;,    |'|\  el\     1 1 1  tl '  }<  !  I  •  'e    at    K  i«"it  o.  ill    Mit  •  i.  ill    Iv-lli/ell.  Sal -II  111  a. 

and  in  man\  other  pi'"\  'nice-.  \s  here  a  polit  i.-al  part  \   u  a-  alreadv  form 
in-/,  \\ith  the  intention   , •)  ,  i-hiii'j  the  al»iliti"ii  of   the  hakufu 

and  a  leturn  I"  the  <  >-,  \  era.  Th«-  liei'e--arv  iv-uit  of  the  -tudv  of 
^iiiti t '"/  u  a-  aii  ii  •  .  '  i1'  ven  nee  for  the  mikado.  [  >'iddhi-m,  <  'hi- 
lir-e  inlliietiee.  i  on  f  ticj  an  i -in .  de-poti-in,  u-urpalioii.  and  the  hakufu 
Were,  in  the  eve-  of  a  ">•  •  toi-t,  .  '  lie  and  the  same.  Shinto,  the 
•  trii'  P  :_  'ii.  .  '  patriot  could  de-ire,  ^.od  Tuvern- 

iiient.  national  purity,  th-  '  «>}>(•  n  A--,  and  a  life  lu-st  explained  hy  the 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  301 

conception  <>f  the  "millennium"  among  Christians,  were  synonyincuis 
with  the  mikado  and  his  return  to  power.  The  arguments  of  the 
Shiiitoists  helped  to  swell  the  tide  that  came  to  its  flood  at  Fushiiui. 
Throughout  and  after  the  war  of  1808-1870,  there  were  no  more  bit- 
ler  jiartisans  who  urged  to  tin-  last  extremes  of  logic  and  severity  the 
issues  of  the  war  and  the  "reformation."  Tt  was  the  study  of  the  lit- 
erature produced  by  the  Shinto  scholars  and  the  historical  writers  that 
formed  the  public  opinion  that  linally  overthrew  the  shogunate,  the 
bakufu,  and  feudalism. 

Long  before  foreigners  arrived,  the  seeds  of  revolution  were  aliove 
the  soil.  The  old  Prince  of  Mho,  a  worthv  descendant  of  his  illustri- 
oii-  ancestor,  tired  of  preaching  Shinto  and  of  persuading  the  shdgun 
to  hand  over  his  autliority  to  the  mikado,  resolved,  in  1840,  to  take 
up  arms  and  to  try  the  wager  of  battle.  To  provide  the  sinews  of 
war.  lie  seized  the  Buddhist  monasteries,  and  melted  down  their  enor- 
mous bronze  bells  and  cast  them  into  cannon.  Bv  prompt  measures 
the  bakufu  suppressed  his  preparations  for  war,  and  imprisoned  him 
tor  twelve  years,  releasing  him  only  in  the  excitement  consequent  upon 
tin-  arrival  of  IVrry. 

Meanwhile  Satsuma,  Choshin,  and  other  Southern  clans  were  mak- 
ing extensive  militarv  [(reparations,  not  merely  to  be  in  readiness  to 
drive  out  the  possible  foreign  invaders,  but,  as  we  now  know,  and  as 
event-;  proved,  to  reduce  the  slioguu  to  his  proper  level  as  one  of  manv 
of  the  mikado's  vassals.  The  ancestors  of  these  most  powerful  clans 
had  of  old  held  equal  rank  and  power  with  Iveyasu,  until  the  fortunes 
of  war  turned  against  them.  Thev  had  been  overcome  by  force,  or 
had  sullenly  surrendered  in  face  of  overwhelming  odds.  Their  adhe- 
sion  to  the  Toku^awa-;  wa>  but  nominal,  and  only  the  strong  pressure 
of  superior  power  was  able  to  wrinn'  from  them  a  haughty  semblance 
of  obedience.  They  chafed  perpetually  under  the  rule  of  one  \\lio 
\\as  in  ivalitv  a  vassal  like  themselves.  On  more  than  one  occasion 
the\  openl\  defied  and  ignored  the  hakufu's  orders;  and  the  purpose, 
M-aively  kept  secret,  of  the  Satsuma  and  <'hdshiu  clans  was  to  destroy 
the  shogunate,  and  acknowledge  no  authority  but  that  of  the  mikado. 

From  the  Southern  elans  rose,  finally,  the  voice  in  council,  the 
secret  plot,  the  cniifi  il'dut,  and  the  arms  in  the  field  that  \vroii^ht 
the  purpose  for  which  Mito  labored.  Yet  they  would  never  have  been 
successful,  had  not  a  public  sentiment  existed  to  support  them,  which 
the  historical  writers  had  already  created  by  their  writings.  The 
scholars  could  never  have  ratified  their  heart'-  \si>h.  had  not  the 


;U»i.>  Till-:  MlKMm's   KMTlllK. 

-word  ami  pen,  hrain  and  hand — l>oth  equally  mighty — helped  each 
other. 

V>taM\  pie-eminent  anioirj;  tin-  Southern  daimio-,  in  per-»nal  cliar- 
•'••-.  al'ililies,  eiier^v,  and  far-Mu'htetlnoss,  wa-  the  Prince  of 
Sat-uma.  \r.\t  t"  Ka^'a,  lie  \va-  tin-  wealthiest  of  all  the  daimio- 
(s  ,  Appendix).  Had  he  lived,  lie  would  dotil'tle—  have  led  the  revo- 
lutionary movement  of  1  siis.  Ile-ide-  e.-i\inM-  encouragement  to  all 
-indents  of  the  aneieiit  litcratun-  and  hi-torv.  lie  was  ino-t  aetive  in 
developing  the  material  resources  of  hi-  province,  and  in  perfeetinj; 
the  inilitarv  or^atii/at ion,  >o  that,  when  the  time  -hould  In-  ripe  for 
th«'  onslaught  on  the  liakiifu,  lie  nii^ht  ha\e  i-eadv  for  the  mikado  the 
military  pri>vi>i<>n  to  make  lii-  u'o\ernmeiit  a  rimiplc-te  sueee— .  \» 
earrv  out  hi>  jilaiis  he  eneoiirau'ed  tlie  -tudv  of  the  1  )uteh  and  Knidi-h 
laiiLi'iiau'e-,  and  llm>  learned  the  modern  art  of  \\;ir  and  scicntitie  im- 
provement. He  e-tal>li-hed  camion  -  foiuidrii'S  and  mills  on  foreign 
principle-.  Hr  -a\\  that  >o)iietliiii^  more  \\as  iieeded.  Yotnii;1  men 
mu-1  \i-it  foreign  eountries.  and  there  ac<juire  the  theory  and  praetii-e 
of  the  art-  of  war  and  peaee.  The  la\v-  of  the  eountry  forbade  any 
-ul'jeet  t.'  leave  it.  and  the  Kakiifu  ua-  I'Vi-r  on  the  alert  to  eateh  run- 
a\va\>.  Later  mi,  Imwi'VtT,  1>\  a  rlever  artitiee.  a  immln-r  of  the 
hriifhte>t  \oim-_-  men.  al'out  twi'iitv-seveii  in  mimliiT,  i:'1 't  awav  in  one 

\e-.-el    to    Klll'ope,    and.    de-pite     tile    >lir\  eillaliee     of    the     Yedo    «,(lieial-. 

other-    followed    to    I-Ji-'land    and    the    i'nited    State-.      . \nion--  tlie-e 

\oiiliu'     Hi'-li     \\tTe     some     \\\i«    al'e    no\\      hi'j.'h    "tlieial-    of    the    ,la]'alle-e 

( ••  <\  ernmeiit. 

The  renown  "f  thi-  pi'inee  extended  all  nvcr  the  empire,  and  num- 
lier-  of  \oinm'  men  trom  all  part-  »f  the  eoimtrv  flocked  to  lie  In- 
jiiipi!-  or  -indent-.  I\a'_T"-hima,  hi-  eapit.-'.l.  'leeann-  a  centre  of  Lii-\ 
maniiai  :ndii-tr\  and  inli-lie.-t  ual  aeti\itv.  Keeping  pace  with  the  in- 
ti-n-e  •  -ii'  r_;".  o(  mind  and  hand  \\a-  tin-  ^TOWIIIL:'  selitiini'Ilt  that  the 
da\-  nf  i!i--  hakufu  were  nuiiiliereil,  that  it-  fall  \\a-  certain,  and  that 
the  onl\  f.Mintain  of  aiitlinritv  \\  a-  the  mikado.  The  Sat-nma  -aniurai 
and  -;udeni-  all  lookeil  t>.  the  prinee  a-  the  man  fur  the  comin--  cri-i-. 
\\hen,  to  the  inexpre— idle  ^rit-f  i if  all.  he  -ickeiied  and  died,  in  1  v">^. 
lie  \(  a-  -nceeeded  ii  power  1>\  Shiiiiad/u  Saliiirn,  hi-  voiin^vr 

iirntlii  i'.  NO  ma-ter  eve  i-  '•>  ft  inure  w.  .rt  h  v  pupil-  :  and  t ho-r  m->-!  t ru-t- 
ed  and  t  I'u-t  inif.  ani"!!-'  man\  ot  her-,  were  Sai^i'i,  ( )knl'».  and  K'at-u.  The 
ni'-ntioii  lit  the-e  name-  eall-  up  to  a  nati\e  the  nio-t  stirrmir  meni'ine- 
of  the  \\ar.  SaiLr'i  t'ecame  the  leader  of  the  imperial  arm\.  ()kuim, 
the  implacaMc  ein-mv  of  •'•  .  fu.  \\a-  the  ma-tef--pirit  in  council, 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  303 

and  the  power  behind  the  throne  which  ur^ed  the  movement  to  its 
logical  consequences.  At  this  moment,  the  annihilator  of  the  Saga 
rebellion,  crowned  with  diplomatic  laurels,  and  the  conqueror  of  a 
peace  at  Peking,  he  stands  leader  of  the  Cabinet,  and  the  foremost  man 
in  Japan.  Katsu  advised  the  bakufu  not  to  tight  Choshiu,  and  his 
master  to  resign  his  position,  thus  saving  Yedo  from  destruction.  The 
lesser  men  of  note,  pupils  of  Satsuma,  who  now  hold  positions  of  tru>t, 
or  who  have  become  disinterested  Cincinnati,  to  show  their  patriotism, 
are  too  many  to  mention. 

Familiarity  with  the  facts  above  exposed  will  enable  one  to  under- 
stand the  rush  of  events  that  followed  the  arrival  of  the  American  en- 
vov.  The  bakufu  was  apparently  at  the  acme  of  power.  The  she>un 
Ivevoshi  at  Yedo  was  faineant.  The  mikado  at  Kioto,  Koniei  Tenno, 
father  of  the  present  emperor,  was  a  man  who  understood  well  his 
true  position,  hated  the  bakufu  as  a  nest  of  robbers,  and  all  foreigners 
as  unclean  beasts.  Within  the  empire,  all  was  ripe  for  revolution. 
Beneath  the  portentous  calm,  those  who  would  listen  could  hear  the 
rumble  of  the  political  earthquake.  From  without  came  pull's  of  news, 
like  atmospheric  pulses  portending  a  cyclone.  On  that  7th  day  of 
Julv,  1S53,  the  natural  sea  and  sky  wearing  perfect  calm,  the  magnifi- 
cent fleet  of  the  "  barbarian  "  ships  sailed  up  the  Bay  of  Yedo.  It  was 
the  outer  edu'e  of  the  tvphoon.  The  Susquchanna  was  leading  the 
squadrons  of  seventeen  nations. 

There  was  one  spectator  upon  the  bluffs  at  Yokohama  who  was  per- 
suaded in  his  own  mind  that  the  men  who  could  build  such  >hips  as 
those;  who  were  so  gentle,  kind,  patient,  firm;  having  force,  yet  using 
it  not;  demanding  to  be  treated  as  equals,  and  in  return  dealing  with 
Japanese  as  with  equals,  could  not  be  barbarians.  If  thev  were,  it 
were  better  for  the  Japanese  to  become  barbarous.  That  man  was 
Katsfi,  now  the  Secretary  of  the  Japanese  Navy. 

The  barbarian  envoy  was  a  strange  creature.  lie  was  told  to  leave 
the  Bav  of  Yedo  and  go  to  Nagasaki.  lie  impolitely  refu-ed.  and 
staid  and  Mirveved,  and  was  dignified.  This  was  anomalous.  Other 
barbarians  had  not  acted  so;  thev  had  quietlv  obeyed  order-.  Fur- 
thermore, he  brought  letters  and  presents,  all  directed  "To  the  Km- 
peror  of  Japan."  The  shogun  was  not  emperor,  but  he  inii-t  make 
believe  to  be  so.  It  would  not  do  to  call  himself  the  mikado's  general 
onlv.  This  title  awed  sullicieiitlv  at  home;  but  \\oiild  the  -t rangers 
ropect  it.'  A  pedantic  professor  ("not  the  Prince  of  1  >ai  <iak 


n 


;H>1  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPlliK. 

the   Cl  .'•.•••    I  I  >ai  C.aku    K<Y)  at   Vedu  was   sent    to   treat   with 

[1  n    I'erry.      A  ehupper  uf  Chinese  lu^ie,  and  a  stiekler  fur 

exae'i  1'  n:i-.  the  pedant  must,  as  in  dutv  humid,  exalt  hi-  master.  He 
in-ei-'ed.  ur  at  Ka.-t  allowed  tu  he  u-ed  in  the  treaties  the  title  tni-k/tn. 
a  i  ,:••  l\  '  .iine-e  \\urd,  whieh  in  thu-e  utlieial  documents  signified  that 
he  \\  i-  tie  -upreine  ruler  uf  all  Japan.  Thi-  title  had  never  heeii  he- 
ctuwcd  up<>n  the  slifWun  hv  the  mikado,  imr  liad  it  ever  heel)  useil  in 
the  imperial  utlieial  documents.  The  hakufu  and  the  pedantie  pn>- 
fe-.-'-r.  Haya-hi,  did  nut  mean  tu  lie  to  the  true  -oveivi^n  in  Kioto. 
The  hakufu,  like  a  fi'ui;'.  \\hu-i-  front  i-  \\hite,  \\hu-e  haek  is  hlaek, 
euuM  louk  huth  wavs,  and  pre.-eiit  tuu  fronts.  Seen  from  Kioto,  the 
lie  was  \\liite;  that  is,  "  meant  nothing."  Looked  at  hv  lln.se  un-u- 
peetiii'j;  dupe-,  the  harhariaiis  it  wa>  hlai-k;  that  is,  "The  auu'u-t  S..\- 
eiviu'ii  uf  Japan. "a-  the  preamhle  uf  the  Terry  tivatv  -ays.  Vet  to  the 
jealous  emperor  and  euiirt  thi-  white  lie  \\ as,  as  ever  white  lies  are.  the 
hlaeke-t  uf  lie-.  It  eivated  the  ^ivate-t  uneaM!ie.-s  and  alarm.  The 
slifiLjun  ha  1  iiu  -haduw  uf  ri^ht  to  this  huml.a-lie  figment  of  autlmritv. 
It  \\a-  a  new  illustration  in  diplumaev  uf  .K-up's  Fahle  No.  L'ti. 

Til"    -Tea'    Vedo    tY,,j.'   plltTed    it-elf   tu    it-   Ut!l!u-t    tu    e.jllal   tile    Kiutu   u\. 

and  i;  hur-t  in  the  attempt.  The  la-t  earea--  uf  th'--e  hatraehians  in 
dipl"ina"\  \\a-  hiiried  in  Shid/.uoka.  a  eitv  nilietv-five  mile-  soiith- 
\\e-t  of  Tokio.  in  Istis.  The  s\riter\i-iied  tlii-  ain-ic  nt  home  of  the 
Tuku^awa-  in  1  -7:.'.  a'id  in  a  hiiildinu"  uithin  a  mile  uf  the  aetua! 
pre-eiie,.  i  f  the  la-t  and  -till  li\  inu;  "  tyeoon,"  and  within  >houtiiiLr  di-- 
tanee  uf  thuii-aini-  uf  h'-  e\  -  retainer-,  -aw  .-cores  of  the  piv.-ent- 
hruiiu:'h;  i\  ( 'u'limudure  Tt-rrx1  hini:'.  man\  uf  them,  in  mildeu,  ru-t. 
or  ri.-LTli-.-t".  The\  ueiv  all  lahe'led  "  IVe-ente.l  h\  the  -  -  ,,f 

tin-  Cniti  .i  State-  \<\  the  Kmperur  ..f  Japan."  Vet  the  mikadu  never 
saw  them.  The  Japain-e  excel  at  a  jihe.  hut  \\heii  tl'nl  the\  perpe- 
trate -area-m  -u  hii^e  .'  The  mikadu'-  ^..\  ei-nmeiit.  with  1'ilateV  iroliv, 
had  allu^\ed  the  t \euuii  tu  k,.,.p  the  piv-eiit-.  \\ith  the  lahels  on  them  '. 

\\  e  ma\  ;  iirl\  infer  thai  >o  euii-umniate  a  diplumatisl  a-  I'errv, 
had  h-  mid  '  lie  -tate  uf  alTair-.  \\uiild  ha\e  ^uiie  with  hi- 

fleet  t>-  O/aka.  and  op.-ned  n.'^utiatiuns  with  the  mikadu  at  Kiotu.  in- 
stead uf  \\ith  hi-  lieuti  nan;  at  Vedu.  ]Yrhap-  he  ni-ver  knew  that  he 
ha  I  1  rented  u  i;  h  an  und<  ' 

The  imiii'dia''    :         '  ii  niiiLj  uf  the  p.ij-ts  tu  fui-ei^n  com- 

i:n  r.-t-  in   1  -."''.'  were  the  di-rtrraii";einent  uf  the  pnee-  ..(  the  neee.--ane- 

.  and  alniu-t  univ.-r-al  di-tre--  I'un-eiiueiit  thereun.  much  >ickne-- 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  305 

added  an  exceptional  succession  of  destructive  earthquakes,  typhoons, 
Hoods,  tiivs,  and  storms.  In  the  midst  of  these  calamities  the  shOgun, 
lyesada,  died. 

An  heir  must  be  chosen.  His  selection  devolved  upon  the  tairo, 
or  recent,  li,  a  man  of  creat  abilitv,  daring,  and,  as  his  enemies  say, 
of  unscrupulous  villainy.  li,*  though  socially  of  low  rank,  possessed 
almost  supreme  po\ver.  Ignoring  the  popular  choice  of  Keiki  (the 
--eventh  soi;  of  the  Daimio  of  Mito),  who  had  been  adopteil  l>y  the 
house  of  Hitotsubashi,  he  chose  the  Prince  of  Kii,  a  hoy  twelve  years 
of  ao'e.  In  answer  to  the  indignant  protests  of  the  princes  of  Mito,f 
Echi/.en,  and  Owari,  he  shut  them  up  in  prison,  and  thus  alienated 
from  his  support  the  near  relatives  of  the  house  of  Tokugawa.  It 
\\as  his  deliberate  intention,  say  his  enemies,  to  depose-  the  mikado, 
a>  the  Ilojd  did.  and  set  up  a  hoy  emperor  again.  At  the  same  time, 
all  who  opposed  him  or  the  bakufu,  or  who,  in  either  Kioto,  Vcdo,  or 
elsewhere,  agitated  the  restoration  of  the  mikado,  he  impoverished, 
imprisoned,  exiled,  or  beheaded.  Anionn-  his  victims  were  inanv  noble 
scholars  and  patriots,  whose  fate  excited  universal  pitv.J 


*  The  premier,  li,  was  the  Daimio  of  Ilikone,  a  castled  town  and  lief  on  Lake 
Biwa.  in  Mino;   revenue,  throe  hundred  and  lif'ty  thousand  koku.      IK-  was  at  the 
head  of  tin-  finlid.     His  personal  naini-  was  Xawosukc;   his  title  at  the  emperor's 
court  was  kiiinoii  it*/ knitii — head  of  tin-  bureau  of  the  Ku  Xai  Sho  <  imperial  house- 
hold)— having  in  charge  the  liaiiii'iiiii's,  curtains,  carpets,  mats,  and  tlie  -weeping 
of  the  palace  on  state  occasions.     His  rank  at  Kioto  was  Chiujo,  or  "general  of 
the  second  class.1'     In  the  bakufu,  lie  was  prime  minister,  or  "tairo."      He  had 
a  son,  who  was  afterward  educated  in  Brooklyn,  New  York. 

+  It  would  lie  impossible  in  brief,  space  to  narrate  the  plots  ami  counterplots  at 
Y''do  and  Kioto  during  the  period  ISGO-lsGs.  As  a  friendly  critic  tin  7V  //"/'«/« 
.\'<'i".t,  June  Htli,  isT.j)  has  ])ointed  out,  I  allow  that  the  Prince  of  Mito,  while 
\\i-hini;'  to  overthrow  the  sho^nnate,  evidently  wished  to  see  the  re:-torut!oii  ac- 
eoiii|ili.-hcil  with  liis  sou,  Keiki,  in  a  post  of  lii-'li  honor  and  u'lory.  While  in 
banishment,  secret  in.-tnictious  were,  .-cut  from  Kioto,  which  ran  thu-:  "The 
hakufii  has  shown  irreat  disi-e^ard  of  public  o]iinion  in  conclud'mu'  treaties  with 
out  "-ailing  tor  the  opinion  of  the  court,  and  in  dis^raciiiir  princes  -o  elo-ely  al- 
lied by  blood  to  the  sliOe-un.  The  mikado's  rest  is  disturbed  by  the  spectacle  of 
Mi'-h  mis^overniiient,  when  the  tierce  barbarian  is  at  our  verv  door.  !>•;  ynu, 
th'-r'-fnre,  assist  the  bakufu  with  your  advice  ;  expel  the  barbarian-:  cont  nt  the 
mind  of  the  people;  and  restore  tramiuillity  to  his  majesty's  bosom."— A"?/;-1 
>//'')•/.(/;•/',  p.  11,  Satow's  translation.  This  letter  was  afterward  de'iv  red  up  to 
the  bakufu,  sbort.ly  after  wliich  (September,  IfSlil)  the  old  prince  died.  Tin  Mi;o 
clan  was  for  many  years  after\\ard  divided  into  two  faction-,  the  "  liin'.iteon-" 
and  the  "  Wicked."1  There  is  no  pi-oof  that  the  I'rinee  of  Mi!.,  poisoned  I  \.-ada, 
except  the  baseless  iruess  of  Sir  Itutherf'ord  Alcoek,  \\  liieh  ha>  a  \  alue  at  par  with 
most  of  that  writer's  statement-  concernimr  Japan > -'-e  histoi-\ . 

*  Amonir  others  was  Yoshida  Shoin,  a  samurai  of  C'ho-hiu.  and  a  -tudeiit  of 


:',0. )  Till-:  MIKMHI'S  1-:.M1'IRK. 

Tiic  mikado  I'c'uio-  lev  riiflit  the  supreme  ruler,  and  the  shoiruii 
nirivh  ;i  \a--ai,  ii"  treaty  with  foreigners  could  he  bind'niLT  mile— 
>ij;ni'd  1>\  the  mikado. 

Tih  -lio^un  or  hi-  ministers  had  no  riu'ht  whatever  to  si^n  the 
treat  ie-.  Here  was  a  dilemma.  The  foreigners  were  pressing  the 
ratitieation  of  the  treat  ie-  on  the  bakufu,  while  the  mikado  and  eourt 
a-  \i^oroii>lv  refused  their  eonsent.  Ii  was  not  a  man  to  hesitate.  As 
the  native  chronicler  writes:  "  He  he^an  to  think  that  if,  in  the  pre  — 
eiice  of  these  con-tant  arrivals  of  foreigners  of  different  nation-,  he 
were  to  \\ait  for  the  Kioto  people  to  make  up  their  mind-,  some  nn- 
luekv  accident  mi^'ht  briiiL!.'  the  same  disa-ters  UJMHI  Japan  as  ('li'ma 
had  already  experienced.  He.  therefore,  concluded  a  treaty  at  Kana- 
u'awa,  and  aliixed  hi-  seal  to  it,  after  which  he  reported  the  tran.-ae- 
tion  to  Kioto." 

Thi-  signature  to  the  treaiie-  without  the  mikado's  con-ent  stirred 
up  intm-e  indignation  at  Kioto  and  throughout  the  country,  which 
from  oil"  end  to  the  other  now  resounded  with  the  crv.  "  Honor  the 
mikado,  and  expel  the  barbarian."  In  the  eyes  of  patriots,  the  recent 
\N  a-  a  traitor.  Hi-  act  i^ave  the  ein'mic-  of  the  bakufti  a  le^al  pretext 
of  eiimiu.  and  was  tlie  signal  of  the  regent's  doom.  All  over  the 
countrv  thoii-ands  of  patriot-  left  their  homes,  declaring  their  inteii- 


I'.tii-upeaii  i<  an;'mu\  lie  \va-  the  Plan  who  tried  1"  u'et  on  ti(i;inl  (  'unniiuilun' 
I'I-ITN'-  ~iii]!  :it  >!iil  .....  l:M  IVITV'~  "  Xurnttivr,"  |i.  i-.")-|-->.  Ilvliad  IHTII  ki-pl  i;i 
I'l'i-cli  ill  hi-  chill  -incr  I  -.")-}.  \\<-  \vroti1  :i  pain]  <\\  \>-\  iiu'iiinst  tin-  ]ircijrct  nf  t^l-.iiiLT 
i;;<  ;:I'!U-  ,i^.iili-l  thr  l';il  Illll.  fur  whii/ii  In-  \V;i-  iv\Y;in|i'd  1  'V  tllr  Vcilo  1'llhT-  uith 

hi-  lilii-rty.  At't-T  Ii'-  :iriiitr;tr\  actimi-,  Vo-liidu  drclari-d  that  thr  -h"u~ii!iatc 
(••iiild  ni't  In1  Mi\'ed,  and  iiiu-l  Call.  \\"li''ii  tin-  -h"U"un'-  iiiinNti-rs  \\Ti'r  ari'i'-tinii' 
1  Ml  ri»t-  in  Ki"t".  Vi'-liida  P'.-ulvcd  tu  lake  hi-  lite.  I-'ur  this  plot,  al'tcr  dcti'ct  ion, 
I;.-  \\a-  -•  ;:1  In  Yrdi>  in  a  raLT''.  and  ln-lii-adi-d.  'I'hi-  anl'iit  pai  I'iut  .  \\  IIDM-  ini'iiio- 
n  i~  iwnvd  I  iy  ail  partii'-,  ua-  unc  nl'  thr  l:r-1  tar  -i-'ht  I'd  np-ii  tn  M'C  that  -lajian 
liiii-l  adi'pt  I'-pri-iirn  ci\  ili/.atiuii,  <>r  tail  hrt'.jiT  (nrfi^-ii  j'l'n^rr--,  likr  India.  'I'lic 
iiati'inal  '  iit<T|>n-<--  iii>\\  in  ipju-ratiun  \VITI-  t;r:_'vd  by  him  in  an  at'li-  paiiiplili't 
»  i;]j  t'-n  l"-t'"i'r  lii-  (hath. 


An.  >llii  i-  vi    '  ili-iit  n|'  I'"uri.]M'aii  liti-ratnri'.  and  a  line  -rliolar  in  Dhtrh 

and  (.'iiiii'  -'  ,  na  in  nl  I  (a-hiinnt  n  Sanai.  i  >('  Fukui,  hrnlhiT  n('  inv  I  Viet  id  Dr.  I  la-hi- 
ni'it'i,  -nr.:''-'iii  in  thr  .la;  :ii;i--r  aniiv,  t'rll  a  martyr  t"  hi-  loyally  and  patriuti-m. 
1  hi-  LT"iit  Irinan  \\  a-  tin-  in-triinirnl  of  ,\\;  MI-  in  L:'  an  i  nt  hn-ia-ni  fur  fi  irri^n  M-irnn- 
in  F'nUiii.  \\  liii-h  ultiinat  p-ly  rr-nlii-d  in  ih.  «  ritrr'-  apjn  lint  inrnt  tu  I-'nkui.  Ila- 
-!.ini-tu  -aw  tlii-  iM-'-d  ut  uj,,  mi,-  p.  .,,  ,  fu]  r,  iatiuii-  \\ilh  furi  iirncrs,  Kilt  ln-lii-\-i'd 
that  it  runld  ^alr.\  I  ,i  dmp-  unly  iiml'T  tlii-  H'-top-d  and  nnilird  -uvrnmirnt. 
:  -v-i.-ni  uf  di\  id'-d  authurity.  hr  ln-ld  that  tin-  nfm  <>f  Japan  \\  uiild  iv. 
-:;il.  II.  rl  I'rrry  treat  ••(!  ui'li  tlir  niikad-i,  Cnn-iirn  war  mi-ht  po->ili]y  have  ;-e- 
•'  '•  !.  tliuu-li  \e]-\  pruNuMy  nut  liy  treatiii!_r  \vith  the  ruunlerfeit  ciiiperur  in 
N  ''•  a  r.  lu;-rii_rn  hu-t  jli;  i>'-,  imj'uv  eri-ln:;riit  uf  the  ruuntry.  and  h.iliunal 

in;-'  r\  .  I'Tuli'imed  lur  \rar-,  \\rrr  ini  vilatilr. 


THE  HECEXT  REVOLUTION!  IX  JAFAX.  307 

ti"ii  not  to  return  to  them  until  the  mikado,  restored  to  power,  should 
sweep  ;i\v;iv  the  barbarians.  Boiling  over  with  patriotism,  bands  of 
a--assjns,  mostly  roiiins,  roamed  the  count ry,  ready  to  slay  foreigners, 
or  the  recent,  and  to  die  for  the  mikado.  On  the  1'^d  of  March,  li 
\v,-i-  assassinated  in  Yedo,  outside  the  Sakurada  u'ate  of  the  castle,  near 
the  -p.  .t  where  now  stand  the  offices  of  the  departments  of  ^"ar  and 
Foreign  Aii'airs,  and  the  (lothic  brick  buildings  of  the  Imperial  Col- 
lege of  Engineering.  Then  followed  the  slaughter  ;;f  insolent  foreign- 
er-, and  in  .-oiue  ca.-es  of  innocent  ones,  and  the  burning  of  their  lega- 
tion-, the  chief  ol)ject.  in  nearly  every  case  beinu'  to  embroil  the  baku- 
fu  with  foreign  powers,  and  thus  hasten  its  fall.  Some  of  these  ama- 
teurs, who  in  foreign  eyes  were  incendiaries  and  assa»ins,  and  in  the 
native  view  noble  patriots,  are  now  hiidi  oilicials  in  the  mikado's 
<  Government. 

The  prestige  of  the  bakufu  declined  dailv,  and  the  tide  of  inthienee 
and  power  set  in  steadily  toward  the  true  capital.  'Die  cu>tom  of  the 
-holm's  visiting  Kioto,  and  doinii1  homage  to  the  mikado,  after  an  in- 
terval of  two  hundred  and  thirty  years,  was  revived,  which  caused  his 
true  relation  to  lie  clearly  understood  even  by  the  common  people,  who 
then  learned  for  the  first  time  the  fact  that  the  rule  exi-ted,  and  had 
i>e"ii  s,,  long  insolently  ignored.  The  Prince  of  Kehi/en,  b\-  a  special 
and  unprecedented  act  of  the  bakufu.  and  in  obedience  to  orders  from 
the  Kioto  court,  was  made  premier.  ]'>\  his  own  act,  a-  many  believe, 
though  he  was  most  probably  only  the  willing  cat's-paw  of  the  South- 
ern daimios,  he  abolished  the  custom  of  the  daimios'  forced  re-ideiiee 
in  Yedo.  Like  wild  birds  from  an  opened  cau'e,  they,  with  all  their 
retainer^,  tied  from  the  city  in  less  than  a  week.  ^  edo's  glory  faded 
like  a  dream,  and  the  power  and  greatness  of  the  Tokugawas  came  to 
naught.  Few  of  the  clans  obeyed  any  longer  the  command  of  the 
bakiifu.  and  gradually  the  hearts  of  the  people  fell  awav.  "And  so,' 
-av-  the  native  rhroiiiclcr.  "the  pre-tiifc  of  the  Tokiiu'awa  family, 
which  had  endured  for  three  hundred  years;  which  had  been  really 
more  1'i'illiaiit  than  l\aniakura  in  the  aii'e  of  Yoritoino  on  a  uiDnnli^'ht 
Tiiii'ht  when  the  >tar>  are  shining:  which  for  more  than  iwo  himdivd 
and  seventy  \'ears  had  forced  the  daimios  to  come  breathlessly  to  take 
their  turn  <>\'  duty  in  Yedo;  and  which  had,  dav  and  iii^iit.  eighty 

thou.-and  va>sals  at   its  beck  and  c;,ll,  fell  to  ruin   in   the  >pa t'  one 

morning." 

The  clan-   now    gathered  at  the  true  niiukn.  Kioto,  which   became  a 
scene    of    u-avety    and    bustle   unknown    -inee   the   days   of  the    I  aira. 


KndiniT  their  a,l'"_-;iance  to  the  bakufu,  they  l>e^aii  to  act  cither  ac- 
cording t"  their  own  will.  or  oiilv  at  the  hiddin'j;  of  the  court.  The\ 
tilled  the  imp'-rial  tiva-urv  \\ith  ".'"Id,  and  strengthened  the1  hand-  .  >f 
th,.  S,  .n  .'t'  Heaven  with  their  |o\al  devotion.  llatred  of  the  foreiu'ii- 
,  r.  aud  a  de-ire  to  till  their  eiii['tv  cotTcix  with  tin'  jiroeeed-  of  roiu- 
iiieree.  s\\  a\'cd  the  iniinl-  of  uiaiiv  of  them  like  t  he  u  ind  anioiiLT  i'e«'d-~. 
<  >ther-  \\  i-hcd  to  oneti  t  he  port-  in  t  heir  tief-,  so  a-  to  |  locket  the  prof 


it-  »\    t'-.i''':jT.    -  islnch   ihi     hakutii  eii|o\ed   a-   it-  nioiiopolv. 

A   \\ar  of  pamphli  t-  1'1,-ued.  -"tiie  \\  riter-  at  tempt  in  ^  1"  -ho\\   that   the 
i-lai.-  uucii  il'u  :   of  her-  <••  'ti.  !•  n  nini:   t  he  id. 'a  a- 

tfea-onaMe,  and,  ha\  ii  •  i-tofii    fact*  , ,[,  t  heir  -';.  1.  .  pr,  ,\ .  <|  the  mi- 

kado   t..    he    the    -nil      -  '  •  The    Lakuftl.  acting    lip. ill    the    p!'i  --li.fi 

i.f  pulilic  opinion  in  Kioi  •        hope-  of  n    I    ipi        it-  piv-t i^-e.  !••  i.t 

•     etTort-   to   clo-e  t!,.-   port-  and    per-uadc  tin    f..|vi--ner-  t,,   IC.T.C 

I',  .f  t  !ii-      ur;-  -el  I  a--v    l>  •    V.  IP  ..  .      '!'.•   ha— 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  :jl)',) 

ten  their  steps,  the  ronins  now  be^an  the  systematic  assassination  of  all 
who  oppo-ed  their  plan-,  pillorying  their  heads  in  the  dry  bed  of  the 
river  in  front  of  the  city.  As  a  hint  to  the  Tokugawa  "usurpers" 
thev  cut  off  the  heads  of  wooden  images  of  the  tir-t  three  Ashika^a 
shomins,  and  >tuck  them  on  poles  in  public.  The  ronins  were  ar- 
rested; Choshiu  espoused  their  side,  while  Aid/u,  who  was  governoi 
of  the  city,  threw  them  into  prison.  The  mikado,  urifcd  bv  the  clam 
orous  braves,  and  bv  knife  who  had  never  seen  one  of  the  "  hairy  for- 
eigners," nor  dreamed  of  their  power,  issued  an  order  for  their  expul- 
sion from  Japan.  The  Choshiu  men,  the  first  to  act,  erected  batteries 
at  Shimonoseki.  The  hakufu,  which  was  responsible  to  foreigners, 
commanded  the  clan  to  disarm.  Thev  refused,  and  in  Jnlv,  isii;!,  thvd 
on  foreign  vessels.  They  obeyed  the  mikado,  and  disobeved  the  sho- 
irnn.  During  the  next  month.  Kago-hima  was  bombarded  bv  a  Urit- 
i-li  sijiiadroii. 

( )n  the  4th  of  September,  the  Choshiu  cannoneer-  lired  on  a  bakufu 
steamer,  containing  some  men  of  the  Kokura  clan  who  were  enemies 
of  Choshiu,  and  who  had  given  certain  aid  and  comfort  to  foreign  ves- 
sels, and  refused  to  tire  on  the  latter.  The  Choshiu  men  in  Kioto  be- 
-ou^ht  the  mikado  to  make  a  progress  to  Yamato,  to  show  to  the  em- 
pire his  intention  of  taking  the  field  in  person  against  the  barbarian-. 
The  proposal  was  accepted,  and  the  preliminaries  arranged,  when  sud- 
denly all  preparations  were  stopped,  Choshiu  became  an  object  of 
blackest  suspicion,  the  palace  u-ates  were  doublv  guarded,  the  city  \\:i> 
thrown  into  violent  commotion;  while  the  deliberations  of  the  palace 
ended  in  the  expulsion  of  Sanjo  Saneyoshi  (now  Dai  Jo  Dai  Jin), 
Sawa  (Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  1S7()-'71  ),  and  ii\e  other  court 
nobles,  who  were  deprived  of  their  rank  and  titles,  while  eighteen  oth- 
<T>  were  punished,  and  all  retainers  or  members  of  the  f'amilv  of  Mori 
(( 'ho-liiu)  were  peremptorily  "forbidden  to  enter  the  capital"  -  a 
phrase  that  made  them  outlaws.  An  army  was  levied,  and  the  citv 
put  in  a  Mate  of  defense. 

The  rea-on  of  this  was  that  the  Chd-hiu  men  were  accused  of  plot- 
ting To  nvt  po--e--ioii  of  the  mikado'-  person,  in  order  to  dictate  the 
polic\  of  the  empire.  The  eighteen  kuifeaud  the -ix  I'in^lead'-i1-  Were 
Mispe"ted  of  abetting  the  plot.  This,  and  the  tiring  on  the  -leainer 
containing  their  envoys,  roii-ed  the  indignation  of  ih,'  kikuFti,  and  the 
clan-  loval  to  it,  especially  Aidxu,  to  the  hi^he-t  pitch.  The  men  ot 
Choshiu.  accompanied  b\  the  seven  kuge,  fled,  September  :;uth,  i>o:j, 
to  their  province. 


Tin-:  MiK.uxrs  EMPIRE. 

.'tt  became  the  rendexvous  of  deserters  aiul  ronins  from 
all  part-  of  Japan.  In  ,lulv  of  the  following  year,  1*154,  a  bodv  of 
nian\  hundred  of  irresponsible  MICH  of  vari"U-  elan-,  calling  themselves 
"  Irregular-."  arrived  in  Kioto  from  the  South,  to  petition  the  mika<lo 
I.,  iv- to  iv  Mori  and  the  -even  noble-  to  honor.  and  to  drive  out  the 
•arian-.  Aid/a  and  the  shoe-un'-  va»als  \\eiv  for  attacking  these 
men  uitli  arm-  at  once.  The  mikado,  not  adopting  tin-  \iew-  of  the 
pi  iitii  'Her-,  returned  t  hem  no  an -w  er.  (  »u  J  ulv  Mm  1 1.  the  "  Irregulars" 

\\eIV    ilHTea-ed    bv    lliallV    hitherto    eallll,   lillt     l|o\v    exasperated.  <  'ho-llill 

iiii-n.  and  encamped  in  battle  arrav  in  the  suburbs,  \\hei-e  thev  \\ere 
joined,  August  15th,  bv  two  karos,  and  two  hundred  men  from  (.'ho.-hiu. 
-••lit  \>\  I'rinei.-  Mori  to  restrain  hi-  followrrs  from  violence.  \\'hile 
thus  patiently  waiiinir.  a  iiotitieation  that  tliev  were  t->  be  puni>hed  \\a- 
i— lied,  Aiiurn-t  Huh.  to  them  b\-  the  court,  tlu-n  under  the  influence  of 
Aidxu.  and  Keiki  \\a-  put  in  command  of  the  armv  of  chastisement. 

\\"itli  tear-  and  letters  ..f  -..I'l-ouful  regret  to  their  friend-  at  court. 
the  (  'ho-hiu  men  and  the  roiiins,  in  a  written  manife-to  vindicated  the 
ju-tness  of  their  cause,  -wore  \  eii'_feaiiee  aLi'ain-t  Aid/u.  uho-e  troop- 
uei'e  encamped  in  the  imperial  tlouei'-^ardeii,  and  then  a-kin^  pardon 
of  the  Sc.n  of  1  Iea\  en  "  for  makiiiL:'  a  disturbance  >o  near  the  ba-e  of 
the  eharii-;  "  (the  t  hi'one).  the\  accept  e<l  the  \\airer  of  battle,  and  ni-hed 
t"  the  attaek.  "The  cri-i-  had  ari'iv-'d,"  says  the  native  c-hronieler. 
"and  the  -pirii  ,if  murder  fjHe.l  and  overtlo\\ed  heaven  ;Hnl  earth. 
The  term  <-h'~>ti'ki,  \\hieh  f"!1  centuries  had  Keen  ol>-olete.  no\v  a^ain 
came  into  bfin^.  Manx  mx'riad-  <>f  habitation-  were  de-i  )•. .\  ed.  and 
millii-n-  of  pen])le  \\ere  plun-vd  into  a  ti,  r\  pit."  <  >n  the  L'nth  of 
Ar.-'u-t.  l^iit.  al  dav-daun.  the  battle  be^an.  t  lie  < 'ho-hiu  men  ad\an- 
i  in^1  in  three  i\\\  i-i..n-.  numbering  in  all  thirtein  liundred  men,  their 
de-i--n  bejiii;  to  all  nine  -'ate-  .»!'  th-  imperial  palaee  and  -ur- 

r"iind  the  HO\\  er- garden.  The  Ti'kiiLi'aua  and  Aid/u  tr<">p-  \\ere 
baeke.)  b\  in —  i  •  !;  hi/en.  Ilik. .IK\  Kiiwana.  and  others.  Tin-  bat- 
tle rcjvd  fnri"ii-l\  t"rtv.<>  da\ -.  invol\  in^- the  cit  v  in  a  conflagration, 
u  hieh.  fanned  '  :i  _:.]•'!;••'!  laru'e  ijuarter-  "f  it  to  a  level  of  a-ln  -. 
The  ti'_'ht  ii;_'  \\a-  •  in  at'iiii'i1.  eijinjiped  mo-tl\'  with  -\\oi-d,  ar- 

r..w,  eaiiiioii.  ai    I  >  t  :    *- 1  I    -treet-,  -_'7.  IHU  ]h.u-es,   1-    palaces,  4-1 

lar^'e  and  •'>:!"  -mail  \a-hiki-.  «in  Shinto  -brine-.  \  \  :>  I'-uddhi-t  temple-, 
jo  bridire-.  ftin  1-__.'  He  eta  village  \\ere  de-tl'oyed  I  .y 

llallle-:     ll'l1'.     tire-pi'.'. .f    -t-re-holl-e-    Were    klloekrd    t..     pieces    by 

eaiirionadiii'j;  kept   up  afl       I        battle  t<>  prevent  the  < 'ho-hiu  men 
liidinj;  in  them,      "Tin    c;tp;t;tl.  >urr  cmd.  d  by  a  niiie-f.  .Id  circle 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  311 

of  flowers,  entirely  disappeared  in  one  morning  in  the  smoke  of  the 
flames  <if  a  war  fin-/'  The  homeless  city  populace  fled  to  the  suburbs, 
dwelling  on  roofless  earth,  pestered  bv  the  heat  and  clouds  of  mos- 
ouitoes,  while  men  in  soldiers'  dress  played  the  robber  without  fear 
or  shame.  "The  Blossom  Capital  became  a  scorched  desert.''  The 
<  'hoshiu  were  utterly  defeated,  and  driven  out  of  the  city.  Thirty- 
seven  of  them  were  decapitated  in  prison. 

The  next  month  the  bakufu  begged  the  imperial  court  to  deprive 
the  Mori  family  and  all  its  branches  of  their  titles.  Elated  with  suc- 
cess, an  order  was  issued  to  all  the  clans  to  march  to  the  chastisement 
of  the  two  provinces  of  Xagato  and  Suwo.  The  Tokugawa  intended 
thus  to  set  an  example  to  the  wavering  clans,  and  u'ive  proof  of  the 
power  it  still  possessed.  During  the  same  month,  September'oth  and 
nth,  1^04,  Shimoiioseki  was  bombarded  bv  an  allied  fleet  bearing  the 
flairs  of  four  foreign  nations.  After  great  destruction  of  life  and 
property,  the  u'euerous  victors  demanded  an  "indemnity"  of  three 
million  Mexican  dollars  (see  Appendix).  The  brave  clan,  having  de- 
lied  the  bakufu  at  Kioto,  dared  the  prowess  of  the  "civilized  world/' 
and  stood  to  their  guns  at  Shimonoseki  till  driven  away  by  over- 
whelming numbers  of  balls  and  men,  now  prepared  to  face  the  com- 
bined armies  of  the  shdgunate. 

Then  was  revealed  the  result  of  the  lon^-  previous  preparation  in 
the  South  for  war.  The  ('hoshiu  clansmen,  united  and  alert,  were 
lightly  dressed,  armed  with  English  and  American  rifles,  drilled  in  Eu- 
ropean tactics,  and  abundantly  provided  with  artillery,  which  they 
tired  rapidlv  and  with  precision.  Thev  had  cast  awav  armor,  sword, 
and  spear.  < 'hoshiu  had  long  been  the  seat  of  I  hitch  learning,  and 
translations  of  I  hitch  military  works  were  numerously  made  and  used 
there.  Their  disciplined  battalions  were  recruited  from  the  common 
people,  not  from  the  samurai  alone,  were  well  paid,  and  full  of  enthu- 
siasm. The  bakufu  had  but  a  motlev,  half-hearted  armv,  manv  of 
\\liom,  \\heii  the  order  was  given  to  march,  straightway  fell  ill.  having 
no  stomach  for  the  fight.  Some  of  the  most  influential  clans  declined 
or  refused  outright  to  join  the  expedition,  whose  p 
demned  bv  almost  all  the  wisest  leaders,  notablv 
ifun'-  adviser. 

A  campaign  of  three  months,  in  the  summer  of 
utter  and  disgraceful  defeat  of  the  bakufu,  and  the  triumph  of  ('ho- 
shiu. The  clans  not  yet  in  the  field  refused  to  u-o  to  i  he  front.  The 
luvsii'jy  of  the  shogunate  \va>  now  irretrievably  ruined. 


:;lj  THE  MIKADO'S  EM  TIRE. 

The  vi)iin_r  -:,o_;-i;n.  worn  .nit  \vitli  ceaseless  anxk'tv,  died  at  ( '/aka. 

September   I '.'th,   I  Mii>.      lie  had  -e<  mvd  tin-  mikado's  consent  to  the 

-...ii  the  condition  that  they  -hould  be  re\  i-ed.  ami  tliat  IIif>:_rt> 

>lltillid    Ili'MT    be    opelled    a-   a    port     of    foreign    commerce.         He    \\as    sliC- 

...  ill  I  ;.\  Keiki.  hi-  former  rival,  \sh<>  wa-  appointed  head  «f  the  To- 
kn^a\\a  fainilv  l>v  the  court  October,  1  ^(ii'i.  ( )n  the  0th  of  Januarv. 
I-'lT.  he  wa-  made  -ho<_n,in.  !!'•  had  repeatedly  declined  the  portion. 
He  brought  to  it  nuniei'ou-  prhate  virtues,  hut  <>iilv  the  tirmne--  of  a 
feather  for  the  cri-i-  at  hand.  The  average  .lapaiie-e  lack-,  the  Molid- 
itv  and  ol.-tinae\-  of  the  Chinaman,  ;'.nd  ticklent'ss  i-  >up]io-ed  to  lie 
\i\-  chief  characteristic.  Keiki,  as  -ome  of  hi-  once  l>e>t  frieiid>  .-ay. 
wa-  tieklen..--  per-onilii-il.  If,  \\ith  the  help  of  coim-elors,  he  could 
make  up  hi-  mind  t<>  one  coiir-c  of  action,  the  keeiie-t  oh-er\'ei'-  could 
never  foi'eca-t  the  change  liaMe  to  iii-iii'  \\heii  new  a^hi-er-  appeared. 
It  i-  evident  that  the  appointment  of  Mich  a  man  at  thi-  cri-i-  served 
i.nlv  to  pi'ecipitatc  the  i--!ie.  Hi-  popularitv  at  the  court  mo-t  pi'oK- 
al'lv  aro-e  from  the  fact  that  he  \\a-  oppo-ed  to  the  ojieiiinu'  "f  Hi'"'- 
L;-.  i  and  (  i/aka  to  the  f,  M'ei^neiv-. 

In  <)ctoln'r.  l^i'iT.  the  Prince  of  To-a  openly  urured  the  new  sho^'un 
to  i-e-i--n  :  \\hile  manv  aMe  -ainufai.  Sai^'o.  Okulm.  (into,  Kido,  Hifo- 
/.a\\a.  KoniatM'i.  haeked  h\  Mich  m«-n  of  rank  a-  Shimadxu  S;;lmro. 
and  the  e\-]irinces  ot  Iv-hixen,  1  \\ajima.  Ilixen.  and  '1  o-a.  ui'u'ed  the 
format  i.  >n  of  the  <  iovernnient  on  1 1n-  kiMs  nf  the  ante—hoe.'un  era  pri- 
o]-  to  IL'IIII  \.D.  Thev  formed  -o  po\\erful  a  cnmliination  that  on  the' 
nth  of  November,  [  Mi 7.  the  vacillating  Keiki.  yielding  t«i  the  fotv,.  ,,f 
pulilic  opinion,  tendered  hi-  iv-in'iia!  i<  >n  a-  ^ei-i  Tai  Sho^un. 

Thi-  vsa-  :i  !••]  -•  -ti  ;,  t> '\\anl  the  ancient  regime.  V,.].  as  in  .lapati. 
\\  hii-h"\  er  par!\  or  leader  ha-  jio--e-M'oii  of  the  mikado  i-  ma-tej-  of 
the  Mtuation  :  and  a-  the  Aid/ii  elan,  the  mo>1  -.tam-lilv  l"\al  to  t!ie 
Toku--a\\a  fami!\,  kept  '_niard  at  the  --ale-  of  the  impi  rial  palace,  it 
\\a-  -till  inicefta  the  actual  po\\,-r  \\oiild  i'e-ide — \\heth.  r  in 

the  Ti'knu'awa  clan,  in  the  eounei]  of  daimio-.  nr,  \\here  it  ri^'ht  fu!l\ 
lieloii--.-i|.  \\ith  '  '  al  court.  The  i n tl uent ial  -amtirai  of  Sat-u 

1  nee-  .  ,f  T,  ,-a.  Mchi/eti.  ; .:,  \  l'\\  a  jima  were 

determined  not  to  let  tin  'jiie-tion  han-  in  Mi>peii>e.  ( iradnai!\ .  -mall 
partie-  i.f  tin  inat'n  >n  a— emhled  :n  the  eapital. 

Sai^n  and  Okuh<>,  Kido.  « i.  ,tr..  and   I  u  akura.  were  too  much  in  earne-t 

to     i-t    the    -Upfi'llie   opj      :  '    ,  •     '  '.          ;  ..        'I  111   t- )   M  ir  Up  llle  i'i  ,iirt 

to  take  ad'.anta^'e  of  the  eritieal  moment,  the  mikado  K<>mei  lieiji-^ 
dead.  and.  l-y  a  1-id  h  the  i.lli.r  of  -ho^Hli  and  the 


Till-:   RECENT  HE  VOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  313 

bakufu,  and  re-establish  the  Government  on  the  ancient  basis,  with 
the  young  emperor  at  the  head. 

On  the  :kl  of  January,  180S,  the  troops  of  the  combination  (Satsu- 
nia,  Tosa,  Eeliixeii,  Aki,  and  Owari)  suddenly  took  possession  of  the 
palace  gates.  The  court  nolik-s  hitherto  surrounding  the  boy  emper- 
or \\-ere  dismissed,  and  only  those  favoring  the  views  of  the  combina- 
tion were  admitted  to  the  palace.  The  court,  thus  purged,  issued  an 
edict  in  the  name  of  the  mikado,  which  stated  that  the  government  of 
the  country  was  now  solely  in  the  bauds  of  the  imperial  court.  The 
bakufu  and  otlice  of  slidgun  were  abolished.  A  provisional  govern- 
ment, with  three  grades  of  office,  \vas  formed,  and  the  positions  were 
at  once  tilled  by  men  loyal  to  the  new  rulers.  The  familv  of  Mori 
was  rehabilitated,  and  the  seven  banished  nobles  were  recalled.  Sanjo 
and  Iwakura  were  made  assistants  to  the  supreme  administrator,  Ari- 
sugawa  Miva,  a  prince  of  the  blood. 

The  indignation  of  the  retainers  of  Tokugawa  knew  no  bounds 
The  vacillating'  sliogun  now  resetted  his  resignation',  and  wished  him- 
self back  in  power.  lie  left  Kioto  with  the  clans  still  loval  to  him, 
with  the  professed  intention  of  calming  the  passions  of  his  followers, 
but  in  realitv  of  seizing  Ozaka,  and  blocking  up  the,  communications 
of  the  Southerners.  Shortly  after,  in  Yedo,  on  the  19th  of  Januarv, 
the  yashikis  of  the  Satsuma  clan  were  stormed  and  burned  bv  the 
bakiifu  troops.  The  Princes  of  Owari  and  Kehixen  were  sent  by  the 
court  to  invite-  Keiki  to  join  the  new  Government,  and  receive  an  ap- 
pointment, to  otlice  even  higher  than  he  had  held  before.  He  prom- 
ised to  do  so,  but  no  sooner  were  thev  gone  than  he  yielded  to  Aid/u's 
warlike  coun<cl  to  re-enter  Kioto  in  force,  drive  out  the  "bad  coun>e;- 
oi-s  of  the  young  emperor,"  and  "  try  the  issue  with  the  sword."1  He 
wa>  forbidden  by  the  court  to  approach  the  city  with  a  military  fol- 
lowing. Harriets  were  erected  across  the  two  roads  leading  to  tin1 
capital,  and  the  Southern  clansmen,  numbering  about  two  thousand, 
posted  themselves  behind  them,  with  artillery.  Keiki  set  out  from 
O/.aka  on  the  evening  of  the  ^7th  of  January,  with  the  Aidxu  and 
Kinsana  clans  in  the  front  of  his  following,  amounting  to  over  ten,  or, 
a<  some  say,  thirty  thousand  men.  At  Fushimi  his  messengers  weie 
refused  pa->auv  through  the  barriers.  The  knnn  -///>//  (\>.>\:i\  army, 
Kioto  forces)  tired  their  camion,  and  the  war  was  opened.  "I  he  >hf>- 
iftin's  follower.--,  bv  their  last  move  on  the  political  dies.-  board,  had 
made  themselves  choteki.  Their  prestige  had  tl"\Mi. 

The  battle   lasted  three    days.      In   the    presence    of    overwhelming 


.,14 


TV/A'  MIKADO'S  EltriltK. 


foivi'S  tin1  Southern  -anmrai  >ho\vccl  m>t  only  umlauntril  valor,  Ixit 
the  ivMilt  of  |>iv\i<>ii-  \var-  of  inilitarv  training.  The  Kattlc  \vas  ii"t 
to  tin-  -trolly.  It  was  to  tin-  -iil>'  of  inU'lliiri'iii'C,  finTu.'v.  coolm---. 
ami  valor.  '\'\\>-  >iir)^iin's  annv  was  ln-atni,  ami  in  wiM  (li>onlcr  llnl 
1"  (  i/.aka.  tin-  lii>toric  cattle  of  \\liich  \\a>  Imriifil  1>\  thr  loval  annv. 
Tih-  rhicf,  uiiiV'-o^ni/vil.  fouiiil  refuse  iijion  an  Ainerioan  \i'--~cl,  ami, 
r.'ai'hiiiLr  Vc«lo  nil  oin-  ()f  hi-,  own  -liijt-,  .-ou^ht  lla-  sedition  of  hi- 


f-a-tli1.  Hi-  "\\  n  faiuil\  ivtaiiKT-  ;u id  ino^t  ,,f  the  viil.jn-t  dMii-  (fii'lai ). 
aii'l  tin-  ila'miif.-  of  Ai  l/.u.  Srmlai,  ami  otlnT-  of  the  North  ami  Iva-t. 
,!•-•>  'i  hi  in  to  ivtir\\  thi'  ;'  r< '-tore  hi-  [.v-ti^c.  <  >in'  of  hi-  min- 

i-trr-  canu'-tly  l,(-_;-_;-r.|  h'.m  to  i-oniinit  lntrn -kir'i.  ur^'iiiL:'  it-  IK-I-C— itv 

to    [iri-iTVr    tin-    hollo]-    of    I  !  :  i\\;i    i'!all,         Hi-    •  '\  hort  at  i»ll    licin^ 

|,    ;lic    ]'!''  I|M  i-i'l  .       i]ir|ic<|    hi-    H\MI    lioUrl-          \\  it  ll    a 

nn\ .  ar-rnaN.  inuiiitii  in-  o)   \\.ir.  anil  t!n-i  «\  -hip- \  a-t!\  c\i-rnl- 
iliir  tho-i'  (1f  tlii-   jnika'l".  hi-  i-haiii'i'-  of  -ui;i'c»  \vt-ix1  vcr\    fair.       lint. 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IX  JAPAN.  31.3 

this  time  the  vassal  was  loyal,  the  waverer  wavered  no  more.  Refus- 
ing to  listen  to  those  who  advised  war,  abhorring  the  very  idea  of  be- 
ing a  chdteki,  he  hearkened  to  the  counsel  of  his  two  highest  minis- 
ters, Katsu  and  Oknbo  Ichio,  and  declaring  that  he  would  never  take 
up  anus  against  his  lord,  the  mikado,  he  retired  to  private  life.  The 
comparison  of  this  man  with  Washington  because  he  refused  to  head 
an  army,  and  thus  save  the  countrv  from  a  long  ei\il  war,  does  not 
seem  to  be  very  happy,  though  I  have  heard  it  made.  Personal- 
ly,  Keiki  is  a  highly  accomplished  gentleman,  though  ambitious  and 
weak.  Politically,  he  simply  did  his  duty,  and  made  discretion  the 
better  part  of  valor.  It  is  difficult  to  see  in  him  anv  exalted  traits  of 
character  or  evidences  of  genius;  to  Katsu  and  Okubo  is  due  the  last  and 
best  decision  of  his  life.  Katsu,  the  old  pupil  <>f  Satsuina  and  com- 
rade of  Saigo,  had  long  foreseen  that  the  governing  power  must  and 
oiiii'ht  of  right  to  revert  to  tiie  mikado,  and,  braving  odium  and  assas- 
sination, hi.-  advised  his  master  to  resign.  The  victorious  Southerners, 
led  by  Saigo,  were  in  the  southern  suburb  of  Yedo,  waiting  to  attack 
the  citv.  To  reduce  a  Japanese  citv  needs  but  a  torch,  and  the  im- 
patient victors  would  have  left  of  Yedo  little  but  allies  had  there  been 
resistance.  Katsu,  meeting  Sai^d,  assured  him  of  the  submissive  tem- 
per of  the  shdu'un,  and  bended  him  to  spare  the  citv.  It  was  done. 
The  fanatical  retainers  of  Keiki  made  the  temple  grounds  of  Vveno 
their  stronghold.  On  the  4th  of  Julv  thev  were  attacked  and  routed, 
and  the  magnificent  temple,  the  pride  of  the  city,  laid  in  ashes.  The 
theatre  of  war  was  then  transferred  to  the  highlands  of  Aid/u  at 
Wakamatsii,  and  thence  to  Matsumae  and  Hakodate  in  Ye/.o.  Victory 
everywhere  perched  upon  the  mikado's  brocade  banner.  P>y  July  I  si. 
isijit,  all  vestiges  of  the  rebellion  had  ceased,  and  "the  empire  was 
grateful  for  universal  peace.1' 

The  mikado's  party  was  composed  of  the  heterogeneous  elements 
which  a  revolution  usually  brings  forth.  Side  by  side  with  high-soiii- 
ed  patriots  were  disreputable  vagrants  and  scalawags  of  everv  de-crip 

111.1  «• 

tion,  ron ins,  or  low,  t  wo-s worded  men,  jo-i,  or  "  foreigner-haters,"  "  port- 
closer-,"  and  Shinto  priests  and  students.  There  were  a  fe\\  eanie-t 
men  who<e  darling  hope  was  to  sec'  a  representative  <_;-ovcrmneiii  estab- 
lished, while  fewer  yet  ea^erlv  \\ished  Japan  to  adopt  the  ci\il-i/ati"!i 
of  the  West,  and  join  the  brotherhood  of  nation-.  The-e  men  had 
utilized  everv  current  and  eddv  of  opinion  to  forward  their  o\\n  view- 
and  achieve  their  own  purpose.  The  object  common  to  all  was  the 
exaltation  of  the  mikado.  The  bond  of  union  \\hich  held  the  major- 


:  1 1  T,  777  /."   M  IK .  1 1)  (J '  .S   EMI  '1R  K. 

\\\  toother  wa-  :i  determination  to  expel  the  foreigners  or  to  revise1 
the  tivatie-.  so  a-  to  expunge  the  odiou-  cxtra-territonalitv  clause — the 
tii"rn  that  .-till  rankles  in  the  side  uf  e\erv  Japanese  patriot.  J/or 

eighteen  lli"]ith-  til''  energies  of  \l\cjo-i.  or  "  foivii^ier-haters."  \veiv 
i  i:i  the  camp  in  H<;liUn«;  tlie  rebellious  Toku^awa  ivtaineis. 
I'lie  \\ar  over,  tlie  trial-  of  the  new  <  Jn\  cnuiieiit  be^an.  The  low, 
I  \\  o  —  \\orded  men  clamored  fur  tlie  fulfillment  of  the  promise  that  the 
t'"!vi^ners  -hould  lie  expelled  from  .Japan  and  the  port-  elo>ed.  'J'he 
Shinto  oflieials  indiieeil  the  (iovcrnineiit  to  per-eeute  the  native 
"  <  'hri-tian-,"  demanded  the  atiolitioii  of  Buddhism,  the  e-taMi-hmeiit 
of  Siiinto  l,y  edict,  and  the  iv-t, >rat ion  of  the  < Jovernnient  on  a  puivh 
tiieoeratie  ba-is  and  echoed  the  ery  of  "  Kxpel  tin.-  barbarian."  ICveii 
\\iiii  the  majority  of  the  hiu-h  oflieial-  thei-e  \\a-  no  abandonment  of 
the  pnrpo-e  to  expel  foivi^ner-.  'I'hey  intended  to  do  it,  but  the 
u  i-est  of  them  knew  that  in  tlieir  pre-ent  eonditioii  tliev  \\vre  not 
aMe.  Hence  thev  -implv  \\i-hed  to  bide'  their  time,  and  u'ain  streiiii'th. 
It  \\a-  a  matter  of  ditiieulty  to  keep  patient  tliou>ands  of  -\\  au'u'ei'in'j.- 
braves  \vliose  on!\-  tools  for  earning  bri  ad  \vei-e  their  -\\ord>.  "I'he 
tir-T  attention  \va-  n'iven  to  reol'u'anixiiiL!,'  a  national  ai'inv,  and  to  dev.'l- 
opini;1  the  militarv  resources  of  the  empii-e.  All  tin-  \va.-  done  \\ith 
the  eheri-lii'd  end  in  \ie\v  of  <lri\iiiLT  out  th."  alien-,  elo-in^  the  port- 
•  if  eomnieree,  and  I'l'in^in^  baek  the  dav-  of  dictatorial  isolation.  The 
de-ire  for  furei^n  ei\  ili/.atioii  exi-ted  rather  anioiiL:'  the  adhei-ciit-  of 
Tokiiirawa,  amoii'_f  \\hom  \\ere  man\  enliu'hteiied  ^vntleinen,  besides 
-t.ident-  and  travi-lers  \\lio  had  been  to  J-Jir^pe  and  Ameriea.  and  v  In. 
ui-hed  their  loiintry  to  take  ad\anta^e  of  the  iii\ention-  of  the  i'or- 
ei^'iier-.  \>\  maii\  of  the  ver\  nn-ii  \\ln>  ''li'-'1  \\i-hed  the  foreigners 

ex]«eiled,   tin-    jiorl-    elosed.   the    treat  ie-    repudiated,    \\ho    \\ere   jn-i,  or 

"  forei^ner-|iat.-!>."  and  \\lioi-oii-idered  all  alieii>  a<  onlv  a  fe\v  de^-ree- 
abovi-  the  ].-\el  of  bea-t-,  are  n,.u  nieiiibi-rs  of  the  mikado'-  (iovcrn- 

Illelit.    the    c.\po||e||t-     of     advalH'el]      i«lea-,    tile     defelplel'S     alld     eXei'llt'ir- 

of  piiJlii-Kuropi-ani-in,  or  \\e-tei-n  .-i\  ili/at  ion. 

\\  hat  eaii-ed  l  he  I'liaii^c  that  ranie  over  the  -pirit  of  their  dream-.' 
\\  IP  do  tlh-v  now  preaeh  the  faith  thev  one,,  de-tl'oyed  ?  "It  ua- 
the  !e--oii<  taught  tin  -in  a!  l\a'j'o-hima  and  Shiiiiono-eki,  -av  some. 
"  it  \\a-  the  l.eii'  i\\  would  ai'i-i1  fr<>m  eoinmeree,  '  -a\'  other-. 

" 'I'be  child  of  the  re\  olutioii  \\  a-  e  I  la  irjv  1  at  nur-e.  and  the  ( Jovern- 
nii'iit  nou  ni  po\\cr  \\a-  \>'.'  int  >  it-  i-radle  !'\  mi-lake  or  design,  -a\" 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  817 

less  helped  the  scales  to  fall  from  their  eyes,  but  these  were  help*  only. 
All  such  means  had  failed  in  China,  though  tried  for  half  a  century. 
The\  would  have  failed  in  Japan  also.  It  was  au  impulse  from  U'lth- 
i/>  that  ur^vd  the  Japanese  to  join  the  comitvof  nations  The  noblest 
trait  in  the  character  of  a  Japanese  is  his  willingness  to  change  for  the 
better  when  he  discovers  his  wrong  or  inferioritv.  This  led  the  leaders 
to  preach  the  faith  they  once  destroyed,  to  destroy  the  faith  they  once 
preached. 

The  great  work  of  enlightening  the  mikado's  followers  \\as  be^un 
liy  the  Japanese  leaders,  Okuho,  Kido,  Goto,  all  of  them  students, 
both  of  the  ancient  native  literature  and  of  foreign  ideas.  It  was  fin- 
ished  by  Japanese  writers.  The,  kngv,  or  court  nobles,  wished  to  ig- 
nore the  existence  of  foreigners,  drive  them  out  of  the  couiitrv,  or 
worry  tlieni  bv  appointing  ollicers  of  low  rank  in  the  Foreign  ( Mlice, 
then  an  inferior  sub- bureau.  Okuho,  Goto,  and  Kido  promptly  op- 
posed this  plan,  and  sent  a  noble  of  the  imperial  court,  lli^ashi  Kuze, 
to  Jliogo  with  Datte,  I'rince  of  Uwajima  (see  Appendix),  to  ^ive  the 
mikado's  consent  to  the  treaties,  and  to  invite  the  foreign  ministers  to 
an  audience  with  the  emperor  in  Kioto.  The  British  and  Dutch  min- 
isters accepted  the  invitation;  the  others  declined.  The  train  of  the 
British  envov  was  assaulted  by  fanatic  assassins,  one  resisting  bullet, 
lance,  and  sabre  of  the  English  dragoon-,  onlv  to  lose  his  head  bv  the 
sweep  of  the  sword  of  Goto,  who  rode  by  the  side  of  the  foreigners, 
determined  to  secure  their  audience  of  the  mikado.  At  lirsl  sio-lit  of 
the  strangers,  the  conversion  of  the  kuge  was  thorough  and  instan- 
taneous. They  made  friends  with  the  men  tliev  once  thought  were 
beasts. 

In  a  memorial  to  the  mikado.  Okubo  further  ^ave  expression  to  his 
idea-  in  a  memorial  that  astounded  the  court  and  the  wavering  dai- 
mios,  as  follows:  "Since  the  Middle  A^vs,  our  emperor  ha>  lived  lie- 
hind  a  screen,  and  has  never  trodden  the  earth.  Nothing  of  what 
went  on  outside  his  screen  ever  penetrated  his  sacred  ear:  the  imp'Tia! 
residence  \\  a-  profoundly  secluded,  and.  natnrallv,  unlike  the  outer 
world.  Not  more  than  a  few  court  nobles  we're  allowed  to  approach 
the  throne,  a  practice  most  opposed  to  the  principle-  of  heaven,  Al 
though  it  is  the  first  duly  of  man  to  respect  his  superior,  if  he  reveres 
that  superior  too  highly  he  neglects  his  duty,  \\hilc  a  breach  i-  Created 
between  the  sovereign  and  his  subjects,  who  are  unable  t"  "om'e}  their 
wants  to  him.  This  vicious  practice  has  been  common  in  ail  au'e-.  1  Jut 
now  let  j)ompoiis  etiquette  be  done  awav  \\ith.  and  simplicity  become 

L'l 


;HS  77/A'  MIKADO'S 

our  lir-t  object.  Kioto  is  in  an  out-of-the-\say  position,  and  is  until 
to  he  the  -cat  of  ^.  .\  eminent.  Let  his  niajrstv  take  up  hi-  abode  tem- 
porarilv  at  (  )/aka.  removing  liis  capital  hither,  ami  thus  cure,  one  of 
the  huti'lrc'l  ab\i-es  \\liidi  we  inlierit  from  pa-t  au'es." 

'I'ln-  nu'inorial  produced  an  immediate  and  lively  effect  upon  the 
The  vouiiHf  mikado,  Mutsuliit<>.  came  in  person  t<>  the  meet- 
in---  of  the  council  of  -tate,  and  before  the  court  nobles  and  daimio- 
Io,.k  an  oath,  a-  an  actual  ruler,  promi-iinr  that  "a  deliberative  a--cm- 
M\  should  he  formed;  all  measures  he  decided  hv  public  opinion;  the 
unci\  ili/.cd  customs  of  former  times  should  he  Krokeii  tlirotiLi'h:  and 
the  impartiality  and  justice  displayed  in  the  working  "f  nature  lie 
adopted  a-  a  l>asis  of  action:  and  that  intellect  and  learning  -hould  he 
-ouidit  for  throughout  the  world,  in  order  to  e-tal>!i-h  the  foundations 
of  the  empire."  This  oath  is  the  ba-i-  of  the  new  <  ioveniiiient. 

These  promises  are  either  the  pompon-  homha-t  of  a  puppet  or  the 
pregnant  utterance-  of  a  sovereign,  \\lio  in  m.-uriianiinitv  and  \\ixlom 
aspires  to  lead  a  nation  into  a  higher  life.  That  >uch  word-  >hoiild 
i:i  that  "-ublime  moment  fall  from  the  lips  of  the  chief  of  an  Oriental 
despotism  excites  our  sympathetic  admiration.  Thev  seem  a  sublime 
echo  of  allirmation  to  the  prnphetie  '[Ue-tion  of  tin-  Hebrew  seer, 
"('an  a  nation  be  born  at  mice'"  Thev  -"iind  like  a  u'lad  liarbimrer 
of  a  new  and  higher  national  development.  >uch  a-  onlv  those  with  the 
<troiiLTe-,t  faith  in  liumanitv  believe  possible  to  an  A-iatic  iiation.  A> 
matte]-  of  faet.  the  words  \\eiv  uttered  b\  a  bov  of  -i. \teeti  vears.  \\lio 
scarcely  di'-amed  of  the  trell)endoii<  significance  ,,f  the  laiiLi'ila^'e  put 
into  hi-  nioutli  b\  ill'-  hiu'h  -  -ouleil  parvenu-  \\lio  had  made  him  em- 
peror ill  fiif'i',  ai:d  uho  were  resolved  to  have  their  idea-  made  the 
foundation-,  of  the  IH-U  <  iovernmetit.  The  r<  -nit  of  the  memorial,  and 
the  eea-ele--  activit\  of  ()kubo  and  hi-  coljea^-ues,  \\a-  the  ultimate 
removal  of  the  (iovernment  to  'Ned".  It  i-  not  ea-v  for  a  foreigner 
to  comprehend  the  profound  -en-ati"H  pro.luced  throughout  the  em- 
pire %\h'-n  lh'-  mikado  l.-ft  Kioto  to  mak'-  hi-  abode  in  another  citv. 
(MiriiiL:'  a  millennium.  Kioto  liad  be.-n  the  c-ipital  of  I  >ai  \ipp.,n.  and 
for  tv,etit\  '  rii  -,  accordiiiir  to  popular  belief,  the  mikado-  had 

ruled  from  some  -pot  near  the  site  of  the  -acred  city.  A  band  of 
fanatic-,  tired  \\ith  tin  Yamato  dama-hi.  r<-li-jiou-|y  oppo-cd.  but  in 

vain,  hi-  j»urn<-\  ea-tward.  TO  t'amiliarixe  hi-  [ pie  \\itii  the  faet 

that  Yedo  ua-  iiow  the  capital,  it.-  name  \\a-  i-han^'-d  to  Tokio.  or 
V.  i-t'-rn  <  'apital. 

T::-  'i  \\a-  furthi-r  d'-\e]op.  d  tip    impul-e  lo  enter  the  path  of  m^.d 


THE  RECENT  REVOLrTlOXS  L\  JAl'AX.  :]}f) 

i.-rn  civili/ation.  While  Okubo,  Ki<l<>,  Goto,  Iwakura,  Sanjo,  Itagaki, 
(>ki,  ami  tin-  rising  otllcials  sought  to  purnv  ami  strengthen  tin-  po- 
litical system,  the  work  of  enlightening  the  people  ami  the  upstarts 
rai-ed  -uddenly  to  power  was  done  by  Japanese  writers,  who  for 
the  tirst  time  dared,  \\ithout  suffering  death,  to  tell  their  thoughts. 
A  lar^v  mca-ure  of  freedom  of  the  press  was  guaranteed;  new-papers 
spi'imv.'  up  in  the  capital.  Kido,  one  of  the  prime  movers  and  leaders, 

himself  established  one  of  the  most  vigorous,  still  in  existenei the 

X1iiiiibn.it  ZHXX///.  The  new  Government  acted  with  demeiicv  eipial  to 
the  standard  in  Christian  nations,  and  most  generously  to  the  literary 
and  scientific  men  among  the  retainers  of  the  Tokuii'awas,  and  invited 
them  to  till  posts  of  honor  under  the  Government.  They  sent  none  of 
the  political  leaders  to  the  blood-pit,  Imt  by  the  gracious  favor  of  the 
mikailo  these  were  pardoned,  and  the  conciliation  of  all  sections  of  the 
empire  wisely  attempted.  Many  of  those  who  fought  the  loval  forces 
at  Fushimi,  Wakamatsu,  and  Hakodate?  are  now  the  earnest  advocates 
of  the  restoration  and  its  logical  issues.  Even  Enomoto  is  envoy  of 
the  court  of  Tokid  to  that  of  St.  Petersburg.  All  of  the  defeat eil 
daimios  were  restored  to  rank  and  income.  A  complete  and  happy 
i'"iinioii  of  the  empire  was  the  result.  Some  of  the  scholars  declined 
office  until  the  time  when  even  ^n.-ater  freedom  of  speech  and  pen  was 
permitted. 

There  were  men  who  in  the  old  davs,  braving  odium,  and  even 
death,  at  the  hands  of  the  bakufn,  had  beinm  the  study  of  the  English 
and  1. Hitch  languages,  and  to  feed  their  minds  at  the  Occidental  fount- 
ains. They  were  obliged  to  copy  their  books  in  manuscript,  so  rare 
\v;-iv  printed  copies.  Later  on.  the  bakufu.  forced  bv  neccssitv  to  have 
intei-preters  and  men  skilled  in  foreign  arts  and  sciences,  elio>e  the-e 
•-tudents,  and  sent  them  al»road  to  study.  When  the  ci\'il  war  broke 
out,  they  were  recalled,  reaching  Japan  shortly  after  the  ti^htin^  !>e- 
Ll'au.  Thev  returned,  says  one  of  their  number,  "with  their  fares 
Hu-hed  \\ith  enthusiastic  sympathy  \\ith  the  modern  i.'ivilixation  of 
(Christendom/1  Then  they  be^-an  the  [(reparation  of  tho-e  , .riu'inal 
\\ork>  and  translations,  which  were  eagerly  read  bv  tin'  new  men  in 
pouer.  Edition  aftei'  edition  was  issued,  bought,  read.  lent,  ain't  circu- 
lated. In  these  book>  the  hi>torv  of  the  Western  nation-  was  faith- 
fully told  :  their  manners  and  customs  and  belief-  were  explained  and 
defended:  their  resource-,  methods  of  thought  and  education,  morals, 
laws,  -v-tein-  of  u'o\  enimeiit-,  etc.,  were  described  and  elucidated. 
Xotablv  pre-eminent  ainoiitr  these  write]1-  wa-  the  -eliool -ma-tei1.  IMI- 


;^0  TIIK  MIKADO'S  EXl'lRE. 

ku/a\\a.       \Ye-i.Tii   idea-    \\civ  text-:    In-  clothed   them   in    Japanese 

word-.  II'  further  pointed  out  tin-  weaknesses,  defeets,  and  error- 
of  hi-  eo'intn  im.'ii,  and  showed  ]i«i\v  Japan.  l>v  isolation  and  the  fal-e 
priil  thai  -eomed  all  knowledge  derived  from  foreigners,  had  failed 
[vaiii'e  like  Kiirope  or  Atiieriea.  and  that  nothing  eould  save  hi- 
I'oiuitn  fr-'in  ci'injiiest  IT  deeav  luit  the  assimilation  of  the  idea- 
\\hieh  lia\e  made  the  foreigners  \shat  tin  \  are.  There  is  seareelv  a 
prominent  "I1  ri-ini:'  man  in  Japan  hut  ha-  read  Fukuzawa's  \\ork-,  and 
-T.ttefullv  a>-kno\\  led^v-  the  stimulus  and  la-tin'-;-  ln-m-tit  d<  rived  from 
them.  Manv  nf  the  leader-  of  the  movement  toward  restoration,  \\h" 
j"iiifd  it  with  the  erv,  "  Kxpe!  the  foreigners,"  found  them-elve-,  after 
peru-al  of  the-e  work-,  "  uneon-.-iou>l\-  involved  in  the  advanee.  \\ith- 
out  wi-h  or  invitation."  and  utterlv  unahle  to  explain  \vliv  thev  \\ere 
in  tin-  movement.  Fukii/aua  has  deelined  everv  one  of  t'he  manv  llat- 
terin^f  otfei'-  of  ofliee  and  power  under  the  Government,  and  still  de- 
votcs  him-elf  to  hi-  -ehool  and  the  work  of  teaching  and  translation. 
eon-umin^  his  life  in  noMe  drudgery.  He  ha-  heeii  the  interpreter  of 
\Ve-tern  ideas  and  life,  earing  little  altout  tin-  merely  external  ifarni-h 

aid  ^Titter  of  ei\  ili/atioii.      Hi-  I k-  on  ••  \\'r-ie]-n  Manner-  and  (\i<- 

t'im>,"  and  hi-  volume-  of  tra<-t-  and  cssavs,  have  had  an  eiioniiou- 
eireulation. 

Nakamura,  also  a  --ho,  M-ma-tei-.  ha-.  l>e-ide-  writing;'  original  traet-, 
tran-lated  a  eon>i(leral)!e  |i..d\  of  Fnu'li-h  literature,  John  S'uart  Mili'- 
"  K— a\~  on  [/ihertv,"  Smile-'- "  Self-help."  and  a  \\-\\  -mallei'  \\ork-  on 
moral-  and  religion,  whieh  ha\e  heeii  \\i«li-i\  read.  Hi-  memorial  on 
the  Mihjeei  of  ( 'hi'i-tianit v  and  reli^imi- liliertv  made  a  \erv  profound 
iinpre—ioii  upon  tin-  emperor  and  eourt.  ami  ^avi-  a  p-u.i-fnl  eli.-ek  to 
the  ultra  Shinto;-ts.  Mori.  Mit-ukuri.  K'alo.  Ni-lii.  ("eliida.  i'riu.  ha\e 
al-o  done  n  -i-niee  a-  author-  and  ti'an-lator-.  li  i-  the  ui'iter'- 

firm  heiief,  after  n>-ari\  four  \ear-  of  lite  in  Japan,  minidinu''  amom; 
the  pro'_fie--i\"  men  ,.f  tin-  einpiri  .  that  the  ivadii;-'  and  -tudv  of  hooks 
'irinted  in  the  Japan  i  -e  lan_nia^«-  ha\  e  doin-  more  t< .  t  ran -form  1  he  .lap- 
ane-e  mind, and  t"  develop  an  impul->-  in  the  direetioii  of  modern  civ- 

'li/atl'  ill.  tlia  '  nf    -el'ie-    i  if   eail-es. 

Durinir  the  p,-i~t  d'--ade  the  pr"'luetion  of  purelv  Japane-e  literature 
ha-  alino-t  ml  i-ed.  A  '  rii-s  of  iveeiit  evetit>.  a  few 

wai'-poriu-  and  pamphlet-  'ii-j;t;u  the  evpul-ion  of  liir  liarliarian-.  \\ere 
i— u-d  previmi-  to  the  i  -iii'-e  tip  n  almo-i  tin  entire  lit- 

erarv  aetivitv   ha-  Keen   •  ti'an-iation-.  riolitic-al  doeumein-. 


Ill 


enio'ir- of "  mikado-n  '  v.  ho  had  !.e.-n  martvr-  to  their  iaith. 


THE  RECENT  REVOLUTIONS  IN  JAPAN.  321 

and  largely  in  the  expression  of  Western  ideas  adapted  to  the  under- 
standing of  the  Japanese. 

The  war  was  ended  by  July,  1^70.  Rewards  were  distributed  ;  and 
the  ( io\  eminent  was  still  furtlier  consolidated  by  creating  definite 
oilires,  and  making  all  titles,  which  had  been  for  nearlv  six  centuries 
empty  names,  to  have  realitv  and  power.  There  was  still,  however, 
mudi  dead  wood  in  the  ship  of  state,  a  condition  of  chronic  strain,  a 
dangXTOus  amount  of  friction  in  the  machinerv,  wrangling  among  the 
crew,  and  a  vast  freight  <>f  bad  cargo  that  the  purest  patriots  saw  the 
good  ship  must  "  unload,"  if  she  was  to  be  saved.  This  unloading  was 
accomplished  in  the  usual  wav,  by  dismissing  hundreds  of  officials  one 
da\ ,  and  re-appointing  on  the  next  only  those  favorable  to  the  desired 
policy  of  the  mikudo. 

Furthermore,  it  became  daily  more  certain  that  national  develop- 
ment and  peace  could  never  be  secured  while  the  feudal  system  ex- 
isted. The  clan  spirit  which  it  fostered  was  fatal  to  national  unity. 
So  long  as  a  Japanese  meant  by  "my  country"  merely  his  own  dan, 
loyalty  might  exist,  but  patriotism  could  not.  The  time  seemed  ripe 
for  action.  The  press  was  busy  in  issuing  pamphlets  advocating  the 
abolition  of  feudalism.  Several  of  the  "Teat  daimios,  long  before  ready 
for  it,  now  openly  advocated  the  change.  The  lesser  ones  knew  bet- 
ter than  to  oppose  it.  The  four  great  clans,  Satsuma,  Chdshiu,  Tosa, 
and  Ilixen  (see  Appendix),  were  the  pioneers  of  the  movement.  They 
addressed  a  memorial  to  the  throne,  in  which  it  was  argued  that  the 
daimios1  fiefs  ou^Iit  not  to  be  looked  on  as  private  property,  but.  as 
the  mikado's  own.  They  offered  to  restore  the  registers  of  their  clans 
to  the.  sovereign.  These  were  the  external  signs  of  the  times.  Hack 
of  these,  there  were  at  least  three  men  who  were  determined  to  sweep 
feudalism  away  utterly.  They  were  Kido,  Okubo,  Iwakura.  The  tir-t 
-tep  was  t<>  abolish  the  appellation  of  court  noble  (kuijc)  and  territo- 
rial prince  (daimid),  and  to  designate  both  as  kua/oku,  or  noble  fami- 
lies. The  former  heads  of  dans  were  temporarily  appointed  diiii 
{governors  of  their  clans).  This  smoothed  the  way.  In  September, 
1  s7  1 ,  the  edict  went  fort h  calling  the  daimios  to  Tokid  to  retire  to  pri- 
vate life.  With  scarcely  an  exception,  the  order  wa 
The  men  behind  the  throne  in  Tdkid  were  ready  and 
-lied  blood,  should  their  (the  mikado's)  command 
they  expected  to  do  it.  The  daimios  \\lio  were  hostile 
knew  too  well  the  character  of  the  men  who  framed  th 


periei  in    tin-    immen-e    ea-tli     li;i!l    of    Fllklli,  when    tin1 

|  i.i  :   farewell  to  hi-  three  thousand  two-s worded  iv- 

;.  ;,n,id-l  lli''  tear-  ;tinl  -mile-  and  loving  farewells  of  the 
..  fi  hehind  him  lands,  revenue,  and  oliedietit  follow  t-i-. 
li\e  a--  a  prhate  iTentlemaii  in  'lokio. 

,!a|>ah'-  feudalism  he-'an  nearly  ei^ht  eentnrie-  a^'o,  and  existed  un- 

the    year    1X71.      It    was  ii"t   a  tower  of  strength  in   its  la-t 

da\ -.      L"iij;  hefoiv  it-  fall,  it  \\a-  an  emptv  >hfll  and  a  culo-sil  >liam. 

.     .-in    i-   "iilv    a!i\c   ainl   \  i^nrnii-    \s!icn    the  leaders   are   men    of 

nd  ;i  •i:»n.      *  >f  ail  the  ilaiinin-.  there  \\cn-  not   ten  of  aiiv  iier- 


a'-h  "T  -iik  rohes.  Manx  \\en-  sensualists,  drunkards,  <»r  titled  fooN. 
The  ri-al  |)o\\er  in  eaeh  '-Ian  lav  in  the  hand-  of  ahle  iiieii  of  inferior 

rank,  uho  I'uled  their  llia>tel'-.  Tin  ^i  ur<  i/n/r  flu  nun  n'hn  i-ni/i /ii'.^i 
tl»  fin  si  lit  (r'nririiiiniit  of  .Jiifun,.  Thr\  rose  a^ain-t  the  -ho^iiii. 
o\crthre\\  him. -eiit  him  to  private  life,  and  then  eoinpellod  their  ma-- 
tei1-.  the  daimio-.  to  do  like\vi-e.  Thev  hold  the  emperor,  and  earn- 
on  tii.  government  in  hi-  name.  The  mikado.  ho\\e\er.  i-  nmeli  nioiv 
ot  a  ruler  than  hi-  /<////"////  anee-tor-.  Still,  tlu'  >ouive  of  ^o\ crnment 
i-  th'-  -ante.  In  1^7'J.  \<\  aetnal  eomit.  four-fifths  of  the  men  in  the 
hi- IP  i'  otliee-  \\i-re  of  the  foil  I1  -Tea!  elan-  '  >f  <  'ho-hiu.  Sat -n  ma.  Hi/en. 
and  l'i-a.  A  like  <  eii-n-  in  ]^7<i  ui'iild  -ho\\  a  laruvr  proportion  ot 
oflieial-  from  the  northern  ami  r-i-ntral  [irov'mees.  Nc\  ert he!e— .  thi- 
i-  rp'l  -i  '  ii  i  i-m.  Tl:e  al'le-i  men  ri-e  to  otli.-e  and  pn\\er  in  -pile 
of  the  ioe;ilit\  of  tiieir  hirth.  Natural  al>ilit\  a--ert-  it-  power,  and  in 
the  ( 'aiiiiii-t  aii'l  department-  are  n.'\\  man\  of  the  old  hakufu  adher- 
ent-, even  Kat-n,  <  (kni'o  lehio.  Hii'1!!!"!".  and  several  -eion-  ,,f  the 
hon-i  ..f  Tokii--a\\a.  The  po\\er  ha-  Keen  -hifted.  i\»\  'dian^ed,  and 
i-  di-jila\'  1  !A  nio\in^  m-\\  maeliiiien  aini  d"in^  ne\\  \\ofk. 

\'\  iio  aie  now.  and  uho  ha\  e  lieen,  the  aetnal  leailer-  in  Japan  -inee 
1  v»i-  .'  Tip  \  are  ( )kul'o.  Kid".  I  u  akura.  San  jo.  ( Jot o.  Kat>u,  So\  I'-jima, 
( )k;ima.  Oki.  It",  and  man\  ot  hi-r-.  of  \\  h"in  hut  t\\o  or  three  are  kmi-t'-. 
\\hile  ii'iiie  -  a  daimiri.  Ahiio-i  all  \\ei'e  -imple  -ainui'ai.  or  retainer- 
of  the  t<  rritofi  ;  - 

Tile      o'.Jec'l          .     ;        '  <  |liti"II      of       ]-(',-       ha\e      l.eell       ;i'  'eoll  I  p  i  i  -ll  ei  1 . 

The  -ho^nnati'  and  ;;i.  ;'.;!,:  -v-tem  are  forever  n<>  more.  The  mi 
kad...  i-  no\v  the  l'e-t"i  :  ind  I  i  mpi-n  >r.  The  pre-ent  per- 

:  _    •  '    '  •  ;ir-  "f  a_'e.  ha-  all'eadv  -houn 

ndi'pendenee  and  tinnnm  --  ..]  •    r.  and  may  in   futui'e  he- 

•    a-   1  lie  <  '/ai    i-  •  >f  hi-.      The 


THE  1!  EC  EXT  REVOLl'TIOXS  IX  JAPAX.  W3 

enterprise  of  establishing  Shinto  as  the  national  faith  has  failed  vastlv 
and  ie^iiominiously,  though  the  old  Shinto  temples  have  been  purged 
and  nianv  neu  ones  erected,  while  oflieial  patronage  and  influence 
U'ive  the  ancient  cull  a  fair  outward  >ho\v.  Buddhism  is  >till  tin-  re- 
iiu'ion  of  tlie  Japanese  people,  though  doubtless  on  the  wane.  • 

To  summarize  this  chapter:  the  sho^'un  was  >implv  one  of  the  many 
va»a!s  of  the  mikado  of  comparatively  inferior  e/rade,  and  historically 
a  usurper:  the  term  "tycoon"  \\as  a  diplomatic  fraud,  a  title  to  which 
the  shoifun  had,  officially,  not  the  shadow  of  riii'ht  ;  the  foreign  diplo- 
matists made  treaties  with  one  who  had  no  ri^ht  whatever  to  make 
them  :  the  bakufu  was  an  or^'ani/ed  usurpation:  the  stereot  vped  >tate- 
nients  concerning  a  "spiritual  '  and  a  ".secular11  emperor  are  literarv 
fictions  of  foreign  book-makers  ;  feudalism  arose  u|>on  the  decadence 
of  the  mikado's  [tower;  it  was  the  chief  hiuderance.  to  national  unitv, 
and  was  ready  for  its  fall  before  the  shock  came:  in  all  Japanese  liis- 
torv  the  reverence  for  the  mikado's  person  and  the  throne  ha>  been 
the  -tronn'ot  national  trait  and  the  mi^htiot  political  force;  the  ba- 
kufu exaggerated  the  mikado's  sacredness  for  its  own  purpo>cs;  the 
Japanese  are  impressible  and  ever  readv  to  avail  themselves  of  what- 
ever foreign  aids  or  appliances  will  tend  to  their  own  aun'randizemenl  : 
ue\  erthelcss,  there  exists  a  strong  tendency  to  conserve  the  national 
type,  pride,  feelings,  religion,  and  equality  with,  if  not  superiority  to. 
all  the  nations  of  the  \\orld  ;  the  true  explanation  of  the  events  of  the 
last  eiu'ht  years  in  Japan  is  to  be  sought  in  the-e  tendeiicio  and  the 
internal  hi.-torv  of  the  nation:  the  slio^un,  bakufu,  and  perhaps  even 
feudalism  uould  have  fallen,  had  foreigners  never  landed  in  Japan; 
the  movement  toward  modern  civilixation  originated  tVom  within,  and 
\va>  not  >implv  the  result  of  foreign  impact  or  prosutv;  the  woi-k  of 
enliu'hteliment  and  ediieation,  \\hidi  alone  could  n-sure  success  to  the 
movement,  u  as  be^un  and  carried  on  bv  native  students,  statesmen., 
and  >implc  jiat riots. 

A  mi^'htv  ta-k  awaited  the  new  <  Jo\  eminent  after  the  ivvnlutii  i; 
of  |si;s_  1)  \sa^  to  heal  the  di-ea-e  of  au'e<  ;  to  uproot  feudalism  and 
sectionalism,  with  all  their  abuses;  to  yive  Japan  a  new  nationality  :  to 
ehanu'e  her  -oeial  sv>tcm  :  to  infuse  new  blood  into  her  vein-  :  to  nuke 
a  hermit  nation,  half  blinded  by  a  sudden  influx  of  1'm'ht.  c  impetitor 
\\ith  the  wealthv,  powerful,  and  aii'n'ressive  nation-,  of  ( 'hii-tendoin. 
It  \\a>  a  problem  of  national  regeneration  or  I'uin.  It  seeined  like  eii- 
terinii'  into  hi-toi-v  a  second  time,  to  be  born  a^'ain. 

What  transcendent  abilities  needed  for  such  a  ta-k!     \\  hat  national 


:;_/4  ''///'   MIKADO'S  K.Ml'IttK. 

uiii'-n.  harm  n\  in  council,  uiisfltisli  patriotism  required!  What  chief, 
tu\\fi  •••  lii>  fcl!o\\s,  would  ari-e,  who  hv  nullity  intellect  and 

match!'  --  •  <'•;  co, ild  achieve  what  VoT'ilmno,  or  the  Taiko,  or  Iveva-u 
|, in:-  .  \\ouid  In-  helpless  In  perform  .'  At  homo  were  the  -tol- 

i,li\  coii-enative  peasantry,  hacked  \>\  ignorance,  superstition,  jiriest- 

t,  and    political    hostility.       On    their   own   x>il   they  were   fronted 

1,\    •:-•_;•!  ,--i\  e   f.  iivi^'iuTs,  \vln  >  studied  all  Japanese  que.-tions  through 

peetaeles  of  dollars   and  eelits  and  trade,  and  whose  diplomatists 

i.t'tell    made    the    prilieiples   of  Shyloek    their   :-ystelll.       Ollt>ide.   the 

A-iatii-  nation-  ln-lieM  \\ith  contempt,  jealou-v,  and  alarm  the  depart- 
ure ..f  i. ne  of  their  numlier  from  Turanian  idea-,  principle-,  and  civili- 
xati'in.  <  hina,  \\itli  ill -concealed  anu'er,  ' '"i'ea  with  open  <letiance. 
taimteil  .lapan  with  senile  -iil>mi— ion  ID  the  "foreign  devil-." 

F»r  the  tir-t  time,  the  nation  \\a-  n-jiresi-nted  to  the  world  tiv  an 
einl>a->v  at  once  au^u-t  and  [ileiiipott.'iiliarv.  It  \\as  not  a  squad  of 
pett\  ol'icial-  or  local  noiiles  u'oin^  I'Dilh  to  ki—  a  toe.  to  pla\  the 

1  1 

part  of  figure-heads  ()r  ^tool-jii^eoiis,  to  IM-^  the  aliens  to  uvt  nut  of 
.lapan,  to  keep  the  -cales  mi  fi'i'eiu'ii  eves,  to  huv  ^'un-lioat-.  or  to  hire 
einpl'  i\  ('•-.  A  iiol.le  of  hiu'he-t  rank  and  Mood  of  immemorial  an- 
ti'jiiiiv.  \icar  of  maje-t\  and  nation.-i]  ^Dveniiueiit,  with  four  cal'iliet 
mini-ter-,  set  mit  to  \i-it  the  cmiri-  of  the  fifteen  nation-  lia\iiiLT 
tivatie-  \\itli  I  >-ii  Nippon.  The-e  were  I  \\akura  Toinomi,  ()k:il'o  '|'o- 
-hiliiiti,  I\!'!D  Tak:i\  o-hi,  Ito  1 1  ir.  .liiimi.  and  ^  aiiia^uehi  Ma-aka.  'I'hev 
\\ere  accompanied  Kv  coiiuni— loners  repi'e-i  nt  in^'  e\er\'  (iovertiuieiil 
•  lejiart  mem,  >riit  to  -tudv  and  reji..ii  upon  tin-  method-  and  re-ioui'ees 
of  fnfei^n  ci\  ili/ations.  Thev  arrived  in  \\a-hiiiLTtoii,  Kehruarv  '-".Mli, 
I'-Ti'.  and,  for  the  tir-t  time  in  hi-forv,  a  letter  -i^iied  hv  the  mikado 
was  seen  oiit-ide  of  A-ia.  It  \\as  pi'e-i'nted  liv  the  eml'a--ador-,  rohed 
in  t  heii'  atici'  ni  "I'amato  co-tunie.  to  the  I  're-ident  of  the  I  'uited  Slate-, 
on  the  Hi,  of  March,  Mr.  Arinori  Mori  actini;'  a-  interpreter.  "  'I' he  !ir-t 
pre-iden:  •«!  the  five  repnMic"  ;md  the  men  \\  ho  had  ele\'ated  the  eta 
to  i-iti/.eii-hip  -tood  face  to  face  in  fraternal  aeconl.  The  one  hundred 
and  t\\'tit\  t'md  -o\..ri  ;-n  of  an  empire  in  it-  tweiitv-sixtli  I'entennial 
-a  luted  tin-  citi/.eii  -  ruler  of  M  iritjon  \\  hi  i-i-  cent  urv  aloe  h,-id  not  \  et 

lilooiueil.      On   the  Uili   ,,f   March   the\    \\eiv  wdi-oiiu-d  uti   the  tl •  of 

I 'o;i^re--.  Thi-  da\  marked  thi  t'oi-mal  entraiice  of  Japan  upon  the 
theatre  of  univer-al  lii-ti  'i\ . 


BOOK   II. 

PERSONAL  EXPERIENCES,  OBSERVATIONS,  AND  STUDIES 
IN  JAPAN.    18TO-1ST.>. 


FLRST  GLIMPSES   OF  JAPAX. 


L 

FIRST  G  LIMPS  FS   OF  JAPAN. 

THE  longest  unbroken  stretch  of  water  statedly  traversed  by  tlie  keel 
of  steamer  or  sailing  vessel  lies  between  California  and  Japan.  The 
floating  city,  which  leaves  its  dock  in  San  Francisco  at  noon  on  the 
first  day  of  each  month,  pulses  across  four  thousand  miles  of  ocean, 
from  \\hich  rises  no  island,  harbor,  or  reef.  Nothing  amidst  all  the 
crowding  triumphs  of  the  uynius  and  power  of  man  so  impresses  the 
reflecting  niin  !  as  the  thought  of  that  mighty  ark,  which,  bv  the  mag- 
net and  the  >tars,  is  guided  in  safety  to  the  desired  haven.  \\"ithotit 
a  Noah,  without  dove  or  olive  leaf,  freighted  with  bird,  beast,  and  tish, 
and  often  \\ith  thirteen  hundred  human  souls,  over  a  flood  of  waters 
that  cover  a  world  beneath,  alone  for  weeks,  that  ark  floats  on,  at  the 
bidding  of  the  master. 

Twcntv— even  days  in  the  solitudes  of  the  sea  seem  hum'  to  the  man 
of  this  decade,  who  crosses  the  Atlantic's  thousand  leagues  in  nine 
davs,  and  the  New  \\orld  in  a  week.  Even  the  old  traveler — whose 
digestion  is  sea-worthy;  whose  appetite  is  like  a  whetted  saw;  who 
meets  a  host  of  Denial  fellow-birds  of  passage,  and  finds  otlicers  who 
will  answer  ijue^tioiis;  who  discovers  new  and  readable  books  in  the 
ship's  library  :  and  who  delights  in  the  study  of  steerage  ethnology  — 
yearns  in  his  secret  soul  for  the  >i^ht  of  land  au'aiii.  Hven  the  ocean 
scenerv,  though,  like  (Jod's  mercies,  new  every  morning  and  fresh  ev- 
ery evening,  palls  on  the  eye,  and  loses  its  u'lory  before  the  thoughts 
of  the  crowded  city  in  which  comforts  cluster  and  pleasure*  bloom. 
The  \\aves  that  dailv  cradle  the  infant  sun  and  pillow  his  dxiniv  -pleii- 
dor.  the  etTulu'cnce  of  the  cavernous  sunsets,  the  wondeiv  of  ^ponlin^ 
whales,  flying-fish,  phosphorescence  at  niidit,  "  multitudinoii-  smile.- 
of  waves  bv  dav.the  circling  ^ulls  evermore,  or  even  the  fun  of  hiirv- 
inii' a  dav  (Saturday,  December  Kith)  under  the  isnth  meridian,  would 
be  o-Jadlv  exchanged  for  a  patch  of  farm  or  the  sober  glory  of  a  wide- 
spreading  oak.  Often,  indeed,  the  monotoiiv  of  the  voyage  i>  rr!i(\ed 
bv  meeting  one  of  the  company's  steamei'-.  If  the  weather  be  tair, 


\\\.-  pillar  of  .-loud,  or  tin-  l"!nr  thin  -carf  of  hlack  smoke,  descried  afar 
MI]',  i-  the  har'iii'jvr  »f  tin-  coining  >\\\\).  Tin1  exchange  of  new-paper- 
aii.l  tin  -  ndinu'  ii  'iin-ward  of  letter-  an-  accomplished,  to  tin.1  intense 
pa— eii'jvr-  jaded  with  muni. 

Tii  i-  iii'1!  in  placid  mid-ocean,  on  Sundav,  I  (ecemher  llth,  1^70,  the 
1'.  M.  S.  S.  (  'o.'>  steamers  f'ffif  Ri-ji.ililic.  Captain  J.  II.  Freeman,  from 
San  Fraii'-i-co,  and  tin-  ./"/«///.  t>oim<l  to  San  Franci-co.  from  the  land 
\\hitlnT  u  e  were  hound.  All  dav  lonu'  we  had  watched  the  smoke. 
At  .V"  I'.M.  a  rocket  was  sent  up  from  the  ./H/HIII.  In  a  few  nni- 
iiient-  mir  diimer-talile  was  de>erted.  \\  ithin  a  >toiie's  throw,  the  pa— 
M-n^t'i's  on  either  .-hip  shouted  to  eaeh  other.  The  stately  >hips.  \\ith 
scores  of  lighted  windows  ^leaminu'  on  the  water-,  parted  at  seven 
<p'elti'-k,  one  moviipj  to  the  homo-bind,  one  to  the  Mikado's  Empire. 

The  meeting  of  -teanier-  in  mid-ocean  i-,  strange  to  -av.  a  matt.T  of 
di-like  to  a  certain  ela—  of  per-oiis.  who,  in  -pile  of  all  preventive  pre- 
eautioii-,  keep  up  their  existence1.  One  or  two  "  stowaways"  are  found 
on  nearlv  everv  -teamei1  that  leax'es  the  -Imre-  of  either  continent. 
They  -neak  on  hoard  the  hi^-  ship  while  in  port,  and  an-  driven  from 
their  lair,  uhen  at  sea,  hv  lumber.  \\lien  tir-t  discovered,  the  in<jui-i- 
tor  of  the  -hi]i — the  pur-cr — u-e-  all  hi-  -kill  to  extort  the  full  pas-ai;'e 
iiioin\.  It'  not  forthcoming,  the '"  stowaway  "  i-  consigned  to  puru'a- 
torv  — '.  c.,  the  lire-room,  and  compelled  to  pa—  coal  and  feed  the  tire-. 
Tlii-  proci—  n-tiiie-  l;i-  feelings  so  far  that  the  "dm--"  i-  prodncr.!. 
if  on  the  victim'-  per-on.  I  i'  he  refu-c-  to  do  dut\.  hi-  fare  liein^-  -til! 
mijiaid.  In-  i-  put  in  irons,  hut.  hv  pa— in(_r  through  j)iir^atorv  of  the 
furnace-room,  he  i-"sa\ed"  from  further  puni>hmeiit,  and  reaelie-  the 
paradi-e  of  tii'iu  land.  "  vet  -o  a-  hv  tire." 

All  the-e  iii-'ideiit-  and  acciclftit-  of  sea-life  cea-e  to  have  anv  im- 
portance  at'icr  the  oracle  at  the  head  of  the  tahle.  Captain  .1.  II.  Free- 
man, ha-  announce. 1  that  "we  -hail  -i^ht  < 'ape  Kin^  at  dav-hreak  to- 
inorrou."  \\  e  tr\  to  -leep  \\.-ll  dnrinu'  our  la-t  ni^ht  on  the  water; 
hut  -leep.  -o  of'c'ii  \\oii  and  loii  t£  i  M  nl  traced  th  u>  far.  hecnine-  tickle  and 
the-  our  eveh^l-.  \\  it  h  j"\  f  u!  u  akefuhi'^s,  our  thoughts  are  hu-\-  with 
the  mon-ow,  until  at  la-1.  m  the  \vee  morninnf  hour-,  our  evdids  are 

-ealed. 

I  wake  early  mi  the  j'.i;h  of  I  >t  cenilier,  l^T'i.  and  from  out  mv 
-t.-.t'-ro'iin  \\indo\\  hehoM  tin-  e\  e-^laddeniniT  land  uithin  ritle--liot. 
I  i  ills,  civ-ted  \\  ith  tim her,  line  the  ha\ .  and  tin-  heache-  are  dotted  u  it  h 
'!  a'  iie-1  hut-  and  white  >tojv-ho u-e-,.  l-'i -hen nen'-  hoat-,  manned  .and 
!::o -.  in j-  over  1  he  ha v,  are  near  enoui:'h  for  u-  to  di-tiiiLz'iii-h  their  occu- 


FIRST  GLIMPSES  OF  JAPAX.  :]-2<,) 

pants.  Tall,  muscular  men,  with  skin  of  a  dirty  Copper  color,  in  lon^'. 
loose  dress,  their  mid-scalps  shaven,  and  the  projecting  cue  or  top-knot, 
of  the  percussion  gun-hammer  stvle,  are  the  first  natives  of  Japan  whom 
we  see  at  home.  Though  different  in  dress,  condition,  and  as  the  bar- 
tier  left  them,  from  their  gav  fellow-countrymen  who  spend  plenty  of 
money  and  study  hard  in  the  United  States,  they,  nevertheless,  exactly 
resemble  their  brethren  in  physiognomy  and  general  appearance. 

The  dayspring  in  the  east  sifts  enough  of  suggestive  light  over  the 
land  to  entice,  us  into  the  belief  that  the  Land  of  the  Rising  Sun  is 
one  of  the  fairest  on  earth — a  belief  which  a  residence  of  vears  has 
ripened  into  an  article  of  faith.  To  the  right  lie  the  two  mountainous 
provinces  of  Awa  and  Kad/usa,  with  their  numerous  serrated  peaks 
and  valleys,  which  may  be  beautiful,  though  now  they  sleep.  To  tin- 
left  is  the  village  of  Uraga,  opposite  which  ( 'omniodore  Terry  anchored, 
with  his  whole  squadron  of  steamers,  on  the  7th  of  Julv,  1S5:).  Re- 
maining eight  days  at  this  place,  he  was  accorded  what  he  lirst  de- 
manded— an  interview  with,  and  the  reception  of  President  Killmore's 
letter  l>v,  an  officer  of  hi^li  rank.  After  the  ceremonv,  he  gave  the 
place  the  name  of  Reception  Day,  which  it  still  retains.  Now  we  pass 
IVrrv  Island,  Webster  Isle,  and,  on  tin-  opposite  side,  ( 'ape  Saratoga. 
\Ye  must  not  forget,  mournful  though  the  thought  be,  that  hereabouts 
beneath  us,  perhaps  under  our  keel,  lies  the  United  States  war  steam- 
er Ohciffn,  which  was  run  into  and  sunk  l>v  the  British  mail  steamer 
lj<>ii>.li<t>/,  January  '23d,  1S70.  This  is  sad:  hut  the  sequel  is  disgrace- 
ful. Down  under  the  fathoms  the  Oiicidii  has  lain,  thus  far  undis- 
turbed, a  rich  and  grateful  Government  ha\ing  failed  to  trouble  itself 
to  raise  the  ship  or  do  honor  to  the  dead.  The  hulk  was  put  up  at 
auction  and  sold  (in  1^74),  with  certain  conditions,  to  a  Japanese,  for 
lift  eeii  hundred  dollars.  This  is  the  one  sad  thought  that  ca-t-  it- 
shadow  over  the  otherwise  profound  memories  of  which  the  (nilf  ot 
Yedo  is  so  suggestive  to  Americans.  The  prominent  geographical 
point.-  in  the  bav  echo  familiar  American  names,  which  later  geogra- 
phers and  a  cosmopolitan  community  have  ratified,  and  which  coin 
niemorate  American  genius,  skill,  and  bloodless  victory. 

The  -hip  moves  on,  and  the  panoramic  landscape  unfold-  before  :i-. 
In  the  background  of  undulating  plains,  under  hiu'h  and  elo-c  cultiva- 
tion, and  spotted  with  villages,  rise  the  crumpled  back-  <>1  many  ranges 
of  mountains:  while  afar  off,  yet  brought  delusively  near  by  the  dear 
air,  sits  the  queenly  mountain  in  her  robes  of  snow,  already  wearing 
the  morning's  crown  of  li«j;ht,  and  her  forehead  u'ilded  by  the  tir^t  ray 


,\    ;-   -i.   perfect,  MI   iinprc— i\v   fora  life-time,  -o  well  fitted 

.     inten-e    appreciation    <.f   nature'-   ma-terpieces.  who-e 

and  fiv-liiic>-   \ve   e:m    feel  mldi-clv  luit  IIIHT,  a-   i-  the   \ie\v   «i 

•:  an  incoming  >teanier.      I-Voin   \a-t   outspread  ha-e.  through 

.   r  ir\e-,  -ueepin^-  pa-t   -ii'>\\.  and    dp  to  her  -unmiit.  the  m.iunt- 

lin  i-  \i-ihh-  in  ijueciily   solitude  and  fnllne—   of  lieauty.      <iraduall\ 

the  \a-t   form  i-  !>at!ied  in  li^'iit.  and  t!ie  Land  of  th.-  lii-ini:'  Sun  -land- 

revealed  in  •_'  'iden  ^jlorv.     It  is  a  jov  to  have  seen  it  thu- at  first  vi>i"H. 

l->,.iii  M-reiie  and  aneietit   l'"nji,  \ve  turn  to   U-hold  the   !ui-ilin^  "j1- 

-tart  met ro] H >lis  of  the  fori-i^ners  in  Japan,  a<  it  ajijiear^  in  f nil  daylight. 

I'a^-iiiLi'  Mi  — i--ippi    I'»av  and   Treaty   1'oint.  \ve  a.i'ri\e  in  front   of  \\hat 

\\a-  oiii-e  a  little  ti-hinu'  \illaupe,  1-tit    \\hieh   i-  now   th^    Matelv  eit\    of 

Yokohama.      \\"e    count    the    craft    that    lie   anchored    in    the    harl>or. 

[•>oii]    th;rt\    to  fift\-  arc    n>ually   in    port.      Steamers   from    Hakodate. 

i'hae.  and    I  I^nu'- Koii^'.  and  the  regular  mail   >teanieii<  from   Mar- 

-eille-    •      :    v     i'liamptoii.  !!••    at   tln-ii1    hiioys.       Hi-re   are  wnodeii   wai'- 

-hip-    and    !!•<>'!  -,•!;, ,  1-.  t'l'om    \\liich    tlv    the    Hi'iii-h.   I-'}viic!i.  Japanoe. 

Herman.    ••    Anicrieat:    ''•(_•-.      A    tivmendoii-    amount    of   useless   and 

c.ivj|\  •  i-    dolli      l-\     t!le<e    Illell    nj    War,    \\!l"Hl     til''     i-olMltl'V    folk- 

•      ''."       i  'oal    h  ilks  -t..re--hi|.-.  and    a!!    the   n-ual 

i-\ide!|i'e-    ••}'    ail     o|.l     i.-i!'1"'!'.    ai'e    discovered     M  I       .-.         The     1n\\|j 

it'i-lf  -i-ein-  e,.i  •    i •}'  |..\\    h,  iii-i  -.  \\ith   ti!'-d   ''• "  >f-.     Th-\ 

•  ••      :.  •  ioii.j.-|i  many  arc.  in  the  lanirr.a^v  ,>f  th'    !vi-t. 

"  I  ill  1 1  L:':;.'  >\\  -."  '  'I1    '  >n.  --;,  '\".<  d    d\\  cllin^;1-..       'I  h1  •    foreign    -ettlclllellt    seelll> 

to  t.c  arranged   •  n   a   plain   a1-  :::   a   mile    -cjiiare,      'I  lie   Japane-e  to\\n 

-pi-ead-  out    :•     the]-  mill    or  more  to  \\n-  ri-'ht.      r>cvniid  the  plain-  i- 

a  -ort   of   -,.mici,vl,.   ,,f   hi ik  call,  .  1   "The   I'.lutT."      I;   ive.-ven-d  \\ith 

-c  .!•   s  ,,f  :.and -«M:<-  \  :'la-  and  du  «•! lin^ -hoii-e-.  i .('  all   ~izes  and  varieties 

o|    ar -liitcctur.'.       T  •    '  ft    the    i'.ktT   run-  ahruptlv    into   the    sea. 

'!'••  th  •  )':_J-   ;1   -'-'•      :  to  thi    -"Uiii-\\e-t.      In  |.-c,-i|  parlance,  the 

•  •  •  •  •: '  V'  I-.  la-"  Tin    ! '.'  ill."  "  Tii-'  Set- 

•     •    i-nt,"    md   '        "  N    '        "      '    "  .Iapaiie-i   "  tou  n.        \|o|i^  the  \\  ati-r- 

'   • :       -.-1        M.  nl  r;n-  a  ti1.'-.  -  pa'  ed  -1 11     t.    alii-d  "  Th- 

'  '       •      '  tel---ide.        1  Yl\  ate 

•  -.    .  •    :        '  water.     Th-  n-  are  a- 

I he  Km  nd  ;h"  1-V'  n.-h 


FIRST  GLIMPSES   OF  JAPAX.  :« 1 

"hatoha."  The  former  consists  of  a  stone  breakwater,  or  piers,  rising 
t\\elve  feet  <>r  so  out  of  tin-  water,  inclosing  a  large  irregular  quad- 
rangle, with  a  narrow  entrance  at  one  corner.  The  land -side  of  the 
English  hatoba  is  furnished  with  steps,  and  a  score  or  ii'orc  of  boats 
can  discharge  their  passengers  at  once.  The  French  hatoha  consists  of 
two  parallel  piers  of  stone  projecting  out  into  the  hay.  The  building 
of  most  imposing  ugliness  from  the  sea-view  is  the  Briti-h  Consulate, 
and  near  by  it  is  the  American.  The  Japanese.  Sai  I  Jan  Shf>,  or  Court- 
house, is  larger  than  either  of  the  consulate  buildings,  and  much  hand- 
somer. At  the  other  extremity  of  the  settlement,  toward  the  Uluif, 
was  the  French  camp,  and  near  by  it  the  English.  Three  hundred 
French  soldiers  guarded  as  many  French  civilians  resident  in  Japan, 
and  three  hundred  English  marines,  who  relieved  the  Tenth  British 
foot — the  same  that  served  their  king  on  Bunker  Hill — were  in  camp 
in  Yokohama  in  1870,  and  remained  until  is7~>. 

The  engines  stop,  and  the  great  ship  lies  motionless  at  her  huov. 
Instantly  the  crowd  of  boats  which  have  waited,  like  hounds  in  the 
leash,  shoot  toward  the  stern  ports  and  gangway,  and  the  steamer  be- 
comes walled,  in.  First  of  all.  the  Tinted  States  mail-boat,  propelled 
bv  -ix  native  scullers,  is  flying  swiftly  shoreward,  to  satisfy  the  eager 
souls  of  the  elect  with  its  precious  freight.  Friends  throiio-  on  board 
to  meet  friends.  Englishmen  ask  the  news — whether  there  is  to  he 
war  with  Russia.'  French  and  Germans  eagerly  inquire  for  the  latent 
news  from  the  seat  of  war.  From  one,  I  learn  that  the  Japanese  Gov- 
ernment has  already  issued  a  proclamation  of  neutrality,  for  Fren<-h 
marines  and  German  sailors  have  already  come  to  blow-  in  Yokohama. 
Fancy  creatures  in  velvet  and  diamonds,  with  u'old  on  their  tinkers 
and  brass  in  their  faces,  hasten  to  see  whether  any  of  their  ^uild  have 
arrived  from  San  Francisco. 

Leaving  deck  and  cabin,  \ve  visit  the  steerage.  The  coal-liifhtiTs 
are  erowded  with  dirty  coolies.  They  impress  us  a-  bein^1  the  lowe-! 
of  their  class.  Their  clothinu1  i-  exceedingly  scanty.  An  Ameri.-an 
!ad\  with  vjood  eyesight  Mipposed  them  to  be  clad  in  very  tiu'hi  !c-ath- 
er-coloi'ed  u-arments.  (  >n  second  sight,  wondering  at  the 
the  dress,  -lie  found  it  to  be  the  only  clothing  which  m 
pi'ovide.-  for  her  children.  The  proprietoi's  of  the  nali1 
entered  the  ports,  and  are  driving  a  brisk  trade  in  oraiiv 
articles  of  diet,  precious  only  to  Asiatics,  llu^e  drif 
which,  though  shrunken,  are  four  or  live  inche-  Ion 
very  salable.  A  simad  of  the  Chinese,  so  numd'oii-  in  \  okohaina,  ar 


.;.',:.'  Till:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

hu-\  iii  furni-hiir,:'  -mall  change  t"  those  who  wi.-li  i»  tT"  ashore.  Jap- 
iin  -.  tempo-,  and  ir-'ii  and  copper  fash,  are  I'xi'liaiigt'd  for  American 
dime-.  _i  •  ii!i;i'  k-,  and  Mexican-. 

\\  ill    the   kiiid!\   aid  of  a  friend,  we  prepare'  to  «jo  ashore.      Safelv 

lie  «\'  tin-  dean  iinpainted  hoat-,  in  which  we  detect  \\<>  iron. 

i*;it  o]ii\  here  and  '.here  a  cleet  of  copper,  \ve  enjov  tlie  glorious  heantv 

of  tin    -ituatioii.       l;i  the  -tern  -tand  the  two  -etido-,  who  make  theii1 

_.ide   over   the    wave.-   a>   swiftly   as   a    Venetian   ^ondola   -hoots 

in  lei1  and  out   from  the   Kialto.      Already  the  Japanese  hoatmeti  have 

i'eaten  in  a  race  \\ith  the  American  tars.      Yonder  \vlii/xe-  a  luitelier'.- 

hoat.  fre>hl\   laden   from  the  al>attoir  helow  the  ciu.      Six  naked  alh- 

•    -  of  inaii'iiiticeiii    .  .  i  hauling  in  ui!d  elmni>,  nr^'e  on  their 

•^  illiiiL;'  i-  the  mt-tlioil  invariably  in  use  amoiiif  the  Japanese.  The 
l<>n_:  -cull  coiisi-t-  of  tuo  pieces  tied  too-ether.  (  Mi  the  handle  i-  a 
pin.  on  which  a  n>pe  i-  -lipped,  so  that  the  scull  is  held  do\\n  to  a 
umf»rm  height  \shiie  heinc.-  \\orked.  The  hlade  rots  near  where  it 

joill>     the     -toek.    oil     all     "lit  I'lU'LI'er    pi\ot.         The     SWeep     of     the    >tock.    at 

tin  hand  end.  i-  nearly  tu»  feet.  The  >endo.  planting  his  h-ft  foot  on 
an  inclined  'hoard.  -way>  hi-  arm-  and  Kodv  at  rii;'ht  angles  to  the 
hoat.  -in^'in^'  meaii\\hile  one  of  hi-  own  -on ._>;>,  m  In-  o\sn  \\.\\".  \\  e 
->oii  -kim  over  a  half-mile  of  the  Hue  water,  pa—  the  I'nited  State- 
-teaiin  r  /ilnln,  and  t  he  I  Vii-siaii  u  ar--hip  ll<  nitnini,  ain!.  dart  in^'  within 

-tone  pier-,  land  on  the  !iatol>a.  and  are  in  the  mikado'-  empire. 

The   eii-toiii-ti'tii-c  and  the   nati\e  oflicials  detain   11-  hut    a   f''W    nin- 

l'a--in^  oul   the   --ale.  we   receive   our  tir-t   invitation  !••    par! 

-oine  -ma  from   three  fat  little   urchin-  in  curi«n-  div>-. 

ion'-  he-,d   and   feather-  for  a  cap.  and  with   red  streamer-  han^- 

mi:   iloun   tin  ;r  '.•>..  !<-.      'I  he\    run   1"  fo]v  us  and  perf.,rm  all   kind-  of 

a-toiii-hinj.'  trick-,  -uch  a-  earn  'DILI'  their  head-  heneat  h  tlu-ir  feet,  mak- 

iiiif  a   '  .  and  trundiinu'  al"ii'_;'.  etc.      Il\    our   tinanciai 

j- with  tin        i'tli   -treet-tiiml>ler>,  we  learn  that  "  shinjo  "  jneaiis 

"  •jifi."  aip  i  "thank    ymi."  which    i-   the    lie^im.in.;' 

if  '  'iir  \  •  icahuiai 

The    tine    v.  •  \' -k.ihama   are   well    paved   and   eurhed. 

!          ,ard    whit'  nen-ti     j.a\em.'i;t-   are   aHe  to  re-i-t   for 

ruttinj  '  irp-i  d^vd  w  heel-  of  the  nativ  e  cart-. 

Ti:---.'    \\ ;,-  el-   are  .-it  I,,.;,-  ;Vllor-  are  mor- 

:i    -i  _'ii!'  :.'  i  i    ha\'e    !i"lic.       Tln'\    a;v 

M-.ipelled    !'\     f'inr    p  iv.irk    in    pair-,    arid    ha\" 


J-'IJtST  GLIMPSES   OF  JAPAN.  333 

>careely  more  clothing  than  there  is  harness  on  a  horse.  The  fore- 
niost  pair  push  \vitli  hands  and  thighs  tin.:  front  cross  -  bar,  In-hind 
which  they  stand.  The  other  pair  supply  the  i'!.v  It  tcrf/n,  applying 
their  shoulders  to  a  beam  which  juts  out  obliquely  from  lieneath  and 
behind  the  (.-art.  The  street  eries  in  even'  country  .attract  first  the 


new-comer's  ears;  and  the  cry  of  these  cart  coolies  in  Yokohama  is 
one  of  tlie  most  peculiar  sounds  in  or  out  of  Japan.  I  never  after- 
ward heard  these  eries,  except  in  Yokohama  and  Tokio.  While  the 
t\vo  men  in  the  rear  save  their  wind  and  vocal  force,  the  t\vo  foremost 
eoolies  utter  alternately  and  incessantly  a  coarse,  deep,  o-nttural  cry. 
which,  if  spelling  were  possible,  would  lie  written.  "  Mail  huida  !  ho! 
ho!  hai  !  linida  !  wa  !  ho!  ho!  huidah  !"  etc.  I  was,  at  first  hearing, 
under  the  impres>ioii  that  the  poor  wretches  were  suffering  a  ^rievoii> 
eolic,  and  a  benevolent  inclination  sei/ed  me  to  buv  a  few  bottle-  of 
Mrs.  \\  inslow's  Soothing  Syrup,  and  distribute  them  on  the  <pot.  On 
bi'iiiLf  told,  however,  that  nothing  was  the  matter  with  the  men,  it  be- 
iiiL;1  their  cii-tom  i<>  veil  in  this  manner,  !  abandoned  mv  intention. 

li'ow>  of  iron  lamp-posts,  with  lanterns  and  buniers  trimmed  and  in 
eleaiily  readiness,  tell  of  streets  well  liu'hted  with  pis  at  ni^ht.  Ai^u^ 
the  avenue,  on  which  stand  the  lii'lti-h  and  American  coii-ulati  -  on 
one  -idi'.  and  the  .Japanese  court-house,  bonded  warehouse-,  and  police 
station  on  the  other,  are  sidewalks,  which,  alon^1  several  oeks.  are 
thicklv  planted,  in  ;i  lireadth  of  ten  feet  or  more,  wilh  evergreens  and 
flowers.  Amon^  these  we  see  the  camellias  in  full  bloom.  'I  he  main 
street  crosses  this  avenue  at  riu'ht  an^lo,  r\tendinu'  from  the  Japanese 


; ; ;  <  }  Till-:  MIKAD  0 '  ,S  EMI  'II ;K. 

t.i\vii   '  .1  at   tli''  foo\  (.f  Tlii-   Bluff.      The  sidewalks  on  it  arc 

iKiiTow  .  '  ill'1  -tn-rl  pavement-  arc  so  hard,  and  arc  kept  .-o  clean. 
•:  .•  •  not  ii!ij>lca>aiit  to  walk  in  the  -treet,  even  in  \\et  weather. 
1  -  ill  the  foreign  settlement  are  paved,  curbed,  and  domieri. 

i-71    thc\    have  Invii  lighted  with  Lras,  from   the  pis-works  of 

in  reliant.  Taka.-hiinaya. 

II.  re,  for  the  tir-t  time,  I  Kehold  that  native  Japanese  invention,  the 
product  of  a  Tokio  i;vniu-,  the  jiu-rtki-xlia  (man-power  carriage).  It 
I,.!-  ofti-n  l>eeli  de-cril.ed.  It  is  a  l>a!>y  carriage  on  adult  wheel-.  h 
hold-  i UK'  or  two  per-on-.  A  man  in  the  shafts  pull>  it;  sometimes 
hc  i-  a— i-teil  by  another  from  behind.  \\'heii  you  \vi-h  to  ;_••,,  f;1-t. 
iploy  tuo  meii.or  \»u  may  drive  tandem  with  three.  Many  of 
til.--.-  >•/"/  are  highly  ornamented;  for  art  is  appreciated  even  by  the 
lo\\e-t  classes  in  .Japan,  a>  a  re-idence  of  tive  minute-,  and  afterward 
four  \  i  ai1-.  concur  in  a--un;ii:'  inc.  Some  are  made  into  the  form  of  a 
l.oat,  with  a  chanticleer  for  a  ti^inv-head.  Foreigner-  and  nati\e-  u-c 
them,  and  a  ua-'  from  Yankee-land  ha-  duMied  them  "  1'iill-man  car-." 
Main  Street  i-  the  showiest  uf  all — the  \\r>  >adway  of  the  "  Neu  York 
of  .Japan."  H.TC  we  pa--  tine  stone-fronted  -tores,  hank-,  hotel-,  and 
re-1  ,  i-aiits.  The  magnificent  show-windows  and  a!>nndance  of  plate- 
Li'la—  -uu'u'e-t  haiid-onic  \arietv  and  -olid  weaiih  within.  These  out-ide 
ili-plays  ai'e,  in  nio-t  ea>es,  l,ui  ;nic  indice-  i.f  the  yaried  article-  of 
within,  which  are  obtainable  at  very  fail'  price-.  N'othiiii:' 
.  drinkaUe.  or  wearaMe  seems  to  !„•  lackini;-  to  -uit  the  ta-te- 
or  wi-he-  of  ;•!!  oniiiiary  man.  l-ca-t.  or  an^el  ;  though  we  ha\<-  heard 
tint  tin  '-ntii  '..-\\  of  Mi—  h'l  ••!•.•  i  M'l-Tmi-c\ '-  eon-ins  in  Yokoham.-t 
a— ert  m.-t  >tremiou-l\  that  then-  i-  "nothing  to  wear"  at  anv  time. 
\.'\.  i;i;.  i — .  to  man  or  liea-t.  the  al'iindance  and  \'a!'iety  of  fi'luiliiiH1 
:  n  nri!i;i  vi-iMe  in  on,,  of  the  -hop-  in  which  angelic  rode-  are 

•  '.\  i  n  i-  rfnl  :  and  one  notice-  that  the  vi-it-  of  the  anu'el- 
to  thi-  place  ai'i  in  ither  tew  nor  tar  tietweeii.  < 'raftsmen  in  the  finer 
art-  a!-o  •_•;••  •  •  :  we-ilth  in  \'okohama.  Several  jeweler-  di-pia\' 
t'-m;. ';i._:  ware-,  and  p|\  a  !.ri-k  trad'-.  ^.'iiiiu"  .Japan  wears  a  watch 
l!o\\  ada\  -,  and  t  '::•  ••;-ai  d-  arc  -oM  \  early  in  ^  okohama.  IlarKer'.-  pole- 
-alute  u-  on  -e\era!  -li1'-.  I -.  and  one  ma\  In-  -Iia\cd  in  I'Veiich.  JOiiu'li-h, 
or  .Japan e-i 

I'h»to'_Taphic  e-tal'li-hineiit-  t.-mpt  our  eves  and  purse  with  ta-t'-fii! 
-  "t'  Japane-e  co-tunic  and   -.-cilery.       J-'ir-t -cla--  eatinif  -  -al".  'ii- 
•    their  crowd-   at    tip     lii;n_T\    hour.      The  -e\.-ral  auction  -  room- 
well  fi  nd  I   'i-eiifii  purcha-er-.     ( 'oiifecti"ie 


/•Y/.'.sr  GLIUKKS   OF  JAPAN.  :«7 

ers  display  their  bait  for  the  palate.  Newspaper  olliees  oreet  us;  law- 
yers' ami  dorters1  and  dentists'  si^ns  >eem  to  lie  sufficiently  plentiful. 
Carriages  and  "traps"  add  to  the  hustle,  and  several  knots  of  Japanese 
tanner-,  pilgrims,  and  new-comers  from  the  provinces,  staring  surpris- 
ingly at  the  -iudits  they  have  lon^  heard  of,  hut  which  they  now  for 
the  tirst  time  behold,  are  met  as  we  pass  up  the  street.  French  Cath- 
olic or  JJn>sian  Creek  priests  in  their  cassocks,  nuns  in  their  black 
robes,  well-dressed  Chinese,  Jews  from  every  nation  under  heaven, 
French  soldiers  in  blue,  British  soldiers  in  red  coat>,  and  the  talkers 
in  a  seore  of  different  lanii'iiau'es,  ai'e  met  with,  and  help  to  n'ive  the 
town  its  cosmopolitan  character.  Main  Street,  however,  is  only  the 
street  of  shops,  shop-keepers,  and  the  ti>ual  vulgar  herd. 

Let  us  turn  into  the  street  of  "hoim1-"  ami  "merchants."  I>e  it 
known  that  in  Yokohama,  and  the  Fa-tern  ports  "vnerally,  the  dis- 
tinction  between  a  merchant  and  a  shop-keeper  i-  dire  and  radical. 
With  us  lay  folk  outside  of  the  trading  \\orid  the  difference  is  small, 

and  not  always  perceptible a  mole-hill,  at  the  least;  but  in  these 

Kastern  polls  a  ".Teat  ^nlf  is  fixed,  socially  and  commercially,  between 
the  two  ca-te-,  and  the  difference  is  mountainous.  With  us,  a  shop- 
keeper is  a  man  and  a  brother;  in  Yokohama,  in  the  eye  of  the  club-, 
and  with  the  elect  of  wealth,  fashion,  and  the  professions,  he  is  but  a 
heathen  and  a  publican.  Advertising,  the  use  of  a  si^'ii  -  board,  and 
siich-like  improprieties,  are  evidences  of  low  caste,  and  eon-iu'n  the 
offender  to  the  outer  darkness,  far  away  from  happy  club  men  and 
select  visitors.  This  relic  of  English  caste  traditions,  rank,  and  cla-- 
worship  is  not  so  strong  now  as  formerly,  but  is  Millicientlv  potent  to 
cau>e  many  a  bitter  pan^  ami  many  heart-burnings  to  those  who  tir-t 
experience  it  in  their  new  residence  in  the  Fast. 

The  street  in  which  the  "hone's,"  or  laive  business  establishments, 
are  -hunted  is  rather  gloomy,  when  compared  with  the  lively  Mai:1 
Sin -rt.  M"-t  of  the  buildings  are  of  stone,  and  main  of  them  are  lire- 
proof  "  Mjodowns,"  or  -tore- houses.  From  the  \\indow-  of  th"  "tea- 
lirin^  i^odown-"  i-Mie-  the  fragrant  aroma  of  the  new  eroj)  of  tea.  \\  hich 
i-  tieiiiu'  "tired"  or  dried  in  deep  tin  basins,  over  charcoal  tire-.  !>\  na 
tivi-  u'irl-  and  \\omcii,  preparatoi'y  to  packing  and  export.  Mo-t  of 
the  lar^'e-t  and  wealthiest  business  hoit-e-  ;ire  o\\n.'d  and  managed 
by  those  \\lio  \\ere  anioiij-  the  tir-t  -comers  to  Japan.  M;iii\  oj  the 
"hoiiu'-"  are  branche-  of  hon-es  in  ('hina,  or  the\  them-el\es  ha\'e 
a^eiicie-  at  Nagasaki,  Ilio^-o,  and  ports  in  China.  From  ii\e  to  twenty 
voting  me'ii  form  their  clerical  >talf,  backed  by  a  -mah  arm\  o(  nali\e 


.  <  lr..  i-  liroiiirht   from  all  part-  of  the  cmintrv.  though 

•]i<     \Ye-t    ami    North,  ami    i-   di-po-ed   of    l>v   the    native 

1-   thi'oiiidi    looker-   and  "  compradores."      In   nm-t    ca-e-   the 

•  .-    producer,    or    i  veil    the    Kicker,    never    sees    the     foreigner    \\itll 

\\hoin  he  deal-.      The  m-.i-t  important  man  in  many  foreign  firm-,  the 

power  behind  an.!   In-fore  the  thr<>ne,  i-  the  "  eompradoiv."      '1'hi-  MI- 

•r  In-ill-^  i-  a  <  liinainaii,  uln>   understands  emui^li  .lapane-e,  espe- 

\  \\  it  h  the  In  lp  of  the  written  <  'hine-e  character,  to  deal  \\  ith  1  he 
.!apaiie-e  merchant.  pn>dm-er.  or  l>roker.  lie  is  the  provider  and  pav- 
ma-ter  of  the  tirm  in  it-  dealings  \\itli  the  nati\"es.  lie  arrange-.  !i\- 
and  \\ith  the  ad\  ice  of  the  merchant,  the  purcha-e.  .-ale.  ami  deli\er\ 
•if  nierchaiidi-c.  IL  hire-  and  pav-  the  .)apanc-e  i-t/tji/'ti/f'*.  ainl.  l^in-- 
the  tni-ted  man.  i-  a  creature  "f  impo-m^-  [H'etensions.  and  a  i|iia-i- 
|i;iiMner  of  the  tii'in.  \\\^  facilities,  upportunities,  and  never  -  cloyed 
de-ire  for  ">ijUee/c-"  froin  hi- Japanese  client-  are  equally  alumdant. 
and  lie  live-  up  to  hi-  pri\  ile^-e-.  X'ai'ioii-  shift-  have  1'ceii  made  n-c 
of  l>\  the  .lapalie-e  niei'chant-  \»  depo-e  thi-  obnoxious  middle  -  ma  n 

i  hi-  po-itioii.  and  e\eii  to  eliminati1  him  cntirclv  froiii  iin-rcantiSe 
Iran-action-.  A  hold  attempt  of  thi-  kind  \la-  latch  made  !>\  the 

k\  ( io\ crnor  i  if  ^  okohama.  O\  e  Taku  :  !>nt.  a-  1  lie  manner  of  t  he 
attempt  \\a-  teclmieallv  illegal,  it  failed,  and  matter-  -till  remain  a- 

!  he\     \\  el'e    !  .1    t'.  ij-c. 

Tin-   ari-to,-r;:tic  and    h;-j;!ih    ant  !•  j uai ec  1    form    of   do:ti^'    Im-ilie—,   n, 

i-li   the    m  ilh    hold-   him-'lf  aloo)    from   hi-  cii-toni- 

ef-.    :         '  •   tam-e    from    tin-    foivi^n    iinT'-haiil-    in    the    port-    of 

''hina.        !_•     '       '     o|     the    laii^na^c     ''t     that     countr\.  ti'li-tinv;     their 

allair-  1"  a    "  •••  mpradofi'"  \\lm  -poke   pi^enn-KiiLTli-li.  thev   li\ei!  and 

^•p-\v    rich,  iMiiiLT  tliein-e|\e-  to   learn   the   lan^iia_;v  of   the 

pi 'j  tail-   afoiind   them.       |-.-\\    of  tin-  merchant-   in  .Japan,  to  t In-ir  i|i-- 

•     '    '  .    I'tidi  a\  •  iiv.l  to  ma-ter  t  lie  -pee.-h  of 

I.    ''     :;_•    i^'nofaiil    ot    it.   the   "  compradoiv "    i-.   m 

-M''h  :.-':•  e--an    e\il.      Thi-  old-fo^s    met  ho, 1  of  do 

It'J1    li'.l-Hie--    n    •;-'      m     '     m        j':\,      \\;,\      liefol'e    tile    ellt  Cl'[  Jfi-C    and    e!|eC^'\ 

if    (In    ••,<••:',_•:•  tini:-.    ••  "      •     in   employ    "  compradore-,"  ami   tin 

member-  <>f  \\ !  >       •       '•''•::••,;'  ;••    :  in    laii"'u;i"T  < '!'  1  lie  pe, .:,!, 

i  i       i 

!  ha\  i-   1'eeii   e\(ai-e-  to   the    tir-t - 

_'  •    t   •!'    i  In-    :'.'•'  |Ui-it  I  on    of   \\  !|]el|    in  , 

pa      '  '    '       t    tim      e\:-ted  ;    but   ;it  the   pre-elit.  1  ha!:k- 


FIHST  GLDrPHEH   OF  JAPAN.  :]:!«) 

t<>  Amrrii'an  missionaries  ami  the  ;jvntlemen  of  tlie  Knidish  civil  service, 
an  excel  lent  apparatus  of  "Tarn  mars,  dictionaries,  and  phrase-books  exists. 

rl"lie  four  LiTeat  steamship  agencies  at  present  in  Yokohama  are  the 
American  Pacific  .Mail;  the  Oriental  and  Occidental  ;  the  English  Pen- 
insular and  Oriental  Steam  Navigation  Company  ;  and  the  French  Mes- 
savjeries  Mai'itime  I'aijiiet  I'ostes  Francais.  The  Ocean  Steamship  Com- 
pany has  also  an  agency  here.  The  native  lines  of  mail  steamers  Mit- 
ffii  Bitlii  (Three  Diamonds)  also  make  Yokohama  their  terminus. 
The  coming  orthodox  liridal  tour  and  round-the-world  trip  will  -ooii 
lie  made  t'ld  Japan  fir.-t,  then  Asia,  Europe,  and  America.  Already 
the  cu'cum-nmndane  tourists  have  become  so  frequent  and  temporarily 
numerous  in  Yokohama  as  to  be  recoo-ni/ed  as  a  distinct  class.  In  the 
easy  lano'iiao'e  of  the  port,  they  are  called  "".'lobe-trotters." 

Tlie  mo>t  interesting;  portion  of  Yokohama,  alike  to  the  new-comer 
and  the  old  resident,  is  the  Bluff.  Coming  to  a  port  opened  primarily 
for  trading  purposes  onlv.  one  expects  to  find  shops  and  sb>re-hou-e-, 
but  few  anticipate  seeing  >ueh  dwellings  and  homes  as  are  to  lie  found 
•  in  the  lilutf.  In  tlie  afternoon,  when  the  business  of  the  day  is  over, 
.'.nd  the  liio'h,  o'rand,  and  miu'htv  event  of  the  day,  the  dinner,  ha>  not 
vet  been  consummated,  the  visitor  on  the  Bluff  sees  verv  fine  speci- 
mens of  liorseHe-di,  u'ood  turn-outs,  and  plenty  of  pedestrian  and  eqiies- 
trian  humanity  out  for  fresh  air.  The  trim  door-yards,  lawns,  garden-, 
fences,  and  hedges  help  to  make  a  picture  of  unexpected  beauty.  Tin- 
villas  and  dwell! no's  are  not  hi^'h,  beinu'  bungalows  of  one  story,  or 
houses  of  two  stories.  Though  not  remarkable  as  architectural  tri- 
umphs, they  are  picturesque  without,  and  full  of  comfort  within. 
Added  to  home  attractions,  is  the  ever-present  lovely  scenery  of  the 
bay,  the  distant  mountains,  the  peerless  Fuji,  and  the  smilinu;  \alle\-. 
Nearlv  ail  the  professional  and  manv  of  the  business  men  live  on  the 
HiutT,  and,  whether  from  the  natural  altitude,  the  inspiring  fre-hne-^ 
of  the  sceiierv,  or  otherwise,  the  Hint]'  dwellers  are  apt  to  conside) 
thtinsi'Kes  of  a  -iJLrhtlv  hiu'hei'  >ocial  order  than  the  inhabitant  "{ 
the  plain.  The  lilutV  spreads  over  an  irregular  triangle,  and  it-  sur- 
face i-  rather  undulating.  Main  of  the  dwellings  are  snu^'lv  embosom- 
ed  amid-t  proves,  or  on  the  slopes  and  in  the  hollows,  but  mo-!  - 
them  crown  its  spur-  and  ridges  in  commaudiii'j.'  position-. 
U'alioii-  of  the  treaty  power.-  weie,  until  1.S71,  situated  in  especially 
choice  spots.  Strange  to  <a\',  the  foreign  diplomatic  represeiitati\  e>. 


:;jn  •/•///•:  MIKMio'*   L'Ml'/A'K. 

M\  ,,ji[i  -:•;>;-    ;irri\  :i!  -<•  near  Ne\v  Year'-,  ami  the  custom  of  vi-itimj; 

•    o!>-er\cd,  cnaLled  UK-  t"  see  into  tin-  home-  .>f 

-i  lent-,  and  t"  inert  mo-t  of  the  >oeial  magnates  and  IIH-II 

iu  tiir  diplomat  ir.  literary,  commercial,  and  in issji  mary  \vi  >rld. 

\  .  .  r-.  I  -a\\  "Hi-  ho-pitaL]e  Anieriean  minister,  lion.  (  'harle-  1-,. 

I  >     I ...  n  j;.  the  I  hitch.  Kivn<-h,  and  1  •aiii-li  ministers,  and  several  eon-ul- 

•    i  a1taeh(''s.      Mr.  rortman.  t'orint-rh   -eeivtarv  and  interpreter  to  the 

••in  LI -Cation,  i  iiir  of  t  hr  vahiaLle  ami  un reward LM!  >rr\  ant-  of  our 

nmeiit,  ua-  tlien    hair   and   ^r;\\ ,  i:\ini:'  alone,  not   kut»\vin<;  that 

•    -  j.Tave  \\a-  to  l.e  in  the    I  "<ll<   <I>i  ll-irri. 

lir-ide  the  legation-  are  tin-  line  Ameriean  hospital,  t  lie  <  -em  -\-\\\ 
and  lir:ti-h  ho-j>ital<.  and  the  juiMie  garden-.  (  Mi  -ninmer  e\i-nin^- 
oin  of  the  Lands  from  the  tla^1 -hips  -tationed  in  the  harLor  plav>  in 
the-e  gardens;  \\hile  tlouer,  !»ea-t.  and  Liril  -ho\\-.  and  variou-  >port- 
and  amii-c'ineiit-.  Hiv-\vorks,  cte.,  an1  funii--hed  hv  the  mo-t  indefati-^a- 
Lle  proprietor  that  ever  entered  to  puLlie  ta.-te.  lieyoiid  the '*  foreign 

eoiiee--ion"  ,,f  land  —  that  i-,  -mt-ide  the  limits  of  foi'eiu'ii  duelling: 1- 

t  he  raee-i-i  iiir-e,  an  ample  spacr  of  -T.  .111  id.  le\  eled.  fenced,  and  furni>lie  i 
ir^- and  -peetators"  -land-.  Th"  i-aees  are  held  diirinu1  thivr 
da\-  in  -|.r;  IP.;'  and  autumn,  followed  invariaLlv  Lv  a"  I  Mark  Mondav," 
wh.-n  Let-  are  [>aid.  An  im-rediLle  anioiint  of  c-xciti'iiK-nt,  trulv  \\v\\ 
i-h,  i-  _  '  •  o\er  (  M'iental  hor-ell.'-h.  'I'h,-  term  for  an  untried 
h.  ir-e  i-  "  _n  itlin." 

A  t'nir  iie\\   r,.ad  has  Leen  Liiih   ;.\-  »h.-  Japanese  <  ;..\ .  rnmeiit,  \\hieh 

pa— e-  .   ro'ir-e,  ai    1  \s  ind-  o\  (-r  the  hill-  and  do\s  n  aloii^-  ilu. 

-h  .!v-  . -t'  Mi  — i--ippi  I'>ay.  u  hieh  i-  de-rriLed  a.-  "  the  ino-1  Lraiitil'in  for 

I."     <  M'  p-i  uir-e,  i  am  ijiiotin^  fri'iii  tho-e  \\  h.. 

ill     li"      -am.e    -ell-e    III     \\llleli     a     (Mother    -peak-    \\hell     -lie    a--''!'!-. 

and    i  '.ex,  thai    ln-r  LaLe   i-  tin-   la-t   ri-,. \\nin-'  \\onder  of  ihe 

•    .      N'  \i  I'tin  le— .  ^  okuhama  numLrr-  am..nu'  it-  I'e-iileiit-  nianv 

t-  and  -i  'iii'-tiiin    re-ideiiis  in  ;  \t<-  njd  and    Neu   \\'.  .rid-  in   man'. 

I  In-ir  a!nio-i   unanimou-  \erdi. •!  i-.  thai  Mi— i--ip- 

j'i    Hay,  e-peeia  !\    at    tin    -un-et   and   t  v.  i:i_dit    hour-,  is  matehle--lv  love- 

I  '  •    V  -•-    ! .  ii  and  the.  'ii_:'h  -r\  er 

al  .lapane-e  \     .-,_    -.  ;  nil]   \\heat   ti"ld-.  and  ihroiiLi'h  a  Leaiiliful 

.  reji  'in-   Y»!-,'  .!taina  al  "  I  ..--\at ':  <\i    1 1  ulT." 

1;   '  irnin^  fr.  >i  -    ,  \  rut   of  t  he  dav.  the  M-r;ind  i-ul- 

'  hieh   r\  i-r\    thin--  el-e  i-  Lut   a 

le.  tlie  ilium  r.  •  thought  and  im.>t   M'^OI-OIH  fae- 

f  n        I  and   1"  "1  '•'  .-.lie    dinner  /////>/  Le  a 


FIRST  GLIMPSES   OF  JAPAX.  341 

success.  "Life  without  letters  is  death,"  was  said  by  tlic  Romans; 
hut  that  life  without  dinners  is  no  life  at  all,  is  the  solemn  conviction 
of  must  residents  in  the  Hast.  It  is  further  said  that  a  Frenchman 
can  cook  a  dinner  as  a  dinner  deserves  to  l>e  cooked,  hut  onlv  an  En- 
glishman can  eat  it.  as  it  ought  to  he  eaten.  In  Yokohama,  dinner  is 
the  test  of  success  in  life.  If  that  momentous  feed  is  successfully 
achieved,  sorrow  and  care  are  forgotten,  the  future  is  hopeful,  eternity 
radiant,  and  the  chief  end  of  man  is  attained.  No  holt  inn1,  no  haste, 
no  slovenliness  in  dress,  no  wishing  it  over.  A  dinner  to  he  u'iven 
must  he  studied  and  exquisitely  planned,  as  a  u'eneral  plans  a  hattle, 
or  a  diplomat  a  treaty.  A  dinner  to  he  attended  must  he  dressed  for, 
anticipated,  and  rehearsed  as  a  jovt'ul  hour  on  a  higher  plane  of  exist- 
ence, or— as  an  ordeal  for  which  one  must  he  steeled  and  clad  in  res- 
ignation. To  appreciate  the  esoteric  ;c>thctic-  of  dinner,  and  to  com- 
prehend the  higher  law  that  governs  these  august  events,  apart  from 
the  mere  vulgar  idea  of  satisfying  hunger,  one  must  he  educated  l>v  a 
IOIILL'  course  of  observation  and  experience.  Real  enjoyment  is  doubt- 

J      « 

less  to  be  obtained  at  these  dinner  parties:  but  such  an  idea  is  not 
nccos'irilv  included  within  the  objects  sought  by  an  orthodox  u'iver 
of  a  dinner.  There  are  a  i^reat  many  "brilliant  Hashes  of  silence"  at 
tlioc  dinners,  and  meditations  on  crockery  are  common.  Neverthe- 
less, it  is  rcallv  believed  that  a  u'ood  dinner  is  the  correct  method  of 
securing  the  highest  earthly  happiness,  and  is  the  most  common  means 
of  social  enjoyment  in  Yokohama. 

]>cinn'  such  a  cosmopolitan  [dace,  the  dweller  in  Yokohama  must  be 
always  vigilant  to  offend  none,  and  in  all  the  windings  of  conversation 
must  pick  his  steps,  lest  he  tread  on  the  national,  religions,  or  .-esthetic 
corns  of  his  neighbors,  \\hat  is  complimentary  to  one  man  may  lie 
insult  to  some  one  else  present,  and  so  one  becomes  schooled  to  make 
only  tin/  correct  remark.  Though  this  state  of  armed  neutrality  may 
<otiielinies  tend  to  make  conversation  excessively  stupid,  and  a  mere 
round  of  dedicated  commonplaces,  it  trains  one  to  |>e,  outwardly  at 
laritalde  to  all,  malicious  to  none.  It  keeps  one  circumspect 
ipolitan,  whether  in  opinions  or  moral  practice:  an 
tan  is  to  be,  in  Anglo -Oriental  eyes,  virtuous  beyon 

itlol). 


dier-  and  ti.-i\  \  :    rtiih  their  unrivaled  civil  service,  which  furnishi's  «i 

iii:ii!\  ii    \    "tli'iai-:    ;tiiil    \\itli    mo-t    "f    the    lui>iiifss    under 

their  ':':..  llie  prevalence  nf  Knidi-h  thought  and  methods  is  \  cry 
ca-il\  ;  '  '1  f»r.  IVcause  «\'  the  \erv  merit-;  and  excellences  of 

[he  -vnuine  Kn-'li-liman.  the  Ainerieaii  in  the  Hast  can  ca-ilv  furtive 
inleii-i  nari'ou  ne-s,  the  arrogant  conceit,  and,  as  relate-  to  Ameri- 
caii  atTaiis.  the  ludicrous  ignorance  and  fi'inlly  believed  perfect ion  of 
knowledge  nf  so  manv  u  ho  aiT"i;'at e  to  thei:i-el\e-  all  the  iii.-uiar  per- 
fectii'iis.  1'erhap-  mo-t  i if  the  Knirli-hmen  at  the  Ka-t  an-  fair  ivpiv- 
-eiitatives  of  Knidand's  lx--t  fruit-:  hut  a  ^rie\  ou-lv  lar^e  nuinher. 
I'eiiioved  from  the  higher  social  pre-Mire  \\hich  \\  a-  aho\e  them,  and 
\\hich  kept  them  at  their  true  level  in  Knirland.  find  tlicmselves  \\ith- 
oiit  that  -ocial  pre--ure  in  the  l']a-!  :  and  ohevin^  th"  "  la\\  «f  pi'e>-- 
iircs,"  thi'V  are  apt  to  Kecome  otTen-ivelv  vaporous  in  their  preten- 
-ion<.  'I'he-e  p.'r-oii-  an-  surprised  to  tind  e\eii  American  eiiterpi-i>e 
in  tin-  Ka-t.  Thi'V  are  the  n>o-t  radical  and  tinical  concerning  i-vrry 
idea.  cii>tom,  i-ereiiioiiv,  or  -ocial  de-poti>m  of  anv  kind  >uppo>cd  to 
1-e  l-]ii^]i-h.  The-i-  men  hi'lp  to  form  the  arnn  of  hard-head-  and 
civiii/ed  l.oor-  in  .l;ip;m.  to  uhich  our  o\\  n  coinitrv  furni-he-  recruit^, 
uho  do  MI  i!<H'-h  to\\ard  helping  the  .Ia]iane-e  to  carry  out  in  Japan 
their  favorite  amu-emeiit  in  Ainerieaii  hotel-,  /.  i..  to  de-c,-nd  on  an 
elevator;  that  i-.  to  lav  a-ide  their  o\\n  di^nitied  politeiie— ..  and  to 
adopt  the  foti^h  manner-  of  tlio-e  uho  fondh  ima^mi-  theinseh'e- 
tin'  eml'odimeiit  of  the  ele\atiiii;  intliience-  of  ei\  ili/ati'  'ii.  'rhi'V  are 
the  foi'i 'i^'1 1 ei1-  uho  In  lii-vc  i!  their  solemn  diM  v.  and  \\  ho  mak'1  il  ;  heir 
regular  pra.-ti.-i-.  to  train  up  their  nativi  -ei'xatil  "l.o\-"  ji,  the  \\a\ 
tlit-v  -hoiild  «_p"  l'\  -v-teinatie  whipping-,  liea'ini:'-.  :ind  application-  of 
the  hoot.  I",  n-f  il  of  -poilin-1  cook.  |,,,y.  ,,r  ••  I.etto"  (hostler),  they 
-pare  in-ithi  r  ti-t.  hoot,  nor  cane.  In  thi-  -pecie-  of  linitalil\  \\  e  Ix- 
iieve  tic  Millar  .lohti  Hulls  to  1,(.  -inner-  a!"'\f  all  the  foreigner-  in 
tin-  Ma-t.  I  -au  enough  in  one  da\  to  expl.-iin  \\h\~  so  man\  of  ihi-ir 
nat  iojialit  \  lia\i  '  '  -Uonl-  of  Japanese  -amurai.  Al- 

though American-  -  ••  •'-.-  are  -",;''-  footed  to  follou  the  i-xampl.- 
of  I-ji'j'li-hmi  ii.  \ '  '  i'  i-  u-iialh  acknou  I'du'ed  hy  tie-  Japaiie-.-  theni- 
-.•lve>  that  tie  Aiifi  in-,  i-  ,  -la—  of  that  In  teroiri-neou-  eolle.-tioii 
of'  men,  uho  an  •  ;•.  them  m  heiiiL;'  forei^niT-.,  are  mure  in- 

i   to  _   -.      tli'  in   '        •      '  .    '    .  and  to  t  ivai    t  !n -ii i  a-  ei  jiial-. 
I ;.     i;    !-.  meiiit"-!-'  -1    •  •       -i     ivmark-  \\  e  do  i;.  ,t    p-fer   to   that 

ir_.-    (iod\    of   educated.    retiiH-d.    and    true    h'-arted    I^iiLrli-hm'-n    uho 
-ueh    a    p •  •'•  •  •          '  •         '-ivi!i/a' ';.  >:i    •  •!'   Japan.       I; 


FIRST  GLIMPSES   OF  JAPAX.  ;!4:< 

must  lie  confessed,  and  we  cheerfully  hear  witness  to  what  is  a  fact, 
that  the  predominating  u'ood  influence  in  Japan  is  English.  Some  of 
the  most  prominent  and  most  highlv  trusted  foreign  officials  of  the 
Japanese  Government  are  English.  The  navy,  the  railways,  the  tele- 
graphs, public  works,  and  light-houses  are  managed  hv  them  almost 
exelusiveh ,  and  a  large  part,  if  not  most,  of  the  husiness  of  the  coun- 
try is  in  their  hands.  Some  of  the  very  hest,  and  perhaps  the  majori- 
tv,  of  lav  students  of,  and  scholars  in,  the  Japanese  language  an:  En- 
glishmen. For  all  that  goes  to  reiine.  elevate,  and  purify  society  amonir 
foreigners  we  are  lar^elv  indebted  to  the  English.  In  mv  st rictures.  I 
refer  to  that  numerous  class  in  Japan  who,  with  pecuniary  po\\er  and 
social  influence  far  aliove  that  thev  could  gain  at  home,  ape  the  man- 
ners and  succeed  in  copying  the  worst  faults  of  the  better  class  of 
their  countrvmen.  Living  among  a  people  capable  of  teaching1  them 
"•ood  manner-,  and  vet  ignorant  alike  of  their  history,  language,  insti- 
tutions, and  codes  of  honor  and  morals,  they  regard  them  as  so  many 
chattering  -ilk- worms,  tea-plants,  and  tokens  of  copper.  Thev  are 
den>e!v  ignorant  of  everything  outride  of  England,  and  with  unruflled 
stupidity  thev  fail  to  conceive  how  <nnj  good  tiling  can  come  out  of  a  place 
not  included  within  the  little  island  from  which  thev  came.  I  should 
feel  verv  glad  if  none  of  mv  countrymen  answered  to  this  description. 
It  is  to  be  ren'retted  that  the  British  and  American  should  be  so 
often  pitted  together;  but  so  long  as  fair  plav,  chivalric  honor,  co>nio- 
politan  breadth  of  mind,  and  Christian  courtesv  are  left  us,  we  think 
the  rivalrv  must  be  productive  of  immense  good.  Like  flint  and  steel, 
before  the  dead  cold  mass  of  Asiatic  despotism,  superstition,  and  nar- 
rowness, it  must  result  in  kindling  many  a  good  -park  into  flame-  of 
progress  and  knowledge.  Whatever  be  their  pettv  differences,  the 
Lngli-h  and  American  ever  strike  hands  for  n-ood  purposes  moiv 
ijuii.'Ivly  than  any  other  two  nationalities  in  Japan;  and  beioi'e  the 
men  of  every  other  nation  the  American  iinds  more  to  love,  to  hon.T. 
and  to  admire  in  the  Englishman.  It  is  the  two  nations  cemented  in- 
separably  together  by  the  blood, 'religion,  language,  history,  inherit- 
ance, and  the  love  of  liberty  and  law,  that  arc'  to  impre-s  their  char 
actcr  and  civilization  on  the  millions  of  Asia,  and  to  do  mo-t  toward 
its  regeneration.  Let  everv  pen  and  tongue  forbear  to  needle-  \  irri- 
tate, or  do  alight  to  .-under  the  ties  that  bind  together  the  two  ^reat 
civilizing  power-  of  the  world;  luit  as  for  the  social  bi^ot.  the  1'hiii- 
tine,  the  bully,  let  not  his  disgraced  nationalitv  -hie'.!  him  fn-m  ihe 
social  exile  and  public  contempt  which  he  de>crve>. 


:>44  Till:  MlKAlJtfS  A'.V/YA'A'. 

Y,  .k.iiiama  i-  fer'.eiitlv  believed  bv  maiix  new  -  comers,  e.spcciallv 
those  u  ,  -  n  di-covcrcd  to  be  either  verdant  or  genuine  fool-, 
t,.  In-  •  •  •  v,  r\  worst  place  in  the  vvurld  for  iniijiiit\',  e'o.-sip,  and  all 
manlier  of  ra,-calitv.  In  this  thev  m"-t  dearlv  mi-take.  Since  the 
itatioii  attache-  to  at  h'a-t  a  thou-and  places,  I  think  the  ei- 
r.  •!•  lies  in  a  defer  t  iii  the  mental  \i-ion  of  the  new-comer.  Some  tein- 
[i -ran  attack  of  moral  color-blindness,  strabismus,  or  disarrangement 
,.f  the  moral  leii>es,  mu-t  be  the  caii-e  of  -udi  an  erroneoii-  opinion. 
!.  'jr.;'  re-ideiit-  and  traveled  men  a^ree  in  the  belief  that  the  moral 
-!atu>  of  Yokohama  i-  fully  emia!  t»  most  other  port-  in  the  Ka-i,  if 
n»1  in  the  world.  Some  optimists  even  hold  the  opinion  that  it  i- 
bcttcr  than  manv  other  places  that  boa-t  ioudlv  uf  their  moral-.  ( Vr- 
•  i-  that  Li'a  m  b  linn'  hdl-  have  been  purged  awav.  Kum  "mill,-' 
and  lewd  hr>u-"-.  t  h"ii'_;'h  numerous  enough,  arc  not  more  common  than 
ii:  "thcr  port-.  'The  white  woman  in  -carlet  drives  her  carriage  on  the 
11  ;:t'  and  in  the  town,  but  her  -i-ter-  are  not  abnormally  numerous. 
\V|ieiv  heathen  women  are  cheap,  and  wive-  from  home  are  co-tlv, 
e|ia.-tit\  i-  not  a  characteristic  trait  of  the  -in^le  men;  but  the  -aim- 
evil  and  tin-  -ame  re-iiltant  cur-c-  iv-t-oii  all  -uch  places  where  "(  'hri  — 
tiaiis"  li\e  -ide  bv  -ide  with  "  pa^'aii-."  <>'iven  a  superior  j-ace  with 

superior  iv-ources,  aiid  , r  natives  w  h. .  love  money  more  than  v  irttie. 

and  the  same  -late  of  things  iv-ull-. 

Missionaries  a! "  'imd  in  Vok..haina.  en^au'ed  in  t  he  woi  k  of  teaching, 
and  converting  the  native-  to  the  \ari"ii-  f"rm-  "f  the  ('hri-tiaii  iv- 
li'_rion.  1;  i-  a  little  ciirioii-  to  note  the  difference  in  the  -entinieiii 
i-oiii-erniiiLT  missionaries  ,  ,n  different  -id.  -  •  ••'  t  he  ocean.  <  '"111111-'  (']'•  >m 
tiie  atmo-piiere  and  influences  ,,f  jj,,.  Sundav  --chooj,  the  church,  and 
the  various  rcli^-i-nis  activities,  the  ini--i»narv  seem-  in  m-i-t  of  u-  an 

e\alted      beilllf.     \\llo     de-el'Ves     all      Il'ill"!'.     l-e-pect.    and     -VlllpatllV.         \\ 

nvr-d  am"i!LT  tli"  people  in  A-iatic  p-rt-.  one  learn-,  to  hi-  -urpn-e. 
iiiat  the  mi  ,  a-  a  da-s,  are  "\\ife-beater-,"  "  -w  rarer-."  "  li- 

ar-." "cheat-.  '  '  rite-,"  "  defraudi-r-."  "speculators,"  etc.,  etc. 
He  i-t'.ld  that  thev  oceiip\  an  abiiormahv  low  -oi-ial  plain',  that  thev 
ari-  held  MI  •  -corn  bv  the  "  merchant-."  and  bv  >o- 

'•lety  'jenerallv.  (  •  •'  •  paper-  even  vet  love  nothing  better  than 
•'•  cat'-h  anv  -trav  -  ,  :  Lfossjp  eoiiceniin-j;  a  man  fr^m  \\hom 

tii   :••    i-  n.  •  dan_   r  »f    _  or  cowhide.      <  lid    fill-  »f   -'rim'  of 

•'-     newspapers  remind   ••'•  I  iinolo^jeal  collection,  in  which 

lecilllen-   are    illlpaieil     ol       •  tore-llolise   of    that     celebl'a- 

•    N'  w    /.-aland    ui'T'liunt   w!:  .    -o';d   "canned  ini--i»narie-."      Some 


FI/i'ST  GLIMPSES   OF  JAPAX.  ,'U5 

of  the  most  lovely  and  loftv  curves  ever  achieved  by  the  nasal  orna- 
ments of  pretty  \voiiH'ii  are  seen  \\hen  the  threadbare  topic  of  mission- 
ary scandal  is  introduced.  The  onlv  act  approaching  to  cannibalism 
is  when  the  missionary  is  served  up  whole  al  the  dinner-table,  and  hi> 
reputation  devoured.  The  new-comer,  thus  suddenly  brought  in  con- 
tact with  such  new  and  startling  opinions,  usually  either  falls  in  with 
the  fashion,  and  adopts  the  opinions,  the  foundation  for  which  he  has 
never  examined,  or  else  sets  to  work  to  find  out  ln.w  much  truth  there 
is  in  the  scandals.  A  fair  and  impartial  in\  t^ti^at  ion  of  facts  usually 
results  in  the  conviction  that  some  people  are  very  credulous  and  ex- 
cessively u'ullible  in  believing  fal>t:hoods. 

Scarcely  one  person  in  a  hundred  of  those  who  so  frcdv  indulge  in, 
and  so  keenly  enjoy,  the  gossip  and  >candal  about  missionaries,  reali/es 
their  need  of  human  sympathy,  or  shows  that  fair  plav  which  teaches 
us  that  they  are  but  human  brings  like  omselves.  The  men  of  busi- 
ness and  leisure  for  every  tiling  except  their  tongues  are  utterly  un- 
able to  understand  the  missionary's  life,  work,  or  purpose.  Apart  from 
the  fact  that  a  man  who  strives  to  obey  the  final  and  perhaps  ino-t 
positi\e  command  of  the  (Jivat  Founder  of  Christianity,  to  preach  the 
<iospel  to  every  creature,  should  win  respect  so  far  as  he  obeys  that 
command,  it  is  also  mo>t  happily  true  that  some  of  the  verv  best,  most 
conscientious,  though  quiet,  work  in  the  civilization  of  Japan  has  been 
done  by  missionaries.  They  we're  the  first  teachers:  and  the  tir-t 
counselors  whose  advice  was  sought  and  acted  upon  by  the  Japanoe 
were  missionaries,  and  the  first  and  ripest  fruits  of  scholarship — the 
aids  to  the  mastery  of  the  Japanese  lanjftiajjc — were  and  arc  the  \\ork 
of  missionaries.  Tin1  lustre  shed  upon  American  scholarship  by  mis- 
sionaries m  China  and  Japan  casts  no  shadow,  even  in  the  li^'ht  of  the 
splendid  literary  achievements  of  the  Knu'lish  civil  service.  IV-idc- 
this,  a  community  in  which  the  lives  of  the  majority  are  secretly  or 
openlv  at  variance  with  the  plainest  precepts  of  the  <Jreat  Master  can 
not,  even  mi  general  principles,  lie  expected  to  svmpathi/e  ver\  deepl\ 
\\  ith,  or  even  comprehend,  the  elTorts  of  men  who  are  social  heretic-. 
It  is  hard  to  find  an  a\  cra^e  "  man  of  the  world"  in  Japan  \\lio  ha.- 
anv  clear  idea  of  what  the  missionaries  are  doinv,1  or  \\;\\c  done.  Their 
deiir-e  ignorance  border-  on  the  ridiculous. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  few,  very  few,  who  call  themselves  missiona- 
ries are  incompetent,  indiscreet,  fanatical,  and  the  terror  even  ot  their 
li'ood  and  earnest  brethren. 

At  present,  in   Yokohama,  there   are  the  edifices   of  the   K-tabli-hed 


i;  ,    ::•     l-'r.-iich    Catholic,    ill.'    1'ni.iii    1 'rote-taut,    and 

i  ,:    In  -.      There  i-  al-o  ;i  Je\xi-h  confirmation.      I'M 

pri\  ate  Japalie-e,  and  the  <  u'lirnil  Ilo-phai 

IV    i-    a     Lldie.-'     I'M   l|e\o!,   nt     Society.         A     \\ell-kepl 

i   •    ,'    aip]   ornamented   rriin-l rr\ ,  Ivaiit it'ulh    >itnated  «.n 

.•I    l!n     II!  ill',  in   \\hich  -leep  lii.'  nii'i!  of  iiianv  eived-  and  na- 

i    talr  "1   :i-si»iiiatii'M,  "f   miirdei.  and    of  hattle. 

.      iiefolV    tllf    plV-etlt     peaceful    lV-ide!l'V    of   the    \\f-tiTII 

Japan   ua-   vxoii.      Tin-   liu>-ian-,  tlic    iMilili,  tin1   Mnu'li-li, 

in]       •   i  tin1  Japaiii'si1  '  itivi-niiiH-nt  to  luiild  the  tninl.s 

of  tin1    -lain.      Ma:i\    a    iiiiillii-r's   ilarlni^.  many   a   gallant    -oMicr  and 

.   i\iio  nii-t    lii-  il'atli    tVc'in  i!i<rasr,  acriilciit,  <\v»\\  niiiu'.  "i1  rxcc--. 

ii  •   :i  !i]Mki-!i  ln-arti-il  i-xilc  lii--  IHTC;  ainl  nioiv  than  oiu-  \i-il  tn 

it  \   of  tin    ili -ail  !i;i-  ini]'!'!1— rd  nn-  \\  it  h  t  h^  truth  that   nio-t  of 

:         i-pilapii-    a  IT    plain    hi-toriral    fa'-l>.  fi'tv    from    >ham    ami    fnl-oinc 

i:   a-  though  liciiiLj  iivi-  tVoin  tip    inrivtricioii>  ornanirnt   that 

n   mi-i-ral'!\    ;:•'<••  >pU    \siih    thr    Mniil    fart    of   (Lath,  the   t"inl>- 
rarf  ;i<\<  irniin  nt  <  <l  -inijilr  t i'iit  h. 

xi  inia  of  to-day,  \\  it li    it-    lui-tlinn'  I'licr'/irs.  ami  oM 

'-  '  •  ••     ifr  to   have   it-  i-i'iiirtcl'v,  \\c  -hall   •j.'lain-''  at    Voko- 

t-  t'"p_fotti'!i   lic-'iniiini;'.  ri-nturii1-  ;IL;'".  until    ,\.i>. 

i -")  t.  \\  Ih'it  a  !!••' ;  "i   Aiiifrii-aii  Mraiiu-rs  lir^-an  thr  tii'-t   epoch  in  tin- 

•      "\  Japan. 
'  Mi  I  i  ill  f  of  Vdlo,  mid  way  lift  \\rcii    it-    mouth 

IV,    -1 I    all    1 1 1  - !  •_•• !  i !  t  i  *  •  a  I  i !    1 1 1 1 1 1  •    I  i  - 1 1 1 1 1  •_;•   \  i  1  - 

ij-  .       I  :     i I'S-ril    -nllicidit     impoi'taii,-,'   1.,   I.,-   ini'li- 

J'lpaiic-i'  hi-toriaii-  o|-  tra\'flcr-.      In  it-  ln--t 

'-'i.   ::    ini^'ht    ha\c    iiiiiiil'ci'i-d   a  thoii-and    inhatiitant-. 

v-     •  i'-.  i  •!•  \\  •  irked  \\  it  h  tin-  \\ .  iiin-n  ili  t  he  rice 

on  all   -ide-,  and  -tiviehin^  inward  the 

I  '•  h\va\    I-  Vnl.i    pa— ed    throii-'h    the 

-   i,.  ,,pp,,-ite  -hoiv  .  .f  i  he  ha\ .      M"-t 

\\  hich    -applied    t  he    1  rax  e!er-    on 

-i'!'1  a'  Vokoliama   I  )''//'",  aero—  :    /////////, 

•       '  ••  -','.  ept   i  he  -ea  u  it  h  t  heir 

.  eat    tin  ir    rude    faiv. 

of   I'.iiddl'a   and    lh" 

:    ^ri-aliie—   of    ^'okoli.-iina. 

-1       llpoll      tlli'lll.  \\'he|l. 

•  '    '    •     •  •'  '-!.  the   llrct    i  if   lui'-'e   American 


FIRST  GLIMPSES   OF  JAPAX.  347 

steamer-  !av  at  anchor  abreast  of  Vraga,  a  few  miles  distant,  and  the 
people  of  Yokohama  saw  the  blazing  beacon-fires  and  heard  the  breath- 
le--  me--en^'ers  u-11  the  tale  of  the1  wondrous  apparition  of  mighty 
ships  moving  swiftly  \\itliout  wind,  tide,  or  oars,  the-  first  pulses  of  a 
lu-w  life  >tinvd  within  thrm  as  thrv  talked  that  ni^ht  before  their 
hut>  in  the  sultrv  evening.  Their  idea  of  a  steamer,  as  I  have  heard 
it  from  their  own  lip-,  was,  that  these  Western  foreigners,  who  were 
not  men,  but  half  beasts,  half  sorcerers,  had  power  to  tame  a  volcano, 
condense  its  power  in  their  ships,  and  control  it  at  will.  That  niidit, 
as  tin-  spark-spangled  clouds  of  smoke  pul.-ed  out  of  the  fire-breathing 
smoke-stacks  of  the  steamers,  which  wen;  kept  under  steam  in  readi- 
ness for  attack,  many  an  eau'er  praver,  prompted  \>\  terror  at  the  aw- 
ful apparition,  went  up  from  the  heart.-  of  the  simple  people,  who  anx- 
ioiislv  awaited  the  issue  of  the  strange  visit. 

.During  all  the  eiu'ht  davs  during'  which  Commodore  IVrrv's  licit 
lay  at  anehor,  or  steamed  at  will  over  their  sacred  waters,  the  survey- 
ing l>oat>  were  busv  extorting  the  secret.-  of  the  water,  its  danger  and 
it-  depth.  ?So  drunken  sailor  roamed  on  the  land,  none  of  the  ijniet 
natiu-s  \\ere  ln-aten,  robbed,  or  molested.  The  mighty  mind  of  the 
gentle  commodore  extended  to  the  ImmMest  minuti;e  of  diseipliiie,  airi 
his  all-comprehending  u'enius  won  victory  without  Mood.  The  natives 
had  opportunity  of  u'aininu;  dearer  idea-  as  to  what  sort  of  beings  the 
strange  visitors  were.  In  those  ei^'lit  davs  even  the  proudest  >aniiir.u 
were  convinced  of  the  power  of  the  Western  nations.  Familiariu 
bred  no  contempt  of  American  prowess,  while  for  the  first  time  the\ 
saw  their  own  ntterlv  defenseless  condition.  After  delivering  the  let- 
ter with  the  proper  pomp  and  ceremony  to  the  lii^'h  Japanese  com- 
missioner at  I'raija,  and  having  for  the  first  time  in  histoi'v  trained 
.-everal  important  points  of  etiquette  in  a  countrv  wliere  etiquette  i- 
morc  than  law  or  morals,  the  consummate  diplomat  and  warrior,  PC r- 
rv.  -ailed  awav  with  his  fleet  Julv  17th,  l.sr>:!. 

Commodore  .M.  C.  IVrrv  inaugurated  a  policv  in  his  dealings  with 
the  Jajtaiiese  which  all  thoroughly  successful  forein'nei's  in  Japan  have 
found  tin-  -atV-t,  quickest,  and  most  certain  means  of  success,  in  deal- 
in  ii'  with  them,  in  order  to  win  new  concessions,  or  to  lead  them  to 
higher  reform-.  Instead  of  demanding  an  immediate  answer,  he  al 
lowed  them  seven  months  to  con-ider  the  matter,  promi-inu1  them  a! 
the  end  of  that  time  to  come  ae,'ain.  I  Mirinti1  that  period  the  authori- 
ties had  time  to  consult,  reflect,  and  to  smoke  an  unlimited  number 
of  pipes,  and  all  of  these  they  did. 


\\  ;  .  •     i  '         ,  :IM    augmented    tleet    "f   nine   -trainers,  ivtunieii 

•i,ar\.  the  ,Iapam--e  f"iiiid   him   a-  ptilietilinus,  polite,  per 

rate,  and  a-  intlexihlv  linn  a-  ever.      InsU-ad  "f  mak- 

i!    I    r;iLT:i.   he    mil-!    make    ]'    iieaivr    ^^-dn.       \i>k<>hauia 

i-     II     -lint,    alld     tllelV,    "II     ill'1     >tll    "t     M;ir<'ll,     1  *•••">  t.    Uel'e     l-X- 

1  _  nnal   article*,  "f  eonveiitinii   l>et\veeii  the   I'li'ited  State- 

.:.  ;  Japan.      Tln-n  t'"ll"\\fl  thr  intnvhaipj.'''  »'t'  |>iT-mt>.      Tlir  iiiinia- 

Si'^rajili  \\  a-  •>!•!    up  "ii   ~!i"i'r   iivi-r  a  >|iaiir  "I  "lie  mile,  .-unl  \\:,- 

1    -c\rl-;il    ila\>    i"    lllr   Mrli-li;    ;ilnl    \\oliiliTni    ;\<  Imiriiiu'  •'.  j  a- 

1  •  -'    I'tli  'ial-.     '1  In-  Liiiipiil  iaii  liK-uiimtivf  ami  li'ain  "f  car<  can-i-l  :.;;- 

•"Uii'ltil    inti-iv-t.      Aiiifrii-iui    implt'iiu'iits  ami   iiii'<-liaiii>in   <>t'  all   '':   - 

ii-  uri'c  [ii'i-x-nti'il  a>  i'\  iilciici'S  nt  Aiiii'l'iran  pcai'c  ami  u1' 
\\]  .  Matt!n-\\  ( 'allirailli  l''-rr\  a'-h'n-vcd  a  triumph  'jTaml.T  in  i-i-i;,;> 
than  !ii-  !•!•  '  HT.  <Hi\n  Ili/ai1'!  I'CITV,  on  l.akr  !•>!<•.  !!,•  ha>l  im-i 
in-iii\.  ami  thr\  wen-  hi-  t'rii-ml-.  I'lic  .laj-ain'-c  rctunn-.l  tin- 
•_.:•-  ^'i1!  iln'ir  In-.)  native  [umliictii'iis,  and  auin^-<i  their  L;'iie-t-  \\nh 
\\  IM  -liinu'  matehe-. 

|1\    the    tiv;ii\    ,,f    V"k"hama.   Ilakmlair    in    ^'e/".  and    Shiimula    in 
idl    a-    p"ii-   "t'   >nppl\    t"   the   American-.      Slmii"'la. 

1       '  '  ill"     lie    (if    Illlli'll     StTvii'f.    \\;i-    \i-ile'l     l'\     a    telTitie 

\\a\e.lhat    Inn-led  a   Kn--ian   frigate   t"   dt-^tn:'-- 

i  ll       '   iun,  -^ueepin^  liaek   \>\'  it-   reee>>i"ii   int"  the 

•    ;  •    •    in   -.•,.!•.•-.  (if  !inii-.e<.  and  al'"iit    "lie   hundred  human  IUMII^-. 

I  '        •  pi">\  ed  the  harl "  >r  with  >ueli  fi>ree  that  all  the  mr.d 

!-,,ek\    |,,.il.      Thr  aiielmrs  "f  >hi]is  r.-uld    nl-tain 

i-i    i  "ek  I  H  >t  1 1 'in,  an<l  Shi  m  "da.  1-ein^  ii-rl.-- 

a>     :  '      !.       The    ruin    «\'   Shini"da   \\a-   the   ri-e  "t' 

V  li'i-at\,  and  ei inees-i< >n-.  gained  ti'"in  the  .lapa- 

lii'-  i  i    •  .    '1  •     llai'ri-.    Kan:;u'a\\;:    (three    mile-    ,-|. T"--    the 

^  I   Nan'  i-aki  \\  ere   made   i ']»  n   p'  n't-,  n-  •!    mil\ 

ree.      I  '.\    i  he   terms  "f  i  lie   i  ivuty. 

:  ••  • .  i  -  :> :  i . 

K"   .  •  S  ,   -ti   I'll    Mile    '  if    the     I'.aV   (if   Yed".   alidllt 

-i\!fiii    i  ,       Thr"ti'_;h   it    pa— e-   tin-   u'reat    hii;hua\ 

'    '  -    and   t  hi-ir  ti'ain-   >  •(  n- 

i  In-ir  '  d    fl'i  'In   t  he  eapital. 

:    liliifj;   f"F   \\  ar.  and    a    i  rial   •  't 
•<;•-!        Had    Kanaka"  a     l>eeti 
.  ^;    d'Hll't  le--   ha\  e   had   m;:li  \ 
liati"!     '  hali   did    \  •  >k<  i- 


FIRST   til.lUrsES   OF  JAI'AX.  :U<) 

hama.  Foreseeing  tliis,  even  though  considered  by  the  foreign  minis- 
ters a  violation  of  treaty  agreements,  the  Japanese  Government  chose 
Yokohama  as  the  future  port,  and  immediately  set  to  work  to  render 
it  as  convenient  as  possible  for  trade,  residence,  and  espionage.  They 
built  a  causeway,  nearly  two  miles  lon^,  across  the  lagoon  and  marshes 
from  Kana^awa,  so  as  to  make  it  of  easy  access.  They  built  the  solid 
granite  piers  or  "  hatobas,"  which  we  have  described,  erected  a  custom- 
house and  officers'  quarters,  and  prepared  small  dwellings  ami  store- 
houses for  the  foreign  merchants. 

Before  the  opening  of  the  harbor,  several  ships,  with  the  pioneers  of 
trade  on  board,  lay  in  the  harbor  from  Nagasaki  and  China,  "eager  to 
Irv  the  new  port,  and,  of  course,  clamorous  for  instant  accommodation 
and  facilities."  The  merchants  insisted  on  Yokohama,  the  ministers 
and  consuls  were  determined  on  Kanau'awa.  The  strife  between  the 
two  parties  lasted  lonu',  and  left  manv  roots  of  bitterness  that  are  not 
yet  entirely  Drubbed  up;  but  the  merchants  carried  their  point — as  is 
believed  by  all  to-dav — to  the  advantage  of  foreign  influence  in  Japan. 
The  red  tape  which  helps  to  weave  a  net  of  misleading  and  inaccurate 
-tatenieiits  in  regard  to  Japan  is  not  yet  cut,  as  regard-  Kanagawa. 
\Ve  frequently  read  of  the  Ignited  States  Consul  and  Con>ulate  at 
Ivuiagawa.  Tin-re  has  been  neither  there  since  isnl.  Both  are  in 
Yokohama.  Baron  lliibner's  statement  that  Sir  li.  Alcock  was  "the 
official  founder  of  Yokohama"  is  a  ramble  round  the  truth.  Yoko- 
hama was  settled  in  a  squatter-like  and  irregular  manner,  and  the  ill 
effects  of  it  are  seen  to  this  day.  When  compared  with  Shanghae, 
the  foreign  metropolis  of  China,  it  is  vastly  inferior  to  thai  "mode! 
settlement."  To  abridge  a  tedious  storv,  the  strairu'ling  colony  of 
diplomats,  missionaries,  and  merchants  at  Kanau'awa  linallv  pulled  up 
their  -takes  and  joined  the  settlement  at  Yokohama.  The  town  u'rew 
-lowly  at  Hist.  Murders  and  assassinations  of  forei^neis  by  the  ruffian 
patriot-  \\ho  bravely  attacked  unarmed  foreigners,  usually  from  be- 
hind, were  frequent,  during  the  Hist  few  years.  The  intermeddling'  of 
Japane-e  officials  threatened  to  paralyze  trade.  The  lion  of  civilization 
was  threatened  with  death  in  a  ^i^'antic  net-work  of  red-tape,  in  the 
length,  redness,  strength,  and  quantity  of  which  the  bakufu  excelled 
the  \\orid.  The  Hist  foreigners  were  not  specially  noted  for  '.rood 
morals,  sensitive  consciences,  sweetne-s  of  temper,  nor  for  a  hatred  of 
iilthy  lucre,  and  the  underhand  cunning  and  di-re^ard  for  trutli  which 
seems  a  part  of  official  human  nature  in  Japan  (only.')  were  matched 
by  the  cold-blooded  villainy  and  trickery  of  the  unprincipled  forei^n- 


_-5 


,.jx      •     .  '      •  and    nat  ioiialitie-.      A    f'a\  "i'it  i  •   threat   <>f  at  ral  >il  i<  >i  i- 

)•>  ,,,.:  ie_:  I!  i—  ian-,  .-ui'l  p'-m  epaii!et-\\caivrs  of  all  son-, 

uid-  \\eiv  ivi'ii-ed,  v\a-  o>  strike  their  tla^.  ^»  on  hoard 

i  i\V    !l|i    the    liaihe    town.         ^  o  l<o|  lai  I  |;t    still    stand-. 

rvived  I'oiiil'ardinents  in  the  lanu'uaifes.      The  JajwiH'sr  ufli- 

•.-anie  >n  aeeu-toined  to  thi-  polyglot  -nolil.ery,  that  they  eeased 

•      i-,  _.-ard  i;-  monotonous  reeuiTenee  with  feelings  ditTei'eiit   from  tho-' 


.n 


era-h  that   !'•  'i!'  'Wed. 

A  ie--  eoii^vnial  and  more  expeii-hv  emplo\ metit,  at  vvhieh  nathe 
[-  were  kept  !>u-v.  was  the  payment  of  outra^i'misly  unjust  "  in- 
ili  mnit ii  -  — a  <  ;iph'-mi-m  for  eivili/ed  t  h-  ft.  A  eontlaiiTalioii  eau-^d 
l.\  a  kiteheii  lire,  a  drunken  -iiual'Me.  an  in-nh  iv-nltin^  in  the  death 
i.f  a  vv  hite  -  faeed  villain,  terminated  in  tin-  inevitable  and  exorbitant 
millet.  A  sailor  found  d'-ad  drunk  in  the  -treet-  wa-  the  -iinial  for 
-, -iid'ni"'  Hi>  the  pri.'e  of  revolver-  one  hundred  per  eeiit.  Kvvrv  for- 

I  i  <r 

c\-_f]\  -uii'ide  wa-  heralded  a-  an  "  a-sa— inat  i"ii." 

A   tire  (November  i'i_'d.   1  Mlii),  vvhieh   laid   m-ar!v  the  vvln.li'  foreign 

town  in  a-h'--.  seemed  to  purit'v  the  plae.-  munu-ipally,  eoniiiH-reiallv, 

and    inorailv.      The  -.•ttleiiienl   wa-   rel'iiiit   in  a  more   substantial   and 

in  r.      1'iaiik-.  new-paper  i-tHees,  liospitals,  jio-t-ofliees,  and 

iiu's    p -appeared   a-   v\:,;h    new    life.      The   streets  were 

I,     ud  eiirbeil.      The  -wamp  wa-  tilled  up.      The  JapaiH--- 

of    J!  iiiiura    was   removed   aefo->  the   ereek.      I-'ir inpauie-. 

'•  d.        A     native    police    fn|ve    \V;,-     formed.        The     |']ll  1'opea '  I 

-ti   in  -:    p-        _:'i'i  to  e..||ie  to  ^  iikohama.  and  the  estal'li-hmenl   of  th'- 

'  \l  of  -teaniei-*.  nuiiiiiiLT  inotithl\    lietwei'ii  San    |-'raiiei-.-o 

and    \"      i,'iina.  wa-  the  iinal  ina-ter-strok'     liiat    reino\,.d   the   future 

p!  •••-;,.:.•••.    o|     \  j    |  roin    the    region    .  •(    surmise  to  that   of  eer- 

1  r  •  r-   plied  to  .lapan>  -     and  '  'hinese  port-.      Trade 

-    •   I.      Mis-ioiiarii-   unloeked   the  laiiu'i'iiu't1.  and 

mad'  •          .       I1'  nieiit    wa-   purged  of  rou^h-  and  ^am- 

.      !  '-ial  life  Ipi-iran  '  •  appear,  a-  ladle-  and  ehil- 

II         -e-    l«ei'all|e    llollie-.         Tile    solitafV      Were    -i  ! 

1  ii'i'd  \v  it h  tliei:1  IH  ni'tieriit   intliieiiee.     Th.-- 

r!  -.and  _;'a\  e   reen-at'n  •<•.  to  the  mind  :    w  hile  row  - 

irr_'.  i  '     '  ^  •    ei  ;!,,.  and  ehihs  ^aMronomi' 

I..I.-I,,  ior-  i,.-  mon..toi,o..is.      Ki;!.- 

:  '   '  •         •    •    ' :;  •  i  ieea-ii  ilia!   hun'- 

I  !.'•  I.  :       •      T'  'kii '  and   t  !n  nee   ar>  mnd 


FIRST  GLIMPSES   OF  JAI'AX.  ;551 

tlic  globe  \v;is  opened  nnd  used.  The  railway  to  the  capital,  with  its 
ten  trains  daily,  became  a  familiar  fact.  Schools  for  children  were  es- 
tablished.  The  Eurasian  children  were  gathered  up  l>y  American  la- 
dies and  I'Yeneh  nuns,  to  lie  reared  in  purity.  Christian  hymns  were 
translated  into  Japanese,  and  siniir  to  the  tunes  of  Lowell  and  Brad- 
luiry  liy  native  children.  Teachers  of  music  and  languages  sent  out 
their  circulars.  The  Sunday-school  opened  its  doors.  The  family 
physician  took  the  place  of  the  navy  surgeon.  Yokohama  now  boasts 
of  the  season,  like  London.  The  last  slow  growth  of  such  a  colony — 
the  Asiatic  Society,  established  for  the  encouragement  of  original  re- 
search, and  for  the  collection  of  information  concerninu'  the  history, 
language,  geography,  and  antiquity  of  Japan  and  parts  adjacent — has 
been  established.  It  has  already  done  much  excellent  work,  and, 
though  in  a  trading  community,  hopes  to  live. 

1  have  neither  time  nor  space  to  speak  of  the  wonders  wrought  in 
the  Japanese  town;  nor  can  I  tell  the  .-tory  of  how  a  fishing  village 
of  a  thousand  souls  has  become  a  city  of  tiftv  thousand  people,  with 
its  streets  lighted  with  gas;  rich  stores,  piled  with  silk,  tea,  bronzes, 
and  eurios  of  all  kinds — whither  tourists  flock,  and  naval  officers  mort- 
gage their  pav  for  month-  to  come:  Japanese  curios  are  as  powerful 
as  mercury  to  attract  gold.  The  railway  and  station,  the  many  promis- 
ing industries  of  all  kinds,  the  native  hospital,  printing -offices,  etc., 
etc.,  deserve  description,  but  I  must  close  this  already  tedious  chapter 
by  a  summary  of  a  few  items  of  interest  not  referred  to  before. 

At  present  (l^TO)  the  foreign  population  of  Yokohama  is  reckoned 
to  be  about  twelve  hundred  residents,  of  both  sexes  and  all  ages.  The 
men  of  the  merchant  marine,  sailors,  officers,  on  shore  and  ship  diitv, 
and  temporary  dwellers,  make  up  a  fluctuating  population,  whi<-h  i> 
>eldoin  loss  than  three  and  sometimes  as  many  as  six  thousand.  The 
Chinese  population  mav  number  OIK.  thousand  in  Yokohama,  and 
twenty-tive  hundred  in  Japan.  In  their  hands  are  the  deep  things 
of  finance.  All  ihe  money -changers  and  brokers  are  Chinex.  and 
any  unexpected  fluctuations  in  the  money  market  are  laid  to  their 
ehar^'e.  TliuM-  who  are  not  brokers  are  "  compl'adores,"  clerk-.  «\ 
useful  artisans.  A>  a  cla-s,  they  form  the  most  indu-trior,-  nafi.'iial- 
itv  i;i  Japan.  Tliev  have  their  temple,  cemetery,  u'uild-.  and  benevo- 
lent association,  but  no  consul  or  mandarin  to  prole--!  or  to  laind 
them.  The  HU'ht  of  the  fat,  well-dressed,  cleanly  (.'hiliese,  >o  well-oiled 
in  his  disposition  and  /i/it/xitj/tc,  so  defianth  comfortable  in  his  div», 
forces  a  coiitra>t  between  him  and  the  Japanese.  Some  people  con- 


ri"!1    raiv.       In    Yokohama's 
-I'viTal  >ri>!v  <>f  i-hilclivn  in 
\\  ;  .    :'  <\\  -"I    "t'  tun  c-.nil  iin- nt-.       Tin-   Kura-ian   rliil 

_;•;!  imati-,  aiv  -nil  i-Hi/i-n-  o|   .Japan,  in  tin1  cv  »t  Japa- 

•  n   \\in-n  i'lirn  in  wi-illiM'k.  an- I'itixriis  nf  tin- sauii- i't>uiitry 
\                       itlii  i.      1>\   tin1  law-  'it  Japan,  niHiTiauv  l.rt\M'i-ii  Japani-sr 

j;i  .  ;•-  '-  p.  -rfi'-tlv  li-^'al.  aii'l  -rvi-ra!  -iii-li  inarriaLTrs  lia\r  lin-n 
i-r^i;    iri\    n  'ill  rai'tfl  ami  -Mlrinni/c'l. 

T       I-". iiirtli   K^Ia'u'  in  V"k"liaina  i~  avast  i>nc.     Tin-  I-ln^Ti-li  papi-r-i 

;,!-.   •/'-.    ./.I/HI,,    ll,r,il,l;    77-     .A//x//,     M-i',1,  -laily    ami    wivkly  :    77- 

<<''!•_,  .", ,  d:ii!\ .       All    tlirsr    paper-    issin-    alsn    a    t'.>i1niu'litl\'    <>r 

\    iu;iii    -iiiiiinarv .      'I  In'    Krviii'li    papd1.  /.  A'7"<    <ln  Jnjmn,  i--    a 

77"      /•'<//•    A'-rv/     j^    a    st'llli -llKUltlllv    lal'iiv    palllplllvt,   of    t\\rl\r 

!',_.-.    plinti'Lrraphira!l\     illu-lratf'l.    \\ilh    lrtt»T-  pr.-- .    .Ir-rripl  i\  >•    .  >(' 
-.(•.•in--    a!nl    ini'i'lciit-    in    Japan.       Tin-   Jn/iun    /''//»•/>.  uhirli    liit-    the 
;   funii-lic-i   tli.'   t'un    f"r  tin'  Vi>kuliaiiia    puMi.'.  i-   printnl  !>\ 
litih'^raphv,  aii'l  i-  a  rlcvcr  monthly  pruilui'tinii. 

'l'»\\;(ril   lli'-  future   ^'"kipliaina  ina\    li.ck  rhrri't'iillv  and   \\ith   h"pr. 

>"  iirar  th''  iMvat   rapilal.  prai'ti'-alU    mi   the   hi-'li-i'Mad  i>f  tlir  ciiipin-. 

'Hi    Iiarlni]-,  capahlc   "f   unliiniii-.l   iiiijipiviMiii'iits.  \\iili 

hii'ilitii1.-  ali'faily  n:  u-i-.  \  <>knliaiua*s   fiiturr 

'        '  in-   nf   >ti-a-l\    |'ri'-|nTitv.       \\'lii-n    K'"l'r    ua>   npt-iifil.  !"'M 

•~    pri-lii-ii'i|    tin-    \\aninu'  i>f   ^  "k"!i;iin;i :    hul    il'cir   p]-nplirric< 

'_    - .!.  ••     '"'ii    t'lTifutti-n.       Nr\v    lainl    i-   lit-iiii;   rn-laiiiH-il    fruin 

•  !'i\\ar«l    Kaiia^'awa.  ;unl   in   tiim-    KaiiaiTawa  .-iii'l  V  'k.  ihania 
'.'\        Tii"  f>  >ri-i'_;'ii  pupiilatii'ii  ina\    ii"1    im-n-a-f  ai'i-Drditin' 

\i  v\    \\  ,  .  |, ut    fn  ,m  ail   jiart-  i.f  tin-   ^>  a    Kiiijiiiv    -hall 

'•"in>-    '          ••      ill    ainl    tin-  -ini'W.  i!n-   Lrain   ;imi   tin-   In-arl   <>f   NI-\\    .la- 

!•-    i.f  i  IP    p.  >\\  i-r  and   -upi-ri'Til  \    "f  ihr  \\'r-t- 

•  -I  n-  :  '  r-  -hall  ti-ai-li  tln-ir  '-hiMrrti  t"  In-  \\  i-iT 

' '  •    i-liaiiLi-'--  "I"  1 1n-  futmv,  V.  .kuliaina  nm-t 

aii'l   i'\i  niplar  l'1  'i1  _:' 1  and  i-\  il  "f 

'in   in    Ni-u   ,la[.ali. 

' "   '  •  1 1 1  •  v  y  ;  1 1 1 1 1  I  v  i  -  i  t 

int'  n  - 1    ;ifi  iiiiii  I    \  '  ik'  ili. nun   mul 
:ii!  h"|-,  ;nii| 

:       \    '     .  •      i  -ii  in  'j. . 

1    I  .,i,;M,  -.vit),   N"t'  -  Hi-tm-i.  ..I    .ml  !-!\ 
hilil      t'i    I'.i'.  '•;.-!'-. 
.I.i]    Mi'  -" 
"   I'i   ;•'      li-I-.l 


A  RIDE  CLV  TILE   TO  K A  WO.  353 


II. 

,1    JiLDE   O.V  TILE  TtiKAWO. 

January  2d,  1871. — A  frost  v  morning.  Air  keen,  bracing,  ra/or- 
hke.  Sky  stainlessly  clear.  The  Bav  of  Yedo  glinting  with  unnum- 
bered sunbeams.  Blue  skv,  blue  water,  blue  mountains,  white  Fuji. 

The  Yankee  has  invaded  the  Land  of  the  (rods.  He  jostles  the 
processions  of  the  lords  of  the  land.  He  runs  a  coach  on  the  great 
highway,  so  sacred  to  daimios  and  two-sworded  samurai.  Here  on  the 
Bund  stands  the  sta^v  that  will  carrv  a  man  to  the  capital  for  two 
Mexican  dollars.  Of  the  regulation  Yankee  pattern,  it  is  vet  small, 
and,  though  seating  three  persons  besides  the  driver,  can  crowd  in  five 
when  comfort  is  not  the  object  in  view.  A  pair  of  native  ponies  on 
which  oats  are  never  wasted  make  the  team.  A  f>tf/<J  (runninv.'  foot- 
man and  hostler),  \\ltose  business  is  to  harness  the  animals,  veil  at  the 
people  on  the  road,  and  be  sworn  at.  perches,  like  a  meditative  chick- 
en, by  one  foot  on  the  iron  step.  As  for  the  driver,  an  Australian, 
who  i.-  recommended  as  "  a  verv  devil  of  a  whip,"  he  impresses  me  at 
once  as  beinu'  thoroughly  <|ualitied  to  find  the  bottom  of  a  tumblerful 
of  brandv  without  breathing. 

He  is  not  onlv  an  expert  at  driving  and  drinking, but  such  an  adept 
in  the  theology  of  the  bar-room  is  he,  and  so  well  versed  in  orthodox 
profanity,  that  the  heathen  bet  to  regards  his  master  as  a  safe  vjuide, 
and  imitates  him  with  conscientious  accuracv.  The  driver  converts 
the  pau'an  better  than  he  knows.  Indeed,  it  is  astonishing  what  pro^ 
re->  his  pupil  has  made  in  both  theology  and  the  English  lanvjuaue. 
\  le  has  alreadv  at  hi>  tongue's  end  the  names  and  attribute:-  of  the 
cut  ire  Trinit  v. 

('rack  goes  the  s\hip.  and  we  rattle  along  the  Bund,  pa>t  the  <'lul>- 
Itouse,  around  the  English,  consulate,  past  the  1'erry  treaty  grounds 
ami  do\\  n  Benieii  duri,  through  the  native  town.  The  shop-  are  juM 
opening,  and  the  shop-boys  are  looping  up  the  short  curtain-  that  hang 
before  each  front.  The  bath-houses  be^in  hiisine-s  earlv.  The  door 
of  one  i-  shunted  aside,  spite  of  the  lowites>  of  the  thermometer  and 


ill       uc\.       <  '    •     -    :  -  a  mail    into  the  -tivet    a-  naked  a-   when   he  step 

;  t   in!  I.       Hi-  nali\c  c..ppi-r  hue,  like  a  loh-ter's,  i-  in- 

\    ilie    i'oilin.j;  he   ha-    |ii-t    undergone.       He   walk-  in  a  self- 

id  ol   auroral   \apor-.  hk,.  a  u<>d  in  aml'i'o.-ia.      lie  dei^n- 

hi-    toilet     \\llile    ill     >i'^llt,    1'llt     proceed-    l|o|  I  le  Wan  1,   e  lot  1  H  •- 

:.       M\    [pocket   Fahrenheit   mark-  four  decree-  l>elow  the  t'ree/.- 
: :  i  _  ["'int. 

«  '    :   driver  \\  hip-  up  the  hor-c-  for  sheer  warmth,  and  we  da-h  over 

"    roil   l-riil'jy."      A   trilling  hit   of  ir.  in   to   our   foreign    eves,  Imt   a 

[ill   of  engineering  t"  the  na'he-.  who  Imild  of  uond.      \\  e  pa--  it. 

-  M    \\e  are  on   the    eaii-euav    that    connect-   Yokohama   \\ith   the 

•jr.    it    main    road    of  the    empire,  the   Tokaido.       The    eaii-ewav    pa— ed, 

and    uith    foreign    -i^ht-    i'ehind,  real    Japan    appear-.       I   am   in   a   neu 

.  dot   t!ie  <  i|d.      K\ery  thin^  i-  novel.      I  -hoiild  like  tn  !"•  Ar-'u-  : 

'  •••    '  —  than  a  hundred  eyes  can   take  in  all   the  .-i^ht.       I   -hould   like 

a   p"ct   t"  express  and      '<  arti-t    t"  paint  all    I  see.      I    \\i-h   1   knew 

iM'uaLi'e,  t'  >  a-k  i]iic-t  i'  ms. 

Vv    lat  a  \\oiiderful  pietiire-lmok  !     A  line  nf  villages  are  struuiT  aloti-j; 
id.  like  a  --real  illuminated  -'Toll  full  of  -'ay.  iu-illiant.  merry,  sad. 
di-u'ii-t MIL;',  horriMc.  curiou-,  funn\.  de- 
lightful picture-. 

\\diat  pivtt  \  children  !  (  'hul.li\ ,  M.-V. 
-parklinn'-cvcd.  The  cold  onl\  mad'' 
their  feet  pink,  and  their  eluvk-  ,vd. 

\-j'     ..     "    ~^b  ll-v,    euriou-!\    div— d.  «ith   .-oat-    like 

7^    '*£•-''.      &y  l"ii'j,'    \\rapjper-,   and     l"!r_;'.    \\ide.    square 

>/^     V'-'M&  -lee\es.    uhleh     I      k,,"U      >,T\  ,-     for     pock- 

et-,    |or    1     |ll-t     -a\\     a    I  PO\     i  pij\     -i  .me     rice 

cracknel-,  hot    trom    the   toa-tini;'   ''"ai-. 
and   put    tlicin    in    In-    -lee\es.       A   girdle 

t  lll'i  e     ilirllo     \\  ide     hind-    t  he    ci  .at     t  1-  lit 

I  he   \\  ai-t.       The   children'-  h<-ad-   are 
-ha\  I'd     in    all    curiou-     ta-lii''ii-          Me 
the    liahie-    are    earned    i-    an    nn- 
':n  lit      up'  'Ji     t  he     I  ndian      fa-hi'  in. 
I  .1   ipalie-e      /•'/      i-      th.'      papi'o-e      n- 

:         He   ride-    e\i  ~    fr,  .[M,  and    -'  •  - 
'.  •  .rid    o\  ,.]•    hi-    Hi"!  In  r'-    -In  iilldef. 

l-.apa-k.        l'a!'\     <iohaehi     i-    laid     "ii 

1  i        •       •      i         i    •       i 

•    i  i-r     ii.'     i-     in''!'  '-'-a    in     In  T    LTal- 


.• 


A   HIDE   </.V  THE  TOKAILO. 


355 


incut,  and  only  his  little  shaven  noddle  protrudes  behind  his  mother's 
neck.  His  own  neck  never  u'ets  wrenched  off,  and  often  neither  head 
nor  tiny  toes  are  covered,  though  water  is  freezing.  In  the  picture  on 
the  preceding  pan'e,  the  fat-cheeked  babv  is  carried  bv  a  youn^,  un- 
married i^irl,  as  I  can  tell  \>\  the  wav  her  hair  is  dressed.  It  is  prob- 
al'iv  an  elder  sister  or  hired  servant.  Her  bare  feet  are  on  wooden 

Here  are  adults  and  children  running  around  barefoot.  Nobody 
\\ears  any  hats.  As  for  bonnets,  a  Japanese  woman  miu'ht  study  a 
life-time,  and  u'o  crazy  in  trvinu'  to  lind  nut  its  use.  Every  one  wears 
cotteii  clothes,  and  these  nf  onlv  one  or  two  thicknesses.  None  of  the 
front  doors  are  shut.  All  tin1  shops  are  open.  \\  e  can  see  some  of 
the  people  eating  their  breakfast — beefsteaks,  hot  coffee,  and  hot  rolls 
for  warmth'  No:  cold  rice,  pickled  radishes,  ami  vegetable  messes 
of  all  unknown  soils.  These  we  see.  They  make  their  rice  hot  bv 
pnuriiiu' tea  almost  boil'inn'  "V('''  it.  A  few  can  afford  onlv  hot  water. 
Some  eat  millet,  instead  of  rice.  Do  tliev  not  understand  dietetics  or 
hygiene  better?  Or  is  it  poverty  •  Strange  penpli1,  thesi'  Japanese! 
Here  are  lar^'e  round  ovens  full  of  sweet-potatoes  beim;'  steamed  or 
roasted.  A  u'roiip  of  urchins  are 
\\aitiiii'.'  around  one  shop,  u'rown 
men  amund  another,  for  the  luxury. 
Tweiitv  cash,  nne-iifth  of  a  cent,  in 

iron  or  copper  coin,  is  the  price  of  a 

. 
e'ood   one.       Manv   of  the  children,      " 

lu-1.  more  than  able  to  walk  them- 
selves, are  saddled  with  babies.  They 
Inok  like  two-headed  children.  The 
fathers  of  these  youngsters  are  cool- 
ie- or  btii'den  -  bearers,  who  wear  a 
eotten  coat  of  a  special  pattern,  and 
knot  their  kerchiefs  overtln'ir  fore- 
heads. These  heads  of  families  re- 
ceive wa^es  of  ten  cents  a  da\  when 
work  is  steady.  Here  stands  one  with 
lii-  shoulder- stick  (Innhnnlin)  \\ith 
pendant  baskets  of  plaited  rope,  like 
a  scale-beam  and  pans.  His  shoul- 
der is  to  be  the  fulcrum.  On  his  daily  string  of  cojijier  ca^h  he  sup- 
port- a  family.  The  poor  man's  MesMU'js  and  the  rich  man'-  ^rief 


;;,30  Till:  MlKMxi's  EMPIRE. 

,-ir.-  the  -ame  in  exery  clime.  In  .lapan  tlir  quiver  of  poverty  is  t'uil. 
\\hile  ill.  man  "f  \\ealth  mourn-  for  an  heir.  Tin-  mother  bears  the 
bairn-,  hut  ili'.'  children  carrv  them.  Kach  preced'm'j;  child,  a-  it  L;TO\X- 
olilcr.  mii-1  luu'  the  -ucceediiiLr  baby  on  it-  l.ae'k  till  al>le  to  stand.  The 
rearing  of  a  .lapane-e  poor  family  i-  a  perpetual  e;ame  of  leap-frop 

The  hou-es  are  -mall.  mo-tlx  one  -torv,  all  of  them  of  wood,  except 
the  tire-proof  mud -walled  store- houses  ,,{'  the  merchant.  Most  are 
dean  in-ide.  The  tloors  are  raised  a  font  above  the  ground,  covered 
\\itli  mats.  The  wood-work  is  clean,  a-  if  often  scruM>ed.  ^  et  the 
.lapane-e  have  no  word  for  -oap.  and  have  never  until  the.-e  late  day- 
i;-ed  it.  \evertheles-,  thev  lead  all  A-ia!ic-  in  cleanliness  of  per>on- 
and  d\\  ellini;--.  I  >ot  s  n,,t  an  ancient  >tanxa  of  their-  declare  t'nat 
"\\hen  the  hoiiM-s  of  a  people  are  kept  clean,  lie  certain  that  the  u"\- 
ernmeiit  i-  respected  and  will  endure:"  Hot  water  i-  the  determent, 
and  the  normal  .lapane-e  ^vt-  under  it  at  lea-t  once  a  dav.  I<or  scrub- 
bing the  tloor  or  clothes,  alkali,  obtained  by  leeching  a.-he-,  is  put  in 
the  \\ater. 

The  -hop-keeper  -it-  di  lii-  ham-  and  heel-,  and  Inii:'-  his  /,//,//<•/,, 
I  tire-iiowl ).  \\  hat  -hi\  eriiii;1  nieniorie-  I  have  of  it  !  l']\  er\  .!ajiai!'--e 

hou-e  ha-  one  or  more.  '  It  i-  a  bo\  ,  ,f  bras-,  \\ 1,  or  dclf.  In  a  bed 

of  a-he-  aiv  a  lianilFui  of  coal-.  < 'rdinarilv  it  holds  the  ^1,,,-t  of  -i 
fire,  and  radiate-  In  at  for  a  di-tanct-  of  -i\  inches.  A  tliernio-iinnti- 
plier  mi-'ht  detect  it-  in  tin  dice  further  ,.n  a  cold  dav.  With  t  hi-  t  he 
.lapaiie-'  \sarm  their  hou-e-.  toa-l  lii-ir  tin-vr-  for  increcliblv  h":^ 

-pace-  of  time,  an  1  e\  i  M  ha\  i-  tin  ha  I'd  ill 1  to  a-k  \  on  to  -it  do\\  n 

b\  it  and  "''//•//•  \"!ir-eif!  N'evert  heii--.  \\lnn  the  coal-  are  piled  :p 

re^arille--  oj  e\peii-e,  a  'j'-mal  \\annth  ma\  1 btailied.  The  -hop. 

kieju-r-  -ei'iii  to  pax  much  more  ato-ntion  to  then-  bra/.ier-  than  to 

their    cll-toMler-.         U'lial     -tl'ike-     oil.'    \\illl     the     -.Teate-t     -lirpri-e    i-    the 

bai'\  hoi;-e  -t\]i'  and  diiii'-n-ion-  of  ixi-rx  thin-j.'.  The  rice-bo\vl-  are 
tea-cup-,  the  lea-cup-  ar>-  i himble-,  tin  t-'a-pof  i-  a  |oke.  'I  he  family 
-it  in  a  em-!,,  ai  meal-.  Tin-  daii^ht-r  of  hoii-e-maid  [H'e-ide-  at  t.ie 

rice-b|,eket.    a!ld     padd'e-    .  .   ;'     cllpf   ll-    •  '!'    I'ice. 

\\'e  pa--  through    l\  m  M'a\\a.  a   ll    iri-hin^1  town,  and  the  real  tl'ealv 

poll,  from   x\  hich   \  okohama  !ia-  u-nrpi  d   foreign   faille  and  t  ut  nrc  hi-- 

tor\ .       \\'>'  pa--  maii\   -hop-,    md  lean.  ;i,  a  half  hour  the  -taple  article- 

.  \\  hi'  !i    x\  i-    afterxx  ard   til  -1    r-  ;  -   ated   ;'.  ;'  h   little  x  anal  i  on    in  tin1 

ox .  r  t  in-  coii nl  rx .     'I  '  i  ot  -Toerrii-.  or  boot-,  or  jexvdi  \ . 

l'-i;ller,    broli/e.    oj-    -ilk.          l!r   \     al1.-    -'  ra  \\  --a  1  id  a  i  -.    paper    Illllbreiia-. 

:-.~:,    hat-,   bam! \x  oH<  of    i      kind-,  in  itti'n^  for  coat-,  flint,  -ted  ai  -1 


.1   1UDE  OX  THE   TOKAIDO. 


tinder,  sulphur  splints  for  matches,  oiled  paper  coats,  and  ^rass  cloaks, 
paper  for  all  purposes,  wooden  clo^s  for  shoes;  fish  and  radish  knives, 
grass-hooks,  hoe-,  scissors  with  two  blades  but  only  one  handle,  and 
axe-,  all  of  a  strange  pattern,  compose  the  stock  of  cutlery.  Vegeta- 
ble and  fish  shops  are  plentiful,  but  there  is  neither  butcher  nor 

baker.       Copper    and    brass    , 

articles  are  numerous  in  the    ' 
braziers'  shop-. 

In  the  cooper  -hops,  the 
dazzling  array  of  wood-work, 
<o  neat,  fresh,  dean,  and  fra- 
grant, Carries  temptation  into 
housekeepers'  pocket-.  I 
kno\\  an  American  ladv  who 
never  can  pa—  one  without 
buying  some  useful  utensil. 
There  are  two  <•<><  >pers  pound- 
ing iu-lil v  awav  at  a  u'reat  ';.--.,.•>'..•$$, 
rain-tank,  or  sake-\  at,  or  soy-  f,'^ 
tub.  Thev  are  more  intent 
on  their  bamboo  hoop-,  bee- 
lies,  and  wedges  than  on  their 
dothinv.',  \\hidi  thev  have 
half  thrown  otT.  One  has 
his  kerchief  over  his  shoul- 
der. 

In  Japan  the  carpenter  is 
the  <hoe -maker,  for  the  t'oot-^var  is  of  wood.  The  basket-maker 
weaves  the  head-dress.  Hats  and  boot-  are  not.  The  head-covering 
is  called  a  "roof"  or  "  shed."  I  remember  how  in  America  I  read 
of  e-audilv  advertised  "Japanese  boot -blacking,"  and  "Japanese  corn- 
files."  I  now  see  that  the  Japanese  wear  no  boots  or  shoes,  hence 
blackinu'  is  not  in  demand;  and  a-  such  plagues  as  corns  are  next 
to  unknown,  there  is  no  need  of  iiles  for  such  a  purpose.  The  total 
\aliu-  of  the  -lock  111  manv  of  the  shops  appears  to  be  about  live 
dollar-.  Man\  look  as  if  one  "dean  Mexican"  would  buv  iheir 

-lock,  good-will,  and    tixlmvs.       I    thought,   in    mv    in 'eiice,  that    1 

should  tind  nii'i'e  splendid  stores  elsewhere.  I  kept  on  for  a  year 
or  more  thinking  so.  but  wa-  iinalh  -atistied  of  the  truth  thai,  if 
the  Japanese  are  wealthv,  thev  do  not  -how  it  in  their  -hops.  The 


:<  \\elr\.  hole:  'ill!-,  and  '-arrianv-.  I   eoiild  not   l.elieve  ihe 
••    •  ;•    Japan   then.       M\    idaiiiomvd  c\  i-s  ivfu-ed   to  -ee  it.      "I 

-i  •    th.    \\eaitli.  1'ii!    iioj    no\\."  \\a-  mv  thought. 

T  !•  •.-_;•] m:  i]j,  id,,  ^teep  hill  and  pa-t  Kana^a\\a.  \\c  da-h  <>\ei  the 
-pi  ndid  road  liem-atli  all  a:1''!!  of  pine-,  sonic  ^randlv  \eneraMe.  -oine 
•;  ,  _  i-t  1\  tall,  -'  'ii ie  like  a  ti'tti-riiiLj  empire,  ^lorioii-  in  deeav,  hut  i naii \ 
mope  -,Tau^\  and  e]-o,,ked.  \Ye  pa-  all  kind-  of  div-  and  diarar- 
••  r-  on  the  roa  1.  NO\\  ,  our  hrtto  \  di-  out  t"  a  iiit-i'i-liant.  \\  h"  ami'Ie-. 
a!oi|._;-  \\  ith  a  padc  on  hi<  Iiaek  tied  over  hi-  iirdc.  <  >m-  dri\  i  r 
hi-  <"d  to  damn  -onic  poor  old  pr;r-t  u  ho  \\a-  not  as  nimMe  a-  he 
iniu'ht  ha\e  Keen  fort  \  vcar-  i_''.  Anon,  the  i-xpom-nt  of  ('liri-tian 
ilioii  iiitoriii-  a  tarm  ial'orer,  lnid_;'ii!^'  aluiiu1.  hoe  on  -hoiiid'-r. 
that  he  \\iil  ••.•in  the  d — 'i  r'ai'e  otT  hiiu "  if  he  i-n't  -pr\ .  A  Li'a\\k\ 
heathen,  leadinu' a  pa'd<-hor-i  loaded  \\ith  an  iiiimriitional'k' arti'-le.  i- 

made    to    k]|o\\.    |.\     ;i    i-|l1    o(     ;(|i'    \\iilp    nVlT    111-    Iieek.   that    lie    Illll-'     HloVe 

fa-ter  next  time,  '("lie  prie-i  in  hi-  roU-,  Ipi'oradr  e,. liar,  and  -ha\eii 
head:  the  merdiant.  iii  hi-  ti^hi  l'ree<'hr-;  the  lahoriT.  with  hi-  hare 
!' •_;•-  :  the  -amurai.  \\ith  hi-  :uo  -\\oi-il-  and  |oo-e  li'ou-er-;  the  pi; 

.  in   hi-  \\  hile  i|ri  --,  ai'i    ail  ea-i!\    iveo^ni/ed. 
A-   '        '  _„!,-.  \v.    '  an   not    u.id.T-taiid   tln-ir  "  r/,,,/,,,  ,  /,„/ 

ni'ir. iini-tii   tiniji'1  :/ui,,, 'i  sti,.,  'li,-.',  d 'iea-e.  ma-i er.  a    peim\  :    \\< 

It!  !'o|'    o'.ll1    <li-nli  i  ;      '      ;'     u  e     e.  .|  n  j  ,;•, .  v   i ..  i     I  j,e     ,,'.;,,:     o| 

:•!'•'''.:.''.        I  : . •  •.    ai'i  •      .  '  lirt  \  .   ra-j  ^'-  d.   -  'o  .       \o\\     i    \\    - 
I    \\  ere  a    ph\  -ieiali.  to    hi  '  •     :  ..        \\dio   u  o'lid 

•   i :     (o  ij. .  ;,i,     r;  i-t'-  or  a  i  •         •     '    i  ••  •   arl  •  •)'  h'-alin^ 

Tl  t'l    •     i-.      The   old  l>r-var- 

l-'nli'.         S-.ii  ,     d.   e\e,  pt     dirl  \ 

'!          , ,'.      '  Japan   d  •  -    •    •'    iv.-.  i-^ni/.e  t  ln-m 

i       •      ::     i  ';     \.  '  i.  ' 

;  ••    i     •      •      ;      •  i-l  ,  •:.        l"       ••         •  -  ,  ,  ad.       \   •  '. 

1  '  .'          V    -.    '  111  'liried.   pel' 

ha|.-    l'of    -!a\  - .   if    !  .  •        .          •  ;i.      u  ol'k     !  I  >P  -in-r. 

\1  d    t!i'     I.    __     I      ,  "  n  \          l.al;,'- 

T    •    dm.  I  I  \\'e  haM'  ,;..,, 


A   L'WK  OA"  T1IK  TOKAIDO.  G50 

horses  water.  The  first  ilrinks  from  a  tumbler,  the  second  from  a  cup  : 
tlnj  four-footed  drinkers  nm>t  wait.  1'rettv  n'irls  come  out  to  \si>h  u- 
y;ood-moniini»;.  One,  with  a  pair  of  eve-  not  1"  lie  forgotten,  brink's  a 
ti'a\  of  tinv  I'Ujis  full  of  ^reeii  tea.  and  a  plate  of  red  -weetmeats,  hee.-- 
u'inu'  us  to  partake.  1  want  neither,  though  a  bit  of  paper-money  i> 
placed  on  the  trav  for  beautv's  sake.  The  maid  is  about  seventeen, 
irraceful  in  figure,  and  her  neat  dress  is  bound  round  with  a  wide  girdle 
lied  into  a  hn^e  lio\\-  behind.  Her  neek  is  povalcrod.  Her  latiu'h  dis- 
plays a  row  of  siipi-rli  white  teeth,  and  her  jet-black  hair  is  rolled  in  a 
maidenly  style.  The  fairest  sights  in  .Japan  aiv  Japan's  fair  daughters. 

This  tea-house  has  a  historv.  Its  proprietn-s  js  familiarlv  known 
amoii^  all  foreigners  who  ride  on  the  Tokaido.  and  sit  on  her  mats  in- 
side, or  her  benches  in  front  beneath  the  trees,  as  "'  Black-eyed  Susui." 
Ilti'  eves  deserve  their  renown,  and  her  face  it-  fame.  Her  beaulv  is 
knoun  throughout  the  land.  Many  a  storv  is  told  about  princes  and 
noblemen  who  have  tried  to  lure  her  to  "vm  their  harem.  She  refuses 
all  offers,  and  remains  the  keeper  of  herself  and  her  fortune.  Near  hv 
P>lack-eyed  Susan'.-  -tand-  a  eluni]>  of  trees.  It  was  near  this  place  that, 
in  1  H;M,  poor  Richardson  lost  his  life  (see  Appendix).  He  sleeps  now 
in  Yokohama  eeiiieterv.  It  saddens  us  to  think  of  it. 

Our  solemn  thoughts  are  dissipated  in  a  moment,  for  the  bet  to  i- 
watering'  the  horses.  He  idves  them  drink  out  of  a  dipper!  A  cup- 
ful of  water  at  a  time  to  a  thirst v  horse!  The  animal  himself  would 
-iiivlv  laii^'h,  if  lie  were  not  a  Japanese  horse,  and  used  to  it. 

"  Sa\  onara  !"  (farewell)  cry  the  pretty  ^irK  a-  they  bow  profound- 
Iv  and  gracefully,  and  the  sta^e  rolls  on.  \\  e  pass  through  village- 
of  lhatched  hoii-es,  un  which,  alonu'  the  rid<_re.  ^row  Ixvls  of  the  iris. 
r>etween  them  apjiear  landscapes  new  to  eyes  accustomed  to  MT;I^ 
meadows  and  corn-fields  and  winter  wheat  of  1  Vnn.-vlvania.  Far  and 
wide  are  the  fallow  lidds  covered  with  shallow  water,  and  >tudded 
\\ilh  rice-stubble.  All  the  llat  land  is  one  iuii\ersa!  rice-ditch.  The 
low  hills  are  timbered  with  evergreen.  The  S'l'i^hter  lints  of 'the 
featherv  bamboo  temper  the  intensity  of  the  >oicibre  Li'lor\ .  1'amboo 
thickets,  pine  Droves,  and  rico-fields — these  are  the  ever-pivseiil  si^'hls 
in  Japan.  A  half-liour  ihrou^h  such  seetierv.  and  the  stau'e  -tops  at 
Kaua-ak'  (river-point)  to  ehannv  horses.  \\  .•  are  to  cro—  the  lloku- 
•_;-o  Kiver  in  boat-.  The  road  bends  at  a  ri^ht  an^le  toward  the  water, 
and  at  each  corner  is  a  larn'e  tea-house,  full  of  n..i-\  ,  fat  -'iri-.  anxious 
to  di-plav  a  xulu'ar  familiaritv  with  the  -1  ranker.  Too  dose  contact 
with  ho-tler-,  dri\ers,  and  the  common  -on  of  residents  in  Japan  ha- 


I  ..in  n>'t  'harmed  i'\  tin  tni)-\\ illiiii^  charmers,  and,  deelmini.1'  'he 
e\  IT  [HMtTeivd  '-up  i if  lea.  make  inv  \\av  d"\sn  t<>  the  fixer,  pa--ini;- 
('••Hi'  lull  men,  \\!IIP  -i|iiat  ''ii  their  knees  at  thr  iverijit  i»f  eu-t"iii,  |'il- 
iijiri^!il  -ki  \\ei-  tin-  st|tiare-ln>Ied  u\al  ainl  rouinl  cipin-  \\liidi 
t  ii-  tra\i-i<-r>  i|i']n»it.  At  the  river's  ed^e.  ;i  tlat-l'iittninnl  lutat,  en -\\il- 
i  1  u  it  Ii  j ]i|r  '  it  e\  er\  i -lass,  \\  it  h  a  IP  'f-i-  «\'  \\\»  <  >n  hoard,  i--  ruining 

lii;  !h-r\\  :U-'l.  alhl  i>lle  i-  jll-t  readv  \»  jH!-ll  nil'.  A  fe\\  >tri>l<e<  i>f  the 
ji'ile.  and  ue  are  u\cr.  I'he  ,la]iaih"~e  have  u-ed  thi-  ri\er  f»r  eeiitn- 
rie--,  and  ha\e  tievef  yet  1-nilt  a  Id'idu'e.*  '1'he  enm|.aiiv  in  the  huat  i> 

MiMletillleS     I'atheV     llll\ed.         It      ha-     Hot     e-eajied     llokllSili's    Jtelle'll,    \\lh> 

made  an  alhiiiii  i>f  Trd<aidn  sketelu-s.      lie  ha-  jetted  d^un  at  the  -ide 


•  i-i  -    -i-_;'ii  it  \  .  ;i'_;    i\  a\\  a-ak  i   '  !';\ '  r    ; 

u  hieh  a!     '  I  -  • :-. . •  •   L  in  i\\    t  i:'l   \\  eli.       St  rann'e  tn  -a\ .  t  he  -anie 

ri\.'|-   in   ,1-ijia'i    nf!    '  niaii\     Im-il    nail)'--.        \    .lajia!ie-e    •_;-!  .  "_;|-aj  <\\\ 

rai'el\    think-   i'    n>    i  --af\    ' •  i   de-enhe  a   ri\  e|-    t  r>  >ni    -< iiii'ee    ti >    nil  'lit  h. 
I         1 1.  .-jili     h'-i '  a1        '  t  hi-  ri\  ei1  the  Kuknu'o.  atid  the  f.  .rei^ih  r-. 

\\  Ii.  i    ii'i    ijint  '   .!    jiaiie-e  name-  iiji-ide  dn\\  n,  ha\  e  ei'i 

I  •    '    ••'•",-•'..     I  .-  .-_;..-. 

'I'!:.-    -''!_-     lii't  '.    !    .  '     II  t"    a    -tl'a\\    li'lt.  in    \\liieh   a   iife 

'  -  •  '      '  '  "1    u  M  h    ri'-e  -t  rau    -andal-.  and   I  he   -lih  ike 

'ii-  ;nu'  '  • '   half  1  hat    iimiil'i-r  "t 

'  ' '   . '      t  hi     1'iilk  i  if  .lapaii'-  ]i'  'jiula 

••.'•:••  '  '  '  '      T\\  i'   arm-,  \\\«   I'----. 


A   RIDE  OX   THE   TOKAIDO.  30  L 

head,  and  trunk,  when  added  together  in  an  Asiatic  country,  do  not 
produce  the  same  sum  that  such  factors  would  yield  in  America. 
With  us  a  man  is  a  man.  In  Asiatic  countries  he  is  a  wheelbarrow,  a 
bea-t  of  burden,  a  political  cipher,  a  being  who  exists  for  the  sake  of 
hi-  masters  or  the  government.  The  men  before  me  wear  old,  unlined 
cotton  coats  and  straw  sandals  as  their  winter  dress.  In  summer  their 
wardrobe  consists  of  straw  sandals  and  a  rai£  around  their  loins,  in  all 
about  thirty-six  linear  inches  of  decency.  Vet  the  tax-gatherer  visits 
them,  and  even  the  priests  glean  in  this  stubble  of  humanity.  Schools, 
law,  thought,  freedom,  votes!  These  are  unheard  of,  unimagined. 
Vet  they  were  polite  and  kind.  They  offer  the  foreigner  room  bv  the 
lire,  until  the  smoke  drives  him  outside,  where  the  loathsome  beggars 
swarm  and  importune  in  the  language  of  the  houseless.  The  stage  is 
readv,  and,  taking  one  u'ood  look  at  the  bright  new  railway  bridge  by 
which  hired  English  energy  and  loaned  capital  have  spanned  the  river, 
I  fold  myself  beneath  the  buffalo-robe,  and  the  driver  proceeds  to  tell 
me  of  the  treat  soon  in  >tore. 

The  u'hastlv  entertainment  was  at  hand.  Just  before  Shinagawa, 
the  Viihurb  of  great  Tokio,  bv  the  side  of  the  road,  is  a  small  patch  of 
u-ra--v  -oil  onlv  slightly  raised  above  the  rice-ditches.  Here,  on  a  pil- 
lorv  about  six  feet  high,  two  human  heads  were  exposed,  propped,  and 
made  hideously  upright  by  lumps  of  clay  under  each  ear.  The  ooz- 
iiiir  blood  had  stained  the  timber,  and  hung  in  coagulated  drops  and 
icicles  of  gore  beneath.  A  dissevered  head  absent  from  its  body  is 
horrible  enough,  but  a  head  shaven  in  mid-scalp  with  a  top-knot  on  it 
ha-  a  hitherto  unimagined  horror,  especially  Japanese. 

How  pleasant  it  would  be  to  mention  in  this  hook  nothing  but  the 
beautiful  !  How  easy  to  let  our  u'lamoured  eyes  see  naught  but  beau- 
ty and  novelty!  Why  not  paint  Japan  as  a  land  of  peerless  natural 
beaut}',  of  polite  people,  of  good  and  brave  men,  of  pretty  maidens, 
and  u'cntle  women.'  \\liv  bring  in  beu'u-ars,  bloody  heads,  loathsome 
sore-,  scene-  of  murder,  assassins'  braverv,  and  humanitv  with  all  110- 
bilitv  stamped  out  bv  centuries  of  despotism'  Why  not'  Simplv 
because  homely  truth  is  better  than  o'ilded  falsehood.  Onlv  because 
it  is  -in  to  conceal  the  truth  when  my  countrvmcn,  generous  to  be- 
lieve too  well,  and  led  a-tray  bv  rhetorical  deceivers  and  truth-smoth- 
ereis,  have  the  falsest  ideas  of  Japan,  that  onlv  a  pen  like  a  probe  can 
-et  riu'ht.  Xo  pen  sooner  than  mine  shall  record  reform-  \\ln-n  made. 
1  give  the  true  picture  of  Japan  in  1*71. 

S.i  we  pass  these  bloody  symbols  of  Japan's  bloodv  code   of  edicts, 


nil  '1  laws.  l>y  \\hidi  -he  terrific-  her  prople  into  obedience,  .-iinl 
dri\e  ''ii  i  hn  'ii^'li  \\\<  nari'ou  road  pa-t  tine,  lar^e  houses,  clean,  -Inn 
;•;_;.  i':  i  pn-;t\  \\  hat  Mi-iiie—  is  carried  ,>n  in  those  edifices,  spleii- 
ili'l  in  Japaiie-e  eye-,  charming  to  a  foreigner,  and  appearing.  In-side 
tin-  ordinary  citi/i-n'-  d\\  riling,  a-  palace-  ln--p|e  <•,  itta^v-  .'  Seoiv-  of 
tin  -in  arc  ran^vd  aloni;'  tip-  road.  Shinajiawa  i-  lip-  home  of  harlot-, 
;,nd  IM-IV  i-  the  iv-ort.  not  oiilv  of  tin-  rutlian.  1  lie  rake,  and  the  roMier, 

'•lit  of  the  VollllLl'  Ulell  of  id,'  lalld.  Tile  tille-t  lloll-e^  ill  .laJKlll  lieloll^' 
to  the  uolliatl  ill  searlet.  The  lieell-ed  ^o\  ,-ril  Illellt  I 'Tot  llcl,  co\  el'ili^ 

aeivs  of  land,  i-  the  nio-t   lieautifnl  part  of  the  capital.     ^  M'ieiital  -pleii- 

do|- — a    invth    in    the    -tivet: hccoiiics   rcalitv   when  tlu-  portals  of  the 

\ <  i-hiu  aiM  are  en  i--ed. 

(  hit  in  the  hhie  liay  -tand-  the  chain  of  fi.rt-  !>uilt  l>y  the  -ho-'iin'- 
-•o\ .  rnnieiit  after  the  arrival  of  Commodore  I'errv.  IJehind  them 
rides  at  anchor  tin-  national  na\  v  of  Japan,  all  tloatiin;-  the  national 
flair — a  red  -un  on  a  uhite  lield.  I  ea-ily  ivn«rtii/i-  the  old  inm-ciad 

Stnni  H'lll  I ,   Ho\S     tile    A'i:.'l  IIHI    kintli. 

llalf-p:i-t  ten.  and  x1"  >  -weep  pa-t  the  entrance  to  the  l>riti-h  \<  u'a- 
tioii.  Tin-  re'l  ti-rj  and  crosses  of  l-ji-'laiid  wave  aloft,  and  the  ivd- 
coatrcl  -eiitinel  pace-  hi-  round.  Driton^  \\iii  ImjM-  reinemluT  tip-  le- 
gation at  Takanavoi.  lncendiari>iii  and  irnnp'iwilcr  plot-,  murderous 
attack-  l'\  ni^ht.  and  1  hi1'  <•  a— a  — inat  ioii-  (.\-  dayli^lit.  havi-  made  thi- 
-I-OIUM!  hi-toric.  "  Kill,  'i  from  In  hind  "  are  tin  \\ord-  that  have  M,,I 
t,-d  the  .lapaiie-i-  e-cin  eh,-,  .n  \\  it  h  -cor,  -  of  -i.-i'm-  a-  iiideli!,],'  a-  tho-c 
.MI  Dliielieard'-  ke\.  ll''peated  \\a-hin^  in  tin-  fountain  of  indemnitx 
and  lilood  iiione\  can  HI  '  .  i  clraii-e  n.  \'>:  tar  from  tin-  Ili'iti-h  ie- 
Cation  arc  the  toml,-  --j  the  |-'ort\ ->e\  ,-n  ronin<  of  immortal  fame. 
\\'e  ha\e  pa— ei|  the  Mack  Li'ate  ;,i  Shiiia^;i«'i.  and  are  in  the  rit\.  I 
-IT  I-  tin-  left  the  K  ;  roofed  franp  of  \\ood,  nil  \\hich  haii'^ 

hoard-  in-c''il»'d  in  -I  ipaii-  -e  \\  it  h  I'dict-  eenturie-  o],|,  \H  \-, •nr\\ ,.,!  \-.\- 
thepiv-'-nt  'j-o\  crniip  •:,' .  I  can  not  read  the1  < 'lime-.'  ideograph-.  1ml 
1  knou  thi-  Mii-auiirj  oj  on,  o(  them  —  the  -landei'ous  and  iii-ultiti^1 
edict  that  deiioiin,',-  •  i  hri-tian  reli^ioi,  a-  a  hateful  and  de\  ili-h 

<ect.  Mild     I  h'll  lid-     oil     <         '  . ,  j.  •-     alld    lilt  Tin,   i     to    tel'1'et    >  >\\\    t  lie    <  'hl'i-- 

tian-,  Thi-  i-  the.  foreign,  i-'-  welcome  to  Tokio  in  1*71.  [)oe-the 
.lapaiP  -e  capital  an-'.  I  <\(  -cription  in  the  old  i:'e, i^raphie- — "a 

:'•_'.     park-like    c'|1\,     \\il     ,  p<>p|>|;itin||      i.f     L'.'llHI.UIIU  f          I     -hall      -e.". 

J.   all'  1    I    I't  -cl'\  i-    In  \    JudlTlllent.         At 

.'d.'ck  \\e  ilri\i    pa-t   the  -plendid  M'-a/.eki  teinjile  of  the  Shin 
:    Diiddhi-t-  and  iir...  the  van!  of  the  l.ivat   Ilot,.|  at  T-ukiji. 


L\  TOKIO,  THE  EASTERX  CAPITAL. 


Ill 

7.V  TOKIO,   THE  EAXTERX  C'Al'ITAL. 

\  WAS  a  stranger  in  a  wilderness  of  a  million  souls.  In  half  an  hour 
I  had  left  the  yard  of  the  huge  caravansary,  which  the  Japanese  who 
had  built  it  fondly  believed  to  be  a  comfortable  hotel,  and  was  on  mv 
way  to  the  distant  quarter  of  the  city  in  which  was  situated  the  Im- 
perial College.  I  walked  by  [(reference,  as  I  had  studied  the  map  of 
Tdkid,  and  some  rude  native  pictures  of  certain  landmarks  while  in 
America,  and  I  now  determined  to  test  the  soundness  of  my  knowl- 
edge. I  had  that  proficiency  in  speaking  the  language  \\hich  five 
words  badly  pronounced  could  give.  Every  foreigner  who  sojourns 
in  Japan  for  a  week  learns  "Sukoshi  matte"  (wait  a  little),  "  Ikura'1' 
(how  much 'K  "  Doko  '."  (where?),  "Yoroshiu"  (all  right),  and  "  Ha- 
yaku"  (hurry).  "U  ith  these  on  my  tongue,  and  my  map  in  mv  hand, 
I  stalled.  I  passed  through  the  foreign  quarter,  which  is  part  of  the 
old  district  called  Tsukiji  (filled-up  land).  It  faces  the  river,  and  is 
moated  in  on  all  sides  by  canals.  It,  is  well  paved,  cleaned,  and  light- 
ed, contrasting  favorably  with  the  streets  of  the  native  citv.  The 
opening  of  Vedo  as  a  foreign  port  cost  a  great  outlay  of  money,  but 
as  a  settlement  was  a  failure,  partly  on  account  of  high  ground  -  rent, 
but  mainly  because  the  harbor  is  too  shallow.  Almost  the  only  per- 
sons who  live  in  Tsukiji  are  the  foreign  officials  at,  the  consulates,  mis- 
sionaries, and  a  few  merchants.  I  walked  on.  interested  at  seeing  no\d 
sights  at  every  step,  and  at  the  limits  passed  a  guard-house  full  of  sol 
diers  of  Maeda,  the  daimid  of  Kaga.  The-e  kept  watch  and  ward  ;'t 
a  Mack  gate,  flanked  by  a  high  black  paling  fence.  For  years  it  \\as 
absolutely  necessary  to  guard  all  the  approaches  to  the  foreign  qiiar 
ter,  and  keep  out  all  suspicious  two-sworded  men.  Incendiarism  and 
the  murder  of  the  hated  foreigners  were  favorite  amusements  ot  the 
\oiing  blades  of  Japan,  who  wished  both  to  get  the  shdgmi  in  trouble 
and  to  rid  their  beautiful  land  of  the  devili-h  foreigners.  F\er\  ap- 
proach to  Yokohama  was  thus  guarded  at  this  time.  From  the  for- 
eign quarter  into  the  Yoslmvara  is  but  a  step.  Handsome  two->toried 


'  _-.  ii|n-ii    i..   thf   Mivet,  \\eiv   li'l'-d   \\itli    pn-ttv    y,'iin_: 
^irl-.  p;:i\)!'_-  nj">n  tin-  miinisiti  ( 1 '.'in  p  • ).  (taxing  tln-ir  hair  dtv--ed,  -it 

•  -  _      .     .  ;  i^i-d  a!   tln-ir  t.'ili't   miiT"!--.     .lajiaih--<-  male  evnie-  -a\ 

•  •        I'-'kin.; '  -  i:'':a--   i-  tih-   mind   "f   a   woman.       I  I  and-" me  -tivrt--  "t 

!!»,•-  rxtended   t<>  a  iliMain-i1  "('  half  a  mile  mi    ,-a'-li   nde.  t'r<>m 

:;    tin-    -allle    -"iind-    tip'eeedi-d.         \\"llV    \VrlV    tlle-i-    ll"tl-e-    >"    till,  -.' 

I 

\'.     .    «...  iiiaii\    \ ""iin^  Li'ii'!-  ii'at  ln-i'fil  .'     [l^rc  wen-  ht'itutv,  tender  years, 
-..••  ~mil<  -.  aii'l  luxiiriinis  Imusi-.     Urn-  \\nv  1'utlc  irirls  tfain^l  t"  <!«. 

^•|'i  '\\  ii.  a-  1  lie  i  >l<lt-r  'j:\r\-.       V«r  \\  liat  ]uirji"-c  .' 

hi  i-vcr\  ]i"i't  "pen  t"  f<>r<'iL:ner-  in  .l.ij>an.  in  a  (<-\\  «f  the  i.tln-r 
:  ii-_'.  eitic-;.  I'lH  MM!  in  ilaimin-"  i-apitals  tlitTi1  i-  the  -~auie  in>tituti"!i. 
1-  >  .lapan'-  nun.  li.'fuiv  thc\  Mpciieil  ;m\  [...il  t"  f'-ivi^n  trade,  the 

,la|ian--e  1'iiih   t\\<>  piaer-  f.  >r  the  f.  irri^ner a  eu-t'iin  -  hoii-e  and  a 

Tin    Vcp>hi\vara   i-  Mn-li   a   plai-i-.       Km1  tin'   t'Mivi^nr]--  tlie\ 
-ii|iji..-e(l    it    in    !.,•   a   iieec><ar\    u'""d;   f"]1  tlieiiiNclve-,  a  |ir<>teeti,.n   t,. 

lln-ir   [icujili    :i_  ;ili-t    shiji-^' err\\>  -llddelllv  M-1    t'l'i'i-  nil    lain!  :    tlli-V  i-'iuilt 

i     I     :'       ;    n,  e,  --;i!'\     evil.         'l'iie\     lnTle\fd    tile    }',  <]',  •']  ^\  Ii  T-     t-i     I 'e     t'al'    \V(>r-e 

1 1,  ,u  f'ai-  \\  en   t  Ih  \   \\  i',  iiiu1 : 

\\  t      |il-ne1'rd    thr.ill^h    til'      'jllal'trr    Illtn    -tl'e'-t^    Illleil    \\itll    ojiell    >]|,i|i~. 

:  '•  I    a1    a    [  >!'i  •liilil  in    in    .lapail.       <>Iii'    llliil'llt     !i\'e   al    linine    t-T 

\ear*\\il      •    '     rider-landing  the  m\ -terir-  i>f  a  !ad\ '-  t' >ilet.      In. lapan 

rn-  it    n    a  t'-u   ila\-.       Ihr,    i-  liir   hninan   Innn   i|i\ine   hare  '•• 

i  hi-  \\  ai-t.  \\  hi!'    .'  -   |  »  •--•--••  r    , !\ ,  -   hi-r   i  '!i  _    •    ;ii-k    hail     '  •   '.\  arm   \\  at , -r. 

•   ,  in'hiei  n   \ear-  "!d.  i-\  iili-ntiv.      l!'-r  mi ri1'  r.  |i«i\\der-lni\. 

i-te.,      .     •,         •          .        I  Ijei'i    i-  a  lui  >t  In-r  -!i:n      _    in  >    -head.       'I  h- 

•  •hi,  :'  n  "f  tii'-  -h"j,  kfi'jH-r«.  -emi-  ;,>  !„•  thai  «\  tua-tin^1  tlp-ir 
diifit  -.       1    hall     i'    a    --li"|i    '  .         '     i\  "l'\    •  •  ii  '•.'._-.       v~i  ein   an- 
eieijatii    vsi'l'ls-   "!    .:"'.       Si'iii'-   aip''    [iiili-    !!i    i\'  r\.       Sutip'   are    hi-tori'-al 

.  v.  |    •      .     •  •      '  'I'ln  «i-  ti-"j'l  •    -v,  .|,,M-ii-al 

e,-iiii-t i •]•,''•-.  i  r   i    '  '    i1-.  »t    V  ' "  r;:i  ,ii  •     ini-t aiiinfjih,  i-i'd   inti  i  \\  hal- 

:     _•'•'•-•,.'       Illllll"!     til'  l':ilie\      nt      t  ill- 

,-ar\i-r  ha-  i        '     i.      T'n      V"f\    in  .lapaii    \va-    •.'     ieni   •     hrmi^lil    tr.im 

1     '..::•  •  •    "         •  •'.  i  Ih    A  )•••;  i' 

•  i          .  nliep      •  ;  •_  -    N  ,-d   .  •-     '  rie    iin-at    <  't' 

;•  - 1  •'_•  -  -i  _  -.      N'   ir!\  al!  t  In-  i\  i  -r\ 

•  t   '  -  .      1:  i-  --al  tit"  /"  '-•"/•'  *-.  '  'T  lai'^'i- 

I  \\  it  !i  '         '          .          i  I  ii-h  e,  ,rd  i-  c:\  rn    and 

"•"      .    •  '    '  hi     nat  i\'  . 
'.•'•:•'.      ';••••''•       •  .  ',-1  ;  tl        :    titiv  -ln.ul.-d. 


AY  TOKIO,  THE  EAXTEIIX  CAPITAL. 


305 


man's  Pipe  and  Pouch  in  his  Girdle. 


thrust  up  through  the  girdle.     The  one  represented  in  the  accompa- 
nying cut  shows  how  a  Japanese  rider,  evidently  somebody,  from  his 
hempen  toque,  mounts  a  horse, 
/'.  i".,   on  the  rii^ht   (or  wrong) 
•ude,  while  his  betto  holds  the 
steed. 

1  pass  through  one  street  de- 
voted to  bureaus  and  cabinets, 
through  another  full  of  folding 
screens,  through  another  full  of 
livers'  shops,  with  their  odors 
and  vats.  In  one  small  but 
neat  shop  sits  an  old  man,  with 
horn -rimmed  spectacles,  with 
the  mordant  liquid  beside  him, 
preparing  a  roll  of  material  for 
its  next  bath.  In  another  street  there  is  nothing  on  sale  but  hamboo- 
poles,  but  enough  of  these  to  make  a  forest.  A  man  is  sawing  one, 
and  I  notice  he  pulls  the  saw  with  his  two  hands  toward  him.  Its 
teeth  are  set  contrary  to  ours.  Another  man  is  planing.  lie  pulls 

the  plane  toward  him.  1  notice  a 
blacksmith  at  work:  he  pulls  the 
bellows  with  his  foot,  while  he  is 
holding  and  hammering  with  both 
hands..  lie  has  several  irons  in 
the  tire,  and  keeps  his  dinner-pot 
boiling  with  the  waste  tlanie.  IIi> 
whole  family,  like  the  generations 
before  him,  seem  to  "  all  get  their 

Pattern  DesiVupr  prr>p;irin<r  a  Roll  of  Silk      living  in  the  hardware  line."      The 
for  the  Dye-vat.  ,      ,  ,     ,  .      ,     ,         .   ,     ,  . 

cooper  liolds  Ins  tub  with  his  toes. 

All  of  them  sit  down  while  they  work.  flow  strange!  .I'erhaps  that 
i>  an  important  difference  between  a  European  and  an  Anatic.  One 
sits  down  to  his  work,  the  other  stand-  up  to  it. 

\\  by  is  it  that  we  do  things  contrariwise  to  the  Japanese.'  Arc  we 
upside  down,  or  they  '.  The  Japanese  say  that  n'c  are  reversed.  Tliev 
call  our  penmanship  "  crab-writing,"  because,  sav  they,  "it  u'oes  back- 
ward." The  lines  in  our  books  cross  the  pauv  like  a  -Tau  -ti-ii.  instead 
of  ^oinu;  downward  "  properly."  In  a  Japanese  stable  sve  tind  the 
horse's  flank  where  we  look  for  his  head.  Japanoe  >cre\v.s  screw  the 


;H5G  TllK   MIKADo'S  /,M/7YA'/:. 

i>t!u-r  way.  Their  locks  thr;ist  to  the  left,  ours  t<>  the  ri^lit.  The 
l-ahv-t'-v-  of  the  Arvan  race  squeak  wlieii  -i|Uee/ed  ;  tlie  Turanian  u'ini- 
cra--k-  emit  noi-e  when  pulled  apart.  A  ( 'auca-ian,  to  injure  his  eiie- 
mv.  kill-  him:  a  Japaiie-e  kills  liini-elf  t»  >]>itc  liis  for.  Which  race 
••  hainlc'l  '.  \Vhidi  has  the  negative,  which  the  positive  of  truth  '. 
What  i-  truth  .'  What  is  down,  what  i-  up  .' 

I  emerge  from  the  hamhno  street  to  tin-  Tori,  the  main  street,  the 
i'.i'"aduav  of  the  Japanese  capital.  I  reco^ni/e  it.  The  shops  are 
^•iver  aii'l  richer:  the  -tivet  is  witler:  it  is  crowded  with  people. 
\"\\,  for  the  tirst  time,  comes  the  intense  and  vivid  ivali/atiou  that 
tiii-  i-  Japan.  Here  i-  a  ka^o,  with  a  woman  and  hahy  in-ide.  Tw,. 

half-naked  < lie-  bear  the  pole  on  their  shoulders,  and  hurrv  a!on<_>-, 

^runtiitL:'  in  Japanese.  They  hear  -tick-  in  their  hand-,  and  -t»p  at 
even  few  \anl-.re-t  the  heain  on  tlu-ir  sticks,  and  change  >hoii]di •!•-. 
Here  I'oiiu-s  an  otlicer  on  hi>rsel>ack,  with  a  laec|uered  helmet  on  hi- 
lu  ad.  and  hound  with  white  pad-  over  hi-  chin.  Hi-  two  sword-  pro- 
trude from  hi-  girdle,  hi-  feet  iv-t  flat  in  wide  iron  Mirrup-,  curveil  up 
like  a  skate-runner,  and  have  room  to  -pare.  Hi-  -addle  has  etionuou- 
t!ap-  of  ^ih  leather.  He  u'i'a-p-  the  rein-,  one  in  each  hand,  at  a!'»ui 
-:\  iiiche-  from  tin-  hit.  hoMin--  hi-  horse's  head  so  that  hi-  lower  lip 
i-  higher  than  the  -pace  hetween  hi-  ear-.  Thi-  i-  torture  and  i^race 
i-.imhiiied.  It  i-the  -t\li-h  thin^  in  .lapan.  The  horse's  mane  i-  tied 
up  in  a  row  of  -ti:f  pompooii-;  hi-  tail  i-  incased  in  a  luiiiT  ha^-  o( 
-ilk.  Kliorii)o!l>  ta--el-  hall^'  from  the  li''l'-r-  -holddelS.  "There  i- 
a  method  in  ridiirj;,"  i-  a  .lapaiie-e  -a\iii-'.  i  helieve  it. 

II.  iv  are  -oldier-,  so  1  judiTf.  The\  aiv  dre-si-<l  in  every  st\le  of 
hvhrid  i-o-tiiiiie.  One.  iii  a  hroadcloth  suit,  tini-1:  •-  with  hare  head 
and  ejo--  on  th,  teet.  Another  ha-  a  toivi^n  cap.  hut  a  -Iap;uie-e  -i;it. 
Thi-  man  ha-  on  a  pair  of  eo\\hide  hoot-,  ai;'aiii-t  which  hi-  kilt  llap- 
iiii^raci 'fulls .  remindiirj.'  one  of  an  American  tvcooii  ^O'IIIL:'  to  the  \\ell 
[o  draw  water.  Thi-  one  ha-  a  /ouave  jacket  and  native  kilt.  The 
-oldiers  look  a-  if  the\  had  ju-t  -ai  Led  \e\\  ^'o|•k.  and  he-'iin  on 

•  'hatham   Sti-i-et.      The   hra\e-   have  a   hrace  of  -jahhiiiLT  tool-  -t  nek   in 
their  lii-it.       I  •  •  '      i'<    the  two  -\\op|ed   men,  and   in-olent.  sWiiiX^ei'ini;' 
hulli"-  maii\    »l  \  \    pa--  the  foreigner,  tln-v  <±\\\-  him 

Maek    -cowl-    f11!'    a    '•'•      I'-oJIle.         I   l|e\     al'e    ell'lctlv     tile    retalliei'-    of    tile    dai- 

mios  of  To-a.  S;;t-iiii       '  .      ,i    H  i/eii.  and  are  pi1  ide-sw  o]]en  w  illi 

•, '.-lory  over  tin  -  a!  \\';:kamat-ii  and   Hakodate.      It   i-  ti.-kli-h  to 

iinoii^f  -.  i  man  \    arm  i  d    :  •  .    >w  -    u  ho   -eem   to   hi'   -polling   |  o|-  for- 

•  '.  _  :     hi 1.      Japan---'-   -word-   ai'  •  •  ;>i  ;••  k  i  \    di'awn.and   are  -hari-.       N'> 


L\  rafiTJO,  THE  EASTERN  CAPITAL.  309 

true  man  is  really  afraid  when  his  enemy  attacks  in  front;  but  to  be 
cut  down  by  a  coward  from  behind!  The  thought  makes  my  marrow 
curdle.  With  these  foolish  thoughts,  I  pass  along  for  about  a  mile 
unscathed,  for  I  have  not  yet  learned  the  Japanese,  and  have  read  Al- 
coek.  I  arrive  at  the  place  renowned  in  all  Japan.  The  Romans  had 
their  golden  mile-stone,  whence  all  distances  throughout  the  empire 
were  measured.  Here,  in  the  heart  of  Tokio,  is  Xihon  Bashi  (Bridge 
of  Japan),  whence,  so  it  is  said,  all  the  great  roads  of  the  empire  an; 
measured.  I  had  heard  of  it  in  America.  All  rural  Japanese  know 
of  it.  All  expect,  without  warrant,  to  see  a  splendid  bridge,  and  all 
are  disappointed.  It  is  a  hump-backed  wooden  structure,  a  crazy  mass 
of  old  fire-wood.  It  is  lined  on  either  side  with  loathsome  beggars, 
asleep,  gambling,  playing,  or  begging.  Mendicant  priests  in  rags  chant 
doleful  prayers,  pound  stiff  drums  shaped  like  battledores.  The  vend- 
ers of  all  kind<  of  trash  cluster  around  it.  On  the  left,  as  we  ap- 
proach from  the  south,  stands  the  great  Kosatsti.*  On  the  bridge, 
glorious  Fuji  is  seen  in  the  distance,  and  near  by  the  towers,  moats. 


*  Three  of  these  edicts,  and  a  repetition  of  the  fourth,  are  given,  with  dates : 

"  l&Htnl  Xo.  I. — Law. 

"The  evil  sect  called  Christian  is  strictly  prohibited.  Suspicious  persons 
should  be  reported  to  the  proper  oIlic.TS,  and  rewards  will  be  <j;iven. 

"  DAI  Jo  KfAN. 

"Fourth  year  Kei-o,  Third  mouth  (March  24th-April  22d,  tSGS). 

"Hoard  JVb.  II. — Law. 

"Persons  uniting  together  in  numbers  for  any  object  soever  are  called  leag- 
uers ;  persons  leaguing  together  for  th->  purpose  of  petitioning  in  a  forcible  man- 
ner are  called  insurrectionists;  persons  who  conspire  t  leave  the  ward  or  vil- 
lage in  which  they  live  are  called  runaways.  All  these  acts  arc  strictly  prohib- 
ited. 

•'Should  any  persons  commit  these  offenses,  information  must  at  once  be  iriv- 
en  to  the  proper  officers,  and  suitable  rewards  will  be  given.  DAI  Jo  KTAN 

"Fourth  year  Kei-f.,  Third  month  (March  2-Uh-April  22il,  ISGb). 

"Board  Ab.  /// — Law. 

"Human  beings  must  carefully  practice  the  principles  of  the  five  social  rela 
lions.  Charity  imi.-t  be  shown  to  widowers,  widows,  orphans,  the  childless-,  aiul 
sick.  There  uiur-t  be  no  such  crimes  as  murder,  arson,  or  robbery. 

"D.vr  Jo  Kr\N 

'•  Fourth  year  Kei-0,  Third  mouth  (March  24th-April  22d,  1SCS). 

11  Law. 

"With  respect  to  the  Christian  sect,  the  existing  prohibition  must,  be  strictly 
observed. 

"  Evil  sects  are  strictly  prohibited. 

"Fourth  month  of  the  First  year  of  Meiji  (November,  tSGS)." 


:;7u  Till-:  MIKMto'X 

:iii.l  u  ••(-•'..      I'ji  and  d"wn  tlir  canal   chi-tcr  hundred-  <>{ 

I.,. at-,  'iii'l  a   raiiiT1'   of   !iiv-pronf  store-In  msrs   line   tin1   hanks.      To   tin1 

i-a-t   ':-  -e,'ii   Y'd<>  r>a-hi.  or  I'.ridire  nf  ^  ed<>.     Turning  up  Suru^a  < 'ho. 

with    I  ;,':'-   ui'l'Tious   form    hrfniv   me,  I    pa—   the   <^ivat   silk  -Imp   and 

tin-proof   w  aiv-hnii-e-   of   Mit-ui,  the   millionaire  ;    1    reach    tin-    ca-tle 

i!    •  /  HIM!  walk  and  pa—  hy  thr  former  1'iaii-ion  of  Keiki,  the  la-t  shfi- 

H  .      .\t  11,  H  in.  p]vci-rlv.  1  arrive  at  th  •  hoiisr  of  the  Ainrriraii  Suprr'in- 

i   of  the  Imperial  College,  to  \vhoin  1  hear  letter-  and  credi'iitiai-. 

I'.ehind   I'hud;   fence-,  hi-'h  and  hide.ni>.  I    found   the    hun^alou  -   of 

tin-    do/rll     forciiril    tl-aclliTS    of    th  •    college.        At     thr    tal.le    of   the    Ml- 

perinteiidfiit   !  sit  doun  to  take  "  tilHn,"  as  the  IM>OH  meal  in  the  Ka-t 

i-   ealicil.      C'oii^ratulations   and    th      ne\\s    \\riv    exchanged.      At    "lie 

o'elnek  tin1  superintendent  rrtii ni ed  promptly  to  hi>  \\ork,  and  tin-  iif\v- 

•oiiii-r  remained  to  ivvei  amoii^  the  hooks,  ciirio>itics,  and  picture-  "f 

hi-  Denial  ho-t.       \\lieii   -chui.l  i-o\er,  we  are  to   \\alk  out   to    ("NI'MMI. 

1o  -ee  the  ruin-  of  the  iiattlr  of  Jul\   4th.  IM;-..      '\'\\»  houi'-  of  \\ait- 

i:c_r  pa--  ijiiicklv.  and  at  a  little  after  three  o'clock.  Ivarin^  a  -trance. 

no'i-\    clatter,   I    run   mil    1>\    tin:    u'ate    to    ser    \\hat    i-   uoiiej.'   on.      The 

i-  l.ciiiif  di-mi—ed.      \\diat  a  -i-'ht   for  a  sclmol-nia^tiT  !      linn- 

if  ;"'\  -.  \  oiin^-  i  H,  n.  and  IIM-H  ,  •}'  ,.Mer  -•)•,  i\\  th.  all  on  hii;'h  \\ .  >,,,)- 

_-.  'ire    -hiitllinu'   and    -craping    liniiie\\  ard.      '1  he  nn]-e   nt    their 

«•''•--    nit    the    rmiLrli    pe!,li|i--  -        (make-    a    -trance    clatter. 

!          a iv   all    dn  —  •!   in   the  native  ro-luiiir  ni   ^,,,-,-  enat-.  with   lot;^ 

-'     -lee\  e-  ;      kilt-,    li  I         '.'ll  -,    '  'pi'll     aT     1  he     ujipei'     -id''  I 

w;;h    -haven    mid--''alp-.  and   t"p-klM'l-  haiiiin>'r>.       M''ti    aii'l 

l..i\-  earn    -late-  and  cnp\   hunk-  i'i   their  hand-,  and   i-oiunioii   i-lieap 

•j. •.;,--    ink-l"itt!e-    -lun_f    h\    tiieei'-    nf   tuine    to    ihrir   ^'ii'dle-.       llaiid- 

,  -  aiv  -iiM-aivd    t\ith  the   Mack    thiid:    I  nit .  -t  ran-'e-t    of  all.  each 

ha-    two   nf   tin-    murd' i1' MIS- 1' lokiiiLT    -word-,  nin     !-)!•_;•   and    the    other 

-li..M.  -tuck  in  hi-  heh.      S\  mho!-  nf  thr  >..Mier  ratln-r  than  the  -rhol- 

ar  ai'e   ;  1          :        it    1 1  hot  li.       'I  he\    c,  >mp,  >-e  1  he   "  m  i  lit  a - 

r\  -lit'M'arv  "  i-ia—  •  •:  .1  •  :  'Hi.       A   "  >>  !,-]'tr  and  a  gentleman  "  i-  •  >ur  \«-\ 

•  •  'mphiiM-!  '  .lapan.  to          "   i   -    :    '  ar,  a    -"idier.  and   a  i.'ciitlr- 

man."  i-   th  irai.      A    w  ild  |.  •*  ikin--   -ei    th,  \ 

•  •!•!!!.  hut    tic     hi  art    ki::d  ^    life  of  thi-  A-ialic 

eiapire  !,ein^  fed  ;it  ••     .  !  i          •    I  laniyua-jr-  of  < 'liri- 

'.  in   nation-.      1'    spit'       f  1  e-  and   )';;>•,--.  the  t"p-\   tur 

•    : .  kip  't  -.  and  a\  i  i  •  '  irai    aft,  r   -i\    IP  mr-' 

1 ..  >\ '-  \\  i  •:  •  '    :•<  >n i   t  IP    Me  >rn  ,!i_:'-  -pi'ii'-!  Hi'--. 

A(  re  -n  man\    ram   -1    !•          '.     '    tip-    -''h""i-ina-t''ij   ahr^ad   wa- 


L\  TO KKl,   THE  EASTERN  CAPITAL.  :J,71 

delighted,  and  felt  eager  to  join  in  the  work  of  helping  on  the  rising 
U'ciieratioii  and  (fraud  purpose  of  New  Japan. 

"  Education  is  the  basis  of  all  progress.''  The  Japanese  found  it 
out.  The  Home  Department  of  the  new  imperial  u'overnment  in 
1S7U  reorganized  the  school,  originally  founded  by  the  hakufu,  and 
engaged  an  English  and  a  French  teacher  to  give  instruction.  Years 
before,  at  Nagasaki,  an  American  missionary,  whose  name  I  omit  only 
in  deference  to  his  sensitive  modesty,  had  taught  Japanese  young 
men,  sending  forth  scores  who  afterward  held  hi^h  place  in  govern- 
ment Counsels.  The\'  called  him  to  take  charge  of  their  chief  school 
in  Tokio.  In  January,  1869,  there  were  three  French,  three  (icrman, 
and  five  English  teachers,  and  about  eight  or  nine  hundred  scholars. 
It  was  called  a  "  university  ;''  its  proper  name  was  a  school  of  lan- 
guages. 

Tin.-  Japanese  had  very  primitive  ideas  concerning  the  fitness  of 
men  to  teach.  The  seclusion  of  Japan  for  nearly  three  hundred  years 
had  it-  effect  in  producing  generations  of  male  adults  who,  compared 
to  men  trained  in  the  life  of  modern  civilization,  were  children.  Any 
one  who  could  >peak  English  could  evidently  teach  it.  The  idea  of  a 
trained  professional  foreign  teacher  was  never  entertained  by  them. 
They  picked  up  men  from  Tokio  and  Yokohama.  The  "professors" 
at  first  obtained  were  often  ex-bar-tcnders,  soldiers,  sailors,  clerks,  etc. 
\N  hen  teaching,  with  pipe  in  mouth,  and  punctuating  their  instruc- 
tion- \\itli  oaths,  or  appearing  in  the  class-room  top-heavv,  the  Japa- 
ne-e  concluded  that  such  eccentricities  were  inerelv  national  peculiar 
ities.  As  for  "Japanese  wives,"  thev  were  in  main  houses,  and  ihi- 
the  native  authorities  never  suspected  was  wrong,  or  different  from 
the  foreign  custom.  In  America  there  was  read  to  me  a  paper  on  the 
-iibjrct,  and  i  innocently  marveled  at  the  high  tone  of  Japanese  mo- 
rality. I  found  out  afterward  that  the  clause  meant  that  the  foreign 
teachers  must  not  change  mistresses  too  often.  One  American  in  To- 
kio eiijoved  a  harem  of  ten  native  beauties.  Yet  there1  were  some 
faithful  found  annum1  the  faithless,  and  real,  earnest  teachers.  Yet 
even  these  wen'  not  altogether  comprehensible  to  their  employers. 
<  >tn'  man,  a  Christian  gentleman,  but  not  painfullv  neat,  especiallv  in 
hi-  foot-gear,  having  the  habit  peculiar  to  a  certain  great  man  of  never 
la<'iii'j:  up  his  shoes,  the  Japanese  director  of  the  school  -olnnnlv  in- 
((Hired  whether  the  gentleman  was  ann'rv  at  the  oflic<'t>.  Thcv  -up- 
po-cd  that  In1  had  some  cau-e  of  complaint  against  them,  and  \\  as 
-hotting  it  professionally  by  not  lacing  up  his  shoe-.  They  were' 


;j7^  TllK   MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

quite  ivlievi  1  i'ii  I"'!!!11;  informed  tli:it  tlir  unlaced  lp<x>t>  neither  foiv- 
l,oded  ij.  .r  .  \piv--ed  dissati.-faetioii. 

It  \\;i-  a  Herculean,  na\.  rather  a  -eemin<_dv  impracticaHe.  task  to 
ivduci  thai  \\ild  chaos  of  liuniaiiity  t->  order  and  system.  Here  were 
.i  together  a  tlionsand  male  Japanese,  of  everv  a^e,  and  from 
everv  ijiiarler  of  the  empire.  The  middle-auvd  and  old  men.  \\lio 
\\i-hed  to  learn  merelv  to  read  and  translate,  and  not  to  -peak,  a  for- 
•  i-n  laiiLTuairc,  weir  mo-tlv  in  the  "  nieaniiiir-scliuol."  The  \oun"vr. 
though  >"iiie  \\eiv  over  tliirtv,  learned  the  alphabet,  -pellin^.  coii\er-a- 
tion-.  writing,  and,  in  the  higher  classes,  trrii^rapliv,  arithmetic,  and 
-imple  hi-torv.  The  buildings  were  r<>\\-  of  shed-  \\ith  ^la.-s  \\in- 
iluws.  deal  de-ks  and  -eat-,  and  unpaitited  u  o,  M]  partition-. 

A  thoii-ainl  top-knot-,  two  thousand  swofd- ;  a<  inanv  clou'-,  a- 
manv  -uit-  of  cotton  dre—  :  a  th<>u-and  pail'-  of  o!,li,|Ue  eves  that  saw 

!h't    a-    the    e\  e-    of   the    Tell  toll,  tile    I'Vailk.  tile     lir'ltol],   or   tile    American 

-aw;  a  thou-and  rice-tilled  stoiuachs;  a  thou-aml  lu-ain-  tilled  \\iMi 
the  idea-  in-tilled  1>\  the  old  education  of  Japan:  a  tliou>and  [iair-  of 
;tnn-  traitu  d  to  tin1  -\\ord.  -pear,  and  l>o\v  ;  a  thou-and  re-ties-  liodie- 

hafed  under  foreign  sehool  di-cipUnc — all  the.-e  to^etlier  made 
\\hat  -eeined  diaos  to  the  teacher  fre-h  from  the  order  and  neatne-- 
of  an  American  -chool.  In  the  ri'-kctv  room-  were  tire-pots  and  l>am- 

iln-  'l"in-'  dnt\  as  a-h-l'o\e-:  for  at  ea>  h  recos,  even  during 
recitation,  native  -chular  and  teacher  were  \\  out  to  pull  out  their  pipe- 
and  til!  the  tin\  t"  >',>,  i-  to  -moke. 

An    old   daimio'-    ii-i*l',k'i    had    lieen    tran-formed    l.v   ro\\-   of   -lied- 

lilt"    tiie    "  t"ll!Ver-itV."         Aceoj-dinu'    1"    .lapalie-e    etiijllelte.    the    o|lie,  •!'- 

entered  at  oiii  door,  ih^  teachi'i'-  at  another,  the  -cholar-  at  a  third. 
A-  the  -c] !  !.f._f;iii  -oiiii'where  al-oiit  '. •  A.M.,  the  -cholar-  thronged 

alotl'_r    'he    -loJie    \\alk.         The    -clapitiLf   clattel    of    their  W lell    e'lo^s   atld 

patten-  v\a-  d>  af>  niiiir.       l']a--h  canie  to  -chool  \\earin_:'  hi-  t  \\  o  -\\.n-d-. 

Mnt'-rinu''  a   lar_rc  -'juari    room,  each  i!,-li\ered    his  elo^s  to  one   of  the 

lia!f-do/eii  attendant    -er\ant<,  who.  hai]^iuur  them   up,  u'ave  the  n\\nei 

a    \\oodetj   i  i    \\itii   a    iiuniiier.      In    another   ro.iin.  which 

Imikfil   liki  M    hi-   loir.;  -\\ord,   uhicli   \\a-  laid   »l\ 

'IP      .f  the   lilllidred    "|-   more   rack-,   and   checked   a-   before.        Hat-  the\ 

IP  vt-r  wore,  and  -o  \\eiv   IP  vi  r  troiil'leil  to  l,aic_r  them  up.      There  ua- 

"1    ,i    hat    in   .I'ipaii   a   d'-.-ad'-    ',_    .    it      ea-1    in    the    c\lindrical    -eii<i     of 

rm.       \\  h'-n   the  \\  .  I   nat    ••    doe-  i'e^in  to   wear  one.  h« 

kno\\-  at  tir-t  \\heri    t"  p  it   it   uhen   "tT  hi-  head,  or  ix'inem!"  r- 

n   he  'foe-  a\\  av   fr.  'in   ^  !,•  ]••    !.•    laid  it. 


IX  TOKIO,   THE  EASTERN  CAPITAL.  373 

In  rainy  weather,  their  paper  umbrellas  were  stowed  away  ami 
ticketed  in  the  >ame  manner  as  their  clogs.  Thus  despoiled,  in  l>are 
feet,  or  in  mitten -stockings,  with  short  sword  in  belt,  from  which 
wooden  checks  depended,  the  scholars  entered  their  rooms.  The 
teacher,  not  always  early,  be^an  with  his  top-knots,  and  riidit  grandly 
did  the  young  eyes  snap  and  the  young  ideas  shoot.  With  such  ma- 
terial the  superintendent  went  on.  \A  itli  officers  utterly  unacquainted 
with  their  duties ;  teachers  of  all  sorts,  and  no  sort  at  all ;  undisciplined 
pupils,  having  to  combat  suspicion,  ignorance,  and,  worse  than  all, 
Japanese  vanity  and  conceit,  he  Toiled  on  for  years,  the  final  result  be- 
ing Tnorally  magnificent.  In  this  school  the  scholars  attended  but  one- 
session,  being  divided  into  morning  and  afternoon  scholars.  Half  of 
them  messed  or  boarded  in  barracks  built  bv  the  school  ;  but  where 
they  went  at  night,  or  how  they  spent  their  spare  time,  was  no  one's 
business. 

The  mikado's  government  had  been  in  operation  in  Tokio  two  years, 
but  it  was  on  any  thing  but  a  stable  foundation.  Conspiracies  and 
rumors  we  had  for  breakfast,  dinner,  and  supper.  To-day,  Satsuma 
was  going  to  carry  off  the  mikado.  To-morrow,  the  "tycoon1'  was  to 
be  restored.  The  next  day,  the  foreigners  were  to  be  driven  out  of 
Tokio,  and  then  out  of  Japan.  The  city  was  not  only  full  of  the 
turbulent  troops  of  the  jealous  daimios,  but  of  hundreds  of  the  Jn-'i 
(or  foreigner-haters),  the  patriot  assassins,  who  thought  they  were  do- 
ing the  gods  service,  and  their  country  a  good,  in  cleaving  a  foreigner 
in  the  street. 

Before  1  left  America,  my  students  had  told  me  by  all  means  to 
take  a  revolver  with  me,  as  I  might  verv  likelv  meet  ronins.  I  had 
one  of  Smith  A:  "Wesson's  best.  Few  foreign  residents,  ever  went  far 
from  their  houses  without  one,  and  many  wisely  kept  indoors  at  ni^ht. 
except  upon  urgent  duty.  About  fifty  foreigners  had  been  killed  in 
Japan  since  lsr>9.  For  the  safety  of  the  teachers,  about  fifty  armed 
ini'ii,  called  hcttc,  wen;  kept  in  pay.  These  knights  wen.-  dubbed 
"  Brown  I  Jet  ties*1 — a  vile  pun,  evidently  by  an  American,  through  who-, 
sad  memory  vi>ioiis  of  that  appeti/.ing  pudding  flittered,  a<  he  mourn- 
ed its  absence,  with  that  of  buckwheat-cakes,  pumpkin-pies,  turke\>. 
and  other  home  delicacies  Horses  were  kept  readv  saddled,  and  the 
bette  were  always  ready  to  accompanv  man  or  horse.  It  was  imp'>"i- 
ble  to  -lip  out  without  tin-in.  Bv  a  curious  svstem  of  Japanese  arith- 
metical progression,  one  bette  accompanied  one  foreigner,  four  of  them 
went  with  two,  and  eight  with  three.  One  would  <uppuse  that  a  >in- 


:%,74 


THE  MIKADO'S  KMTlliK 


e.-je    foreigner    was    in    iTi'i-ater  danger  tliaii  when  with  a  companion. 

Tin-  I'M---  aft'  rnoon  1  ualked  ti>  see  the  ruins  of  I'vc-no,  once  tin-  <_:l"rv 

of  tin1  citv.  with  my  lio-t.      1  noticed  one  ;_rUard  kept  always  with  u-. 

N.I:   IM  in--   counted  a  jimtiiii.  I  often  \sriit   on  inv  ramMe-   alone.      I 

\\a-   in  \  er  haniieil,  though   1  Lfot    an   oeea>ional   >co\vl,  and  wa-   often 

;   to   pa—  aioiiLT   narrow   and  l"iielv  streets,  in  which  villaiimus- 

_•  men,  with  two   mnrderous-lookinj;  -word-  in  their  helt-.  were 

llUlllel'.  >11>. 

Anioim-  the  many  >ites  in  the  citv  from   which  one  can  u.'et  a  view 
of  1'iiji  from  l>a>e  to  summit,  are  . \taLt"  vama.  the  toj,  ot  Kndan  x.aka, 
and  Surii^a  I  >ai,  or  elevation,  so  named  from  the  fact  that  you  ln-liuld 
•rdh'  mountain  as  though  vmi  -.sere  in  Suru^a  it-elf. 


< 'He  afti-niooii   I  h;id  1 n  out   walking;"  to  Asaku-a  and   I'vriin  \\ith 

•.    \nie|'ic;in  teacher  in  the  -.rhoo]  \\\  that  time.  and.  after  a  \«\\<^ 
'      '  nt   what    I    had   -f>-\\.  aiid   to  eon-nit    m\    ho-t. 

\\  •  agreed,  the  iiiorr"\\  lu-in^  a  holidav,  to  make  an  e\eur-i»n  to  the 
lo\e!\  -nl.iirhan  retreat  <iji,  ju-1  out-ide,  to  lh<-  north  of  Tfikiu.  After 
.'  •  eiiiiii;  anioiij1  map-.  iiote-Iiook-..  and  letter-,  a-  n-iial.  I  retired  t'1 
iv-t.  1  va-  a  -niind  -leepi-r.  ami  iiotiecd  nuthiiiU1  during  the  ni^ht. 
A'''..;:t  I  \.\i.m\  I  |n-ared  at  m\  iloor.  and,  in  a  rather  .-cpnlehral 
'  'in.  inf'-nii'd  '  \<  could  imt  •_'.•  to  nji  thai  day.  'i'heiv  had 

deen  _n,-al   change-  duviii-'  the    iii-'ht.  and  two  teacher-  of  tin-   scln HI] 

ha  1    lieell    .   lit    d"U  h    in    the    -tl'eet-. 

1  «lre--ed  ha-ty  1  n  akfa-t   hy  the  lamp   I  learn- 

'•d    tlie    -tor\    of   '  I.        I'    \\a-    a    -illlple    one.   litjt    hi 1\     elioll^ll. 

T)||      two     ||  '        'I  ,-e    il'itHi'tHSnl    ilf'lf    <l<l>lfih, 

I'l-e-umin-    lipon    th                        :  ,:-••,.  and    liein^   \\holU    unarmed, 

-tarted    to    another    par!    •  f  ll       .'itv.  not    far   from    the   -chool. 

tin  >r   i, 'rn    n/nri/,  the\     \\.-r.  -\aikin_:'    aloiii:    "lie    "f  the 

•  t-.      Tl  •    tall  -t  of  iln  m    -  'ei\ed   Midi  a  1-low   from   \«- 


AY  m£70,   THE  EASTERN  CAPITAL.  375 

hind  that  he  fell,  supposing  that  some  one  had  knocked  him  down 
with  a  liainhoo  or  club.  Almost  before  he  fell,  his  companion  re- 
ceived a  frightful  cut  on  the  opposite  shoulder.  Both  then  knew  they 
had  received  sword- wounds,  and  they  hotli  started  to  run.  The  tirst 
one  attacked  ran  up  the  street  into  an  open  paper-shop,  begging  the 
people  to  Kind  up  his  wounds,  and  send  word  to  the  college.  The 
second,  bein^  the  last  on  his  feet,  was  overtaken  by  his  pursuer,  who 
dealt  him  a  second  sweeping  two-handed  blow,  which  cut  a  canal 
across  his  hack  from  riu'ht  shoulder  to  left  hip,  ncarlv  eleven  inches 
lojio-.  IK.-  Dallied  the  paper-shop,  however,  and  begged  the  people  to 
stanch  his  wounds  with  the  thick,  soft  Japanese  paper.  After  giving 
their  addres-,  and  bidding  the  people  send  for  a  doctor  and  a  school 
officer,  they  fainted  away  from  loss  of  blood.  Tliev  were,  when  L  saw 
them,  Iviiiii'  asleep  at  the  paper-shop,  native  doctors,  having  reached 
them  and  skillfully  bound  up  their  wounds. 

We  left  the  college  at  half-past  four,  well  armed,  and  accompanied 
by  a  servant  carrvinsi'  a  lantern.  \\  e  passed  down  the  street  skirting 
the  castle  moat  to  the  Tori.  It  was  very  dark,  and  the  citv  was  in 
unbroken  slumber.  The  onlv  si<_dit  was  the  night  roundsman  pacing 
his  beat,  lantern  in  his  left  hand,  and  jingling  an  iron  staff,  surmount- 
ed hv  bunches  of  ring's  on  the  top,  which  he  thumped  on  the  ground 
at  eveiy  few  steps,  crying  out,  "Jli  no  yojhi  "  (look  out  for  fire).  1  I  ere 
and  there,  in  nooks  and  corners,  \ve  saw  a  beggar  curled  up  under  his 
mats.  \Ye  finally  reached  the  house  in  Xabe.Cho  (Rice-pot  Street). 
\\e  entered  by  a  side  door,  and  found  in  the  back-room,  sitting  and 
smoking  round  the  //>!></(•///,  six  or  ein'ht  interpreters  and  Japanese 
teachers  from  the  college.  Sliding  aside  the  paper  partitions,  we  look- 
ed into  the  front  room,  and,  b\  the  light  of  our  lanterns,  saw  the  two 
\\  ounded  men,  one  with  head  bandaged  and  face  upward,  the  other 
Ivino'  prune,  \\ith  back  tiu'htlv  swathed,  asleep,  and  breathing  heavilv. 
\Ve  waited  till  daylight,  when  they  woke  up  and  told  us  their  sloiy. 
The  >killful  sui'M-emi  of  the  Knn-lish  legation  arrived  sliortlv  after. 
commending;  highly  the  skill  displayed  by  the  native  surgeons  in  bind- 
ing U[i  the  wounds. 

I  spent  several  days  and  nights  in  the  house,  attending  the  patients. 
The  \\ounds  of  one  were  of  a  frightful  character:  that  of  the  otln-r  wa> 
iijion  the  head  and  >hoiilder-  blade.  The  blo\\  had  <i'i'a/ed  the  skull, 
and  cut  deeply  into  the  tle-diy  part  of  the  back.  It  was  not  dangerous  ; 
in  a  few  days  he  sat  up.  and  the  wound  rapidly  healed.  For  -rveral 
davs  the  weakness  arising'  from  the  loss  of  blood  and  the  wound-fever 


MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

threat**  ':'!  the  life  cf  his  companion.  One  of  his  ril»  wa- 

nearlv  -e\civd.  and  both  <j;a-he-  were  lon^r  ami  deep.  Hi'  had  to  l>n 
handled  \' T\  teiiderlv.  After  -even  dav-,  however,  they  were  able  to 
uoved  to  their  o\\  n  hi  «u-e.  and,  as  thev  had  provided  other  mir-e-. 
in\  -i r\ '!<•>•-  \\eie  no  longer  required. 

I  tiM.k  the  early  -tauv  on  the  morning  of  the  attack,  and  carried 
the  news  to  Vokoliaiua.  The  mikado's  <  Jovenimeiit,  with  a-toni-hiii'.; 
eiHTirv,  ininiediatelv  took  >tep-  to  discover  the  a--a--ins,  u-in<_r  the 
most  -tivmiou-  exertion-.  Kverv  one  leaving  the  eitv  or  pa— inur  the 
irate-  wa-  searched.  K\erv  samurai  in  Tokio  \vas  obliged  to  <_nve  an 
account  of  his  whereabouts  from  sunset  to  sunrise  of  that  evening. 
K\.  TV  >\\ord  \\orn  in  Tokio  was  examined  \«  discover  blooil  -  >tain-. 
\\hieli  can  not  be  ivnio\ed  except  bv  ^rindiiiL,p.  K\  cry  sword-maker 
aiid  e/i'inder  \\  a-  <|Ue-tioned.  I  know  of  se\cral  >inall  \>«\  >  \\lio  f.-lt 
hi^Iil\  i  lated  at  the  -Teat  and  rare  honor  of  having  a  po>se  of  pomp- 
on- -•.  .\-eriimeiit  oilieiaU  ^i'a\el\  i  xamiiie  their  swords,  according  to  i.j-- 
der-.  Nothing''  u'ave  one  >o  real  an  idea  of  the  >inceritv  and  abilitv  of 
the  ( iovernnieiit,  and  it-  determinatitui  to  reform  barbarous  eustom>. 
a-  their  eiierLfv  "'I  thi-  oi'ea-ioii.  The  >ta'_;v  which  carried  IIH  t" 
Yokohama  \va^ -topped  at  the  Shina<;a\va  ^uard-house  bv  a  man  ania-'! 
\\ith  a  I'arb.-d  hook,  to  examine  anv  Japalie-e  that  mi^ht  be  witliin. 

The  evciteiueiit  anioii^  the  foreigner-  in  Tokio  next  morning  wa- 
inteii-e.  I'rip[.het-  wt-nt  round  prophe-\  i  JILT  that  in  a  week  Tokio 
would  be  de-ei?ed  of  f(>r. •} _MH •!•-.  A  certain  i-oii-ul  ported  up  a  notice 
in  a  jmblie  phfe — in  a  bar-room.  I  belie\(  — aut  hori/.in^;  anv  citi/en  of 
hi-  natioi  ilitv,  -1  -\  d  an\  Japanese  b.  -eeii  la\mu  h:-  hand  on  hi- 
-wonl,  "to  *li.ni«  him  on  the  -pot."  The  mo-t  xi^lent  and  intlamma- 
tor\  laiiLTMaLTe  appeai'ed  iti  the  new-paper-.  Sum,-  hot-headed  folk-  at 
Vok,  ,h;ima  held  a  meeting,  and  re-o|\  ,-d  t  ha!  tin  Japanese  ( Jo  verm  ilelil 
-hoiild  il'-ai'm  the  -amurai.  b\  oi-cleriii'_r  I'M-  immediate  abolition  of 

the    ell-toll)    ,.f    Wearing'     -«ords.         Yokohama     iv-ideht-    wl|o-e    bll-ille-- 

hri'U^ht  them  to  Tokio    thoii-jh  beheil  and  with  two  revolvers,  -aw  in 
•  \er\    .lajiaije-i     l.o\    nf   coiijie   an    a— a— in.      A    nightmare  of  -amurai, 

-word-,  b] i.  I  and  arm-.  irrave--1oiies.  and  ^rim  death 

bi- Jed  "\<r   the   foreigner-.      "The  beaten   soldier   fear-  tin-  top-   of 

the  tall  Lrra— ." 

\mid-t  thi-  pan!''  o|  fi  !  and  gentle  countrymen  of  mine — 

one  a  mi— iouar\    who  ha  ;  Japan  and  am"tiir  the  peoplr  -ev<  i. 

v«  af-.  and   another  wlio    f..r    n  ,d    --..in     anion--   them  dav  and 

u.  d  —  opened  m \  e\,--.      K\  .!:'!.•    -wc.rd"d  -amurai  bei-ani' 


IX  TOKIO,  THE  EASTERN  CAPITAL.  377 

in  inv  vision  as  harmless  as  trees  walking,  I  saw  that  the  affair,  which 
had  frightened  some  men  out  of  their  wits,  concerned  a  gentleman 
about  as  much  as  a  murder  in  Water  Street,  or  the  Five  Points,  con- 
cerns a  law-loving  citizen  of  New  York,  who  attends  quietly  to  his 
bn.-itiess.  I  soon  put  away  my  revolver,  and  began  the  study  of  facts 
relating  to  the  many  cases  of  "assassination''  of  foreigners  in  Japan. 
In  every  instance,  since  the  restoration  of  peace  after  the  troubles  of 
the  civil  war,  it  was  a  storv  of  overbearing  insolence,  cruelty,  insult, 
the  jealousy  of  paramours,  native  women,  or  avarice,  or  the  effect  of 
cau>es  which  neither  fair  play  nor  honor  could  justify. 

During  my  stay  of  nearly  four  years  in  Japan,  several  Europeans 
wen.'  attacked  or  killed;  but  in  no  case  was  there  a  genuine  assassina- 
tion, or  unprovoked  assault.  I  was  led  to  see  the  horrible  injustice  of 
the  so-called  indemnities,  the  bombardments  of  cities,  the  slaughter  of 
Japanese  people,  and  the  savage  vengeance  wreaked  for  fancied  in- 
juries against  foreigners.  There  is  no  blacker  page  in  history  than 
the  exactions  and  cruelties  practiced  against  Japan  by  the  diplomatic 
representatives  of  the  nations  called  Christian — in  the  sense  of  having 
the  heaviest  artillery.  In  their  financial  and  warlike  operations  in 
Japan,  the  foreign  ministers  seem  to  have  acted  as  though  there  was 
no  day  of  judgment.  Of  the  Japanese  servants  kicked  and  beaten, 
or  frightened  to  death,  by  foreign  masters  ;  of  peaceable  citizens  knock- 
ed down  by  foreign  tists,  or  ridden  over  by  horses;  of  Japanese  homes 
desolated,  and  innocent  men  and  women,  as  well  as  soldiers,  torn  by 
-hells,  and  murdered  1>\-  unjust  bombardments,  what  reparation  has 
been  made?  What  indemnity  paid  ?  What  measures  of  amelioration 
taken  for  terrible  excess  of  bloody  revenge  at  Kagoshima  and  Sliimo- 
nosf'-ki  '.  What  apology  rendered  ?  For  a  land  impoverished  and  torn, 
for  the  miseries  of  a  people  compelled  bv  foreigners,  for  the  sake  of 
their  cursed  dollars,  to  open  their  country,  what  sympathy?  For  their 
cholera  and  vile  diseases,  their  defiling  immorality,  their  brutal  violence, 
their  rum,  \\hat  benefits  in  return  •  Of  real  encouragement,  of  cheer 
to  Japan  in  her  mi^htv  stniLT^le  to  regenerate  her  national  life,  what 
word.'  Onlv  the  answer  of  the  horse-leech — for  blood,  blood  ;  and  at 
all  times,  gold,  gold,  gold.  They  ask  all,  and  irive  next  to  nothing. 
For  (/»•>/•  murders  and  oppressions  they  make  no  reparation.  Is 
Heaven  ahvavs  on  the  side  of  the  heaviest  artillerv  { 


378  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


IV. 

sffiirr*  AXD  sorxji*  i\  A  PACAX  TEMPLE. 

TiiK  temple  of  Kuaiion  at  Asaku-a  is  to  Tokio  what  St.  Paul's  is 
t"  London,  or  Notre  I  >amr  to  1'aris.  The  chief  temple  of  the  city, 
tlie  mo-t  popular  religion-  resort,  OIH-  never  SITS  the  Japanese  capital 
till  he  sees  A-aku-a.  Like  Notre  I  >ame,  it  i-  ancient,  holy,  dirty,  and 
urand.  with  pigeons  and  prie>ts,  and  liaxaars  and  book-stalls  near  by 
tn  inatcli. 

A-aku-a  is  now  tlie  name  of  a  district  of  the  city,  which  anciently 
wa-  a  village.  The  temple  is  about  three  miles  from  the  centre  of 
the  ca-t!e.  and  two  from  Nihon  Ha-hi.  and  at  the  time  of  i:-  erection 
wa-  a  remote  -uhurb.  It  i-  but  a  -hort  distance  from  the  river,  and 
A-aku-a  bi'idii'e  and  A-aku-a  ferry  have  l>eeii  made  chiefly  for  the 
conveiiiciice  nf  the  pi-iii-.  ^'av.  and  cui'ioii-.  to  cross  the  Suinida  River 
t"  \i-it  the  -Teat  temple.  Li'arden-.  and  plea>ure-tiTouil(ls)  manv  ncivs 
MI  exti-nt.  Tiii--i'  latii-r  a  .lapaiie-e  tempi'-  imi-t  always  have,  whether 
r»uddhi-t  or  Shinto.  In  them  are  fair-,  refre-lmients,  booths,  eat  inn'- 
sinokiiiLi'.  'laii'iir;.  aiid  e\  ei-\'  ^'a  \  -pui't  and  pleasure  known.  'Jo  the 
Japanc-e  miiid  there  i-  no  inc.  in^ruit  \  it;  thi-  placing  a  temple  clieek 
bv  \«\\\  v.  ith  a  th'-alre.  To  ca.-t  his  'Ti-h  in  the  bo\  of  oll'eriiiM--,  to 
prav.  are  \<\\\  pri  hide-  to  uproarious  mirth  or  sedate  enjoyments.  R(- 
liifi'-n  and  ini c-nt  pl«  a-ure  join  hand-  in  Japan.  Are  the  Japanese 

WP  .I!-'    ill    thi-  ' 

T\\o  --rand  entrance-  invite  the  vi-itor.  (  »ne  opens  to  the  river. 
The  main  approach  form-  the  terminu-  of  an  avenue  that  tra\er-es 
the  i-',t\,  and  join-  the  broad  >tlvet  froiitin^  A-aku-a  at  ri^ht  an-'le-. 
I'p  and  down  tin-  -treet.  »i\  either  -ide.  for  rod-,  are  iv-tauranl-  and 
hoii-e-  whei-e  the  f,  1 1  i  e  ,  ]  -\  ,,f  'I'okio  make  mu-ic.  soTi«jf,  anj 

dance.      The   path    to   tin     '  -   of  -tone,  twelve    feel    wide,  \vith 

-ide  pavement-,  upon  which  are  rairjvd  hundred-  of  booth-  having  on 
-ah    a   ^oi-^eou-    abundance    o)    to\-.  doll-,  and    cvtTV   thini;'   to  delight 
,'•-    of   bal'\doiu.      1'irpetual    <  'hri-tmas    ivii_rii-    here.      "l'i\ery 


SIGHTS  AND  KOUXDS  IX  A   PAG  AX  TEMPLE. 


379 


street  in  Paris  is  like  Broadway,"  said  a  French  mademoiselle  to  a 
New  York  ladv.  Kvery  day  at  Asakusa  is  a  festival  ;  but  on  the 
great  matsuris,  or  religious  holidays,  the  throng  of  gayly  dressed  hu- 
manity of  all  au'es,  is  astonishing.  Every  one  in  Japan  has  heard  of 
Asakusa.  One  never  fairly  sees  open-air  Japanese  life,  except  at  a 
matsuri.  rrhere  is  nothing  strange,  however,  to  the  Japanese  mind 
in  this  association  of  temples  and  toy-shops.  The  good  bonzes  in 
their  sermons  declare,  as  the  result  of  their  exegesis  and  meditations, 
that  husbands  are  bound  to  love  their  wives,  and  show  it  by  allowing 
them  plenty  <>f  pin-money  and  hair-pins,  and  to  be  not  bitter  against, 
them  by  denying  them  neat  dresses  and  handsome  girdles.  The 
farmer  who  comes  to  town  with  his  daughter,  turns  from  prayer  to 
the  purchase  of  pomatum  or  a  mirror.  Every  sort  of  toy,  game,  hair- 
ornaments  in  illimitable  variety  ;  combs,  rare  and  beautiful,  and  cheap 
and  plain;  crapes  for  the  neck  and  bosom;  all  kinds  of  knickknacks, 
notions,  and  varieties  are  here  ;  besides  crying  babies ;  strings  of  beads 

for  prayer;  gods  of  lead,  brass, 
and  wood  ;  shrines  and  family 
altars,  sanctums,  prayer-books, 
sacred  bells,  and  candles. 

Chapels  and  special  shrines, 
many  of  them  the  expiatory  gifts 
of  rich  sinners,  lie  back  of  the 
booths  on  each  side  of  the  road- 
wav.  On  their  walls  hang  votive 
tablets  and  pictures  of  various 
sorts.  In  one  of  the  booths,  an 
old  artist,  with  his  two  brushes 
in  one  hand,  is  painting  one. 
His  cheap  productions  will  sell 

for  five  or  ten  cents.  lie  looks  as  though  he  were  lauo'hing  at  his 
OWTI  j"ke,  fur  his  subject  is  a  pictorial  pun  on  the  word  "fool"  (l>ftk«  : 
hn,  a  horse  ;  k<i,  a  stay1).* 


Artist  at  Work. 


*  The  allu>ion  is  to  the  net  of  the  Chinese  prime  minister  at  the  court  of  the 
Chine-e  emperor,  who  was  the  son  (if  the  illustrious  builder  of  the  (iiva!  Wall. 
He  declared  that  a  :-tair  could  be  ealled  a  horse,  ami  a  horse  a  stair.  The  court  ierr> 
were  compelled  to  obey  him.  This  is  the  origin  of  the  Japanese  word  ?*//•<<,  which 
the  Japanese  urehins  r-omrtimes  cry  at  foreigners,  and  one  ot'Uie  lir-t.  word>  the 
latter  learn  to  throw  at  the  natives.  The  particular  digital  ire>ture  of  sticking 
the  left  fore lii i ire r  in  the  left  .-ide  of  the  mouth  is  the  Japane-e  e^uh  alent  of  the 
Mjiiloquy,  "  What  a  fool  I  am  !"  or  the  interrogation.  "  You  think  I'm  a  I'ool,  dou't 


r-ii.i  Till:  MIKM'O'S  KM  PI  RE. 

Tin-   ineeiiM'  of  -moider'niLT  "  joss-stieks"*  is  wafted   outward,  ami 
blend-   wi;  i    t'.e    >:ivi»r\    odor-    of  baking -sponge   and  griddle-cakes, 

PM-tin.:  n  il-.  and  the  di-u'ti-tinu'  -niell  of  cnttle-ti.-h  fried  in  oil,  made 
M'saiiH1  (>•<*"  in  a  in  Or'n  ntiilis).  I  never  knew  till  I  arrived  in 
tn  •  Land  of  the  d'od-  wliv  the  door  of  the  eave  of  the  Folly  Tliieves 
•  1  so  i-a-ily  when  Ali  lial-a  uttered  the  potent  words,  "  <  >peii 
,,-,111,'."  1  know  IMW.  Let  anv  one  e-vt  ten  feet  to  windward  of  a 
i'r\  in^-pan  full  of  -e-ame  oil.  ami  lie  uill  find  it  strong  enough  to 
open  twent\  doois.  There,  two  lu-ty  fellows  are  pulling  away  at  a 
eolo--al  rope  of  harle\ --ULTar  candy,  now  stretching,  now  twi-tinir, 
uo\\  clon!>lin^.  until  the  proper  consistence  and  ti!>re  are  obtained. 
Iiown  on  the  ground,  at  intervals,  we  find  an  old  woman,  or  a  youni;' 
-•;i'..  -elliiiLT  \\hat  -cem  to  In-  little  slips  of  frayed  wood,  wliieli,  dropped 
on  water,  open  into  -nrpri-inu;  forms  of  heauty.  The  uniform  trith's 
unfold  into  variety,  di-playih^  a  tiowcr,  a  boat,  a  tree,  a  Kird.  a  rat. 
a  ti-hermaii.  a  man.  I'"uji.  a  l>ottle,  a  eup,  a  biiu',  an  animal.  Some  are 
']<  >kes  and  ei  iinie  pieture-. 

I'M -fore  the  temple  proper  >1and>  a  <-olo>sal  stnieturo,  servinu:  merely 
a>  :,  '_-;ii>-u  a\ ,  of  p-d  paint' d  wood,  almost  >eveiity  feet  hi^h.      Facing 

II-    on    eitlier    rside   a-    \\  e   elitef  are   the    lii^'h    .-olol'ed    delliolis    ,\'i  -  n    (t\\.' 

kiii^-).  whom  we  miiM  propitiate.  1'laeh  i-  hi^lier  than  (roliatli  of 
(ialh:  one  i-  ^reen,  and  the  other  red.  "A-  u^'lv  as  sin,"  is  faint 
prai-e  of  tiieir  liidi-oiii-nos.  Their  fae.--  and  nni-elr>  are  contorted 
iii'"  faneifni  i-orniiratii'iis  and  their  attitude  i-  a-  though  tliev  were 
'j.'oinur  to  tran-ii\  ii-  heretic^.  Fastened  to  the  ^ratiiii:'  in  front  of  them 
are  -traw  sandaU,  -ii'  !i  a-  laborer*  and  ru-tie-  wear.  Some  of  tlie-e 
arc-  I'lif  eiio-,i'_fh  to  -!I.H-  a  megatherium.  'I  hev  are  IIHIIL;'  up  b\  people 

-op       feet,    to     propitiate     the-     dellloliv     a!|(l     {,,     vcek     rediVel'V.         Ill 

front  of  the  --ate  and  under  it.  in  two  row>.  -it  pioii-  bee-M-aj--,  mo-tlv 
women,  who  beat  on  hollow  -hell>  of  wood,  like  eiiormou>  >tale  clam- 
or irapii'LT  -  -.  and  -a\  pra\er-  for  their  donor-  at  a  low  price. 

The   faith!  il    di   <}>  a    \<  \\    in-n   i-a>h,  or  a  -in^li I'p1'1'-  ^"  "'"'  '"'  Uioj-e 

i.f  the-.-  i.aj-  a-  the\    pa--  on. 

l'a--iii--  within   the   ^ate,  \\e  are  in   the  temple   \  ard.      To  the  riu'lit 
i-  a  huu'e  la\aioi\,  tin     ;-    .]  |i    ua-hiiiL.f  their  hand-,  and  rin-inj;  their 

»-'>u:"    TlK-^iti-t       -  •                                        •••ad  hi-  <l:i\- in  iiaiiitiiii,' 

jiicturi  -   i. ir  ;i  ;.  . '•  -i-t.'ii'-e.     He  i-  tl.ii.-i  car'u-atiir'nii: 
•    t. 

.'  '-:-  i^  the  Cliiiutmuu'.-  I  '                             Llic  1'urtuLCUL-RC  word  lJt.w — Latin, 
/,.„.. 


AND  SOL'NUS  IN  ,1   PAGAN  TEMPLE. 


381 


mouths  preparatory  to  worship.      A  pagoda  rises  to  the  right  with  its 
seven  stories,  its  heavy  eaves  fringed  with  wind-bells,  its  beams  tipped 

with  carvings,  and  its  roof 
terminating  into  a  projec- 
tion called  the  kin-do  (nine 
rings),  resembling  an  enor- 
mous copper  turning  just 
rolled,  from  the  lathe,  or  a 
corkscrew  such  as  mi^lit  be 
used  to  uncork  a  columbiad. 
To  climb  to  the  top  is  to 
run  the  risk  of  dislocating 
the  neck,  and  the  view  does 
not  repav.  In  time  of  se- 
vere earthquake,  this  pago- 
da spire  will  vibrate  like  a, 
plume  on  a  helmet.  Of 
course,  in  the  picture,  the 
artist,  must  bring  in  the 
snow-white  cranes,  and  Fuji. 
<  >n  the  top  is  the  jewel,  or 
sacred  pearl,  so  conspicuous 
in  Japanese  art  and  svmhol- 
ism,  and  which,  on  the  coins 
and  paper  money, the  dragon 
ever  clutches  in  his  talons. 

On  my  left  stands  a  large1  plain  frame  of  wood,  on  which  \\i\\\\f  tal- 
lies, or  tablets,  inscribed  with  names  and  sums  of  monev.  They  are 
those  of  subscribers  to  the  temple,  and  the  amount  of  their  contribu- 
tions. One,  Hve,  and  ten  dollars  are  common  gifts,  and  the'  one  hun- 
dred-dollar donor  i-  honored  with  a  larger  amount  of  shingle  to  ad- 
vertise his  religion.  Several  old  women  have  stands,  at  which  they 
-(•11  holy  beans,  pious  prase,  and  sanctified  rice.  These  are  kept  readv 
in  tinv  earthen  saucers.  The  orthodox  buy  these,  and  tlin^  them  to 
the  cloud  of  pigeons  that  are  waiting  on  the  temple  eaves,  and  tly. 
\\hirrinu'  do\\n,  to  feed.  Ten  thousand  >nnheams  tla-h  from  their 
opaline  necks  as  their  pink  feet  move  coquettishly  o\er  the  ground. 
Two  enormous  upright  broti/.e  lanterns  on  stone  pedestal-  Hank  the 
path,  and  on  these  flocks  <•,('  pigeons  quickly  rise  and  settle  a^ain. 
The-e  pigeons  have  their  home,  not  only  without  but  within  the  tem- 


Pagoda  Spire,  or  Kin-do.    (Nishiki-yo.) 


pie.  o\  ,-r  tin-  wn  alrar>  of  <  in  -at  Shaka.  K\  en  the  pi -eon  hath  f. >un<i 
a  r.  -t  \xheiv  -In'  ina\  lax  her  \oiin-.  even  thine  altar-,  (iivat  Shaka. 
'I'h'  ir  eooin-  Mi  ml-  \xith  the  murmur-  «t'  praxer,  ami  the  xxhirrin-  »'/ 

tllcil'    V,;:;_-    \\ith    tlh     eliallt    of    tile    l>i>U/e-. 

I'M  -:d<-    tin'    pi^eoll-.    there    are    \\\t>    -ael'ed     All'illo    ponies    kepi     ill    ;i 

>tal>li  to  the  lefi.  They  are  eon-eerated  to  the  piv-idin-  deitx .  Kua- 
iioii,  <  loddess  of  Me  rex .  A  x  oun-  -irl  ha-  the  eai'e  of  them,  and  thex 
are  feil  l>\  the  piou-.  \\lio.  a-  a  reli-i"U-  and  meritorious  aet,  l>u\  the 
hean-  and  pea-e  \\ith  xxhieh  tlie  animal-  are  fed. 

"I'he  iiio-t  inipo-in^  feature  of  a  Japane-e  temple  is  the  roof  of 
ma  — ixe  1'laek  tilrs.  sxvccpiinj;  up  in  a  par;il>olie  eurxe  of  the  imnieii-e 
siirfaee,  \vhidi  make  eiiormou-.  M-aMe-  al  the  -ide.  ()ne  is  inipre— ed 
\\ith  the  solidity  of  the  timlu'is  and  support-,  xvhieh  an-  -et  tii'iulx  1-ut 
lo,)x,-l\  in  -tone  sockets,  and  defx  the  eailhijuake  in  a  manner  that  re- 
eall-  .K-op's  fal'K-  of  tin-  i«ak  and  tlic  I'ccd.  \\"e  jisecnd  the  i.road  e..p- 
per  ed-vd  step<  to  the  l.roader  poreh.  and  are  on  the  threshold  of  the 
LjTeal  pa'jan  temple,  -o  liolx,  so  noisv,  so  dirtx'.  \\ithin  it-  peiietra- 
lium,  vvr  trx  I"  feel  n-xcrriit.  llo\v  can  x\e.  x\itli  a  en>\\d  of  ea^'er. 
eiiriou-.  dirtx  faee-.  \\ith  dirtx"  hahie-  liehind  them,  xxilh  uneleaii  pi^.'- 
con>  \x  hirriiiLi'  al>o\  e  u-  to  the  threatened  detriment  of  our  hat-  .'  \\  it  h- 
in  i-  a  i-lino-  of  \oti\e  taMet-.  hii-'e  lantern-,  -hriiie-.  idol-,  -pit-hall-, 
smell-,  du-t.  dirt,  na-tine--,  and  hoiine--.  Iimnediatelx  \\ithin  ihedoor 
-land-  a  KM-'-  I'l'oii/e  eeii-i-r,  \\ith  a  hideoii-  I'ea-t  rampant  upon  it. 

He     -ee|||-      Iliaddelled     l.\      the     a-ei   I M  1 1 1 1  -'     elolld-     of     i  rri  t  at  i  II  L.r     ilH'i'lIM' 

that  pull  out  of  numei-ou-  Imlt-  around  the  ed-v.  The  \vor-hipir-. 
a-  ih.  \  .  nt'  i'.  'Irop  an  iron  or  I'opper  i-a-h  in  the  lap  of  the  i.  ;,••!,- 

toothed     efolie    \\ho     keep-    the    -a''l'ecl     fuel,    p'it     a    pilie'li     ill     olie     of     li.e 

liole-.  and  pa--  in  front  of  the  altar  1"  ['rax.      Afouml  the  top  of  the 

ei-n-i-r     are     the     t\\el\e     -i'j'll-.     of     tile     .lapaile-e     /odiae,    in     lli-h     relief. 

'I'!h  -e  are  the   rat,  <>\,  tiu'er.  raM'it.  di'a^oii.  -erpent.  hor-e.  ^,'oat,  nion- 

keV.eoek.    do-      |,o- 

Tl"-  -real    main   altar  i-   [.rotec-ted   in   front    !'\    an   iron   \\ire  sere(-u. 
I'iae'n   \\  oi'-hipei .  !  ••  f  •>]•'•   pra\  in-,  make-   a  "  heax  e-ofTerin— "  of    a  hand- 
ful '  •  in     I  \\<    alt. if.      <  •••'•a-ionai!\    one. 
!i  '  " .  '  i,  '••    '•  -   '•'  1 1  ,'    ix  i     u  oil  Id   eall   a  -pit  -!  sail    at    the   sereen. 
\\  hat    all    idea  !       'Ih''    '••                 •           ,      te-    out     In-    pet  itioll,  ehexx  -    it     to    a 
i  i  1 1    1 1  i  -  1 1 1  o  n  t  h .  a  n  1 1  l                 !   •  1 1   !  h  i    id"!.       it   i '   - 1  i  e  k  - ,  t  h  e  "  i  n  e  1 1  i  - 
-ood.  the  prayer  i-  IP  aid.      I  !<arin_;.  then,  depend-  on  the  -i.ftne—  of 
r  he  ma--,  or  t  he   -alix  al   al    lit  x       :<  I    >  !•  \;  >  \'i'  x    of  the   thi'oxver.      Soine 
-  in  the  niiti  r  -hi '::.  |i      .  •   i  all    <\  IT  xx  ith  the-e  out- 


Tt  AXD  SOUNDS  IN  A  PAGAN  TEMPLE.  383 

spittings  of  pious  mouths.      The  coins  and  bulls  might  injure  the  al- 
tar furniture  and  golden  idols,  if  not  protected. 

The  space  opposite  the  altar  is  rilled  by  praving  people  of  every 
sort.  Mothers,  maidens,  and  children,  old  men  and  bovs,  samurai  and 
merchant  and  farmer,  country  boors,  citv  swells,  soldiers  in  French  uni- 
form with  sword-bayonets  at  their  side,  //  A/.  Paris,  all  fling  the  coin, 
bow  tae  head,  rub  the  hands  above  the  head.  Many  use  strings  of 
beads,  like  the  Roman  Catholics.  1'rayers  at  the  main  altar  over,  the 
devotee  mav  visit  one  or  more  of  the  many  side  shrines  within  the 
building.  To  the  right  sits  the  ugly  and  worn-out  god  Binzuru  (one 
of  Buddha's  original  sixteen  disciples),  reputed  to  cure  diseases.  There 
is  a  mother  with  two  children  rubbing  the  dirty  old  wooden  head  and 
limbs,  and  then  applying  the  supposed  virtue  to  their  own  bodies  by 
rubbing  them.  The  old  idol  is  polished  ^reasv  and  black  by  the  at- 
trition of  maiiv  thousand  palms.  His  nose,  ears,  eyes,  and  mouth  have 
long  since  disappeared.  \Vc  warrant  that  more  people  are  infected 
than  cured  by  their  efforts. 

To  the  left  is  a  shrine,  covered  in  front  by  a  lattice,  to  the  bars  of 
which  are  tied  thousands  of  slips  of  paper  containing  written  prayers. 
Flanking  the  coffer  on  either  side  are  old  men  who  sell  charms,  printed 
prayers,  beads,  prayer-books,  and  ecclesiastical  wares  of  all  sorts.  Vo- 
tive; tablets  arc  hung  on  the  walls  and  huge  round  pillars.  Here  is 
one.  on  which  is  the  character,  cut  from  paper,  for  "man  "  and  "  wom- 
an," joined  bv  a  padlock,  from  a  pair  of  lovers,  who  hope  and  pray 
that  the  course  of  true  love  may  run  smooth,  and  finally  flow  like  a 
river.  Here  is  one  from  a  merchant  who  promises  a  u'ift  to  the  tem- 
ple if  his  venture  succeeds.  Scores  are  memorials  of  gratitude  to 
Kuanon  for  hearing  praver  and  restoring  the  suppliant  to  health.  The 
subject  of  one  picture  is  the  boiler  explosion  on  the  steamboat  ('if//  of 
}Wo,  which  took  place  in  front  of  the  foreign  hotel  in  Tsukiji.  An 
gu>t  l^th,  1S70,  in  which  one  hundred  lives  were  lost.  Onlv  a  few 
davs  ai:'o,  in  Yokohama,  I  saw  the  infant  son  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  and  Mr-. 
('ornes,  my  fellow-country  people,  who,  with  a  little  Hnu;lish  n'irl.  were 

the  onlv  foreigners  killed.      The  devotee  was  saved  bv  the  »Teat  mi-rev 

-*» 

of  Kuanon,  and  batiks  up  the  tablet,  as  a  witness  of  his  gratitude,  and 
Kuaiioifs  surpassing  favor.  Manv  are  from  sailors  who  have  survived 
a  storm.  (.Mi  the  wire  screen  lianu'  scores  of  men's  ^rca-v  t'>p-kiiots. 
and  a  few  braids  of  women's  hair,  cut  oil'  on  account  of  vows,  and  of 
fered  to  the  honor  of  Kuanon.  J'erhaps  the  deity  sees  the  heart  that 
made  the  offering,  and  not  the  rancid  and  mildewed  u'rease.  Above 


;iiv  -pi'  ',  li  .  ',tr\  ;n^-  and  paimnii:'-  "f  anuvK.  The  r>uddhi-t  angels 
.-in-  :il\\;i\-  !>  minine.  .\!ii"ii_r  the  ero\\d  of  religion-  emUem-.  there 

-!al'.   -     .'  ,    .1    ('rallied    pi<-tll|V    »f    tile    1'ae'ltie    Mail    Steamship    ('IiilKl    a- 

niciit,  and  111  ar  the  door  ,  .f  exit,  at    the  left,  -tand-  an  ini- 
uieii-e  mirror   in   a   da//lim_r  u'ilt   frame.      It   i-  "lie  of  the  sensational 

tu    the    Millar,  ami    help-    \<>    make    Up   the   eatelljiellllV  eollee- 

tion  i>f  mi-'-i-llanie-  in  this  rieh  temple.  \\lmse  real  e-tate  eo\er-  manv 
a  Te-  .  'f  \  ahial>le  ^T'  Himl. 

l'>e\  ond  the  u'rea!  -pare  dcvnteil  to  the  pulilie  are  the  \-ari'>ii-  altars 
ami  L;'i!t  images  of  the  deities,  siuv-.  and  saints  ,.f  the  Uiiddhi-t  jian- 
ihi  "ii  ami  ealeiidar.  '  'andles  Imrn,  im-rii-e  tl"at-.  and  the  sieved  Imuks 
IVJHI-  hi  -iv.  The  privileged  faithful  ean.  for  a  fee  t"  the  fat  prie>ts 
\\hii  -it  Kehind  their  account-liooks,  i-nine  within  the  ir««n  wire  -ereen, 
and.  kiH-elin^  "ii  the  elean  matting  in  front  "f  the  ^reat  altar,  may 
pra\.  or  read  «v  ehant  >aered  o""k-.  eaiionieal  or  litur^'ieal  :  of.  ha\itiLT 
a  \"\\  t"  a  particular  deil\,  or  wi-hin^  t"  invoki-  the  inleive---  i"ii  of  a 
-pei'iai  -aint.  ma\  enter.  I"  kin-el  remote  from  the  erosvd. 

It  -eein-  c-iiri"i;-.  even  iii  .la|ian,  t"  see  men  dre->ed  in  foreign 
elothe-.  pra\in^;  liefore  the  gilded  and  hid'-oiiv  jclol-..  l.o\\in.j  do\\  n 
to  f"\e~  and  demon-,  a:id  u'"iiiL;'  thrmm-h  all  the  fonn-  of  pa^'ani-m. 
<'loth'--  d"  ii"t  make  a  '  'hnMian,  and  \  et  t"  our  iiarro\\  \  i--:"ii  'here 
•>i'em-.  in.  a^n  eim-nl  het  \\eeti  a  hi-'li  hat  and  a  Unddhi-t  temple,  no 

eolieofd    |.i-1\\  i-c||    a    l>l;iek-elotll    e..;it    a!ld    ail    i'!"i    ill    alieielit     rnlu-s. 

\\"i-  the     telli]  'Hid     de-i'elld     tile     -!''p-.    LZ'lad     I"     -'el     o||t     il|t" 

tin  on!\  'i  !'•  i  iod'^  U'e-li  air.  I'l'i'in  the  ininatin'e  ot  >ii[h>r>titioii  to 
lip-  pur'n\  of  nature,  tY-m  thi-  pi-m-up  i-|i>M-iie->  of  th,.  prii-t>'  temple 
int"  i)M  l.oiiiidle—  freedom  of  i."l'-  glorious  eivati»n.  h-u  \vi-|r.  itno 
t  !:••  i-lialrji  '.  It  -1  !  r-  t  h'-  puNi  -  "t  tin'  di\  IIP  lit''  \\  it  Inn  11-  t"  licliolil 
hou  pri-  -t'-rafl  and  :  a\ariee  and  !.;ind  M!pfr-titi»n  of  ;i^e- 

ha\  •      unit  '-'I,   and    I  hei      to    r'-nieiiilier    h"\\     (  )n<-    -aid.   "  1  lax  e    fail  h    in 

Cod." 

T--  tl  "  '  '  li-tnpli  are  Lfardeii-  faim-d  for  ih-ir  di-plav-  of 
:l"U'-r-  ','  -  .-  ••  0  —  111-  iii  I'el'niarv.  eh,  'MA  hloom-  in 

\pi'il,  .1  ehr\  sin!  heimim-   in  <  »•'!•>- 

lie!'.    e;in  ii'll  la-    111    I  >'•'•'  •         '  •_'•>••  '   ri~     .  '  \\  a  \  -.         I  lel'e  al'e  ihval'fed 


"  . 

Iort"i-e-.   eat-,    ina        '  it-,   .did    ti'inal'--    in    erinoline, 

-   -.  \\  •!•_"!,-.  and   '••      i!  t!"l                                '    .    '   'mi-  of  ifi'eeti.      Tin\ 

'!••!•-.     :il:      11;.  'll      ol1      t  \V  '       -.       >ak-      :i'pl       liamlioo,    e;|et|. 

'ri|"    :     _'  i--.    rare    plan'-  of     i              ...    knoun    in    Japan,   are    liffe. 


XHHITS  AXU   SOUXDS   IX  A    PAG  AX  TEMPLE.  387 

Aii  open  chrysanthemum,  tlic  crest  of  the  emperor,  is  emblazoned  on 

all  the  barracks  of  the  soldiers,  on  their  caps,  buttons,  and  banners, 
and  on  all  buildings  devoted  to  governmental  purposes. 

In  the  cultivation  of  these  flowers  the  native  gardeners  excel.  In 
their  limited  specialties,  the  Japanese  florists  distance  those  of  any 
other  count rv.  The  borders  of  the  Asakusa  gardens  are  made  of 
clipped  tea-plants.  Dwarfing,  unnatural  local  enlargement,  variegation 
of  leaf  and  petal,  the  encouragement  of  freak;-  of  nature  by  careful 
artificial  selection — these  are  the  specialties  of  the  natives  of  Nippon, 
which  have  been  perfected  by  the  hereditary  patience,  tact,  and  labor 
of  a  thousand  years.  The  guild  of  florists  in  Tokio  is  large  and 
wealthv.  As  the  florist  father,  so  is  the  son.  Some  of  the  streets  of 
the  citv  are  noted  for  their  floral  displays  and  fairs.  These  are  often 
yiven  at  nin'ht,  the  street  bein^  lighted  by  candles,  as  in  the  picture. 

The  temple  and  the  gardens  are  not  the  only  sights  at  Asakusa. 
The  antiquary  mav  revel  in  deciphering  the  scores  of  inscriptions  in 
Sanskrit,  Japanese,  and  Chinese1.  Most  of  these  are  commemorative 
of  religious  events;  some  are  pravers,  some  are  ((notations  from  ca- 
nonical books,  some  are  sacred  hvmns.  The  stones  are  of  granite, 
of  slate,  and  of  n'rav-stone.  Bronze  and  stone  images  of  .Buddha  are 
numerous;  some  with  aureole,  and  finger  lifted;  some  with  hands  or 
legs  crossed,  and  thumbs  joined  meditatively.  All  wear  the  serene 
countenance  of  the  sage  in  Nirvana.  Around  the  base  of  nearlv  all 
are  heaps  of  pebbles,  placed  there  as  evidence  of  pravers  offered.  In 
one  shrine  little  earthen  pots  of  salt  are  placed  as  offerings.  A  "  prav- 
ing  machine" — a  stone  wheel  in  a  stone  post — stands  near.  In  one 
octagon  temple  are  ranged  the  stone  etH^ics  of  the  five  hundred  origi- 
nal disciples  of  Buddha.  Again  we  light  on  a  crowd  of  stone  idols, 
on  which  are  pasted  bits  of  paper,  containing  a  picture  or  a  praver. 
Some  of  them  are  a>  full  of  labels  as  an  apothecary's  shop.  Many 
lia\e  smoking  incense-sticks  before  them,  stuck  in  a  bed  of  ashes  accu- 
mulated from  former  offerings.  In  one  building  to  the  south-east  of 
the  main  temple  is  a  curious  collection  of  idols,  which  attract  attention 
from  the  fact  of  their  being  clean. 

Three  idols,  representing  assistant  torturers  to  Kma,  the  Lord  of 
Hell,  painted  in  all  colors  and  gilded  as  iroru'eouslv  as  cheap  '^inircr- 
bread,  stand  in  theatrical  attitudes.  One  wields  a  sword,  one  a  pen, 
and  one  a  priest's  Mail'.  All  have  their  heads  in  an  aureole  of  red 
flames.  The  feet  of  the  lir>t,  a  green  monster  like  a  deified  caterpillar, 
rests  his  foot  on  an  imp  of  the  same  color,  having  two  claued  toes  on 


;tss  7V//:  MiKMxrs  AM//'//,-/:. 

hi-  feet,  and  t\vn  fail'.:-  in  hi-  nmutli.  1'nder  the  -eeimd  \\rithe-  a 
nV-h-e.iliiivd  devil.  h"ldiiii:  up  an  ink— tmie.  ivadv  fm1  the  ti-e  "f  the 
ill.. I.  \\  1  if  a  .lapane-e  Niliinla\  Ke\ie\\er.  The  third,  \\ith  an 

,  !i.-i\:ii^  a  prie-t'-  >tatT.  tread-  »\\  a  -kv-Miie  dc\i!.  In  the 
mid  i  »f  tlir  -t. 'lie-tin.. red  rnnm  i-  a  iv\.>l\  in^-  -hrine.  lia\ini:'  manv 
eji'-ed  d'M.1'-,  and  enntaiiiiiiLT  saered  tiva-ure-  "t  -nine  -«n.  All  n\er 
tin1  i T<> \\drd  '_;T"und-  ari1  ti'U-1  ninths  with  tin-  u-ual  '-haffial  lirr.  < •"]>) M T 
ln>ilt-r.  krttlc.  fuji-rai'k,  s\\ cctniral-.  and  >iniliii--.  poudrrrd,  \vi'!l-(ln-ss- 
.•d  daniM'l,  uli.'  in\itcs  the  pa--ci--liy  \<>  rot.  drink  a  .'Up  »{  It  a.  and 
nart  \\  it  h  a  t  ritlc  a-  Li'it't. 

At  tin-  ii.'i'th  end  an1  I'aii'j.'11'!  tin-  arrlicrv  -'allffic-.  ;il-<>  [H'r-idfl  over 
l.\  prettv  l'la.'k-c\Td  I  liana-,  in  paint,  ji'iuder,  and  -hiniiii:'  I'ditTun-. 
Thev  1'i'inu'  }"U  tea.  -mile,  talk  n.'n-eii-e.  and  ^i^u'le  ;  -m..ke  their 

l..|l^-     pipe-     \\itll     tillV     l.:i\\l-     fllll     .if     lllild.    tille-elll     t"l>aer,,;      plltf     "lit 

the  IHIIL;  \\hite  \\liilT-  fr.'in  then-  tlat-lM'id-'ed  in»cs;  uipe  the  lii'a  — 
mmitli-pieee.  and  "tTer  it  \<>  ymi;  and  then  a-k  \.m  leading  and  ver\ 
pei--.,ii:il  .jiii-ii..!i-  \viihi.iit  lilu-hinu'.  '1'lie  lm\v-  alv  nf  -lender  Lam- 

! -trip-.  t\vn  feet  liiiiu'.  \\ith  rests  \'«v  the  -haft.      The  arn>\\-  are  .»f 

i-ln-rrv-w i. -i\    inelie-   l.niLr.  l'"iie-ti]iped.  and   feathered   red.  hliir.  or 

whit--.  '|'\\.i  i.r  three  target-  haiiL'  in  fi'"Ht  •>('  a  -.jiiare  di'iim.  llanked 
li\  red  eu-hi"!i-.  A  -harp  eliek  "ii  lip-  hard  target,  the  1 m  "f  the 

dnilll.  "I1  the  deadened  -"lllld  -'f  tile  -tniek  eU-lli.'ll.  tell  the  -'I'ade-  i.f 
-lleei---.  |-'llli-^r'i\Ml.  al 'le-ln  idled  HH'11  Ill'e  the  .'hii-f  jiall'.'il-  . -f  t!le-r 

plaee-  i  if  pi.-a-nre.  and  man\  ean  tiiid  amn-emen!  }.>r  h"ur-  at  -neli 
play. 

I..-!  n  i  .in.-  \i-it  A-akn-a  uith.iiit  -eeinu  the  -i>-ealled  "  \\  a\-\\ .  -rk-." 

th'ii!_:'h  th'-i'e  i-  \i  r\    in  tie  v.  ;i\   in   til.-  -linw.       In  '.iii-  "t  the  I  MU  Mine's, 

tn  the  rear  and  left  ,.f  the  main  temple,  are  thirl  v-t:\e  iaMeaiix.  iii  life 

-i/e  ti'_ruri  -.  -'t   tin    mn  i'-li  -   wrnii^lil   l>v   Knannii.  .ir  wniidriMi-  e\ent- 

pi"U-  dev.itee-.      There  an    tliirt\  t  hree  ^n-at   i>-m- 

,la|  all.  -i  '      K"  laii'-n.  the  <  .«<M'  -  nf  Meiw.      I'imi-  pil- 

I'l'ima^e.   \  I-lt  lli^'   eaeh    '  't     t  he-e    -hrllle-.          I  he 

.  i\   at    A-aku-a    at'e   ih'in^ht  1>\    man\    f.  'i'i-i'_;'n  entie-  t"  c\eel    in 

.  \pr.  — i'  '                        ';~               '     'ii  .'f   \l.-idaiiie  Tu--aiid   in    l,"iid"ii.  an 

njiiiiini      •                                         '      .  I       •    an    all   !  he  handhsiirk  "f  "lie 

art  i-t.                               '-iii"-;  •  -  '  !'   K  naiii  .n.  and.  -1  ni'-k 

tip    mar\  >-].>'i-   ]  '    ; '       j  -I.  \\  i-in-d    t"  -h"\\    1" 

the    \"iith    "f    1  't    tri;-liir_:'    in    and    pra\  m^'  1" 

-     her.          The     tL''ir'       i.f      K    iall"Tl      i-.     ill      -"llle      I',  -pi'.  '-'  •  1 1 1  at  i "  II  -.     like 

f  a  _'.-:it!'-  aiid  "  t-ide  tal'leail.  tin-  ima-e  "f 


SIGHTS  AXD   SOL'XDS   IX  A    PAG  AX  TEMPLE.  38& 

Kuanon  is  drawn  out  in  public  to  stay  a  plague,  which  is  accomplish- 
ed bv  the  mercy  and  favor  of  the  god.  In  the  first  tableau  inside,  a 
learned  lady  [trays  to  Kuanon,  and  is  heard.  The  second  tableau  rep- 
resents Kuanon  appearing  in  the  form  of  a  beautiful  woman  to  reward 
a  diligent  priest  ;  the  third,  a  young  i^irl  Middenlv  restored  to  health 
by  the  favor  of  Kuanon;  the  fourth,  Kua'ion  appearing  in  the  form 
of  a  little  peasant  Li'irl  to  a  noble  of  the  mikado's  court:  the  fifth,  a 
hungry  robber  desecrating  the  temple;  and  a  certain  su^vstive  paint- 
ing to  the  left,  in  which  demons  and  a  red-hot  cart,  with  wheels  and 
axles  of  tire,  are  pictured  above  the  robber,  tells  what  is  to  become  of 
him.  In  the  sixth,  a  noble  of  the  mikado's  court  overcomes  and  binds 
the  thunder-god,  or  demon,  through  the  power  of  Kuanon.  In  the 
seventh,  a  woman  is  saved  from  shipwreck  because  she  -un^a  hvmn  to 
Kuanon  during  the  tempest.  In  the  eighth,  a  devout  prie-t,  fearing 
yet  bold,  goes  to  talk  to  Kma,  tin-  Lord  of  Hell.  The  ninth  repre- 
sents an  old  man,  one  of  the  IIojo  family,  writing  a  prayer-poem. 
The  tenth  represents  a  pious  damsel,  who  worshiped  Kuanon.  never 
killed  any  animals  and  saved  the  life  of  a  crab  which  a  man  \\  as  go- 
iti-j;  to  kill  :  afterward,  a  snake,  transforming  itself  into  human  shape, 
came  to  seize  her,  but  a  multitude  of  grateful  crabs  appeared  and  re— 
cued  her,  biting  the  reptile  to  death:  this  was  by  the  order  of  K'ua- 
non.  In  the  eleventh,  a  devout  worshiper,  by  praver,  overcomes  and 
kills  a  hiiii'e  serpent  that  troubled  the  neighborhood.  In  the  i\\elfth, 
a  diligent  copyist  of  the  sacred  books  beguiles  his  time  by  rcwardinir 
little  children  with  cakes  for  bringing  him  pebbles,  for  every  one  of 
which  he  transcribes  a  character.  The  baby  on  the  back  of  the  little 
a'irl  i>  asleep;  and  the  imitation  of  baby-life  is  wonderful,  and  in  re- 
spect to  one  or  two  details  more  truthful  than  elegant.  In  the  thir- 
teenth, Kuanon,  having  appeared  on  earth  in  female  form,  u-oes  to 
heaven,  taking  the  picture  of  a  boy,  who  afterward  ^rows  up  to  be  a 
celebrated  prie-t.  In  the  fourteenth,  a  pious  woman  falls  from  a  lad- 
der, but  is  unhurt.  In  the  fifteenth,  a  man  suffering  grievously  from 
headache  is  directed  to  the  spot  where  the  skull  which  belonged  to 
his  body  in  a  pre\  ions  -tate  of  existence  is  beiim'  spl'"  open  by  tin- 
root  of  a  tree  LI'I'O\\ inv;  through  the  eye-socket.  On  removing  n.  he  i- 
relieved  of  hi-  headache.  In  the  nineteenth,  a  u'ood  man  vanquishes  a 
robber.  In  the  twentieth,  the  babe  of  a  holy  farmer's  \\ife.ulio  i-  out 
at  work,  i-  saved  from  a  wolf  by  miraculous  ray-  defending  the  child.. 
In  the  twenty-first,  Kuanon  appears  to  heal  a  -ick  u'irl  \\ith  a  \\and 
and  drops  of  water.  In  the  twenty-second,  a  boh  man  buys  and  sets 


•'.  e  a  tortoise  about  to  i.e  killed  for  food.  Three  day-  afterward  his 
ej'ild  fail-  o\ crboard,  and  i-  apparently  !.>,t,  but  after  a  while  ivtuni- 
(.11  ill.'  '.aek  of  ihe  erateful  reptile.  In  the  tweiit\ -fourth,  a  iv- 
•  [in,  [•  i,f  a  ii'il'le  i-  ordered  to  kill  hi-  ma-ter' s  -mi  for  disobedience  to 
him.  Tiie  -rrvant,  unable,  through  lo\e  of  in-  ma-ter'-  -on.  to  do  it. 
i,;..-  hi-  own  -"ii  in-tead.  The  tableau  ivpiv-ent-  him  mmirnin^  over 
hi,  >oii's  e.-,  .r\  head.  Ill-  ma-ter  <  son.  in  iviii.>r-e,  became  a  priest. 
In  the  t\\eiit\ -tiftli,  a  ^ood  man  i-  -av.d  from  robber-  by  hi-  do--.  In 
the  t \\eiit\--i\th,  a  man  who  had  lii-  earu'o  ,.f  ri.-e  cmiti-eated  f..r  his 
ivfu-al  to  --i\e  the  priest  hi-  -hare,  repented  o|  hi-  obduracy,  and  re- 

eeived     llea\ell'lV    e\  idelli'e     of     hi-     pal'd"!!     ill     a     lleW     care-o    of    riee    sent 

|.\  Kuaip'ti.  lii  the  tw.-nt  v-.-e\rntli.  the  -on  of  a  court  noble  breaks 
a  pivcimis  ink-tone.  Hi-  father,  in  a  tit  of  annvr.  kill-  him.  The 
horritied  attendant  becomes  a  prie-i.  In  the  twenty-eighth,  a  pimis 
r.-elu-e  i-  -a\.-d  troni  -tar\at;..n  1>\'  a  miraculous  !.•-•  ,.(  venison.  In 
the  twenty-ninth,  a  mountain  demon  pur-ue-  an  evil-doer.  In  the 
thirtieth,  a  pioii-  wood-cutter  hear-  heavenly  mii-ie.  and  Kiianoti  ap- 
p.-ar-  to  him.  In  tip-  t  hirt  \  -tir-t.  a  w "r-hiper  .  .f  Kuaiion  i-  wounded 
b\  robber-,  throw  n  into  the  ri\er.  and  i-  accidental!  v  brought  up  in  a 
ti-hiTinali's  n.-t.  Ha\in-'  an  imajv  of  Kuaiion  in  hi-  bo-oin.  he  i-  re- 
—  lii-  piv-.r\er.  In  the  thirt  v-thi'-d,  a  mer- 
maid app.-ar-  1 "  a  pa--.T-bv,  and  pra\  -  him  to  erect  a  temple  to  |\ua- 
iion.  Tin-  haxiic-:  been  done,  the  mermaid  i-  reborn  into  a  higher 
-tate  nl  e\i-ti  ii.-e.  In  the  t !  1 1  rt  \  -f  on  rt  1 1 .  Kuaiion  appear-  t"  a  tra\.  'er. 
The  la-I  i-  a  i:io\  ii:-_r  tableau,  ]••  [ire-,  nt  iir-r  a  courl  noble  and  lady. 

K\tivine  lindiie--.  in  animal-  i-  characteri-tie  of  the  .laparic-e.  It 
is  tl|.-  iv-ui:  of  t];.  _; -  :  •  d.  trine,  of  I  lud  lha.  S.-\i  ra!  .  •!'  the  mira- 
clc-Ji-^uif-  lea'-h  ;;i"  law  of  kindiie—  to  brute-.  Ii  i-  •...nietinies  car- 
ried into  a  -eiiiimeiita!i-m  aiiiio-t  inaudliii.  M\  |in-nki--ha  piille;- 
;  iii  !"  '.  o  •  it]  In-  \\a\,  r  •  :nd  N  -I  p:ii'_;  do^-  ..|-  bantam, 
uheii  tin-  |a  _;•  fairh  lake  ii-  cliaiicc-.  \\heii  a  man 

beli.-\e-     th:;t     tlie     ,..i;]     o(     In-     -"1'aip  It  at  her     max     be     1  ran -mitral  m-j; 
t  In-o'ij'ii   a        • .  •    .  '.  .  '  •]•  a  i  hick,  how  I-M  T   -kinn\ .  IP-   i-  no! 

_;••.:']_:•    to    i  p-\''l|o,'l~    b\     IllUrderillL!'    the    brute,    it    he 

can  IP  !p  it.       Killin _'  a  '-.   iimdi  d  hoi-c  to  put   him  ..in  ,.f  mi-ery,  or  in 

II-   |e--    o)i|    a'_fe,     1-     ':  ,        d,    till       idea    beillLi'    1 TUel     to     be    en- 

lied. 


STUDIES  IN  THE  CAPITAL.  391 


V. 

STUDIES  IN  THE  CAPITAL. 

THE  foreigner  who  traces  upon  Ids  globe  or  map  the  outlines  of  the 
island  empire  of  Japan,  conceives  of  it  as  a  lonif,  narrow,  insular  strip 
of  land,  stretching  from  north  to  south.  Seeing  that  Ye/o  is  in  such 
high,  and  Kiushiu  in  such  low  latitude,  he  thinks  of  Yedo  and  Naga- 
saki as  lyini;'  at  the  two  ends  of  the  magnetic  needle.  To  the  native, 
thev  lie  in  the  line  of  the  sun,  the  one  at  its  rising,  the  other  at  its  set- 
ting. The  reason  for  this  conception  of  the  native,  which  is  thus  in 
rectilinear  opposition  to  that  of  the  foreigner,  lies,  not  in  the  supposed 
fart  that  the  Japanese  do  every  thing  in  a  contrary  manner  from  our- 
selves, or  because  the  images  on  his  retina  are  not  reversed  as  on  ours, 
but  because  he  has  a  truer  knowledge  of  his  country's  topography  than 
the  alien.  The  latter  knows  of  Japan  only  as  a  strip  of  land  described 
in  his  dogmatic  text-hooks,  a  fraction  in  his  artificial  system;  the  for- 
mer knows  it  as  he  actually  walks,  by  dwelling  on  its  soil  and  looking 
at  the  sun,  the  lay  of  the  land,  and  the  pole  star.  To  him,  Tokid  lies 
in  the  east,  Choshiu  in  the  west,  Hakodate  in  the  north,  and  Satsuma 
in  the  south. 

Tin-  native  conception  of  locality  in  the  mikado's  empire  is  the 
true  one.  A  glanee  at  the,  map  will  show  that  Ye/o  and  a  portion  of 
Hondo  iir.  indeed,  inclosed  in  a  narrow  line  drawn  north  and  south. 
Japan  may  be  divided  into  inhabited  and  uninhabited  land,  and  Ye/o 
nuiM  fall  within  the  latter  division.  Hence,  only  that  part  above  the 
thirty-sixth  parallel  may  be  called  Northern  Japan.  From  Yedo  t» 
Nagasaki  is  the  main  portion  of  the  empire,  in  point  of  historical  im- 
portance, wealth,  and  population.  Between  the  thirty-third  and  thir- 
ty-sixth, or  within  three  parallel,- of  latitude,  on  a  belt  a  little  over  two 
hundred  miles  wide,  stretches  from  east,  to  west,  for  six  hundred  miles, 
the  he<t  part  of  Japan. 

Within  this  belt  lies  more  than  a  majority  of  the  largest  cities,  best 
port:-,  riche>t  mines,  densest  centres  of  population,  classic  localities, 
magnificent  temples,  holy  places,  tea-plantation-,  -ilk  district:-,  rice- 


lKMto'*   KMl'lliK. 

field-.  and  man!ifa>'Uin  -.  Here.  al-<>,  ha\e  l.eeii  de\  eloped,  in  tinie- 
pa-t.  1  '-  _:'•'  i'e-t  tiva-uiv:  —  tin-  l>e-t  Mood.  tin-  eotnmandini: 

mind-.  and  llie  men  that   ha\<-  ruled  Japan. 

i'     i-  IlLj    1"    ll"te    the    -hit'titl-;    of    tin-    Si'rlU'S    ill    the    drama    of 

rlapahe-e    hi-torv.       In   tin'    nio-t    aiieieiit    time-,  tlii'  al'leM    nidi    »(   ae- 

•!   \\i-iv  prodiieed  in   Yaniato,  or  in  the  Kinai.      In  tin1 

A.;'  •-.  t!ic\    ;irns*'  in  tin-   Knant<>.      At   tin-  i-jn'iiin^  «-f  in-xli-i-i! 

lii>t»rv,  iln'\    "jii'ini'j,1   i'r«'iu    the   Trikaidu    (Minn,  (»uari.  Mikauai.      In 

it  I'M    ili-i-uili1-,  thi-y    .'aim'    t'l'i'iu    Kin-hin  and  tlir  >imtli   ('  'Im-liiii. 

>at-uina.  'I'c-a,  ami  Hi/«'ii). 

An  iii-jii'i'timi  c.f  the  map  will  -h"\\  a  -trikini:'  roliti^urutioii  <A'  tin- 
laii'l.  "ii  tin-  MMitln-rn  cuaM  of  Hondo,  adapting  and  ordaining  it  a- 
llh-  -iti-  for  th"  u'lvat  I'lilk  of  tin-  nation'-  intrllt-i-t,  int.-lli--,  n.-,-.  p..pu- 
lation,  and  wealth.  I'Voin  Kad/ii-a  on  the  extreme  ea.M,  to  (  'Im-hiii 
on  the  extreme  \\eM.are  t'oiind  in  sunv<sinii  a  M-rie.s  of  lia\-,  at  the 
head  of  eaeh  of  \\hieh  >1and-  a  lar-'e  citv.  (  )n  the  tir-t  i-  the  eit\  of 
'1'okiu  (p"pn!atioii.  '.IL'.">.IIHII  )  ;  (,n  the  -eeoiid.  (  >dau  ara  ("ju.!!!!!!)  ;  ,,n 
the  third.  I  lamamat-i'i  (  oO.IMlli)  ;  ..n  ihe  fourth,  Na-o\a  I  }oi  1.1  MM  i  )  : 
on  the  fifth.  O/aka  (  Hi  MI.IHMI  )  ;  on  the  >ixth.  Ilio^'o  (  iii  I.IMMI  )  ;  on  i  he 
M'Venth.  Hiroshima  (  IUII.IMIU)  ;  on  tli^-  eighth.  Shiniono-(''ki  (  I  n.ooii). 
'I'ln-x,.  11,.  ,-;\~.\  and  \ve»j  of  i-a^h  other.  'l'he-e  are  and  \\eiv  all  tloiir- 
i-hin^  e'ui,--..  l,u;  liii'il  Ivt'Va-u'*  time  ^  (-do  wa-  Nut  a  \illa^e. 

ll  'A  a-  a  l.old  Mloke  of  p..|i,-\  to  make  the  ol.-eiire  plaee  llir  -i-al 
of  L;'O\  i-rnmeiit.  I;  -reined  vi-r\  mii'-h  to  th'-  people  of  that  da\  and 
eoiintn  a-  .}  vsoiild  to  u-  uei'e  our  eapital  ]vnio\rd  from  \\  a-hm-'toii 
top  iluth. 

'l'!i.  _'  •  eral  -hape  ,.f  'IV.  kin  i-  that  "f  an  e---.  uitl,  the  point  to  th,. 
>o!ith.  tin  l-iitt  to  the  north.  'I'le-  yulk  of  thi-  r-'-'  i-  the  i-aMle.  or 
(  >  >',  .  f  \  a-t  pr>  •]"  •!  t  1'  «ll-. 

'I'h  M'a\e!'T  MI  oiir  |-iiid  of  Mealil,  in  rtlii'-li  im-n  aiv  too  (c\\  and 
to,.  \  a!1  ia  '  .—.-'.-  li-  a'.  \  u  ork  done  hv  t  lie  derriek  and 

tlii-  eiej;ine.  and  ean  ivekon  to  a  fraetion  the  t'ijiii\  aleiit  tor  human 
ii  i.  d  up  •  i  ')  f,,  il.  );,  fon  !li"  lal-or  of  tin-  mi-dia-- 

-.  ;  ma-'ii-.  In-  Uoiid'i'-  lio\\  the  p\jfinie-  of  th"-e  da\'-  .-oiild  Kiiild 
-  -e' 


1                       -  olo—a    Moiie-,  "T  1  ran-ji'  'i't 

-     'ii-  liuridri  d-  "1  '           '    eir  home  in  tin'  'juarrv  . 

I  if  ai  -                                 the  \  a-hiki.  and  t  In-  -liifo. 

of    ea-tle.    III.'IN      '"'     -aid  i"                                              "i    let-.         d'll'-     pa^o,|a     I-     fl'<    111 

1                -  •    •        •  •!    K_r\  pi   or   India  in   ;c>- 


STUDIES   L\   THE   CAPITAL.  31):} 

thetic  merit,  tin-  Japanese  rustics  challenge  wonder  at  tlicir  vast  extent, 
and  tin-  immense  si/e  of  the  stones  in  their  walls.  In  the  castle  of 
O/aka,  built  by  llideyoshi,  some  of  the  stones  an.1  forty  feet  lung,  ten 
feet  hi'4'li,  and  several  feet  thick.  In  the  castle  of  Tdkio,  in  the  cita- 
del or  highest  point,  the  walls  have  many  stones  sixteen  feet  long,  six 
\vide,  and  three  thick.  The>e  were  brought  from  near  llid^o,  over 
two  hundred  miles  distant. 

In  Asiatic  countries  labor  is  cheap  and  abundant.  What  the  Amer- 
ican accomplishes  bv  an  engine  and  a  ton  of  coal,  the  exponent  of  so 
many  foot-pounds,  or  horse-power,  the  Asiatic  accomplishes  by  thou- 
sands of  human  arms.  A  signal  instance  of  the  quick  triumph  of 
muscle  came  under  my  own  observation  while  in  Tdkio. 

A  foreigner  in  the  employ  of  the  Japanese  Government  was  eon- 
suited  in  relation  to  the  choice  of  a  site  for  a  model  farm,  and  was 
shown  several  eligible  places,  one  of  which  was  included  within  the 
grounds  of  an  ex-daimio,  which  had  been  left  for  years  to  the  rank 
overgrowth,  which,  together  with  the  larger  trees  and  bushes,  made  the 
<oil  so  I'ootv,  and  the  whole  place  so  unpromising  to  the  foreigner, 
that  he  declared  the  site  was  utterly  unfit;  that  several  years  would  be 
required  to  briii^1  it  into  any  thing  like  proper  condition  for  tillage. 
lie  then  drove  off  to  examine  another  proposed  site.  Cut  American 
ways  of  thinking  were,  in  this  case,  at  fault. 

The  Japanese  otKcer  in  charge  immediately  and  quietly  hired  ci^'lit 
hundred  laborers  to  clear  and  smooth  the  land.  They  worked  in  re- 
lays, night  and  day.  In  one  week's  time  he  showed  the  American  "  a 
new  site,"  with  which  he  was  delighted.  It  was  chosen  for  the  model 
farm.  It  was  the  same  site  he  had  first  glanced  at.  The  potential 
enernH"  lay  in  the  tact  that  the  land,  worthless  as  real  estate,  beiny  the 
property  of  the  official,  could  be  sold  to  the  <  ro\  eminent  fora  model 
farm  a!  the  highest  of  fancy  prices,  paid  out  of  tin1  national  treasury. 
The  actual  energy  of  eight  hundred  pairs  of  arms  developed  a  wilder- 
ness into  leveled  farm-fields  within  a  week. 

The  ya-hiki  is  a  product  of  architecture  distinctively  Japanese. 
Its  meaning  is  "spread-out  house."  It  is  such  a  homo^eiieou-  struct- 
ure that  it  -trikes  the  eye  as  having  been  cut  out  of  a  solid  block.  It 
is  usually  in  the  form  of  a  hollow  square,  inclosing  from  t'-n  thou- 
sand to  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  s<fhaiv  feet  of  ground.  The 
four  sides  i >f  the  square  within  are  made  up  of  four  i'ou>,  or  f,>m  un- 
broken lines  of  houses.  In  the  centre  are  the  mansion-  of  the  daimio 
and  his  ministers.  The  lesser  retainers  occupy  the  l..n^  houses  which 


;;;i4  Till-:  MlKAI><.rs   AM// '//,'/•/. 

fnnn  tin1  Mile-;  of  ihe  -<|tiare.  The  space  is  tilled  up  within  with  gar- 
den-, hi'th  for  u-e  and  pleasure,  ivm-at  ion-grounds,  target  walks,  and 
1^ urn.  -I'  lir>  proof  waivhou-e-.  Mito's  ground-  were  of  mam-lous 
The  \  ;;-hiki.  I'll  ihe  street  t'n 'lit.  piv-eiits  the  appearain'e  of  a 
continuous  hoii-e  mi  >tone  foundation-,  \\ilh  rows  of  wooden  harred 
,  ,|-  Crated  \\  indow  -. 

'I  In'  '-in  repre-eiits  an  "evening  \  iew  "  nf  Ka<uiniva  Street,  a -lope 
l>et  w  ceii  the  \ a-hiki  of  the  I  >aimio  of  <  )'_raki,  in  Mi  no,  un  the  left,  and 
that  <>f  I  lii'o-hiina,  in  Aki.  on  the  riirht  :  and  of  Saknrada  Avenue. 
Ka<  h  of  the-e  pr. md  lord-,  in  erecting  his  man-ion,  found  that  his  ri- 
\al  wa-  hiiildiiiLT  a-  hiu'h  and  tine  a  >toiie  foundation  as  he  \\as.  Aki 
wa-  determined  to  ^et  higher  than  ()^:iki,  le-t  a  fuilui'x  \\imiows 
>hoiilil  look  down  on  a  knknuli'm'x  lattiee;  while  O^aki  wa-  hound  to 
"  -'et  evi-ii  "  with  Aki.  The  rival  niasonrv  ini^ht  ha\e  L;TOWII  higher, 
had  ti"t  the  -ho^iin  ordereil  them  to  de-i-t. 

All  around  the  va-hiki-  ran  a  diteh.  or  nioat.  from  four  1->  twelve 
feet  wide,  ii-ualh  of  riinniiiu'  water.  Mo-t  of  the  wall-  were  fa<-ed 
with  -ijiiare  tile-,  fa-teiied  dia^'oiiallv.  pri-st-ntin^  the  appearanee  of 
th"ii-aiid-  of  lilac'k  lo/eii--''-.  with  rounded  ridjfe-  of  white  pla-ter 

ah"llt    thl'e.'    ill'-lie-    hi-h.        ']'.  .    hfeak    the    IllollotoliV    of    the   -tree!    front, 

th.-re  wa-  one  ^vat  roofed  Lfate.  for  the  Ic.rd  and  ina-ter.  flanked  with 
porter-'  l,,d._n--.  and  a  -mailer  one.  or  po-tern.  on  another  -ide.  for  serv- 
ant- and  retainer-.  It  w  a-  a  v.  ei'\'  important  point  «\  etiquette  a-  to 
\\lio  -hould  or  -hoiild  not  enter  through  the  main  ^ate.  <  >n  no  ae- 
eount  would  an\  one.  nnle—  of  vt-rv  hi'_rh  rank,  lie  admitted  in  a  ve- 
:  of  aii\  -oft.  At  a  ecrtain  ^'ite.  e:i]l,.(l  fr'i'/<>,  leading  to  tin  />")/ 

Holm,  or  eitade]  of  the  ^'cd.,  ea-tle.  all  daiinin-  were  ohli^vd  to  di- 
nioiint  from  their  palaii'|iiin-  and  walk.  'I'he  ahhot  of  the  temple  of 
Xo/oji.  a!  Sin), a.  a-  a  mark  «\  hi^h  rank,  eoiild  elite)'  in  a  palaiMjllin. 
Siieh  a  ]i''i\  i I .-•_;•  c  wa-  i-i|iial  to  a  patent  of  iiol.'ilitv. 

!,'•  (  a-t  le-moat-.  on  \ar\ini:'  le\d-,  to  make  a  eiirreiit  and  prevent 
stagnation,  w  e re  -uppln-d  \\  it  h  w  ater  hroii^'ht  in  -tone-lined  acjileilnets 
from  the  T  .::!_;•  i\\  a.  imp  mile-  di-tant.  In  the  im-at-  it  \arie.j  from 

fo!l'-    to    t  W  elve    fe,.]     1!;    ili  pi  h.        'Ihe    -r;(|'p    a  lid    ei  Ml  II  t  el'--earp    \\  e  1'e    faeed 

\\ith  -loin  ,  ar.d  whet  •  .    ua-  on   hi-'h   ground  the  -lopiu^  em- 

liallkllielit-     VVefe    -odde.l,    the     Water    (lowing    -eol-e-    of     feet      lieloW.         Ill 

•••     -hall  '\\    [>art-.   lotii-t^.wer-    _;r.  w    hixuriantlv    in    -niiiiiier.  and    in 
thoii-and-  of  •,  ,n    e-e. -tork-.  ainl   h.-roii-  made 

'     their    -eelll'e    home,   till      penpli.    ||e\  el'    hannillLT   them a    -tat  ell  lei  it    al- 

rn"-f    iinTediMe  to  a  foreign    -port-man.       A    immher   of  the   -ho^un'- 


STUDIES  L\  THE  CAPITAL.  307 

-wan-  added  grace  and  beauty  to  the  peaeeful  scene.  It  was  forbid- 
den to  lire  a  tjun  within  five  ri  of  the  castle.  I  wondered  how  for- 
eign sportsmen  could  resist  the  temptation. 

Let  the  reader  imagine  a  space  of  several  miles  square  covered  with 
yas'xikis.  To  walk  through  the  streets  inside  the  castle  enceinte  was 
a  monotonous  and  gloomy  task.  There  was  nothing  to  break  the  dull 
uniformity  of  black  or  white  tiles  and  windows,  except  here  and  there 
a  --worded  samurai  or  a  procession.  Occasional  variety  was  obtained 
in  a  very  large  yashiki  by  erecting  a  wall  around  the  entire  inclosure, 
and  building  the  houses  inside.  This  made  the  monotony  worse, 
>iuce  the  eve  had  no  relief  in  looking  at  windows,  in  which,  perchance, 
might  be  a  pot  of  flowers,  or  peeping  eyes.  It  scarce! v  added  to  the 
cheerfulness  to  meet  no  common  folk,  but  only  proud  and  pompons 
men  with  two  swords,  the  mark  of  the  Japanese  gentleman  of  feudal 
days. 

The  winter  head -dress  of  the  Japanese  of  both  sexes  is  a  black 
'•loth  cap,  fitting  close  to  the  skull,  with  long  naps,  which  were  tied 
around  over  the  neck,  mouth,  and  nose,  exposing  only  the  eves.  The 
\\  earing  of  this  cap  made  a  most  remarkable  difference,  according  to 
sex.  The  male  looked  fiendishly  malignant,  like  a  Spanish  brigand, 
the  effect  of  two  scowling  eyes  being  increased  by  the  two  swords  at 
his  belt.  The  phrase  ''he  looked  daggers  at  me"  had  a  new  signif- 
icance, ^'itli  the  women,  however,  the  elfect  was  the  reverse.  A 
plump,  well-wrapped  form  lost  no  comeliness;  and  when  one  saw  two 
sparkling  eyes  and  a  suggestion  of  rosy  cheeks,  the  imagination  was 
willing  to  body  forth  the  full  oval  of  the  Japanese  beautv. 

A  dinner  u'ivcn  in  my  honor  by  the  ex-prince  of  Kchizen,  in  his  own 
vashiki.  enabled  me  to  see  in  detail  one  of  the  best  specimens  of  this 
style  of  man-ion.  Like  all  the  lar^v  elans  and  kokushiu  daimios, 
Kelii/.en  had  three  yashiki < — the  Superior,  Middle,  and  Inferior.  In 
the  second  lived  the  ordinary  clansmen,  while  to  the  third  the  serv- 
ants and  lower  u'rade  of  samurai  are  assigned.  Some  of  these  ya>hi- 
kis  covered  many  acres  of  ground  ;  and  the.  mansions  of  the  (.Jo  Sankc, 
families  and  the  great  dan-  of  Salsuma,  Kaga,  C'hoshiu,  and  ('hiku/en 
are  known  at  once  upon  the  map  by  their  immense  si/.e  and  com- 
manding positions.  Within  their  grounds  are.  groves,  shrine-,  culti- 
vated gardens,  ri-h-poiids  hillocks,  and  artificial  landscape-  of  unique 
and  surpassing  beauty.  The  lord  of  the  mansion  dwelt  in  a  central 
building,  approached  from  the  great  gate  by  a.  wide  stone  path  and 
grand  portico  of  keyaki-wood.  Long,  wide  corridors,  laid  with  soft 

' 


r;os  THI-:  MIKADO'S  i-:Mrnn-:. 

in.it-.  i'd  to  tin-  master's  chamlier.  All  tin1  wood-work,  except  certain 
pnrtinn-,  si  in  id  in  \inrin  in'ain  like  watered  silk,  except  where  relieved 
heiv  and  then-  1'V  a  lianl  ^leam  i>f  M;fk  lanjuer-like  enamel.  The 

._.,  »r_;Vn|i-]  \      papd'ed     'uith     'Jnld,    silver,    nf     fanciful     and     cnlmvd 

de-i-iis,  characteristic  of  Japanese  art — aiiioii^1  which  the  pine,  plum, 
and  I'hcrrv  tree,  the  liainlioo,  lilv,  the  st'irk.  tnrtoise,  and  linn,  »r  tan-, 
ueiv  the  fa\i>rites.  '1'he  sliding  d' mi's,  or  partitions,  of  which  three 
siiies  iif'  a  Japanese  room  is  d .inpi >-<•<].  were  decorated  with  painting-. 
Snine  nf  the  finest  spi'i'iiiK'Us  of  Jajiaiie-e  art  I  ever  saw  were  in  the 
ya-lnkis  i  >('  '1  Ok  id. 

'1'he  plan  nf  the  eitv  i>f  Vedi',  ei>nceived  liv  lyi'-yasii,  \vas  >iinplv 
thai  i  if  a  u'reat  camp.  Thi-  mie  idea  explain-  its  centre,  divisions  and 
rdaiiniis.  In  the  heart  nf  this  vast  encampment  \\a>  the  general'- 
head-ijuarters — a  well  ni^h  iiupre^nalile  ea>tle.  (  >n  the  mn-t  eli'^ilile 
and  ci  mimandiiiL;'  >ite-  \\ere  the  tent-  nf  hi-  chief  -atrap-.  '1'he-e 
tent-  were  \a-hiki-.  The  architectural  prntnUpe  nf  a  va-hiki  i-  a 
Japanese  tent.  In  time  nf  war.  the  ifc-neral's  head-i|iiarters  ai'e  -nr- 
rniiiided  liv  a  r""tle--  curtain  nf  wide  lii'eadth-  nf  caina-  -tretched 
perpendicular!}  <>n  |>osts.  pre-eiitin-'  a  sijuan-  frntit  like  a  wall  mit-ide, 
and  a  rumn\  area  \\ithin.  haxin^  in  it-  centre  the  n-eiieral'-  tent.  In 
place  nf  t!ii-  tent  put  a  Inm-e  ;  in-tead  nf  the  can\a>  -trelch  c,»ntim:- 
nil-  liiiit;  Imu-i -.  fi  Tilling  a  lm!ln\\  -i|iiare  indn-in^  the  man-inn,  and 
vnti  have  ;he  ya-hiki.  Shallnw  nli-er\crs — fni'ei^ners.  nf  cniirsc — 

nil     til'-t      M-eiliiJ      ihe-e      -tl'eteiied      e;i!|\;i-      sereellS.    -llppn-ed      l!le\       Wel'e 

"fnrt-."  and    the   ere>t-  I//"///)  ,,f  the   general,  "  jmrt  -  Imles "  fi.r  can- 

IHill  !  Vedn,  the  eamp  eit\  . -f  the  Ma-t,  Was  t'llll  nf  the-e  telit-.  am- 
plified and  made  permanent  in  um>d  and  --tniic. 

The-,        edifiee>      Iliad.'      tile      Lfl'-n      nf     I'ld      Vedn,     l,Ut      Tnkin     -ee-     feUe) 

year  l'\    \earand  tire   \>\    (ire.      The\    uere   tin-   urnuth   nf  the   m-ce— -i- 

ties    i.f    felldali-m.         'i'he     ||e\\      :i-'e     nf    Japan     dues     tint     Heed    tllelli.    alld 

the  ne\t  de  'ide.  tiiat  -hall  -ee  tleMi-atid-  suejit  awa\.  will  see  iii>ne 
rel'iiill  :  aiid  tip-  traveler  uill  Innk  iipnii  a  \a-hiki  a-  nne  ,>f  the  maiiv 
ctirinsitii  -  nf  <  >',  i  ,lapan.  Vedn  \\a-  tin-  eitv  nf  the  Tnku^a\\  a-,  and 
tiie  camp  nf  elan-.  It-  architectural  products  -pnm-;  tYnm  the  -nil  (.f 
f'-udalisin.  Tnkm  i-  the  n  tt'mnal  capital,  the  eitv  nf  the  mikadn.  and 
i'-  edifice-  are  at  i.nci  the  expiirictit-  nf  nmdern  nece-.-itie-  ;md  cii- 
ii^hteiied  iiati>  iiialit  \ . 


AMOXG   THE  J/.E1Y  OF  XEW  JAPAN.  :J99 


VI. 

AMOXG   THE  MHX  OF  XEW  JM'AN. 

I  SPEXT  from  January  3d  to  February  10th,  ls"l,  in  the  now  oapi- 
tal  of  Japan,  visiting  the  famous  places  in  the  citv  and  suburbs,  seeing 
the  wonderful  sights,  and  endeavoring  by  study  and  questioning  to 
reduce  to  order  the  myriad  impressions  that  were  made  upon  all  my 
senses  like  a  mimic  cannonade.  During  two  weeks  1  taught  as  a  vol- 
unteer in  the  Imperial  College.  At  the  house  of  the  superintendent  I 
met  many  of  the  officials  in  the  educational  and  other  departments, 
learning  their  ideas  and  methods  of  thinking  and  seeing.  Amonn-  my 
no\el  employments  \vas,  upon  one  occasion,  the  searching  of  A\  hcat<>n'> 
and  other  \vork>  on  international  law  for  rules  and  precedents  cover- 
ing an  imminent  case  of  hostilities  in  Yokohama  harbor.  The  captain 
of  a  French  man-of-war,  resurrecting  one  of  the  exploded  regulations 
of  the  repuMic  of  1  7!)o,  was  threatening  to  seize  a  German  merchant 
.-Lip,  which  had  been  sold  to  the  Japanese,  and  the  officials  of  the 
Foreign  (  Htice  had  come  to  their  long-trusted  American  friend  for  ad- 
vice and  the  law's  precedents.  It  came  to  nothing,  however.  Xo  >eiz- 
ure  was  made,  nor  hostile  e/un  tired.  The  furore  of  traveling  abroad  was 
then  at  fever-heat,  and  thousands  of  young  men  hoped  to  be  sent  to 
-tudv  abroad,  at  government  expense,  where  tens  only  could  be  chosen. 
1  made  a  call  on  Terashima  Mttnenori,  the  Vice -minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  then  in  Tsukiji  :  presenting  letters  from  Mr.  Ilatakeyama  Yo- 
>hinari,  I  was  received  very  kindly.  Iwakura  (to  whom  1  !>oiv  letters 
from  his  son)  and  Mr.  Oknbo  at  that  time  were  on  an  important 
political  mission  to  Satsnma,  Choshiu,  and  Tosa,  sent  thither  i>v  the 
mikado.  The  ex-Prince  of  Kchizeii  gave  an  entertainment  in  mv  hon- 
or at  his  mansion.  The  daimios  of  LAvajima  and  Akad/uki.  an<l  >ev- 
eral  of  their  karnx  (ministers),  were  present  at  the  dinner.  He  pre-^eiit- 
ed  me  with  his  photograph,  with  some  versos,  of  the  making  <>f  \\hich 
he  was  very  fond.  Mr.  . \rinori  Mori,  a  younii'  samurai  of  the  Sat<uma 
clan,  and  a  threat  friend  of  Iwakura,  called  to  see  me,  and  received  let- 
ters of  introduction  to  mv  friends  in  America..  He  \\as  then  in  na- 


',    I    '!    I 


rur.  MIK  \inrs  /. 


ti\e  (In--.  wearing  the  traditional  t\\.>  swonls,  the  abolition  of  \\hich 

In-  li:i'l  iii  \ain  advocated  -"in.'  months  hi'foiv.  He  h;nl  jii.-t  received 
lii-  .;:•;••  MJiii'iil  a-  < -har_;v  d'alTaiiv>  of  Japan  in  the  I'nited  State-. 
MI---I--.  MM;,  ami  SaiiH'-hima —  -ince  charge-  d'atTaiiv-  at  1'aris,  now 
(1^7''')  \ic.-mini-terof  Foreign  Affairs  in  Tokio — -tood -.>  hi;_di  in  the 
nee  i >f  Iv.akura  that  they  \\eiv  duM.ed.  in  tin-  political  slam; 
<•:  tin-  ••  -ii  .!tal.  "  the  I.--'-  of  luaknra."  Mr.  Kat-u  Ana,  t  houirh  a!>-ent 
n  >  l/u  ka,  -cut  me  a  UTV  plea-ant  letter  of  \\elcoine  t'«  Japan.  1 
eiijove.l  a  il,'!ii;-litftil  call  on  Mr.  K'an.la,  the  rx-l'iv-iduiit  or  Speaker 
of  the  Iloii-r  of  A— einlilv.  in  \\hieh  Mr.  Mori  had  argued  reform- 
the  -t'coiid  deli!'ei'ati\ c  liodv  that  had  'heen  called  into  e\i>teiice,  ac 
cording  to  the  oath  of  the  mikado  in  Kioto,  in  l^ii^.  that  i-epi-e-.-nta- 
tivc  in-titi;ti»n>  -h.nild  In-  formed.  1  found  Mr.  K"an«ia  a  student  <>f 
!/:_ ":-h  and  American  literature,  and  an  carnr-t  thinker.  Hi-  son.  a 


1"  r  i>f  tin-  proiiiiiii-nt  and  ri-inu'  men  of  the  coinitrv,  rsjieciallv  tho-e 
uho  had  In-.  •!)  acti\c  in  the  late  re\  olut  ion.  The  mikado  \\a-  lie^-in- 
n ii  _  t"  rid'-  "in  in  piihlic  ;  and  1  -a\v  at  \  arimi-  time-  a  numl>er  of  tin- 
kiiu«''.  lioth  ladie-  and  gentlemen,  in  their  ancient,  ^.r^, .,  ,u-  <-o-tume-. 
\\ith  their  retainers  and  in-i^nia.  I  \\itiie--ed.  also,  a  u'rand  re\ie\v  of 
tin-  imperial  armv.  a  u  restlin^- match,  exhiiiitions  "f  acroliatic-  am! 
ju^U'lerx',  theatrical  performance-,  ;(I|,1  maii\  tiling-  in  the  jiolitical. 
social,  il  :  mi  itar\  \\orM  that  \\ill  iie\  er  an' a  in  he  seen  in  .Japan.  I 
\i-ited  tin-  tir-t  h  '-pital  opened  in  TO  kin.  |,\  Mat-umoto.  and  the  ex- 
cellent  -.  ml  nj  !' -.ku/aua.  ri\a!  of  tlie  Imp.  rial  <  'olle-'e.  Nolle  of 
the  la  ]••_;•  e  modern  i.uildini;'-  iti  I'liirop.-aii  -t  \  le.  uhich  ]\»\\  adorn  tin- 
r'it\.  \\  i  r.  '.  Tli-  eit\  \\a-  th.-n  morr  V.-do  ijian  Tokio. 

I  repeat.-iii\  \  i-ited  ( )ji.  >o  often  de-crilied  \<\  (  iliphant  and  other-; 
Mi'-^ur-i.  n--ai  uhich  an  th.-  i_'Va\e-  nf  the  lovers,  "  <  ioinpacli!  and 
Komur;i-.-,ki  :"  'I'akaiiaua.  th«-  M'-eca  of  .Japan.--.-  io\alt\',  \\lien-  an- 
the  torn',-  and  -tati;.--  of  the  fort  v- seven  roiiin-.  and  of  their  lord. 
\\hoin  the\  iiii-d  i.i  a\eiiL.re;  Kaine  Id",  the  memorial  of  the  deiti.-d 
man  \  i'.  Siiifau ara  \l  .•  hi/aiie  :  >hi! .a.  I  vi'-iio,  Miikojima,  and  the  place- 
-o  well  kii"\\  ii  t"  r.  -id. -tit-  and  t"iiri.-t-.  tin-  -i^ht  of  \\  hidi  hut  added 
/e-|  to  an  appetite  t"!'  -e.-ni^f  all  that  1-  d.-ar  t"  a  .lajiaiie-e,  uhieh  a 
residence  "t'  \ear-  faiN-d  1  I  vsa-  -e\i-ral  time-  at  Xt-mpukuji 

(Ti-inpli       '     I'ea'e    and    I  lappin.  - 1.  "lie    of  the   olde-t    -hrin.--   nf  the 
-eel     nl     r.iiddhi-t-.  xl       -  in    him-. -If.   \\lio    \\itii    hi- 

oun  hand-  planted  tin-  u-:    L  i  .     inko-tive,  \\hicli  -till  tlmiri-he-. 

temple  Around     A.I     i  :',_;--  .,('  t  he  l'.-ir;iti"ii  of  th.- 


AJIOXG    THE  J/A'-V  OF  SEW  JAPAX.  401 

United  States  of  America.  I  lore  had  dwelt  successively  Ministers 
Townsend  Harris,  Robert  II.  1'riivn,  and  General  Van  Valkenbery'h. 
United  States  Vice-consul  ( '.  (  ).  Shepherd  \vas  then  occupying  the 
premises.  1  noticed  a  somewhat  dustv  portrait  of  Franklin  Pierce 
hiniir  on  the  walls  of  OIK-  of  the  inner  empty  rooms.  The  one  bright 
•  >a-is  spot  during  liis  barren  administration  \vas  the  success  of  IVrry's 
mis-ion,  and  the  opening  of  Japan  to  the  world.  The  u'lorv  of  the 
jjreat  United  States  had  been  here  maintained,  by  its  (Government 
never  paying  any  rent,  for  its  tenantry  of  buildings,  and  bv  extortinrj 
"indemnities"  for  every  accidental  tire,  for  every  provoked  injury, 
and  even  for  every  man  killed  in  the  open  and  active  hostilities  of 
war,  and  in  joining  the  governments  of  Europe  in  keeping  the  feeble 
empire  crushed  under  diplomacy,  backed  bv  ship>  and  camion. 

One  of  the  most  important  persons  for  me  was  a  ^ood  interpreter. 
A  toiiu'iie  was  more  than  a  ri^ht  arm.  To  procure  one  of  first-rate 
ai'ilities  was  ditticuit.  When  the  embassy,  sent  out  by  the  ill— tarred 
li  Kamon  no  kami,  visited  Philadelphia,  I  had  frequently  seen  a  lively 
vouujj;  man  whom  everv  one  called  ''Tommy,"  who  had  made-  a  de- 
oidedlv  pleasant  impression  upon  the  ladies  and  the  American*  u'en- 
erallv.  "Tommy"  was  at  this  time  in  Tokid.  The  Echi/cii  officer- 
went  to  him  and  asked  him  to  accept  the  position  of  interpreter,  at  a 
-alary  of  one  thousand  dollars,  u'old,  per  annum.  This  was  tempting 
pay  to  a  Japanese;  but  the  foreicfnized  Tommy  preferred  metropolitan 
life,  and  the  prospect  of  official  promotion,  to  regular  duties  in  an  in- 
terior province.  They  then  sought  amonu;  the  corps  of  interpreters  in 
the  Imperial  Tolletre.  The  choice  fell  upon  Iwabuehi  (ro.-k  -ed^'e), 
who,  fortunately  for  me,  accepted,  and  we  were  introduced.  Thi> 
Livntleman  was  about  twenty  years  old,  with  broad,  hi^'h  forehead,  lux- 
uriant hair  cut  in  foreign  style,  keen,  dancing  black  eves,  and  t)hi<hiiiLr 
fa'v.  lie  was  a  ronin  samurai  of  secondary  rank,  and  rather  well  edu- 
cated. His  father  had  been  a  writing-master  in  Sakura,  Shimn-a.  and 
[wabuchi  was  an  elegant  writer.  lie  \\orc  but  one  sword.  lb'  was 
of  delicate  frame,  his  face  lighted  bv  intellect,  softened  by  his  habitual 
meekness,  but  prevented  bv  a  trace  of  >lvness  from  beiti^'  nob 
.-Denied  the  very  tv]ie  of  a  Jajianese  gentleman  of  letter-.  Ib 
gentle  as  a  lady.  In  his  checkered  experience  at  Hakodate  and  other 
cities,  lie  had  bru-hed  against  the  liriton.  the  Yankee,  ih-  I  ivnch- 
man,  and  the  Ku--ian.  At  first  shy  and  retiring,  he  \\anntd  into 
friendship.  In  his  merry  mood*  he  would  a-toni-ii  me  bv  hum 
familiar  tunes,  and  rei.-all  a  whole  chapter  of  home  memories 


40:2  Till-:   MI  A.  I/ 

mj    -na'che-   ..f    Aim  riran    college    ami    street    son^s.      In    hi-    an^rx 

im-od-.  n     \imTican    -teel    .-truck    Japane-e    (lint,  hi-    e\v<    woim! 

i   hi-   frame  .pi'iver.       For  over  a  vear  l\\a!>iichi  \\a-  inval- 

•  •   me,  until   m\    oun   articulation   became  I'l-lin-ual  :    !>nt    tr.'in 

;':•-•    t"  la-t.  iiotu  ith-tamlinj.'  occa-ional   friction,  ari-in-'   from   the  dif- 

feivmv  in    Ann  rican   and  Japanese  psychology,  \ve  continued,  and  iv- 

main.  fa-t  friend-. 

Mv     1'll-ille  —    \\ltll    the    oH'lcer-    of    tile     Kchi/.ell     elall     Wa-    till!-ll''d.         I 

wa-   eii-'a-vd  to  teach  the  ph\-ical  sciences  in  the    e'uv   of   Kukui.  th'- 

apital  of  the  pro\im-e,  t  \\  o  hundred  mile-  \\.-t  of  Tokio.  am!   t  \\rlvi 

mile-   from    the    Si -a    of   Japan.       In    accordance  with  eii-tom  <>h-erved 

hcts\eeii    foreigner-   and  Jap.uie-e.   \ve    ma.de    a    contract,   which,  after 

pa--im_'  the  in-pection  and  ie -rivim.-;  the  apprt^val  of  the  <Jiiai  Mu  She 

((  >tti    •  of  !•',  ii'ci^n  AtTair-1.  was  \\ritten    out   in  duplicate    in   impi>-inu' 

i   hint-si-  characters,  and  in  plain  Kn_di-h.      I  agreed  to  teach  cheini-try 

ihy.-ics  for  the  -pace  of  three  years,  and  "not  to  -'liter  into  an\~ 

trading  operation-  \\itli  native  merchant-."      The  in--ertioii  of  a  comic 

c'laii-e,  vcr\    funnv    indeed   to   the    American,  luit    <juite    ju-titiaMe   !.\- 

".  r  e\perieiic.    of  the  Japaiie-e,  \\a-.  that   the  teacher  mii-t    not 

-et  di 

i  '       :    -ide.  agreed  i..  i.a\   m\   salarv:   to  ImiM  me  a  limi-e 

I 

;ln    M    I'opi  an  -t  vli  :   and  after  thri'e  \  ear-  to  return  im    -afel\-  \. . 

^  oko'iama  ;   to  hand  m\   eorp-e  over  to  the  I   niter  1  States  (  'on -u]   it   1 

die.  or  earn    me  to  him  -Innild   I   he  di-aMed  through  -i'-km---. 

\      '        '    _     ' '.  a-     -ac  !    c.  ;m\      reference     \\-ljat  e\el'.    lil  It 

p.  r:'.   •'  laranteed  me  »n  Si;n- 

.      -  :      mill      la!-        •  .        •  ..r  d"  a-  I  ph-a-ed  in 

, 

A-  a!         i-*:alioii  of  the  i  \trciue  jea'ou-  •    with   uhicli  the  mikado'- 
inini-ti'i'-  •:'  lard'  d  tin    -upn  maey  of  the   national  ^overtiinciit.  the  lir-t 

ilr.tft    of  1  '  .  led    n\    the   l-'oivi-'ti   (  >f- 

ti'  ••   1"  ••  •.  .  ••     '    '  I  ,"  in-tead   of  t  he 

"  loi-a          i  i        -     -  '•••,-,  r«'il    in    the   tina]    d>  >cii- 

I    mad-  t  he   a  ral    of   the    daimio-.  and    man  v    iv- 

tali;'  r-  of  \  al  \    i  m    I   -hall  '-all    I  lai'etm  >. 

to  a  i        ;  •  •  tat  ' '  •  \  er\    one  ,  in   t  lie  -.  icial 

\arioii-   per-ona-'e- 

I   im  1          '  !  the  late-i   c..p\    of  tli-     I'," 

'.  f  tin-  Mill;  :,  In.,  explained  and  trail- 


AMOXG    THE  HEX  OF  XEW  JAPAN.  403 

lated  for  me.  Tn  discussing  cadi  one,  his  nose  rose  and  fell  with  the 
ti^un-s  hefore.  him.  "That  uvntleinan  is  only  ;\k<tr<j  of  a  10,000  koku 
daiiniri."  "This  is  himself,  a  fudai  daimid  of  15,000  koku."  \\'itli 
profound  indifference,  I  would  lie  informed  that  the  person  who  called 
on  me  t"  inquire  after  his  hrother  in  Xe\v  York  was  "merelv  a  samu- 
rai of  a  ;>o,000  koku  clan."  That  gentleman  whose  politeness  so  im- 
pressed me  was  "a  hatamoto  of  SOU  koku  ;  hut  he  was  very  poor  since 
the  restoration."  I>aremo's  congratulations  were  showered  thick  and 
fa-t  when  I  dined  with  the  kokuxhiii-  Echizcn  (:>t>0,<)00  koku),  and 
1'wajima  (100,000  koku),  with  live  or  six  /v//v;.v.  lie  al>o  translated 
for  me  the  letters  I  received  from  distinguished  Japanese  oilicers. 
\Nith  the  aid  of  the  llu  KH«H  and  I  )arenio,  I  was  soon  aide  to  dis- 
tinguish many  of  the  rising  and  falling  men  of  Japan. 

1  had  seen  the  ^reat  ohjeets  of  interest  to  a  tourist.  1  had  feasted 
my  eyes  on  novelty  and  a  new  life,  yet  the  freshness  of  continual  u'lad 
surprise  was  not  yet  lost.  ]  had  seen  the  old  j^lory  of  Vedo  in  ruins, 
and  the  new-  national  life  of  Japan  emeru'intr  from  Tokio  in  chaos.  I 
had  >tood  face  to  face  with  paganism  for  the  first  time.  1  had  felt 
the  heart  of  Japan  pulsing  with  new  life,  and  had  seen  her  voutli 
drinking  at  the  fountains  of  Western  science.  I  had  tasted  the  hospi- 
talitv  of  one  of  the  "  lieu'inners  of  a  hetter  time."  L  had  learned  the 
power  of  the  keen  sword.  For  the  rir>t.  time  I  had  experience  of  pa- 
ganism, feudalism,  earthquakes,  Asiatic  life  and  morality.  1  had  seen 
how  loii'_>-  contact  with  heathen  life  and  circumstances  slowlv  disinte- 
grates the  granite  principles  of  eternal  riifht.  once  held  hv  men  reared 
in  a  more  liraciny1  moral  atmosphere.  I  met  scores  of  white  men, 
from  Old  and  N'ew  Kn^land,  who  had  lon<>%  since  forgotten  the  differ- 
ence between  ri^'ht  and  wroiiif.  I  had  seen  also  the  surface  of  Japan. 
I  was  <_dad  to  u-o  into  the  interior.  I  hid  i>'ood-l>ye  to  Tokio,  and 
went  to  Yokohama  to  take  the  steamer  to  Kol>e.  whence  T  should  L:». 
>'/</  Lake  I>iwa.  and  o\cr  the  mountains  to  the  citv  of  the  \\eil  or 
Ijlessinu-,  Fukui. 

Our  partv  made  rendezvous  at  a  native  hotel.  It  wastohehoth  my 
escort  and  following.  Tin-  former  consisted  of  mv  interpreter.  I  \va- 
hnchi,  ;uie  of  the  teachers  of  '•]n^li>h  in  the  univeisitv  :  Nakamura.  the 
soldier-ii'uard,  who  had  fought  in  the  late  civil  war;  and  the  tr, -a-urer, 
I-jiiori.  a  jiolished  gentleman,  and  >hrewd  man  of  the  Japanese  world. 
There  were  two  >ervants,  and.  \\ith  m\  own  cnnk  and  his  wi!e.  we 
made  iij)  a  partv  of  ci^ht  persons,  witli  as  manv  characters  ,-ii,d  di>po- 
sitioii-  as  faces.  The  ship  to  take  us  to  Kolic  \\as  one  of  the  line 


404 

.-teainers  "f  tli'1  1'acitic  M;iil  Company's  fleet,  the  Oregonian,  As  sev- 
rr;il  da\  -  would  elapse  before  her  departure,  I  made  a  visit  to  Kanaza- 
wa,  Kamakura,  Kno-hima,  and  Fujisawa,  with  Nakamura,  and  an  Anier- 
;c;in  friend  win i  -pokr  Japanese  fluently.  That  visit  was  afterward  re- 
pe.-ited  man\  tiiin-s.  K\vrv  sj>nt  nia«lc  fanmiis  l»v  Voritoiiio,  Voshit- 
-iiiif,  Srniiiian  ami  Kuirin,  the  lloju,  Nitta  ^'ushisaila,  Ni'-hiivn,  and  tin: 
A-hikau'a.  \vas  -tvn  <>\IT  ami  u\rr  ajjfain.  until  the  lite  »>f  nl<l  Japan 
lei-aine  a-  \ivi«l  ti>  me  as  the  thrilling  scenes  of  our  own  late  \\ar. 
I'.e-nles  the  architectural  remains  of  these  rlas>ic  places,  is  a  rich  niu- 
M-iiin  of  arnn  >r,  weapons  ami  other  media-val  ant'ujuities  in  the  temple 
on  Tsuruira-oka,  in  Kainakura. 

(Mi  our  riile  !>ack,  l-'uji.  all  in  white,  loomed  up  uframlly.  A  flurry 
of  snow  added  to  it^  lu-autv.  In  such  a  snow-shower  the  artist  muM 
have  made  tin-  -piriteil  -ketch  here  reproduced.  Snow  rarelv  fall>  on 
the  Tokaido  to  a  depth  greater  than  two  inches,  and  usually  neither 
hoof  nor  -aiidal.  as  in  the  cut,  sinks  ln-neath  it>  level.  The  .Iaj>ane-e. 
however,  make  a  v.Teat  fus>  over  a  little  cold.  Thev  <j«  about  \Mth 
tln'ir  hand-  in  their  sleeves,  which  stick  out  like  the  uin^s  of  a  tru—ed 
T!irk"v.  repeating  "  x<i//cii.  .w/ //////"  (cold,  cold),  until  it  h>se>  all  ori^'i- 
nalitv. 


1A"  THE  HEART  OF  JAl'AX.  405 


VII 

IX  THE  HEART  OF  JAPAN. 

THE  weather  was  rough  as  we  embarked,  late  in  the  afternoon  of 
February  I'-M,  on  the  Oretjoiiian,  and  >teame<l  down  the  I  lav  of  Yedo. 
At  niu'ht,  the  fixed  white  light  in  the  stone  tower  on  ('ape  Iil/u,  via- 
ble twenty  miles,  reminded  us  of  the  new  order  of  things.  Of  old  a 
wood-tire.  hla/ed  on  the  promontory.  The  .Xil  did  not  yet  know  the 
fate  to  befall  her.* 

The  next  day  was  foggy,  and  nml  <_h>  mer  hel<l  high  revel  anionu- 
the  passengers.  The  Oregonian  was  true  to  the  reputation  of  its 
namesake  given  by  Ilryant — "where  rolls  the  mighty  Oregon."  My 
own  thoughts  were  less  poetie.  My  feelings  are  best  described  by 
the  Japanese  proverb,  "A  sea-voyage  is  an  inch  of  hell."1 

About  midnight  we  rounded  the  promontory  of  Kii,  where  Jiinmu 
passed  centuries  an'o.  It>  splendid  light-house,  on  a  promontory  one 
hundred  and  thirty  feet  high,  on  0  Island,  holds  a  revolving  white 
liu'ht,  alternately  flashing  and  being  eclipsed  during  every  minute.  O 
is  a  ufood  harbor  for  wind-bound  junks,  and  the  fishermen  here  are 
noted  whalers,  hunting  whales  successfully  with  nets  and  spears.  Tin- 
light  on  Cape  Shiwo,  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  feet  above  water,  may 
be  seen  for  twenty  miles.  Ships  from  China  make  this  point  niidit  or 
day. 

The  three  officers  of  our  party  had  been  empowered  1o  take  cabin 
pa»age  with  their  foreign  charge;  but  such  a  foolish  waste  of  money 
wa-  not  to  be  thought  of.  To  pay  fortv  dollars  for  fortv-eiu'ht  liour<. 
and  three  hundred  and  fortv-two  geographical  miles  of  nausea  in  a 
>tate-rooin,  was  not  according  to  their  ideas  of  happiness.  Far  better 

*()n  tin:  niirlit  uf  tlic  'Jotli  of  March,  1^74,  at  1().:S()  P.M.,  the  I-'iriicii  M.  M 
Steamer  .V/V,  haviiiir  nn  Imaril  our  huiulred  and  eleven  jieixms,  ami  tlic  .l;tp;i:ir--c 
ai'ticles  on  cxliibitiou  at  Vienna,  hor  enu'ines  lu-im:'  i>ut  of  order,  and  tin'  i-urn  ntr- 
unusuaily  strnnu',  lo^t  her  reckoning,  struck  a  rock  near  the  villai:>-  ot'  h-inia,  in 
Yo&hida  Bay,  toil  miles  from  Cape  Itl/ii,  and  sunk  in  t\\cnt\--onc  l'.:il!»m-.  Only 
four  prison-  \veri-  -a\'rd.  A  marble  monument  was  erected,  and  n»\v  eonnncmo- 
r:\tes  the  accident,  which  was  robbed  of  many  of  its  saddest  feature..-  by  the  Kind 
ness  and  eueruT  of  the  natives. 


'X  AM//'//,'/-.'. 


s  of  O/aka.      So  to  the   stirr- 
\    went,  and   -olaced  their  traii-ient   mi-erv  with  \i-ion-  ot   the 

<  i/aka    paradi-i     and    the    Mack-e\ed   houris.      Tliev   suileml  "an  inch 
of  hell  "  f.  >]•  a  vard  of  heaven. 

I  woke  on  the  -econd  morning  in  the  liarhor  of  Hiov.'o  and  Koho 
(l  '.ale  of  (;..d).  the  former  the  nathe  city,  the  latter  the  foreign 
town.  All  around  the  land-locked  water  were  hold  wall-  of  ^reeii 
1'iviicli,  Knidisli,  and  American  ships  of  \\ar  lay  at  anchor,  and 
the  ehim-\  pink-,  \\iih  their  ^ivat.  hi'oad  -ail-,  plowed  aero—  the  path 
•'.  the  ilaiieiiiij  sunheaiii-.  Nali\e  H-liinij  and  carriage  !><>ats  wen 
leaping'  o\er  the  \\ater-.  ur^vd  on  !»\  the  stroke  of  the  naked  .-culler-. 

<  Mi    -hore.  u'loritied  h\    the    mild   winter'.-  sun,  n>.-e  the  "ni.>del   -ettle- 
meiit."  a    fre-h    proof   of   Oceideiita]    ener^v    on    Oriental    -oil.       1   mi! 
i  ->'•-.  the    -ite   of  the  pivttv   town,  laid  out   in  idle— -hoard   regularity, 
w  a-  a  mere  -t  rip  .  >f  -and/" 

!   nder   convov    ..[    Iwahuchi    and    an    American    friend,  to    whom    I 

tiers  1   spent  a  da\    and  a  half  in   K.-he  and   Ilio^o.      The  latter 

.-  erected   in   the  davs  of  Taira  ;_dor\.       I;-  name  mean-  "ar-e- 

."    Iml    peaceful    trade   in.\\    rule-   il-  -treet-.       Near    it    -land-    Ki\o- 

niori'-  toinh.       (Mi   the  -ite   of  the  Taira   palace   stand-  a   ".Teat    hrothei. 

A:    Minal  '  'j'awa.  in-ar   I\ol,r,   I\u-uiioki    Ma-a-hiu'f.  the  mirror  of  ,Iap- 

ali.-e   Invallv,   wclrniiii'd   ilea'h.       A    -mall   temple    -land-   a-   a   historic 

Illell!    of   the   act.  dedi'-ati  d    to    iii-   -] 

hi   the  ••ii'-ert'ul   home  of  an    A  i  iiericriii   mi--ionar\.  to   \\hom    1   hore 

Liter-.    I     -pellt    a    few     delightful    holir-.         'l'he\     -eenied    t'i    lia\e    hroULl'ht 

I 

•_;•-.    and    patieiici     of   :         •  -!••[•-.   \\ith    th.m.       d  he    tinn1    l"r    a'-'i\e 

<'ini-;ian  lahor  had  not  \<-\  come;  hut  the  laii'_;'uau'e  wa-  lieiipj;  ma-- 
'.'•,  d.  ;.nd  hi-  inorniir_'  hour-  were  .j.-.  .Men  in  the  -ir.ilv.  In  the  aft- 
i-riioon,  w.ft  .  i-iti  i  .,  fanioii>  temple.  ..n  the  -ite  ..f  one  tir-t 

e|vete.|     '.  \     .1  '.  |  •  _;'   .     |\  ;•     |  .   !  •;[  |;      (\;  ,1]|     (     ,  i|V.a.         (  'l'o\S  d-     of     pi': 

prints  in   white  r  t  alT,  ro-ar\ ,  hell,  and  memorial  >heli 

-e\\ed    t"    their    -!'•'',<.   w.-;v  on    the    route   or   return.       \\  >•    -pent    the 

.•\  eiiin  f   t  he    in.  i-'diant     prince-    .  .f    Iv  'he,   in 

hm.  nt  <  i      •  nee  and    Ameri.'aii   ta-te,  harharic 

1 1    i  n  d  .  •  o  /  \    i  • . .  m  I 


L\  THE  IIEAliT  OF  JAPAN.  407 

(  >ur  party  were  earlv  on  the  steamboat,  Avhich  carried  the  Stars  and 
Stripes  at  her  stern,  and  was  commanded  by  a  Yankee;  captain.  It 
was  crowded  with  natives,  who  rode  for  iclti  bu  (twenty-five  cents). 
The  live  or  six  foreigners  in  the  cabin  paid  each  two  "clean  Mexi- 
can-." These  silver  eagles  are  the  standard  of  value  in  Japan  and 
China,  though  Uncle  Sam's  trade-dollars  and  Japanese  gold  yen  are 
now  contesting  their  supremacy. 

\Vc  steamed  along  the  coast  for  three  hours;  passed  the  forts  built 
in  18;">5,  and  well  mounted  and  manned;  passed  the  light-house  ot 
Tempo/.an  (Hill  of  lleavenlv  Peace),  and  at  noon,  Februarv  -!5th,  1871, 
I  stood  in  the  city  called,  in  poetry,  Naniwa — in  prose,  Oxaka, 


All  the  large  daimios  formerly  had  ya>hikis  in  Yedo,  Oxaka,  ami 
in  Kioto,  as  well  as  in  their  own  capitals,  for  the  xise  of  the  elan 
Tih'\  served  a-  caravansaries,  a1  which  the  lord  or  his  rdaiin'tx  nii-'lii 
lod^v.  \\hen  on  business  or  travel,  and  be  treated  according  I"  their 
rank.  Hut  one  or  two  samurai  and  their  families  occupied  tin1  Krhi 
/fii  va<hiki  in  Oxaka,  which  could  lod^e  a  hundred  or  m<>iv  men.  A 
-uite  of  rooms  was  soon  swept  and  dusted  out,  ru^s  laid  on  \\\<'  mal- 
ting,  and  dinner,  in  mixi'd  Japanese  and  American  su  le,  \\a<  served. 

O/aka   is   a   u'ay   citv,  uith    li\cly    people,  and    pleiitx    of   mean<   of 
amusement,   especially    iheatres    and    singing -girls.       The    ladies    are 


4U8 


Till-:  .MIKADO'S  F.UPIRK. 


haii  1-oiin  r.  di'e—  in  hetter  ta-tc,  tie  their  girdles  in  a  style  nearer  per- 
fection, and  i'uild  c,.;tTuiv-  that  are  at  once  the  envy  and  despair  of 
Tokio  dam-ek  (  i/aka  has  every  surt  «>f  u'ay  life.  In  all  the  iaruv 

cities  there  are  i/fisfm,  noted 
for  tlu'ir  \\  it.  heaut v.  -kill  in 
playing  the  three-stringed  ha:  - 
jo.  The  daughters  of  Kiot- 
and  Tokio  do'  excellently,  hi:; 
tie  i-e  of  (  )/aka  excel  them  aP. 
O/aka  i-  al-o  the  -Teate-t 
cnmiiKTcial  citv  in  .Japan.  I 
wa-  interested  in  the  metal  iv- 
linerie-  and  foundries  \\  here 
the  i'o-y  copper  in-'ot-  \\eiv 
cast,  and  hra--  cannon  of  elegant  \vnrkniaiiship  turned  nut.  \Vith 
lual'Uchi  a-  Li'uide,  I  ramhleil  over  the  citv.  and  -IO.M!  on  inan\  a 
-]M»I  made  cla--ic  1,\-  \o!iunai:'a.  I  lidex  o-hi,  and  l\i\a-u.  Iwahuchi'> 
thi'-nt  t"Miru>  and  kimu  led^x-  of  hi-torv  were  a-  -peciacle-  to  me.  cii- 
a''linu'  me  to  x-e  the  pa-t  a-  he  summoned  it  from  iv-urrection. 

An    otlicer   tVoin    I-'iikui    lirmi^lil    ii-    uo]-d.  I-Vhriiary    -7th.  that    we 
\\ere  I"   leave  <  l/aka  that    niidit.  and  that   at    I-'u-hnni  an   Iiinmrarv  i.>- 

co]-t    of   >eVel)     IlloUlltcd     "tlieer-    of    the    clall     \\ollld    lllect     Jlle.    iheV     lia\- 

hiir  come  dn\\  ii  from  Kukui.  <>ne  hundrecl  and  thirtx  miles  to  e-cort 
Hi''.  \\',-  \\eic  t"  proceed  up  the  V.  "1".  t  he  ri\ .  r  t  hat  drain-  -i\  pi'o\  - 


The  S-mii-en. 


F:i-himi.  and   thetie,-   pi-,,,-eed   , -n   h.  .;•-  1  aek  to  Lake  |Ji\va.      The  ii;,,r- 
rc  lU    u  a~  to  lie  ;i  red-']'  Her  ilav. 

\\"e  left   (~i/aka  at   ni-'ht.  ahoiit  ten  o', •],„•!<.      li   \\a-  very  c..l,l.  and 
l.riii'ht   •  \;.  •;-  a  "  lu>;i-i'-lio,-ii."  ;md  the  1','tliin  \\  ith- 

iii   u:i-  ii'-al  '      .  and   uilh   vn^^  an>i   Inlnn-Jn   \\e   k,-pt    up  a  ^'eiiia! 

tein,  •••ratnri     unti  me.      \\'e   pa--ed    hundred-   of  hoal-  like  our 

•>wn.  and    after    i  •  nr    wa\'    through    the    city,  that    ini^ht    he    , 

Venice  if  i'   \\,  ;•.    •     •  n.  pa— i-d  th.-  lon_>-  ]•,  ,\\^  of  tiiv-pi'o,,f  >tnri 

hnii-i"..  and   _:.:  I  into  the  country.  \\  hei'e.  except   a  -i-at- 

1.  ri-.l   \  .    i\e    si\\    onl\    tin-    --ivand    mountain-   and 

vine-,  and    tlic    -  :     .      The    limit    vva-    pro-,  idcd    \\ith    four 

T.  .\\ .  r-.  t !,.  ••:          ft    '  •    ri\  er  heinc.'  . -hallow,  the}    had 

'o    polr    al<  >t'.-_'.  like    Mi--i  •    \\  aiker-.       Throii'^hon!    the 

f  i-o-l  \    :.:  j.:.'    \v-      -  •  pt.  \s  a         ..  to    li-teii   to  tin-   ripple-   :;n- 

dcr  the   lin\v.      Th.-  fut'l'j   .  \    [iole-.  and  at   day-hivak  \\*'   \\eix 


L\  THE  HEART  OF  JAPAN.  409 

far  from  O/aka,  \\ith  the  classic  ground  of  Kawaelu  on  our  right,  and 
Settsti  on  our  left. 

The  Min  clothed  the  hills  in  light,  revealing  the  landscape,  and  kin- 
dli'd  the  frost  on  our  cabin-roof  into  resplendent  prisinatics.  AN  e  were 
in  the  clear  water  of  the  Yodo  River,  which  flowed  at  a  gentle  current 
between  l>a!iks  of  undergrowth,  \vith  groves  of  tirs  and  bamlioo,  and 
Here  and  there  a  group  of  thatched  villago,  through  which  the  Jesuits 
and  Franciscans  preached  Marv,  St.  Peter,  and  Christ,  over  two  centu- 
ries ago.  Along  the  shores  stood  white  herons,  tall  storks,  and,  occa- 
ionallv, huu'e  hawks. 

While  musing  on  the  past,  and  imagining  the  Portuguese  missiona- 
ries, cnicirix  in  hand,  preaching  on  that  open  space,  or  erecting  a  cross 
on  that  knoll,  Xakamura  came  out  and  pointed  out  the  villages  of  11;:- 
-himoto  (foot  of  the  bridge)  and  Yamazaki  (mountain  point),  where, 
in  Isii*,  the  contest  at  Fushimi  was  continued.  The  Tokn^awa  army 
hdil  Hashimoto,  while  the  mikado's  troops  attacked  them  bv  land,  and 
bombarded  them  from  a  redoubt  in  Vamaxaki,  until  they  tied,  defeated 
and  in  di>order,  to  O/.aka,  when  the  sho^im  notitied  the  foreign  min- 
isieis  that  he  could  no  longer  protect  them.  I  enjoyed  Xakaniura's 
talk  richly,  and.  refreshed  by  the  "  sweet  mother  of  fresh  thoughts  and 
health."  hodv  ;|11'1  mind  were  readv  to  drink  in  the  sweet  influences  of 
tint  glorious  morning  in  the  lieart  of  Japan.  l>ut  what  of  the  boat- 
men 1 

After  a  hard  night's  toil,  poling  and  walking  in  a  nipping  frost,  1 
wished  to  see  the  breakfast  bv  which  thev  laid  the  physical  basis  for 
another  dav's  work.  At  the  stern  of  the  boat,  resting  on  a  little  fur- 
nace, was  the  universal  rice-pot,  and  beside  it  a  small  covered  wooden 
Illb.  full  of  rice.  Some  pickled  or  boiled  slices  of  the  huge  radish 

called  ilii't-knit  lav  in  another  receptacle.  The  drink  was  the  cheapest 
tea.  It  mav  po-<ibly  l,e  true,  what  some  foreigners  assert,  that  the 
l"Wer  cla.-M-s  in  .Japan  fea-1  on  rat>.  ''The  dailv  ration  of  a  Japanese 
laborer  was  one  mouse  per  diem;"  so  I  was  once  told  in  America.  I 
never  saw  or  heard  of  such  animals  beini>;  eaten  during  all  the  time  1 
.va>  in  Japan  ;  but  I  now  looked  for  some  stimulating  food,  some  piece 
of  flesh  diet  to  be  eaten  by  these  men,  who  had  to  make  muscle  nnd 
repair  the  waste  of  lubricating  their  joints.  \\\\\  uothinif  further  was 
forthcoming,  and  the  xcmlo  whose  turn  came  lirst  sat  down  to  his 
breakfast.  The  tirst  cour>e  was  a  bowlful  of  rice  and  a  pair  of  ''hop- 
sticks.  In  the  second  course,  history  repeated  itself.  The  third  course 
wa>  a  dipperful  of  tea,  apparently  one-half  a  solution  of  tannic  acid, 


ill    v.  hi'1':!   ;i    raw    liiiK'    ini_d!t    have    l>een    -ai'elv    left    !<>    1:ii).       I    wi>ndi, 
W  he!  InT   the   dl-'-a>e   ,  if  ii  — i  tii 'at  i- HI  "f  I  lie   e.ial-   nf   the   stumaell,  -"   enlll- 

an-e-  ti'i'in  tin1  e«it-tant  ilrinkniLT  -ii'-h  a-trini^'nt  li<|- 
i!  .  Tlif  f"i:r;h  eniir-e  \va-a  lm\\l  "t'  riee  ami  tw<>  sliee-  i>f  radi-h  : 
iiie  tiflh  was  the  smie.  A  dipperful  «\'  tca-liijuiir  tini-ln-d  ihe  m.ai. 
ainl  the  p..!.'  \\a-  re-iinied.  1  noticed  Li'i'i-'i-ini'ls  <>n  -euw-  Hi1  raf:- 
ati'-li'iivd  iii  the  river,  tin'  eiirreiil  lunnn^  tin1  hii'^e  \\heeK  -!"\\1\  I" 
_]':!i'l  "!'  hull  riee.  Tin-v  Were  ijilite  >;:nil'ir  t"  th"-i'  I  ha'l  !»"li''eil  mi 
1  lie  Khine  aii'l  i  '1  her  Kur<  >]pean  ri\  •  i'-. 

At  nine  n'eluek  we  eaiile  in  l'rn!ii  ••!'  tin  village  Yawata.  a!  \\hi-:! 
tliere  wa- a  ^iianl-liiiuse.  \\hieh  \\,-  kni-w.al  a  ili-laiiee,  1>\  it-  pe.'ul.1..'- 
i\  -liajM-il  hint i'rn  ainl  can \  a-  liaiiLfiiii;^,  ii  ke  eurtain-.  »n  w  hieh  \\  a-  1 1;> 
•  ._•  erest  nf  the  mikailii — an  open  chrysanthemum  tlnwer.  (»tirl'":t( 
h"\e  In.  and  Nakamura.  tin-  i>tlie,-r  .  .f  tin-  part\ .  explained  \\!n>  \ve 
were,  and  \\  hat  i  iiir  liii<ine->  was,  and  \\  e  t  hfii  landi-d  111  t  he  v  ilia  Li'1'. 

\\hilc  ciur  I'nat.  with    the   servants,  \\a-  >eiit   ah. -ad   t"   Kn-himi.  we 

{'•'ill1  weiidi-d  nil!'  wa\    iip  the  iiMiintain  <M"k"  \arna   t"   the  pai;    -  aiii  d 

ri^'ei 'ii-peak,  w  here  -tand-  t  he  -TI\'I!  Shinto  temple,  mi  a  site  tir-t   Mii.t 

upon  in  ^''<(>    \.n..  and  di-dieati-'l  i>  •  <  )  jin  Ten  in"),  the  >nn  of  .litiLi'n  K"i:<\ 

lei'i    i   <'ui'ea   !'\    tlii-  divine   -pirit    ln'-tuwed   nil    In-!'  'h-'ii   nn- 

:.       I'    wa-   made   further    t'amniis  !,\-  the  -'ii'i    frmn    1  l:di'-yn«.hi 

"f    a    L.r":    !     'i    flitter.    ;..    eiilli'et     the     -ael'i'd     dl'i 'ppitlLi's     •    t'    tile    -a'P'^iaM 
A-   •   !.•  !    '    _      '  ,  -'         •'  nf     -t'i|          -tep-,     V.  e     -t 1       :p"li     .1 

\         ^  avi'ime  areade.  with  M\  .-rarehiiiLi'  ['iiie-.  and    i:i<  •;  witli 

'    rt'-,     I'd   ti '    1 1n     '    .     :    •      faeade.       T\\  •  •    [irii-1  -.   r<  •''  •>  'i    in 

pure   \>.  ':  '•    .  :  eir  In  ad-,  w  <  r-   ln'.ar- 

iiLf  "'"•  :    :  ^'-  "|   ti-h.  t'niil,  and  i  >!  In-r  f»"  !.  \«  p    i.-e  up,  n  ; ::,    -i:':,i .  eaeji 

r,  "i'  I'ei'emi  Miial   t  i'a\  -. 


.th  •  '    .  '  .I •   u  and-,  w  it!i   n  itehi'd   -trip- 

i .  f  v.  h  i  1 

'I          '         ••      '        '  •!-.    Iltiau'e-.    i-f    pietUtvs,    ulil\     the     i/nji,',,    tin'     utier 

.     ':''•'                 •  •  '        impiv— i\  .•  -  inpii.-i- 

'ft  \  iin  iiinlain    •  uri'i  mnded  w  ii  h  !,:!!  !  1'ee- 

jfP'Wl  , .  the   !.eaiit\ .  ihi'    -i 

i  '       •    '       •        •  •    •     :'    I  In    \    aw  e  alike  in  tin    a!. en 

[i     'fit.  .;•  a-   in    1 1       '     '  ".       Thi'   head   "f  t  In-   f'  'iv;j.'!i'T   un- 

•   • :  •''•''.•         •          IILT   "f   thi    in  ad.  and    the   i'«  vi  r-n!    IIP  f\:^   ,  t 
-  <••  >mpali 


L\  THE  HE  APT  OF  JAPAX.  41  ! 

On  the  porch  the  priests,  having  finished  their  prayer,  came  out, 
and  politelv  greeted  the  American,  informing  him,  through  Iwabuchi. 
that  he  was  the  first  foreigner  \sho  had  ever  visited  the  temple.  They 
then  showed  him  the  tine  carving  and  ornaments  of  the  eaves  and  out- 
er walls  and  the  portion  which  remained  of  the  large  golden  gutter, 
made  of  beaten  u'old,  over  a  foot  in  diameter.  Only  a  few  feet  of  the 
once  extensive  u'ift  have  survived  the  ravages  of  war  and  the  necessi- 
ties of  rulers,  who,  in  Japan  or  elsewhere,  replenish  their  depleted  ex- 
chequers or  treasuries  from  the  riches  of  the  temples. 

The  records  of  this  temple  declare  that  it  was  erected  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  the  priest  (Jio  Kio,  who  wished  to  dedicate  a  temple  to  Ojir. 
Tenno  in  Bunu-o;  that  it  was  the  de-sire  of  the  spirit  of  the  god  to 
dwell  near  the  capital,  so  as  to  watch  over  the  imperial  hou-e.  Hence 
it  was  located  here.  The  Buddhists  had  alreadv  canonized  him  a- 
Hachimaii  Dai  Bosatsu,  or  the  Incarnation  of  Buddha  of  the  Ki^ht 
Banners,  Hence,  amonu'  the  devotees  of  the  India  faith,  this  ^-od  of 
war,  and  patron  of  warriors,  is  called  Hacliiman,  and  by  those  of  the 
native  cult  Ojin  'lenno.  Hachi-maii  (/<c«7<!/,  eight ;  ///"//,  banners)  i- 
the  ('hinese  form  of  Yawata  (t/<t,  eight;  >r<itu,  banners). 

\\  e  descended  the  northern  side  of  the  mountain  toward  Fu-himi, 
and  pa-sed  through  Yodo,  an  old  castle  town,  to  which  the  defeated 
Tokugawa  armv  retreated  after  their  r<mt  at  Fushimi.  Xakamura, 
who  was  familiar  with  every  foot  of  ground,  liaving  had  a  hand  in 
manv  a  fiidit  in  and  around  Kioto  during  the  ci\il  war,  pointed  <mt 
the  <ite  of  the  battle  that  opened  the  war  of  the  Restoration.  F«>r- 
C'ettinu'  the  fact  that  our  dinner  hour  had  come,  we  went  to  examine 
this  cock-pit  of  ls<)3.  There,  on  the  \\est  bank,  the  Aid/.u  and  Ku- 
wana  daii>.  that  formed  the  van  of  Tokngawa's  armv,  landed  on  the 
•27th  of  Januarv,  l^(jS,  and.  attempting  to  pass  the  barriers  at  Toba. 
received  into  their  bosoms  the  canister  fr<>m  the  Satsuma  cannon 
The  Tokugawa  troops  marched  along  a  narrow  path  in  the  rice-Held- 
onlv  a  few  feet  wide,  like  a  causeway,  through  a  lake  of  paddv-Held 
ooze.  To  move  from  the  path  was  to  sink  knee-deep  in  a  LTlutm":!- 
quagmire.  To  advance  was  to  climb  over  the  writhing,  wounded,  and 
slippery  dead  men.  onlv  to  face  cannon  aimed  point-blank,  while  tin 
mti-ketrv  of  the  -helteivd  Southerners  enfiladed  their  lon<_;-.  snake-like 
lines.  Number-  onlv  increased  the  sureness  of  the  iinnien--  target  at 
which  Remington  riflemen  were  practicing  in  coolness  and  eanic-t. 
''  That  Held."  at  u  hii-h  the  long  and  bonv  tinker  of  our  cicerone  point- 
ed, "was  piled  with  dead  men  like  bundles  of  tire-uood." 


lKMnt'^   KM  PI  UK. 

MI,    t!u    tir-t    advamv,  tin-  Toku^aua   men  broke  anil  ran;   l>ut,  on 

tin     -,    .-inl.  tin     ti^litinu'   ln-pui    »n    !>"th   lln-   l\\o   road-.  the    Fu-hiini 

Tol<a.  uhi'-h   lead  to   Kioto.      "Here,"  -aid   lie.  "is  \\heivthe 

[Toku^a\\a  arm  v  |  \\riv  -urpri-ed  \\hile  eating.  at  earlv  morning. 

;•    haiiihoo  'jTo\e.  our  mm  \knnu  <imi.  mikado'-.  arm\  |  made  tin 

ambu-i'adf.  and  tore  up  the  ivl>el  rank-  dreadt'ull\  ."     Then  tin    \il!a'_v 

:    Tol.a    <-au-;ht   lire,  and    tin-    ivhel-   tied    to    Y..d".  timlin--.  TO  their 

lia^fi'in,  that   tin1  I'a-tle  \\a-   l>anvd   an'am-t    them.      Ku-himi   \\a-   al-o 

hurm-d   during  the  ti^ht.      "There,"  -aid  our  ^nide,  a-  \\  e   in-ared  the 

!•  'wn.  "  i-  u  here  the  tire  lie^an." 

NN'e  \\alked  up  the  hi-tori'1  -treet-  in  \\iiic-h  the  tramp  of  armie- 
had  >o  .iften  re-i'iinded.  through  which  N'olnina^a.  Ilide\'o-hi.  I\e\a-u. 
and  .\a\ier.  had  pa--ed.  in  ulrn-li  the  ,le>mt-  liad  -t  .....  1  piva-'hin^  t" 

li-teiiiu-;   e]',,\\d-   i.f   people    like   !llo-e    liefoTe    me.        Tile    to\\n    it-elf   di  — 

appointed  me.  The  feeling  \\a-  the  -aim-  a-  that  experienced  in 
\Va-hin^toii  in  l^ii.'i.  I  uent  tliitlier  to  l.ehoi.l  the  dt-mi-^-ods  \\lio, 
lin-oiii;-!)  a  hundred  l>attlrs,  had  iioriie  tin1  "id  liau'  to  vii-ton.  1  -a\\ 

'.-  and  SiieniiaiiV  n-^;oii-  of  one  hiindl'ed  ami  f'>rtv  tli"ii-ainl 
iih-n  inaivh  up  I'eiin-vhaliia  A\'eiiue.  There  \\a-  m>  halo  round  their 
in  ad-.  I  he\  \vi  re  not  ^;aiil-.  '1  ln-\  wen-  plain  men  in  !>iue  dlou-o. 
:  mi,  uitli  all  it-  hi-torv.  \\a-  a  [HiM'ily-.-tri'-keu  .lapaiie-e  to\\n. 

I  irther  j'l'eolleeti'  ii-  ol  1'ii-liiiiii  are  niaiiih  of  vulgar  and  ^a-ti'o- 
hoini'1  intere-t.  i  remeiiilicr  that  a  I'ertain  man  had  el'miKeil  up  a 
mountain,  and  then  tramped  do\\  n  a^ain  at  an  apprl  lie  --harpemni: 
:  ,  •  .  ind  thai  hi-  -pi  .  ohjeet-  of  inti're-t  and  dt-il't1  at  1  hat  time 
u  i  re  -oiiiet  iiiii'_'  to  .  at.  Siiliordinati1  to  tlie-e  \\  i  re  a  hath  ami  a  loini^v. 
'I'll-  h  ,'  _".  11  ;n  h  id  -he.l  |ii-  ti^ht-littin^  -kin  of  1  .....  t-.  eoat.  and 
hat.  and  ua-  train|Uii  m  looker  rolu--  ..\er  tin-  -oothiiiLT  \\armtli  o(  a 
.-.me  of  ;•  .....  ai-  :;  i  hroii/j  liil>ai-lii.  The  di—  ,  \\\\^  \i(-\\-  of  lii- 
re\  ei  ie-.  eoiupoiinded  of  \\hat  in-  liad  -fen  and  \eaniin-'-  of  \\hat  he 

teil.  uej-i  '          '      i-ii  l'\   '\i>    ad\iiiil  of  a  -leamiiiLT  ami  tra- 

•.••'•a'i'   tras  o(   f  ,  i    d  '•<     keil  |.\  iiiient  the  lie-t  i'iilinai'\    art  i-t-  in  Japan, 

a  na;  i\  •     -•          had  '     \  •  .k>  'hama.       It    i-.  ol 

!   •          hnieii   and    o(  her-  t  hat    the   A  nieri''aii 


i-  i,\  i-r.  lie  i-  pla'-a1      .  r  l-u-ii  e--. 

I    \va-    vap'el  v    t  hi  '             I                     •-.   and    had    not    \  et 

ei}  inv  riee  ami  '                         nin-d  nii-a!  -.  \\  !n-n   I  u  ai'ii- 

n\   intei'preter.  announced  tin    arn\a    oj  fi\e  -amiirai  froin   I'uLiii. 

!hld    tra\  eied  to    meet     1  j|e    Alll-n-'all, 


AY   THE  HEART  OF  JAPAN.  413 

and  wished  to  see  him  immediately,  i<>  pay  their  respects,  and  announce 
themselves  as  my  escort  to  Fukui.  They  would  be  in  the  room  in  a 
moment. 

"Can  they  not  wait  a  few  minutes  till  I  finish  my  dinner?"  I  asked. 

"•  1  am  afraid  not,"  replied  he;  ''  thev  are  very  ea^er  to  see  you  im- 
mediate! v.  Such  are  their  orders  from  their  superior  at  Fukui." 

"  Well,  but  I  am  in  deshabille.      1  can't  be  seen  in  this  style." 

"Oh!  indeed,  thev  won't  care  for  that.  Be>ide?,  here  thev  are  at 
the  door.  Thev  mei'elv  sent  me  to  announce  them." 

It  wa>  too  late  to  stop  the  invasion,  so  the  animal  must  forego  his 
provender  for  a  time.  The  paper  slidin<r-doors  were  pulled  aside,  and 
rive  stalwart  men  entered  and  stood  in  line,  eye-*  front,  facing  me.  I 
meiitallv  waited  to  see  how  the  ceremonies  would  proceed.  In  the 
twinkling  of  an  eve  they  all  sunk  on  their  knees,  spread  their  hands 
prone  before  them,  and  bowed  their  heads  for  full  fifteen  seconds  on 
the  floor.  Then,  resilient,  all  sat  in  a  row  on  their  heels,  and  spread 
out  their  robes,  with  hands  in  their  li/ikmnn.  The  leader  then  handed 
Iwabuchi  an  imposing  paper  to  read,  which  set  forth  that  they  had 
been  >eiit  by  the  daimiu  from  Fukui,  to  bear  the  congratulations  of 
the  authorities,  and  to  escort  the  American  teacher  to  Fukui.  This 
solemnly  done,  they  bowed  profoundly  aji'ain  and  departed.  It  was 
all  over  within  two  minutes.  The  meal  was  finished  in  peace  and 
abundance,  and  then  bepin  the  preparations  for  the  ride  to  Otsn, 
ei^'lit  miles  distant.  The  ba^a^e  and  servants  were  dispatched  by 
boat,  and  at  half -past  four  all  were  mounted,  and  we  started.  Our 
cavalcade  consisted  of  nine  horses  and  riders. 

The  air  was  damp,  and  the  sky  was  leaden,  when  we  started.  The 
v- hole  hoiii-ehold  were  at  the  ^ate  of  the  court-yard,  to  bow  low  and. 
cry  "  xiii/ntiiirit,'"'  and  the  whole  village  was  assembled,  and  stood  a^'apc 
to  see  the  foreigner. 

Out  past  the  shanties  of  the  village,  our  path  lay  over  a  wooded 
mountain,  and  then  the  snow  fell,  turning;  to  slush  as  it  touched  coat, 
horse,  or  earth.  In  an  hour  we  were  all  white  with  eloo-u-v  mas<e<  "f 
snow,  and  in  places  wet  to  the  skin  with  the  cold  soaking  of  sleet. 
Twilight  succeeded  the  dav,  and  darkness  the  twilight,  until  onlv  the 
u'i^'antic  form-  of  the  firs  bearded  with  snow,  and  so  silent,  \\vre  out- 
lined through  the  slow  >hower  of  flakes.  Far  up  into  vau'ue  inlinitv 
loomed  the  mountains,  occasionally  a  beetling  rock  thrii-litiL:  out  its 
miifhtv  mass  in  a  form  of  visible  darkness.  After  live  honr>  of  Mieh 
riding  it  irrew  uncomfortable.  Everv  tlake,  as  it  fell,  seemed  to  hav< 


414  THE  MIKADO'S  ZMI'IKK. 

weight.      T>'   cold,  \vi-t.  chattering   travelers,  what   comforts   could   a 

Japan*'-''   ili:i   ail'ord  .' 

'Tin-  ^atiic  di'Teivnce  e\i-t-  ill  Japan  a-  in  Infill v  ci\ili/ed  countries 
in  regard  to  hotels  and  their  keepers,  as  coiieeniin^  unexpected  i.r  aii- 
!,  •  mcrd  :nie-t-.  Tt>  come  suddenly  to  a  Japanese  inn  in  winter  i-  \<> 
-hivcr,  as  in  a  refrigerator,  and  wait  cheerlessly  fur  an  intolerablv  lou^r 
lime,  and  understand  all  about  ( Jreeiiland,  before  the  tin-  and  fund  are 
brought,  the  thaw  vets  in,  and  comfort  i-  attaineil.  At  <)t-u  (now 
called  Shi^a),  howexer.  a  hla/iii^1  lire  was  ready  a>  our  j>artv  rode  into 
the  cniirt-\aril.  Hoot-  and  coat  off,  I  was  led  into  the  he-t  room,  on 
\\hich  a  pile  of  >ilkeii  quilts  wa>  -pread  f^i1  in\  lied,  and  in  the  mid- 
dle »>f  the  riMiin  \vas  that  MUM  of  (k-lijjhts,  a  k"tat>u.  Poor,  ci\  ilix.t-d 
reader,  or  \\rstcrn  barbarian,  \  on  do  not  kno\\  \s!iat  a  l<otat>u  i^  ;' 
NO'  Let  tin1  tell  you.  In  the  \vrv  centre  of  the  room  lift  ii]>  that 
Mjuarc  foot  of  matting,  and  voii  \\ill  tind  a  >toiic-linrd  bowl,  a  few 

Ilielies     ileeji.         Ill     llli-    the     fat     alld     1'ed-i  •)  in  ket  1    ,  -liallll  'el'-inaid    pllt-    a 

>hovclful  of  liv. als.      Over  it  >he  sets  a  w<.od.-n  frame,  a  foot   hi-h, 

,  nl  a  i/nii'ii-ii.  after  the  ea-tle-tower  \\hicli  it  imitate-.  ()\ci-  thi- 
-lie  -pivad-  a  liu^'e  ijiiilt.  It  i-  an  r\temjior;trv  o\en.  in  uhi<-h  you 
'••m  bake  \»nr-e!f  b\  dra\\in^  the  quilt  about  you,  and  tind  a  little 
In-avi  n  of  heat,  exehan^in^  -hivcr<  for  ^lo\\.  A  kotat-fi  mav  be  safe- 
ly \\arranted  to  ehaii^'e  a  ^'rumblrr,  who  believes  Japan  to  br  a  ureteh- 
ed  hole  of  a  barbarian  enuntrv,  into  a  rliap-"ili-t  \\  IM  i-  read  v  to  -wrar 
that  the  .-a me  eoimtr\'  i-  a  paradi-e,  within  ten  minute-. 

The  next  morning  \\  c  were  to  take  -teainer,  aii'l  i-ro-<  Lake  l'>iwa 
to  Ilaiioiira.  at  the  n-i'th  end  of  the  lake.  Kioto  la\  but  -e\eii  mile- 
di-lali!  fl'oni  I1-.  and  I  eoiild  ea-ilv  (ia\e  \i-iter]  1  he  -aered  eit  \-  ;  but  I 
\\a-  e-!--e!  to  -vt  to  iu\  \\ork.  Ue-idc-,  1  \\i-tied  \\\  -tiidv  it  uheii  I 
could  be-t  appier'iati-  it.  and  -ee  it  \\itii  a  kliouleil^e  of  Japai:e-e  hi-- 

tol'\     ,.,,'    |il\     -peetae'ie-.         >..    I    po-tpo|le.]    the    trip    ti!!    tlll'ee    \'ear-    later. 

I  Mf];ii;iT  p'lind  n'    ,  in  a  -hori    \\.Vik.      I;-  name  mean-  »>reat    Harbor. 

I   -a\\    -    HP    '  '  ';i'    \er\    place-  mentioned   \<\    Ixaempt'er  and  the  Je— 
nit-. 

t1,:  :ir    llv    -teaiiier'-   doek.       At    '.*    \.M..  our   parlv. 

tV,fl\i  U'd,   and    a    lighter,    fiill     of    i. Ill1    ha'_;'i:';ii:'e.    \\;i> 

in  tow.      Ti  i      '  r  -I'l'i  i'ch  -d  one,'  ,.r  twice,  i-ndiiiL1"  in  a  pio- 

|.  tilled   -ijiieal.  and   wc\\en    fairU   out  on  t  lie  bo-,  ,m  of  Japan'-  lar-'e-t 
1  d<e.       It   u  a-  a  -'  ran  ^:         .'hi.  hen    i;,   Inland  Japan,  to  -ee  a  .-teainboat 
^  ovei1  the   u  ater.  aici   -t  retching  it-  lojiv;  scarf  >  oj  -m,  ,ki    m  t  lie 
ir-;n    air  a^ain-t  the  \\!,;i,    -;..  \\    md  ihe  a/ure  of  the  mountain-.     The 


IN  THE  HEART  OF  JAPAX.  4 1 5 

Golden  Age,  always  alloyed  with  poverty  and  ignorance  and  discom- 
forts, was  past  for  Japan  ;  the  Iron  Age  of  smoke,  of  coal,  of  comfort, 
of  wealth,  was  coming. 

The  Lilliputian  steamer,  compared  with  one  of  our  Hudson  River 
ferry -1  mats,  was  as  a  Japanese  tea-cup  to  a  soda-water  tumbler,  or  a 
thimble  to  a  u'ill.  It  was  onlv — I  am  afraid  to  sav  how  many  feet 
short,  and  inches  narrow.  Its  engines,  like  its  entire  self,  were  oscil- 
lating. Captain,  engineer,  fireman,  and  crew  were  all  Japanese.  The 
accommodations  of  the  passengers  were  strictlv  graded.  The  cabin, 
in  the  stern,  was  ten  feet  by  six,  and  four  feet  high.  At  one  end,  a 
platform,  six  inches  high,  three  feet  wide,  six  feet  loiiu;,  and  covered 
with  a  rug,  was  the  "first-class."  At  the  side  was  a  set  of  sword- 
racks.  The  floor  of  the  rest  of  the  same  cabin,  six  inches  lower,  was 
"second-class."  The  promenade-deck  was  ten  feet  by  six,  two  square 
feet  being  occupied  by  the  refreshment-vender  of  the  boat,  who  fur- 
nished tea,  boiled  rice,  rice  cracknels,  pickles,  rice  rolls  wrapped  in  sea- 
weed, boiled  cuttle-fish,  etc.,  to  those  who  wished  refreshment.  lie 
seemed  to  drive  a  brisk  trade;  for,  besides  our  party  of  eight,  who  oc- 
cupied the  cabin  and  deck,  our  servants  and  about  a  do/en  other  na- 
tives tilled  a  hole  in  the  bow,  which  was  "third-class.1" 

I  preferred  first-class  air.  I  kept  on  deck,  watching  the  snow-clad 
mountains,  and  the  historic  towns,  castles,  and  villages,  and  now  and 
then  a  boat  under  sail  or  oar.  I>i\va  ko,  as  the  natives  call  it,  is  as 
green  and  almost  as  beautiful  as  a  Swiss  lake.  It  is  named  after  the 
musical  instrument  called  a  hi  wo,  because  shaped  like  it.  Tradition 
says  that  in  one  night  Fuji  sail  rose  out  of  the  earth  in  Siiruga,  and 
in  one  niii'ht  the  earth  sunk  in  Omi,  and  this  lake,  sixtv  miles  lon^, 
was  formed.  The  monotony  of  the  voyage  was  broken  at  four 
o'eloi-k  in  the  afternoon,  when  the  little  boat  swiinu'  to  its  moorings 
at  the  village  of  Ilanoiira.  The  place  reminded  me  of  Kussnacht,  at 
the  end  of  Lake  Lucerne.  We  stepped  out  into  what  seemed  a  vil- 
la oy  of  surpassing  poverty.  The  houses  were;  more  than  ordinarilv 
dilapidated.  The  streets  were  masses  of  slush  and  mud.  The  people 
seemed,  all  of  them,  dirtv,  poor,  raided.  I  had  full  opportunities  of 
becoming  acquainted  with  all  of  them,  for  everv  one  qmckh  informed 
his  neighbors  that  a  foreigner  was  among  them,  and  soon  the  color  of 
}\.l>  eves  and  hair,  his  clothes  and  actions,  were  discussed,  and  himself 
made  the  nine  day>'  wonder  of  the  village. 

1  bewail  to  realize  the  utter  povertv  and  wretchedness  o!  the  people 
and  the  country  of  Japan.  It  was  not  an  Oriental  paradUe.  such  as  a 


4  1  ti 


THE  MIKADO'S  AM//1//.'/.'. 


reader  of  some  1 k-  al-out  it  mav  have  supposed.     I  had  onlv  a  faint 

conception  of  it  then.  I  saw  it  afterward,  until  the  >ii:'ht  oppivs-ed 
me  like  nightmare.  At  present,  novelty  lent  its  chromatic  lenses,  and 

','.'.•_ ••  d  ail  my  view.  Then.  t»o,  1  thought  that  the  wretched  weather 
ii:d  leaden  -kv  had  something  to  do  with  mv  feeling-:  and  when  the 
-enant-maids  l-roiiirht  water  ami  waited  mi  my  companions  as  thev 
took  otf  their  wet  hoots,  sandal.-,  and  >oek-.  with  -uch  hearty  cheer, 
n  errv  -mile-,  and  graceful  -kill,  everv  thiiiir  looked  a-  if  -un-hine  had 
-ifted  through  a  cloud-rift. 

I   was  ijiiite  n-toivd  to  mv-elf  a'jfain   hv   a  si^ht   that   hani-hed   all 
di-ini-t.      A  jollv-lookiiiir.  fat   irirl   wa-   half  liol.hliiiLr.  half   sta^ir<-rin^ 

almiix  on  her  clo^s,  her  ^enerou- 
plivsi(jue  mm  ennu'  like  heap-  of 
jelly.  Her  left  hand  -Ta-ped  the 
ci'o  — handle  of  a  hucket  of  water, 
which  wa-  in  a  -tate  of  general 
>pla-h.  like  herself.  Her  ri-!it 
arm.  '>aivd  hy  her  l>ai.f-like  -leeve- 
l-ein-jf  hound  to  her  armpit-,  wa- 
extended  far  over  toward  the 
u'loiMid  to  countervail  ifravitv  "i, 
tin  other  ,-ide.  I  momentarily 
expectt  (1  tin-  hii\i  >m  <  I  ill  to  -tum- 

hle  ali'l  tlllllMe  '.    hilt    IL't    -lie.      Sli, 

knew  h'-r  hii-im  -.-  too  well.  1 1.-r 
/,,-//  ,,,x<-iiil,fr,  her  face  reddened 
h\  i  \en-i-e,  he]'  \  -M-,  ,r,  ,u.  puttiniT. 
her  In-lt  tlv  inur  in  t  he  \\  ind.  like 
Mr.  <  iou"'h'-  coat-tail-,  wnv  too 


.V  i-e.         I    eheer!  it     ' ! » \\  !i .    alld    let     lnT    VVa-ll     1IIV    e.ild    feet    ill    Wal'Ill 

•  •  it>  r.  w  hi.-li        •  .  I        •  1  the  he-t  room  in  the  hou-e. 

•ti.d  i-iirli  d  up  !:ii-n. 

Vv'e     -tailed     oil      I),,          .    .'      in.-n.illLr     at     ei-hl      o'clock.         \\"e    Were     to 

^'li'e'ti  iii  :          iiirda\'-  i"iirije\   ;,>  T-nni^a.  a 

-•  'i  port    t'  '\\  n.      (  '  '  •    ••  the   ji.nnii'V  (I\-,T  monntain- 

-     or    hea\\      Woo.lell    eloir-,    alld 

jirdiiiLT   ""   the    fret     i   ]>air   o)      ;       ,        ndal-.  wh;c)i   t!;ey   hoii^ht    for 
'i_'litv-tivi  "ca-h"(le-    '  iMp'Tjiair.    For  mvself.  a  tine,  larj*  . 


L\  THE  HEART  OF  JAPAX. 


417 


ami  very  handsome  nonmonotonic,  on  the  shoulders  of  two  men,  was 
provided.  It  was  a  fine,  large  box,  like  a  palanquin,  except  that  the 
pole  by  which  it  rested  on  the  two  men's  shoulders  passed  through 
the  top  instead  of  being  fastened  at  the  centre,  as  in  India.  The  one 
I  rode  in  was  gold-lacquered  without,  and  richly  upholstered  and  pa- 
pered \\ithin,  with  neat  curtains  of  bamboo  split  into  fine  threads. 
Once,  inside,  there  was  room  to  sit  down.  If  one  does  not  mind  be- 
ing a  little  cramped,  he  can  spend  a  day  comfortably  inside.  For 
hiii'h  lords  and  nobles  four  men  are  provided,  and  the  long  supporting 
bar  is  slightlv  curved  to  denote  high  rank.  I  entered  the  norimoiio 
in  the  presence  of  the  entire  village,  including  the  small  bovs.  The 


ride  of  a  few  hundred  yards  sufficed  for  me.  The  sights  were  too 
novel  to  miss  seeing  any  thing,  and  so  ]  got  out  and  walked.  I  was 
not  sorry  for  the  change.  The  air  was  bracing,  the  scenery  inspiring. 

A  double  pleasure  rewards  the  pioneer  \vlio  is  the  first  to  penetrate 
into  the  mid.M  of  a  new  people.  Besides  the  rare  exhilaration  felt  in 
treading  soil  \  in/in  to  alien  feet,  it  acts  like  mental  oxygen  to  look 
upon  and  breathe  in  a  unique  civili/ation  like  that  of  Japan.  To  feel 
that  for  au'es  millions  of  one's  own  race  have  lived  and  loved,  etijoved 
and  MitTeivd  and  died,  living  the  fullness  of  life,  yet  \\ithout  the  relig- 
ion, laws,  customs,  food,  dress,  and  culture  which  seem  to  us  to  be  the 
vitals  of  our  social  existence,  is  like  walking  through  a  living  Pompeii. 

Our  path  wound  up  from  the  village  to  a  considerable  height.  On 
both  sides  of  the  mountain  path  and  pass  the  ground  was  terraced 


418  Til E  MIKADO'S  EXPIRE. 

into  riiv- ri<-l<!s  \\hich  were  irrigated  l>y  the  stream  that  is  UMially 
found  tl"\\inii  l>i-t\\een  two  hills.  During  the  dav  we  wont  through 
vallev-  i if  ]-,-i\  i-hinur  beaut v.  In  them  the  ground  was  divided  into  ir- 
rigated rice-tield-,  \\hich  were  now  haiv.  and  dotted  with  the  clumps 
nf  rice— tul'l'li-  a-  it  was  left  when  cut  \>\  the  reaper's  hook.  At  in- 
ter\al-  w.-re  .-mall  villages,  surrounded  hy  the  universal  and  cver-heau- 
I  l.aml.oo.  On  hoth  sides  of  the  valley,  l.old  hill-,  thickly  clothed 
uitli  pine  and  tir  and  solemn  evergreen,  n»c  to  the  clouds.  And 
all  aloiiLT.  uitli  a  frequency  like  that  of  milestones,  stood  the  k»sat>u 
(edict -hoards),  on  \\hich  hum;-  the  siauder  and  pmhihitioii  against 
< 'hri-tianil v.  \N c  were  still  in  the  province  of  Omi. 

Frequently  alone.'  the  road  I  ol.-erv<.d  lar^e.  -nuare  posts  of  new 
wood,  plentifully  ornamented  with  ( 'hine-e  characters,  which  marked 
the  houndarics  of  the  province,  sulxlivisioii,  oi1  di-trict.  At  noon  we 
crosscil  the  fi-ontit  r  of  Omi  and  entered  the  province  of  Fchi/eii.  and 
at  t\\o  o'e|oi-k  that  division  of  it  which  was  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Fukui  Han.  I'>einur  iio\v  within  the  dominions  of  "our  prince." 
\\  e  expected  t\ideiicc>  of  it,  in  which  we  were  not  disappointed.  At 
e\cr\  village  the  iniHii^Ji'i.  <>r  head-men,  arraved  in  their  best  dress, 
came  out  to  meet  ii-.  presentiiiL,r  their  welcomes  and  Congratulations. 
Sometimes  the\-  \\oiiM  -alute  u-  half  a  mile  or  more  from  the  village, 
and  after  weli-omiiiLT  u-.  liowin^  literallv  to  the  earth,  thev  would  ha- 
teii  on  lieforr  and  conduct  u-  through  the  \  illa^'e  to  the  extreiiu-  limit, 
and  thej-e  take  their  adieu,  \\ith  lm\vs,  kneeling,'-,  and  .«///'///,-//•</.  '\«- 
ward  eve  nine;,  ha  vinir  lunched  and  re-ted  1  \\  o  hour>  at  noon,  w  i-  arri\  i  d 
near  'I'-uru^a.  and  \\eiv  niet  K\  the  o!lic«T>  of  tin-  citv,  and  conducted 

to    the    l,e-t     hole!    ill    tile    place. 

Mv  ei-'iit  companions  were  unu-iialU  merry  that  ni^'ht.  and.  to  add 
to  th'-ir  enjoyment.  Melpouieiie.  'frrp-ichore.  and  llelie.  or,  in  other 

\s  ol'd-.  :  Wo    if,  /.X-A-/V.    Uel'e    pre-ellt    to    dj-|ie||-e    |  ] ,  1 1  - 1  e.   ,  la  licj  1|  LI',  a  1 1  d    sake. 

Several  of  the  -amiirai  'lanced  \\hat  mi-'!il  !"•  called  sta^-ilances.  from 
their  iioveltv  and  \i-_'or.  1  o,-eiipied  m\ -'-!('  in  makinir  note-  of  the 
da\'s  trip.  luai'ii'-hi  had  po'mte.l  out  manv  places  of  hi>toric  inter- 
c-t,  the  I'-re  of  \\hich  1  \\a-  imt  then,  hut  \\a-  afterward,  fully  ahlc  \<> 
appreciate.  I  found  in  the  room  I  oeeii[iie<l  a  work  in  Japanese,  treat- 
',!)_;•  of  the  Opium  \\-tr  in  <  'hina,  u  it  h  \ivid  illu-t  rat  ions  of  the  foreign 
-•..liner-,  artilliry.  aiid  tactic-.  |;  \\a-  \\ell  thumlied  and  d"ir-eared, 
ha\  iiiLT  evidt-ntlv  l"-eii  read  and  reread  manv  time-.  It  had  hei-n  puh- 
d  in  .lajian  >horti\  after  the  \\ar  in  < 'hina,  and  prepared  the  Japa- 
n.->e  mind  for  \\hat  th'-\  had  t»  expect. 


IN  THE  HEART  OF  JAPAN.  419 

Tsuruu'a  expects  to  become  a  groat  city  some  day.*  It  is  to  be  the 
terminus  of  a  railroad  from  Ozaka  and  Kioto.  A  canal  is  to  connect 
its  harbor  with  Lake  Biwa — a  scheme  tirst  proposed  by  Taira  Shige- 
mori,  son  of  Kiyomori,  in  the  twelfth  century.  It  is  to  become  the 
largest  and  wealthiest  port  on  the  west  coast.  I  think  there  is  good 
ground  for  those  hopes.  Its  geographical  position  is  every  tiling  to  be 
desired,  and  its  harbor  the  best  on  the  west  coast. f 

We  made  an  early  start.  "\\  e  were  to  reach  Takefu,  a  town  about 
seventeen  miles  distant.  We  first  walked  down  to  the  sea-shore,  where 
I  caught  a  splendid  view  of  Tsuruga  harbor,  two-thirds  of  a  circle  of 
blue  sea  within  rocky  and  timbered  headlands.  On  the  sandy  strand 
were  a  dozen  or  more  junks  beached  for  the  winter,  propped  and  cov- 
ered with  straw  mats.  In  one  or  two  tall  sheds  made  of  poles  and 
mats  were  the  keels  and  frames  of  new  junks,  with  new  timber  and 
copper  lying  near,  and  one  nearly  finished.  They  were  all  on  the  an- 
cient model.  Emerging  into  the  road  to  Fukui,  we  came  to  the  stone 
portal  of  a  large  Shinto  temple. J  Within  a  grove  of  grand  old  giant 
tirs  stood  the  simple  shrine,  without  image,  idol,  or  picture,  save  only 
the  strips  of  white  paper  and  the  polished  mirrors.  My  guards  stop- 
ped, clapped  their  hands  three  times,  placed  them  reverently  together, 
bowed  their  heads,  and  uttered  a  prayer.  The  act  was  as  touching  as 
it  was  simple. 

About  seven-eighths  of  Echixen  is  mountain-land,  and  to-day  was 


*  Tsuruga  was  made  the  capital  of  Tsuruga  km,  including  the  province  of 
EchizHi,  iu  !>>7:j;  thus  becoming  an  oilieial  seat,  leaving  Fukui  in  the  back- 
ground. 

t  A  Japanese  gazetteer  or  cyclopedia,  in  describing  a  city,  is  especially  minute 
in  regard  to  the  hi.-tory  and  traditions.  It  describes  fully  the  temples,  shrines, 
ciir-toiiir-,  and  local  peculiarities,  and  usually  winds  up  by  recounting  the  "  fa- 
mous scenes"  or  "natural  beauties"  of  the  place,  whether  it  be  Kioto  or  Fukui. 
Thus  the  "  Kchi/en  Gazetteer  "  says :  "  The  ten  tine  scenes  ('sceneries,'  as  the  be- 
ginners in  English  put  it)  of  Tsuruga  an — 1st,  the  red  plum-trees  in  the  temple 
grounds  of  Kei ;  ~d,  the  full  moon  at  Amatsutsu  ;  :!d,  the  white  sails  of  the  return- 
ing junk-;  seen  from  Kiomidzu;  4th,  the  evening  bells  at  Kanegasaki ;  5th,  the  tea- 
houses at  Iro  ;  (Hh,  the  dragon's  light  (phosphorescence)  on  the  sea-shore;  7th, 
the  verdure  at  Kushikawa;  Sth,  the  evening  snow  on  Nosaka;  9th,  the  travelers 
on  Michinokuchi ;  10th,  the  evening  glow  at  Yasudama." 

+  The  gods  worshiped  at  these  shrines  are — Jingu  Kogo,  mother  of  Ojin  TVn- 
no ;  rkemochi,  the  goddess  of  cereals  and  food  ;  Yumato  Dake,  coiiii(i'T<  >r  of  the 
Kuunto;  Ojin  Tenno,  or  Hachiman,  god  of  war;  Takenouchi,  prime  inini-ler  of 
Jingu;  and  Tamahime.  sister  of  the  latter.  The  large  granite  tori-i  was  erected 
by  Hidevar-fi.  tirst  of  the  Tokuu'awa  daimios  of  Echixen.  Near  the  city  are  the 
ruins  of  old  fortilications  of  Nitta  I'oshisuda,  and  Asakura  Yoshikatri,  the  foe  of 
Nobiinaga. 


I -_<o  7/7 A"  MIKADO'S  EMl'lRK. 

01  •    -  f      inil  in.:.      The  -now   lav  ei^ht  and  ten   feet  deep  on  eaeh  .-ide 

•;--  of  pa'h.      The  path   ;l-elf  wa-  oiilv  such  a-  i-  made  l>\ 

.mpinj;   of    human    feet    and   1>\    hor-e-.      \\  e   were   now    in    full 

i^ner,  interpreter,  guards,  servants,  and  porter-,  aimut   fortv 

of   whom    carried  our  ha^a^e.      \\  e    were   strung  out   over  the  white 

md-cape    in    Indian    tile,  numbering    fifty -four  per-m-   in   all.      One 

,  the   pioneer,  had   a   can   of   kero-eiie  on    hi-   l>aek;   another,  mv 

wrap-    and    hand-liai^a^e  ;    another  had   hi-  head  under  the   seat    of  a 

I'ockillir-cliair,  tin.'   -pace   iietween   the   rocker-   heinu'   "ell    packed.        Otll- 

niiscellaneous  package.-.  \\heii  a  lio\  was  too  heavv  for  one 
man,  it  was  -luni:'  mi  a  pole  and  carried  l>y  two.  The  valleys  were  e\- 
id<-nih  ,  jud-jinu  from  their  tracks,  well  stocked  \\  itli  raM>it-  and  fo\es 
and  in  the  rie.-tiel.l-  tlo,-k-  of  fat  wild  <:eese  and  dii'-lo  olfefed  tempt- 
ing mark-,  on  which  one  of  the  -amurai,  who  had  a  revolver,  .-pent 
•  .  \ain  powder.  The  white  heron  were  plentiful,  and  occasionally 
we  -aw  the  huu'e  -t<>rk-,  >i\  fret  hi-'li.  -talking  almiL;'  the  -tivam-.  <  Mi 
tic-  hill-  where  the  path  wound  through  the  wood-  ihe  siiow  had  lieeii 

ied     l.y     the     wild     hoar.          \\'e    -lopped     to     IV-t     at     the     holl-e    of    a 

unti  r,  mi  who-,-  (lour  lav  l  hree  hujv  carcass  e-  ami  tu-ked  head-. 

li          o,\vd  u-  hi-   loni;'.  liidil   -pear,  with  whieh   lie   had  traii-ti\cd  one 

1    and    thirteen    wild    Im^'s    that    winter.      It    had    a    triangular, 

et-like    Made.      Tin-   village   l'oir_dit    tin-   meat    of   him.  and   what 

i   left   o\er  he  >,-nt   to  T-iiniu'a   and    l-'ukui.      M"nhe\-  were  ai-o 

plentiful  in  tin    ^ i-. 

In  lev-    the     people    WCl'e     oil    tile    lookout     for    tile    eoinin-' 

for.  ;-.:!ii  r.       I'd'-   entire   population,  from   wrinkled  old   men    and   -tout 

\oiin_r    i-lowii-,  to    ho|.iilii|._f    I ,.•!_•-,  -^irl-   with    iv<l   cheek-   and   laiiuhiinr 

•  vi  -.  and  toddling  children,  wci'e  out.      Tin-  women.  ],al>i,--.  and 

(loLT-    -eellled    e-peciall\     ea^ef   to    ^vt    a    -i-'hl    of    the    /'",-/,'/,.    ami    See    what 

-•-•:-.      The  \illa_re  limis"-  w.-re  huilt   of  a  frann-  of 

w.    „!.  with  wat t!i  -  of  Nam! -im-an-d  \\ith  mud.  and  ha\  ini;'  a  thaleli- 

id  roof.  With  .  mi-  wa-  rai-i  d  a  foot  or  so  ;il>ove  tin-  ground, 
and  I'ovep-d  with  inal-.  \\ln-n  the  room-  had  partition-.  th>\  wen- 
mad'-  of  a  frai ''  wo,,,)  eo\i-reil  with  paper,  and  made  to  -lide  in 

"Too\e-.       In    i  •  door  wa-   the  tiiv-  place.      l-'roin    the 

ci  iiinj-  him-'   |  m  i    ki  ttK-  •   one    f,.r   tea,  one   f, ,r  rice, 

another   for    radi-h'--.   hean-.   -•!'    heaii  -  cheese.       In   tln-e   village-  ^ood- 
aml   p'  i\  ert\  i'liaracteri-tic>  of  ;he  peo- 

[ile.      Tin     old    face-    o,    n  Iried    and    wrinkled,  and   tin-   -kin 

-ei-iii' d    to    lie   tanned    on    the    ;ii-id"    )i\     ioiiLT   .-willing    of    -li'oiiu'   tea. 


IN  THE  HEART  OF  JAPAN. 


Amidst  this  monotony  of  ug-  t —  - 
I  mess,  1  was  o'lad  to  see  the 
merry,  twinkling  black  eyes, 
and  red  cheeks  of  pretty  girls, 
and  the  sweet  faces  of  chil- 
dren, ro>y  and  chubby,  spite, 
of  dirt  and  slush,  as  they 
paused  in  their  work  of  mak- 
ing snow-men,  to  gaze  upon 
the  stranger.  Most  of  the 
people,  in  addition  to  the 
u^ual  Japanese  dress,  wore 
long,  hiii'h  boots  of  plaited 

straw,  admirable  for  walking  jV^'W^^^llB*? 

'  \*:f:SBiSKSgs&&Mim] 
in  the  snow,  called  "  Echizen 

boots,"  the  worth  of  which  I    f^Q 
proved. 

Our  route  for  the  next  day 
lay    through    a    lovely   valley  £"'•' 
formed  by  a  river.      The  rat 

of  traveling  had  not  been  se-  Villa-'c  in 

verc.  The  record  of  each  day  was  very  much  like  a  page  of  the  "Anab- 
a-is,''  and  from  two  to  four  of  Xenophon's  parasaii^s  were  our  daii\ 
journey.  Long  before  I  arrived  at  my  place  of  destination,  I  found  the 
wav  the  Japanese  have  of  doing  things  was  not  that  of  America,  and  that 
life  in  Japan  would  be  a  vastly  different  thing  from  the  split-second  life 
in  New  York.  It  took  us  three  days  and  a  half  to  do  what  1  afterward 
accomplished  easily,  by  the  same  means,  in  a  day  and  a  ijuartcr.  That 
lai'u'e  bodies  move  slowly  is  true,  to  an  exasperating  extent,  in  Japan. 
A  journey  of  ten  Japanese  samurai  means  unlimited  sleep,  smoking  of 
pipes,  drinking  of  tea,  and  drowsy  lounging.  A  little  more  tea,  "lie 
more  smoke,  and  the  folding  of  the  legs  to  sit,  is  the  cry  of  the  Japa- 
nese yttkiinin.  Such  things  at  first  were  torture,  and  a.  threat  of  in- 
sanity to  me,  when  1  found  that  time  had  no  value,  and  was  infinitely 
cheaper  than  dirt  in  Japan.  Finally,  I  became,  under  protot,  n-ed  to 
it.  On  this  occasion  I  rather  enjoyed  it.  My  eves  wire  not  full  of 
seeing  yet,  and,  though  impatient  to  reach  mv  field  of  labor,  vet  this 
was  the  grand  manner  of  traveling,  and  best  for  heart  and  eye  and 
memory.  Ijesides  it  would  be  undignified  to  make  haMe  in  the 
prince's  own  dominions,  and  the  porters,  under  their  heavy  loads. 


jjj  Tilt:  MIK.lfiO'S  AM//'//,'/:. 

inn-;    •     •  ..      !;  al-o  iiavr  me  .>]•[><.  rtuniiv  to  learn  fn-ni  mv 

•    '    _  -.  [oral.  aii'l    I-'iT'-ii'larv    inter.--!.  avi 

-   .:   t.i   ajipn   'iate   \\hat   I  after\\ar<l  ha.l  iva<l   t<>   me  fnun 
•'...-  ••••!•.•:'  V.  :.'.-•  ii." 

TA.  -.-,,•  mill-;  fr.>m  Fiikui.  I  f.'inul  an  ntli^.-r  "f  the  <laimio.  \\li-  >  ha.l 

•    t.i  meet   aii'l   welcome  i:i'-.      At'ter  '.      :.^'    int  roilti'Vil,  hi-   c.f- 

;".  n-il  in  -  ]>r  M-nts  uf  a  .l:;--k.  aii'l  a  ln>\.  han<U»in>-!v  \\rapjidl  in  ul;':'" 

.  -ui'l    ti.-il    in    r.ir.l    i.f    iv.  1    aii'l    wliiti-,   alii    til!i-l    \\ilh    -•-;•-...;;-- 

•    i     ri'-l,    ifJVi'Il.    all'l     Vi-lluW     -\Srrtlllra1-.         \\  i-     Wcl'i'    1"    H'-t     at 

;  \'"V  llir   ni^iit.  ainl   iH-.xt   !ii»rn!!iu'  iak>-  li.'isr-.  aii'l   r'pi<-  \«   \  '\- 
k;ii.      M'--i!:\\  iiii'-   thciv  ua-  l«   l«c  a   ii'raii.l   ilinin-r.       I\\ai'ii'-lii   aini    1 

1    <  'lit     \<  <    >('('    tllf    t"U  11. 

]•     '.  i-  a     .....  r     ''.;('•'•.      IT    In'l   fiTtiiiTl     ln-<-n   i-f  iiini-r   iinM-rtaiif1'-, 


.    [i    i{>!>-,  having  thirty  -four  stn-i-t-,  an-1  two  th"U-aii'l  i-;_:!:t 

1   aii'l  ftirty-uiin-  ImUM-s  aii'l.  IM-'IH--  a  |H.>t-ivlay  t'>\vn,  twi-nty- 

.  •  ;-  -   w.Tr  ki-j.t   f.'p  hirr   t<>   travrli-rs.      '1'ir-   -trcrt-  WOT  I'l^a-l. 

an-1  -i   -*;•  a::i   "f  water  ti-Wfl   lii-twi-rii  >t«'iii'  Lank-    in  tin-   mi'Ml'-    "f 

th'-  -':•'•.      Th.Tr   v.,-iv  inaii\'   SIMM  -workers  :    aii'l   I'l'oa'i   kn:\i-.  1.  ••••-. 

--:—•!•-.  t!i     ru  [.•   p]  -,  aii'l  ',':.<•    n/.-t   UN  <•>  »f  .lajin- 

nr-.     :-:::-•    •   ••".•'.  •  ;-\    \vi-re  -jn'.'ial  [iroilui-tii.iii.      (  Mi--   "f  Nol'Uiiau'.'i'- 

m-.~;  t'a  fn-in  Taki'-fu        Ma'-an  >ni  aii'l  \  i-riui- 

'         .     •         th.    Wcl'e     ai-'  >      >taile-.         '1  he     I  !.  .\  el'lilnelit 


111.   !!-•    -'  ,'    '-  I'll-,    \\t-iv     :;:...•'._     the    a-lorilllleJit-    ..f    til" 


\\h;:!  a  •'  la    •'    :  :-    ^va-.      I   thaiike'l  <i."l  I   \\.-i-  ii<>t   .if  the  raee 

.      \\  i-  I;  I' 

\\  e  r.-t  arn    1  '  •  ' : .••  h..1-     — ii"1  vi-n    in\  tim;  u  ith.  'lit,  Init  attri.-:i\  •• 

I:  '          irj  -  ,•••••-•:'_!   ainl   >ih  •  r 

:•••-••:•-.-•;  -h   a-  the  ile-tnieti"ii 

M    •  _       ::-  -  '  .  •        t  Kan   ikura  l-\   Nina 


' ..    -  -  uiit.-r  .'.•<!  i 


IX  THE  HEART  OF  JAPAX.  423 

in  1333,  and  of  Kioto  court  life,  were  ranged  along  the  wall,  and  bra- 
ziers of  figured  bronze  shed  a  genial  glow  through  the  mellow-lighted 
room.  They  had  placed  a  new-made  table  for  the  foreigner  to  eat  by 
himself.  The  officers,  now  twelve  in  number,  and  the  chief  men  of 
the  town  sat  round  the  floor  in  an  oval.  Four  girls,  all  of  them  good- 
looking,  brought  in,  not  the  dishes,  but  each  time  a  tableful  of  dishes, 
and  set  one  before  each  guest.  Forthwith  the  meal  began. 

On  fourteen  little  tables,  each  a  foot  square,  four  inches  high,  made 
of  wood  lacquered  black,  and  lustrous  as  jet,  were  as  many  pairs  of 
chopsticks  made  of  new,  clean  wood,  ready  bifurcated  but  unsplit,  to 
show  they  had  not  been  used.  The  maids  attended,  with  full  tubs  of 
steaming  rice  and  pots  of  tea,  to  replenish  the  rapidly  emptied  bowls. 
Fish,  boiled  eggs,  lobster,  and  various  made-dishes  were  served  on  enor- 
mous porcelain  plates  the  size  of  the  full  moon.  The  nimble  tapering 
finders  of  the  laughing  girls  handed  out  their  contents.  Then  came 
the  warm  sake.  The  tiny  cups  circulated  around,  the  girls  acting  as 
Ilebes.  Smoking  and  story -telling  followed  after  the  candles  were 
brought  in.  In  the  evening,  after  each  had  enjoyed  his  hot  bath,  the 
quilts  were  spread,  and  the  top-knotted  heads  were  laid  on  their  wood- 
en pillows  and  paper  pillow-cases,  and  sleep,  dreams,  and  snores  had  at- 
tained their  maximum  of  perfection  before  nine  o'clock.  In  my  dream, 
I  was  at  home  in  America,  but  failed  to  catch  the  train  to  get  back  to 
Japan. 

Twelve  horses,  saddled  and  bridled,  were  ready  next  morning,  which 
was  the  4th  of  March.  After  the  last  pipe  had  been  smoked,  the  last 
cup  of  tea  drank,  and  the  last  joke  cracked,  with  swords  thrust  in  gir- 
dle, wooden  helmet  tied  on  head  under  the  chin,  and  straw  sandals  in 
stirrup,  the  cavalcade  moved.  We  started  off  slowly  through  the  town 
and  crowded  streets,  and  out  into  the  valley  toward  Fukui.  Tt  was  a 
day  of  wind,  light  showers,  ami  fitful  flakes  of  snow,  alternating  with 
rifts  of  sunlight  that  lent  unearthly  grandeur  to  the  wrinkled  hills.  A 
brisk  ride  of  two  hours  brought  us  within  sight  of  Fukui.  We  were 
in  a  level  plain  between  two  walls  of  mountains.  Just  as  Nakamura 
cried  out.  "Yonder  is  Fukui,"  a  burst  of  sunshine  threw  flood-  of 
golden  u'lory  over  the  citv. 

I  shall  never  forget  my  emotions,  in  that  sudden  first  glimpse  of  the 
citv  embowered  in  trees,  looming  across  the  plain,  amidst  the  air  laden 
with  snow-flakes,  and  seen  in  the  light  reflected  from  storm -clouds. 
Then'  were  no  spires,  golden-vaned ;  no  massive  pediments,  facade-,  or 
grand  buildings  such  as  strike  the  eve  on  beholding  a  city  in  the  \\  e-t- 


lL'4 


Tin-:  MIKADO'S 


MO\\  -a\\  -iiiiph  a  dark,  vast  array  of  lou-roofi-d  houses,  colossal  tem- 
pi- -,  Lral'!'  -,  ca-tle  toWel'S,  tuft-  ,,f  l.ami.oo.  ail'l  UTo\e-  uf  tive>.  Thi- 

•>\  :  i  -    I     1  k  1 1  i . 

A-  ii-iial.  "Hi, VI1-  came  out  at  the  city  limits  to  meet   u-.      \\V  roile 

ill!',  'tlirh    the    MlVet-,   thronged    \\itll    eagerly    curious    ]ieo|de.         The    ill"!1' 

n'l^lifafes  were   tho>c  of   aii   onlinarv  .Jajiaiie-c  town.  n<>t    ,,f  mv   ideal 
In   a    tV\v    iiiiuute-    \vt-  ei'"-M'd  a  lirid^'e  over  a   ri\er.  -uddeiilv 

>ii'j']ici|,  elltel't-.l  the  -•;,!(•  i  if  ;t  liail(U»llle  CMlirt-Val'd  litled  Ultll  trees, 
and  liefi't'e  the  (\»»V  «'f  a  line  lal'^e  old  holl>e  di-llldlllited  and  entered. 

I  \va-  \\elcoincd  \<\'  >e\eral  ollicers,  all  in  their  hot  silks,  swords,  san- 
dal-, and  top-knots,  with  l><iu-,  and  >ueh  aukward  1-ut  heart\  hand- 
-hakin^-  a-  men  unii-ed  to  it  mi^'ht  \»-  >iiji]Mi-til  to  aehie\e. 

I  then  eiiieivii  in\  future  aliodc.  It  was  a  .lapaih -e  IIOUM-.  fi.i'ei^n- 
i/ed  l'\  Aiueriean  comforts.  All  the  jiartilinii-  and  \\i;id"\\>  \\t-re  of 
ir!a->.  A  l'eek>kill  >to\e.  with  pipe  and  tire.  \\a<  np,  and  -^lo \\inir  a 

uelciiine.       I   found  a  hand-<>iiie   hi'dstead,  \\ ash->tand,  and   •_;' 1   furni- 

tiire.       H.,U    did    a!!   tlii-   come    here  :       I    ~,.,,u    uiider-t 1    it.  for   one 

!!|elTV-e\  ed    ojlicer    told    Inc.   ill    I'Tokeli     I'ln^li-h.  "   I     lu'eli    ill     New     ^"ol'k. 

r-tand.  ^'ol:  lik".'"  I  immi-diatel\  -ei/.ed  tin-  spcakcr'>  hand, 
and  madi-  him  my  friend.  Sa-aki  (well  n.-mn'd  Tree  of  II. -lp)  \\a-aft- 
erwai'd  nn  riLi'ht-hand  man.  Then  follo\\ei|  the  dinner.  Thi-  feature 
of  foreign  ci\  ilixati"H  «a<  .-peciallv  altracti\c  to  th-'  Japan. --e.  To 
-it  at  a  lit!'_fi-  taMe  on  chair-,  \\ith  plat-'-.  kni\f<.  fork-,  i-a-ters  and 
'/•''''/'•'  .'  t'1  '  \p>  n.  ncc1  ill'  pomp  and  circum-taiice  •  •:  -..up.  ti-h.  \. •-•.•- 
tal'Ii-.  lit '-li.  and  fo\\  1.  \\  ;• !,  t  In  .  Li'a-troiiomic  tool-  ;  to  tick  li- 

the   palal"   and    •_•'.;•_•.'   the    -tomach    \\ith    meat    and   \\ine    and    hi-cioiis 

-Weet-.   -ei   MH'd    to    tin   111    a    -11 IV    proof   of    tile    - 1 !  pe  r !  o  ri  t  \"    of    foreign   ei\  il- 

i/.aTioii.       Ki_;iii   ''t    ii-  -at   do\\  ii  to  a  torei'j;n  dinner  of  manifold  coiir.-*1- 

of  ti:iid  and      .lid  I          "   .    o\\  u  cook   having   arri\ed    in   l-'nkui    t!i''  dav 

It   me.  and  1  -pent  tin-  da\    in  uiipaekin^"  trunk-. 

and  adoiniiiL.'  n       '  in  LTIVC   an   American   hoine-louk  to  mv 

;.  r-. 
In  the  evening  I   had  a  .  'til   from  an  o|]l,'er  \\lio  came  to  pa\'   hi-  re- 

-pe.'t-      to      the      foreilT!  '"I".          I      ill\iled      l.i)||      to     >t;|\       to     -Upper. 

i   -o.       K.,,1  .-   .-  •        :     ,   tin  ,     Knirli>h.  iiavinu'  -1-ent 

time  in  ^                           it  ! .  .rmat  ion.      I  \<- 

to  make  hi-   i  .    n-ort.      II. •  olTeivd  to 

•    i!      in  i  In    c|i.  'i'-e  of  a  •^•"••d  -•r\a!it.  a   LJ I   h"r-e,  the   l'i  -t    flow- 


71V  THE  HEART  OF  JAPAN. 


42.5 


ers,  pictures,  curiosities,  and  whatever  I  might  wisli  to  buy.  He  also 
taught  me  the  value,  symbols,  and  denominations  of  the  local  paper 
money  of  Fiikui.  I  was  already  familiar  with  the.  national  kinsatsu 

(money  cards).  A  far-simile  of  a  niaJtiu 
piece,  worth  about  twelve  cents,  is  given 
in  the  cut.  The  ten  and  one  rio  (dollar), 
and  l»u  (quarter)  pieces  are  much  larger. 
The  dragons  with  horns  hair,  scales,  claws, 
and  mustaches,  jewel  and  mikado  crests, 
are  very  conspicuous.  The  Chinese  char- 
acters read  ''Money,  nishiu,"  and  "Mini 
Bu  Sho,  Currency  OthYe." 

For  centuries  past,  every  great  daimio 
has  issued  paper  money  current  only  in 
his  han.  There  are  over  one  hundred 
local  varieties  in  the  empire,  of  varied  col- 
ors, values,  and  sixes.  The  Fukui  denom- 
inations were  one-tenth,  one-fifth,  one- 
half:  one,  three,  five,  ten,  and  fifty  cents, 
The  designs  on  them  are  the  God  of 
Wealth,  the  treasure-ship  which  every  Jap- 
anese hopes  to  have  "come  in,"  the  pile 
of  kobans  (oval  gold  coins)  which  he  ex- 
pects to  "  raise,"  bags  of  rice  —  the  stand- 
of  ard  of  value  —  dragons,  flowers,  birds,  and 

the  zoology  of  the  xodiac. 
The   officer  further  said    I   must    have    relaxation.     He   offered    to 
show  me  the  fairest  and  brightest  maiden,  whom  I  might  brino-  to  mv 
house,  and  make  my  playmate.     I  thanked  him,  and  accepted  all  hi- 
offers  but  the  last. 

The  night  was  clear  and  cold.  The  same  familiar  stars  o'littered 
overhead  as  those  seen  in  the  home  sky.  The  wild  u'eese  sailed  in  tin- 
bright  air,  the  moon  bathing  their  plumage  in  silver.  The  temple-bell 
boomed  solemnly  as  I  lay  down  to  rest. 


Fac-similc  of  Kin>atsii. 


THE  MIKALO'S  EMPIRE. 


VIII. 


BY  THE  DAI.Mld.~MY  STUDENTS. 

THK  next  day  was  a  SaM>ath  in  a  SaM>athless  land.  1  awoke  t<\ 
fir.'l  a  perfect  <lav  —  a  heaven  of  clou<lloss  blue,  and  cverv  tiling  <|iiiet 
and  still.  How  should  I  spend  Sundav  here  .'  There  were  no  church- 
tirlls  pealinif,  no  church,  no  pews,  no  pulpit,  no  street  -cars,  no  pave- 
ment, no  Sunday-school,  no  familiar  friend-.  I  walked  to  the  ufate 
of  the  court-vard  and  looked  out  upon  the  street.  lui-iness  and  traf- 
tie  were  ^'"iiiLT  on  a-  u-ual.  The  samurai  on  clo^s,  in  his  >ilk  and 
eiv-ted  coat,  swords  in  girdle  and  euc  on  clean  ->lioni  crown,  was 
u.-ilkniLT  "ii,  in  1'is  dignity,  as  the  lord  of  society.  The  pi'iest,  in  hi- 
tl..\\ii]M-  eivie  and  limeade  collar,  with  shaven  head,  and  rosarv  on 


\\i-i-t.  \vas  oil  hi-  way  to  the  temple.  The  merchant,  in  his  plain, 
uadd.-d  cotton  clothe-,  ti-ht  Im-cchcs,  and  w  hit.-  - 1  honied  -andals  of 
-traw.  was  thinking  .  !'  hi-  !-:ii'--;iin-.  The  lal-oivr,  half  ftakf-pi  and 
halt  covered  in  the  ta!>n<  -  of  1'ideii.  in  -aiidal-  of  rice-straw,  tunic,  and 
hat,  making  him-. -If  a  fulcrum  I'm1  hi-  scale-like  method  of  carrvinu1 
heavy  liiirden-,  j.a—cd  -tau'-'.-rin-.'  \<\.  A  file  of  hi-  luvthren,  with 
h  it-  .'!  the  -hapc  of  in\i-rt«-d  \va-h-l.owls,  en^i^ed  on  -ome  heavv  work 
river-ide,  w.-iv  r.-tin'_'  on  a  i-_r.  l-okin--.  in  the  di.-tance,  lik<- a 
'  -^  of  ,  xa^LToruted  toad  -tool-  Tin  -dl.  r  of  ti-h.  vegetables,  oil,  and 


RECEPTION  BY  THE  DAIMlO.—MY  STUDENTS.  4^7 

bean-chocse,  each  uttering  liis  trade-cry,  ambled  on.  On  the  opposite 
shore,  with  ropes  over  their  shoulders,  a  gang  of  stra \v-elad  men — not 
mules — were  towing  a  boat  up  stream,  against  the  current. 

I  returned  indoors.  Breakfast  over,  L  sought  tlie  companionship  of 
my  dear,  silent  friends,  which  I  had  brought  with  me,  and  which  had 
in>t  yet  been  arranged,  though  I  had  alreadv  made  mv  plans  for  a 
book-case.  It  was  about  half-past  nine,  when  the  u'ate  at  the  end  of 
the  court-yard  opened,  and  in  rode  Xakamura,  my  guard  of  yesterday. 
Ueliind  him  came  three  of  the  daimio's  grooms,  one  of  them  leading 
a  gorgeously  caparisoned  horse.  The  grooms  were  dressed  in  only  one 
garment,  a  loose  blue  coat  coming  to  a  little  below  the  hips,  with 
socks  on  his  feet,  and  the  usual  white  loin-cloth  around  his  waist. 
On  the  back  of  his  coat  was  the  cre>t  of  his  prince.  The  horse  was 
the  most  richly  dressed.  It  was  decked  as  if  for  a  tournament  or 
ball.  Its  tail  was  incased  in  a  long  baif  of  figured  blue  silk,  which 
was  tied  at  the  root  with  red  silk  cord  and  tassels.  The  hair  of  the 
mane  and  top-knot  was  collected  into  a  dozen  or  more  tufts  bound 
round  with  white  silk,  and  resembling  so  manv  brushes  or  pompons. 
The  saddle  was  an  elaborate  piece  of  furniture,  lacquered  and  gilded 
with  the  crests  of  Tokugawa.  The  saddle-cloths  and  llaps  were  of 
corrugated  leather,  stamped  in  gold.  The  stirrups  were  as  lar^e  as 
shovels,  and  the  rider,  removing  his  sandals  when  he  mounted,  rested 
the  entire  soles  of  his  feet  in  them.  The  material  was  bronxe,  orna- 
mented with  a  mo.siic  of  silver  and  gold.  The  bridle  was  a  scarf  of 
silk,  and  the  bit  and  halter  different  from  any  I  had  seen  elsewhere. 
I'Yom  the  saddle,  crupper,  and  halter  depended  silken  cords  and  tassels. 
Altogether,  it  reminded  me  of  one  of  the  steeds  on  the  Field  of  the 
r!,.tli  of  Gold.  The  horse  had  been  sent  to  convey  me  to  meet  the 
priiic''  and  his  chief  oilicers,  who  were  to  receive  me  in  the  main  room 
of  the  Han  ('ho,  or  Government  Otlice.  Xakamura  was  to  escort  me. 
and  Iwabuchi  was  to  be  present,  to  speak  for  us. 

\Ve  mounted  and  rode  aloii^  the  wide  street  facing  the  castle-moat, 
which  was  lined  on  one  side  by  the  ya-hikis  of  the  chief  men  of  the 
elan,  and  called  Daimio  Avenue.  A  few  minutes'  ride  brought  IH  to 
one  of  the  gates  called  Priests'  Gate,  and,  riding  inside  of  another  \\all 
and  moat,  we  reached  the  main  entrance  to  the  Han  Clio,  and  dis- 
mounted. The  u'ate  was  the  same  as  that  seen  in  front  of  all  lar^e 
ya-hikis  and  official  places  in.  Japan,  like  two  ma-sive  crosses  with 
their  arms  joined  end  to  end.  \\  e  passed  up  the  broad  >toiie  path 
through  a  yard  covered  with  pebbles.  liei'oiv  the  door  was  a  laru'e 


rai-rd  pi>rti  ••!  .  r  \    -;i!>ulc.      Kne(-lin'_r  pa^v-  waited  to  receive  us.  and 
an  ntli.'i  r  in  ra-tlinj;  -ilk  came  "tit  1"  v\e!e"me  u-. 

\\i    nm.'Ved  'Hir  -h"e>  ;in<l   entered.      I';i--iiiLT  al"tiur  ;i  <'i>rrid<>r  "f 

.    >u-h  ''Iran  mat-,  we  reached  the  liall  of  audience,  int.. 

u i     were   ;;-!i<  !v<l   \\ilh  due  ctTeiiiMiiv.      The   pa^e<  and  attend- 

a'.:-  kiii-flnl  iln'.Mi,  \\hilr  tin1  il.-iiniiri  ami  iii-  >i\   mini-trr-  r>i-r  to  r«-- 

I'civi'U-.      TaMr-,  rhaii'-.  aii'l    liaml  - -hakiii^'-    wriv    in-u    tiling   tlh-!:. 

\    \\c\-c  thriT.      I  ;i'lvaniT(l  and  In.wrd  ti>   the   jiriii'-e,  \\lni   a]> 

ln-il  itn1  and  extended  hi-  hand,  nttei'in^  \\hat  1  after\v;inl  li-anp   1 

were  \vi-rd>  of  wi-li.'tniu1.      After  -hakiiii:'    hand-,  he  put   an    aut"LTi':ipli 

letter  in   inv   hand.      Iwaluii'hi   fruin  the  iii--t    liad  fallen   di.\\  n   nil   his 

hand-,  knees,  and  t'a<-e.  and  talked  «itli  uplifted  ryes.      I  \\a-  next  in- 

trmliici'd  t"  hi-  h'tiu'-nani'-d  lii^'li  retainer-;,  and  then  \\  e  all  -at  d<>un 

tahle.      It    was    piled    iij)    with    tall    pvramid-    "f    half -peeleil 

.    1   -pmnjv-eaki — the   n-tia!  »rtliMd"X  .Japane-e  fetVr-h- 

lllellt-.          Ill    til''    eelltre   U  a-   a    Illl^'e    1'Mll'jliet.   e"lllp"-ed    etltirelv   "f    t«'Lf> 

..''  pint:)   liln— .nins  and  the  -ti  eiv.  -i!\  ef-^]n>-\-  >li(Mit<  of  a   \\ild   plant. 

xiirri'iindeil  at  the  ha-e  uith  eaniellias  of  many  tint>,  IiMtli  -iiiLi'le  an  I 

The   little   pa'ji prett\    lioys  i if  ten  MI-  twelve — lif"tii;-ht   u- 

ill     Itletal     -Meket-.        A-    \\\-     lifted     "'it    tile    clip-,    tlleV 

;  i  d  a  v\  a  v . 


in-ci/il.fd  v\i;h  ilu-ir  names  and  title-  in  ('hine-e  char- 
;,  •'.  r-.      'I  •  '      u  i-r    a-  f"ll"W-  : 

Mat-  ;  :  lira     \!          iki.  <!        rn-.r    "f    the    F  ,;,  ,:     li  ,n  :    <  Ka-aw-.ra 
:  /  '  Miirata   Cjihi-a.   /A//'.v/,,/V  Miivat 

•i  r):    Si  m'>"i!  I  li-aii"!'!!  (  Vi'-e-^ival   Mini-ter):   (  >iani  (  Mini-t'M  : 

t  >mi  v  a  sa  la  I  i\  "  i (  'hamlierla 

'1  •  pi     [wal.uclff-    l\\,. 

I        el          •  ••    lie    ••  '1   into  -•. i,  u!  hu- 

iiiMi1,  and   u  '  •••''!   int"  fun.      A;  the   end  "t   thai   time  u. 

had   madeth'-n     '  rythat   vvcenuld^vt    a'"iiL.r  t  '"_r"t  IHT  \ ,  r\ 

sv.-!i.      \m    :  lapaiie-i   -   i-e  made -tranter- frii'iid-.      \'.-\ 

:          .    '  :  ..        '  !  VVeetl    t\\"    rae'  -. 

n-.  and  '  i  the  piv-(-nc,.  ..f 

•  ,  and  an  h"iir  JKI--'   1  \  erv  plea-ant  !v. 

('    •  daimiiV         '      '  ;;••!•  ran  a-  f"!!"\\  -  : 


HECEI^TION  BY  THE  DAIMIO.—MY  STUDENTS. 


429 


"  I  u'reatlv  rejoice  and  am  obliged  to  you  tliat  you  have  arrived  so 
proinptlv  frmii  so  ejivat  di-tance  over  seas  and  mountains,  to  touch  the 
sciences  to  the  vouth  of  Fukui. 

"  <  'oiicerninu'  matters  connected  with  the  school  and  students,  the 
otiicer-  in  charge  of  education  \vil!  duly  consult  you. 

"A.-  Fukui  is  a  secluded  place,  you  will  he  inconvenienced  in  many 
respects.  \\  henever  you  have  need  of  any  tiling',  please  make  your 
want-  known  without  ceremonv. 

"  MATSTDAIRA,  l<'v.kni  Iloit-CI/iji." 

These  words  struck  the  key-note  of  mv  whole  reception  in  Fukui. 
\  >uriie_f  the  entire  year  of  mv  residence,  unceasing  kindnos>es.  were 
showered  upon  me.  From  the  prince  and  officers  to  the  students, 
citizens,  and  the  children,  who  learned  to  know  me  and  welcome  me 
with  smiles  and  bows  and  "Good-morning,  teacher,"  -I  have  nothing 
to  record  but  respect,  consideration,  sympathy,  and  kindness.  M\  eye> 
were  opened.  I  needed  no  revolver,  nor  were  guards  necessarv.  1 
won  tin  hearts  of  the  people,  and  among  the  happiest  memories,  are 
those  of  Fukui. 

Amoim'  tho<e  whom  I  learned  to  love  Avas  the  little  son  of  the  dai- 
mio.a  --prightly,  laughing  little  fellow,  four  or  rive  vears  old,  with  snau- 
pinn1  eyes,  full  of  fii'i,  and  as  livelv 
as  an  American  boy.  Little  Mat- 
,-udaira  wore  a  gold-hilted  short 
sword  in  lii>  girdle;  while  a  lad 
of  thirteen,  his  sword-bearer,  at- 
tended him,  to  carry  the  longer 
badu'e  of  rank.  His  head  was 
s!i.".\ed.  except  a  round  -pace  like 
a  cap.  from  which  a  tinv  cue  pro- 
jected. The  [)hotoo'raj;h  which 
his  father  ^ave  me  and  the  wood- 
cut do  but  scant  jii-tice  to  the 
e\i|iii-itelv  delicate  In-own  tint 
of  hi>  -kin.  tlushed  with  health, 
hi-  t  \\  inkliii'j.1  Mack  eve-,  his  ro-v 

eheek>,  and    his    arch    ways,   that 

i  i      .'  i  A    Litt'.i-   I»!i:iii:'">.     (From  a  ]jh.>li>::r:iiili.>i 

coin  meed  In-  mother  that  lie  was 


130 


TllK  MIKAIio'S  J.'MI'IA'f-:. 


A-  Vft  1  had  seen  little  of  tin-  cit\  in  \\llich  I  expected  to  dwell  fo|- 
tlnvc  \var-.  1  had  reached  the  ^oal  <>f  my  jouTlH'viliii's.  Hitherto,  iii 
;i!!  in\  travel-,  Fukiii  loomed  up  in  my  imagination,  and,  spite  of  mv 

actual  rxperifiuv  <  't'  .Iapane-e  towns  tin-  ideal    Fllkui  wa-  a  ^rand  citv. 

excitement  of  travel  was  m>\v  nvei1.  and  I   \\  a^  t«>  si-f  the  aetnal 

l-'iikui.       I  i'"de  around  the  ea-tle  cireuit,  and  "Ut  into  the  city,  and  !'"]• 

a  I-!;-'  di-tanee  thi'i'Uu'h  it>  stn-ets.       I  \v:is  aina/.ed  at  the  utter  pover- 

t\     uf    the    penple,   tile    Ci  'lit  el!)  pt  11  >le    holl.-e-.   alld    tile   t  llllll 'le-dc  i\S  n    \<  »'k 

i if  l  he  eit\ .  a-  e.iin pared  \\  hli  the  trim  dwellings  of  an  Anierieaii  t<  >\\  n. 
1  rmle  through  inanv  street^,  t-xptrtinij  at  la-t  t"  emerge  into  smne 
>pleiidid  avenue.  I  ri  ide  in  vain  :  and,  a>  I  rode,  the  scales  fell  fi'"!:i 
m\  i-vt-s.  There  was  no  np.re  exeiteineiit  imu  to  \\-eave  tilins  of  -la- 
niniir  before  mv  visinn.  I  sa\v  tlirniiu'li  the  achromatic  u'la^ses  of  act- 
ualitv.  1  iva!i/ed  \\hat  a  Japanese — an  Ai-iatic  city — was.  All  tlie 

llol]xi->     of     \\iHid,   tin-     pr.iplc     pour,    the     >tl'eet-     lllllddv,    feU      ^i^ll-     «>f 

v\ealt!i.  ii"  >p!'-ndid  -ln'|i-.  Talk  of  Oriental  ma^niticciici-  and  luxn- 
rv  !  What  ni'iiscnsi'!  I  wa-  disgust t-d.  Mv  heart  >unk.  A  de-pn-- 
ate  tit  of  the  I ihie-  sei/ed  me.  I  returned  home,  to  chew  the  cud  'I 

'';'  il  'I1I\     \<   ili-ct  I'  ill-. 


I'ukui  wa>  tlh'  lioin,  of   Ku-akahe.  m\    former  -tuddit,  ulio  died   in 

N.-u    !5nm-\\ick.       I!  had  ln-ard  ->f  m\   coining.      In  the  aftcr- 

IJ.M.I,   Iii    cali'-d   '  .       \      i       ,'i'd   tray  fill  of  MTV  line  orange-, 

on  \\hii-h  la\    tin     :  I       !•  d  paper,  hetoki  nin^  a  ^ift.  and  a  -!][• 

of    pajier    \\rhltn    v.'.th    <   hini--c    chai'actcr the    \'i-itinir- card— \\a- 

1  nif  1'V   Sa       .  fell  d"\ui  '  •'!   all   !'•  mr-.  \\  il  h   faci 

..ii  hi-  hand-.   .  to  1         loor.      It  \va-  the  <  )rientai 

wa\    of  vi-itinuf  \\ilh   a  irifl    ii             '  an  I.       lie  had  come  to  the   h"ii-e 


IlECEPTWX  JJY  THE  DAlMld.—MY  STUDENTS.  4:31 

liis  part  and  honor  to  me.  1  l>i»l  my  servant  usher  liiin  in,  and  a 
sad-looking  man  of  flftv  or  more  vears  entered.  Through  Iwabuchi 
his  storv  was  soon  told.  His  wife  had  died  of  grief  on  hearing  of 
her  son  dvino-  a  stranger  in  a  strange  land.  Two  very  younv;  sons 
wei'e  living.  Uis  other  children,  five  in  numlier,  were  dead.  His 
honse  was  left  unto  him  desolate.  I  u'ave  him  the  gold  key  of  the 
i'lii  l»eta  Kappa  Soeietv,  of  Rutgers  College,  into  whieli  his  son  hail 
liecn  elected,  he  having  stood  at  the  head  of  his  class.  Jlis  father  re- 
ceived the  emblem  reverently,  lifting  it  to  his  fort-head. 

<  Mi  the  next  dav  my  regular  work  was  to  begin.  Horses  were  sent 
au'ain,  and  1  rode  to  the;  school,  a  building  which  was  the  citadel  of 
the  castle,  and  was  once  the  residence  of  the  old  prince.  I  was  met 
by  the  officers  of  the  school  in  the  room  I  was  to  occupy.  On  tin- 
table  were  sponge-cake,  oranges,  and  plum-blossom  bouquets,  as  usual, 
while  the  omnipresent  tea  was  served,  and  the  tiny  pipes  were  smoked. 
It  was  verv  evident  that  the  men  who  had  been  desirous  of  a  Teacher 
of  chemistry  had  verv  nebulous  ideas  about  what  that  science  was. 
However,  thev  were  readv,  with  money  and  patience,  to  furnish  the 
neci-ssarv  apparatus  and  lecture  -  room  ;  and  our  preliminaries  heinu; 
agreed  on.  I  was  conducted  through  the  other  rooms  to  see  the  sights 
of  the  school. 

I  was  surprised  to  rind  it  so  large  and  flourishing.  There  were  in 
all  about  ein'ht  hundred  students,  comprised  in  the  English,  Chine>e, 
Japanese,  medical,  and  military  departments.  A  few  had  been  study- 
ing Hnglish  for  two  or  three  years,  under  native  teachers  who  had 
lieeii  in  Nagasaki.  'In  the  medical  department  1  found  a  n-ood  collec- 
tion of  Dutch  hooks,  i^hiefly  medical  and  scientific,  and  a  tine  pair  of 
French  dissection  models,  of  both  varieties  of  the  human  body.  In 
the  military  school  was  a  library  of  foreign  works  on  military  Mibjei'i-. 
chidlv  in  English,  several  of  which  had  been  translated  into  Japan  e-e. 
In  one  part  of  the  yard  vounu'  men,  book,  diagram,  or  trowel  in  hand, 
were  constructing  a  miniature  earthwork.  The  school  librarv,  of  Kn- 
L;-!i-h  and  American  books  —  amon^  which  were  all  of  Kusakahr's — 
•ua>  ijiiite  respectable.  In  the  Chinese  school  1  found  thousand-;  •'(' 
boxes,  \\ilh  -lidin^  lids,  rilled  with  Chinese  and  Japanese  books.  Sev- 
eral hundred  hovs  and  youn^  men  were  squatted  on  the  floor,  \\itli 
their  teachers,  reading  or  committing  lessons  to  niemon,  or  writiiiLl 
the  Chinese  characters.  Some  had  already  cut  olT  their  top-knot-."* 


K  MIKADO'S  KM  run-;. 


At  niif  r!id  of  tli-'  !>ui!din_:'-  \veiv  laruv.  open  place*  di'\.it.'(l  1,, 
pliy-ic.al  r\iTci-e.  Several  e\hil'itifii-  ft'  trial-  ft'  --kill  in  tVn.-in^  ami 
v.  I'e-tlinj;  \\cre  tln-ii  made  for  m\  heiietit.  Six  of  tlie  -tudeiit-  repair- 
ed to  the  armory  and  put  di  the  defensive  mail,  to  -lm-ld  tlii-m-t'lvi-. 
ii.  th<  1'fUidi  work  U-fi'iv  them  —  a-  ,lap;im->r  -\\onl-  are  f..r  u-e  \\ith 
.  ha\inir  d"ui>!e  -  handed  hili-  uitli"til  -uard-.  The  f"ii- 

for  feijeiii<_r   a!',     made   ,.f   r»und.  -p'it    liaml>oo.  and  a   -' 1  M"\\    \\ii! 

make  ,.|ie  -itiail.  and  1'fili-i1  the  lie-li.  S,i  the  fencing- ma-tei'  .-md 
-tudeiit-  tir-t  dfime'l  a  eor-elet.  with  -Iioiilder-pla1e<  of  hardened  hide 
pudd' d  \\ithin.aiid  !iea\il\  padded  ^aillitlet-.  <  ^>.  theii1  head-  Uei'e 
v,  'lid'd  cap-,  lia'.  '._  ;i  hai'i'ed  vi-ni-ff  -toiil  iron  i:'i'a' in^.  'I'akini:' 
fi-d-  er —  d.  t  he\  -,:;.,.  All  the  na— e>  arc  cut- 


:  (  '  '  '         :  '    '  "_  tiic  three  f;i-hi<Ui-  "I" 

'    •  •      \\          ii  thr  t;i-hii  Hi  ut'  111'    i  >-.>i.  i  ,r  mile  t'i  tii|;i]  cm  : 

lie.        I  <:.'  '  •    \"  'lit  i''  ii    )•!••  H    li\  :1  '.•   -    'A  ere    Hill-    i    \  l'1-i' ll 

:    t],,-  !;;;';!    UoMi.  I, lit    mail.-  intu  :i   t"]'  kll'it 

•vcr   in   i  Ii'    priiici- 

pic-    !•!'  1  '  II    "1  lip!    tflll|i!i-.    \\  it'll   cilf. 

(!•  iK.tc-l  <•:  -  '  li-ud  ili-in.      A    -linf!  luiire-l 

''•-."!  '  •  :  ••--,••-  ,,,,,.  :1t  iii-iit.  Mii.lv  i:i- 

Ii   i-          :   -  '',   ..I'  nil.   u  ill:   pith    v.  iik. 
'  '    •        '  '  I)    tin  il'    11-11, ii    pi  ife.lihi 

k    .  .i-e,    ill    u  lii.-li    the    t k-   .Hi' 

'         r  i'il-          ''ll  :        .    •'    :      '  the  tHIi  -  i.f  ;ui   Wurka 

ii vi  r. 


RECEPTION  BY  THE  DAIMIO.—MY  STUDENTS.  433 

ting  blows,  thrusting  being  unknown.  I'rettv  severe  whacks  are  given, 
and  some  brui-ing  done,  spite,  of  armor.  Foils  are  used  up  like  lanees 
in  a  tournament.  The  voting  men  kept  up  the  mimic  battle  for  fif- 
teen minutes,  or  as  long  as  their  \\ind  and  muscle  lasted,  and  the  se- 
vere ordeal  was  over,  the  victory  beinu"  won  by  those  who  had  given 
what  would  have  been  disabling  wound>  had  swords  been  used. 
Then  followed,  by  another  set  of  students,  the  spear  exercise.  Lonu' 
-pears  were  used  first,  and  several  line  passes  in  carte  and  tierce  were 
made  ;  the  offensive  and  defensive  were  tried  alternately,  to  show  me 
all  the  various  thrusts  and  foils  of  the  science. 

The  party  having  short  spears  succeeded,  the  man<euvres  being  dif- 
ferent. So  far  it  was  mere  scientific  display,  no  one  being  severely 
punched.  At  a  signal  of  the  clappers  another  set  took  blunt  spears, 
leaped  into  the  arena,  and  a  sham  fi^ht  bewail,  the  thrusts  being  real 
hinu'es  that  knocked  down  and  bruised  the  limbs  or  damaged  the 
breathing  apparatus  of  the  man  put  //o/'.s-  da  combat  quite  badly.  In 
about  five  minutes  half  the  party  were  down,  and  the  remainder,  all 
crack  lances,  continued  the  battle  for  several  minutes  longer,  with 
some  fine  display,  but  no  mortal  thrusts.  They  were  called  off,  and 
the  men  with  sword  and  cross-spear  beu'an  a  trial  of  skill.  The  cro>s- 
spear  is  long,  like  a  halberd,  with  a  two-edged  blade  set  at  right  an- 
gles across  it  within  six  inches  from  the  top.  It  is  intended  especially 
for  defense  against  a  sword,  or  a  horse  soldier.  In  this  instance,  "lie 
or  two  of  the  swordsmen  were  jerked  to  the  floor  or  had  their  helniet- 
turn  oiF ;  while,  on  the  other  side,  the  halberdiers  suffered  by  havinn 
their  poles  >truek  by  severing  blows  of  their  opponents'  sword.-  or 
actuall}"  received  the  "pear-splitter"  stroke  which  was  supposed  to 
cleave  their  skulls. 

Next  followed  wrestling.  Though  a  cold  day  in  winter,  the  stu- 
dents were  dre--ed  onlv  in  coar-e  sleeveless  coats  of  hemp  cloth.  Ap- 
proaching cadi  other,  thev  clinched  and  threw.  The  object  seemed 
tn  be  to  show  how  an  unarmed  man  might  defend  himself.  Wiv-t- 
iiiiL:'-  and  throwing*  were  followed  |,\-  >ham  exhibitions  that  bore  a 
frightful  resemblance  to  real  choking,  dislocation  of  arm.  wrin^'iiiu'  of 
tin'  neck,  etc.  Throughout  the  exhibition,  the  contestant-,  \\hilc  at- 
tacking each  other,  uttered  unearthly  vell>  and  exclamation.-.  I  \\a> 
highly  impressed  with  the  di-plav,  and  could  not  fail  to  admire  the 
splendid,  manly  phy-i<|iie  of  many  of  the  lads. 

I  waited  to  see  the  school  dismissed,  that  I  mi^'ht  see  my  pupils  in 
the  open  air.  At  the  tapping  of  the  clapperle.-s  bell,  the  students  put 


}:;i  7V//-:  MlKMio's   KMI'IHK. 

ava\    their   1'1'ii-he-.  ink --tone-,  ami    -tick-   of   ink.  wrapped    up   their 

1 k-  and   portai'lc  matter    in    square  piece-  of  -ilk  or  calico,  making 

i     :       midlc-;   put  their  short  swords,  which  lay  at  their  sides,  in  their 

.;    alidtach   and    all    howin^  low,  with    faee   to  t  lie  tloor,  t"  1 1n  ir 

.  :•-,  rose  up  ami  went,  tir-t.  to  the  sword -mom  to  put    on  tlu-ir 

1  _   -words.      Tin-  was  a  lar^v  apartment  near  the  entrance,  in  which 

were    rows    of    nimilicivd    racks,  containing    -even    hundred    or    more 

-wonK      Kach  -indent   prc-ented   hi-  check  «r  ticket   of  hrandeil  pine 

w i.  and  hi-  -word  \sa-  handed  liim  !'\  one  ,,f  the  kccjicrs.      Thni-t- 

i!u  it  in  hi-  girdle,  and  adjn-tinj,'  the  pair,  each  -cholar  pa--cd  to  ilie 
cio^-roiun,  where  seven  hundreil  pail1-  of  clo^-  nr  sandal-  were  -to\\- 
ed  in  niiini-ered  order.  '1'he-e  set  on  the  ground,  and  the  owner's 
toe-  I li furcating  into  the  thoii^,  the  stiiilent  added  a  halt'-cul.'it  to  hi- 
•  it  .:  .  and  trudged  hoim  ward.  The  -craping  and  clatter  of  Imndred- 

nf    \\ lell    el,.-'-   over   the    loi|._i-   -tolle   lifid^'e   Were   di  -at'el  i  i  n  -'.        All   VV  e|V 

I'at'e  -  headed,  with  the  top-knot,  cue,  and  -ha\cn  mid--''alp,  nio-t  of 
with  hare  feet  on  their  el. ._;•-.  and  with  their  characteristic  div— . 
-w  •]_:•_.  i-.  fierce  looks,  hare  skin  e\]io-ed  at  the  scalp,  neck,  arms,  ,-alv  c-, 
and  feet,  \\itli  their  mnrderoii-  swords  in  their  l"-lt-.  1,  hev  inij)rc>-ed 
ujioji  n:\  nieinon  a  [ticture  of  t'endali-m  I  shall  never  forget, 

A-  I  walked.  I  wondered  how   loii^  i;  would  re'|iiiiv  to  ci\ili/.e  stteh 

I!']-'    \\ere  nearh    a  th»ii-and   \oun^   samurai.      \\hat 

wa-    oi       '     ii-ln-r   a.iion^    -, ,    main  .'      ('oiild   ii    he    pos-ihle    that    these 

col ;  Id    lie    trained    to    lie    d  i  -•  'i  pi  i  I  led    stlldellt-  .'        The-e    Were    IliV    t  hoii^ht- 

tln  n.      A    few    month-  later,  and    I    had  won  their  confidence  and  love. 

I  fo'ind  1  l.ev  w>  •       n-iriict  me  in  many  i  hint's      1  need 

•  i1  p  iliti  in  —  nor  -'  use  of  honor  ainoii'^  tln--<'  eanie-t 

\      ith.       In   pride  and    ilii^intv  of  ehara'-ter,  m   diligence,  courage ,  ^en- 

t'einanh    condii'1!.   ivtineiiient    and    afTectioii,  truth    and    honest  v.  L:' I 

.  it.  -o  far  a-   I    knew   or  could  see,  t!u-\   were  my  peer-.      Lo\v 
i-  ;..  v\  a\  -  I'ii  -a\ .       \\  a-  ii   -o  in  t  h.-  ca.-i   ,' 


L IFE  IN  A  JAPANESE  HO  USE.  435 


LIFE   IX  A  JAPAXESE  HOUSE. 

Now  that  the  excitement  of  travel  was  over,  I  settled  down  to  my 
dutie>.  to  survey  the  place  and  surroundings,  and  to  try  and  under- 
stand the  life  around  inc.  I  first  examined  my  quarters. 

The  old  mansion  assigned  to  me  was  one  hundred  and  ninety-seven 
Year-  old.  It  had  been  in  pos.M>sion  of  the  same  family  during  that 
period.  The  house  had  been  built  on  part  of  the  site  of  Shibata's  old 
castle,  in  which  lie  and  his  band  committed  Im.rti-kiri  and  underwent 
voluntary  cremation.  Across  the  river  rose  Atai/o  yama.  On  thi> 
hill.  Uid(''Vo>lii  encamped  with  his  army.  A  few  score  feet  to  the 
west  of  niv  u'ate  was  a  stone  on  which  tradition  savs  Shibata  stood 
when  lie  drew  an  arrow  to  the  head,  and  shot  it  into  his  enemy's 
ramp,  -pjjttin;!  the  pole  of  the  canopy,  or  mammoth  umbrella,  under 
whi'-h  Ilidevo-hi  s;./,.  The  moat  which  hounded  the  north  side  of 
my  e-tate  was  part  of  the  old  fortress,  and  a  few  rods  eastward  stood 
a  u'ate-wav  >till  intaet,  though  no  "harsh  thunder"  could  be  ifrated 
from  its  hinges,  which  ru-t  had  lono-  united  together.  My  whole 
estate  was  classic  soil,  and  I  suspect  more  than  one  old  conservative 
Li'i'ow'led  to  see  the  foreigner  on  the  spot  made  sacred  bv  Kchi/en's 
greatest  hero,  whose  devotion  to  Yamato  damashi  ideals  had  been  at- 
tested  in  blood,  tire,  and  ashes. 

ll  wa-  a  Li'rand  old  house  of  solid  timber,  with  spacious  rooms,  and 
Ion;/.  \\  cll-liu'hted  corridors.  It  was  sixtv  feet  broad,  by  one  hundred 
i'eet  deep.  Tlioii'j'h  of  one  Moiy,  it  had  an  immense  and  loftv  sloping 
.•'•of  and  --hau.'U'\'  eaves.  The  rooms  numbered  twelve  in  all.  The 
floor-  were  laid  with  >oft  neat  mats,  and  the  paper  sliding  sercen> 
could  all  be  taken  out,  if  need  \\ere.to  make  a  hall  of  vast  area  with 
man\  ><|iiare  column-.  The  corridors,  which  were  ten  feet  wide,  pas-ed 
out-ide  the  room-,  vet  were  part  of  the  house.  The  walls  where  -olid, 
were  papered.  The  ceiling,  of  tine  Drained  wood,  was  twelve  feel  from 
the  iloor.  In  the  rear  were  the  kitchen  and  servants'1  <|iiarteis. 

The  entire  estate  comprised  about  ten  acres,  the  sides  of  which,  ex- 


tendi:.'.;'  in  \\ard  1"  -i  depth  nfthirtv  feet,  \\eiv  lined  \\ith  the  d\\  cHiii^- 
fnriiHT   retainers   ami    -ervant-.      In    the   eeiitral   area   had  l>eeii 

l_ranlell-    and    -la!  iles. 

A  .  the-e  aei ones  t<>  the  man-ion  were  in  the  real'.     The  fr»nt  nf 

the  hmi-e  l.x'ked  out  ppiiii  a  l»m_:',  lieaiilit'ui  ^ai'deii.      T<>  the  l.t't   wa- 

:i    \\all    "f    tilt'S    ainl    eemelit,    t>><>    hiidl     f<>r   atlV    in<|llisitivc    e\e-    In    peep 
.    \iT.    whieh    extended    all    al'nnild     the     ilK'lllSUlV.         Al'ille.-    t)|,.    imier    -ide 

wa-  a  n>\\  <>f  til'-.  The-e  tree>  had  Keen  planted  l«v  the  tir-i  ;iinv>t'>r 
.it'  lln-  t'aniiU  that  had  t'«  -Ih  i\ved  Hidc\a-u  t»  l''nkni  in  the  >i\1fflit  h 
reiiturv.  The\-  wei'e  im\\  tall  and  ;^i'a\e  M-ntineU,  of  iniu'ht\  ^irth 
.iipl  uidc-spn-adiiiLT  liinlis,  tliat  nu-a.-urcil  their  height  l>v  rnd>  ;uid  their 
>hadu\v>  liv  t'urloiiL;'-.  I  >\  day  they  ea-1  u'ralet'nl  -hade,  and  at  ni^ht 
>i  ft  dl  tiie  niiiiiiilicaiiis,  iivi-r  t  hf  ]>at  h.  Near  1  he  end  c  <l'  the  i1.  iurt-\  aril 
\'>a-  the  main  u'ale,  made  nf  \\lide  tivi'-tnmks  and  eiM\\ned  \<\  an  im- 
jin-iii^-  nn  if.  .lu-l  \\ithin  it  ua-  the  |H.riei-'- 
1'id^'e,  where  a  Mudi'Mi-  uld  iiHint-lxin  (^ali- 


men    nf    rank    and    ntliee.       lie    u-uall\     had 

hN   HUM'   ili-ide  a  i k   \\  hell    I   -au    him.   t'i  'I' 

he    uas    a    Li't'eat     reader,   ami    near- -i^'hted. 

\eai'     tile      |cldn'(.       \\;;~      ;|      I'luillp      <  '  t       tl'I't'S     'Hid 

Ti  ''  "'  ':<!:  ">~  ''  ••''-';"'••"  '•'•  lielleath  their  >hadi>W  and  prnteetinll  had 
lieell  the  fallli!\  -hl'ille.  It  U  a-  all  al'l;  ellt  "ill  »f  -i'lid  -tiilH'.  t'"lll' 
feet  lii'jh.  \\itliin  il  had  lieeii  tin  -a  '!''.'!  \a-e-,  niiri'iir,  and  \\hitf 
jiajii-r.  ail  h^U  -\inl>.>!-.  nf  ihe  Shinl  '  faith,  wliii'li  the  famiU  ]•]•••- 

fc-M-d.  \n     arnlind     til'1     rin\\      I!ee,']eeted     Ll'ai'dell      \\efe     lilii-.s.,  ,]ni|,M-     ,•;,- 

..-.  !'ed  a-  maiden   lilii-he-.  nr  ulnie  a-  un-tained   mmieem-e.      <  >n 

led     here     alld     1  llel'i       v     '  '        l/ali  a-    alid     a>tfl'N    \\  el'i 

-•e\erai    d\\arfed    pirn-.       Ihe    niekerv   and   ti-h-jmnd.  Inn^-  ne^lreird. 

Wel'e     II1,  el'Lrl"n\\  11      and      -eal'eel\      pel'i'i -pi  1 1  ill'.          l'!\idel:tl\      il      had     In-eli     a 

eharmin.1  plaee  n|  ^ivai  l"-aiH\.  t^r  the  traee-  \\ere  \  et  t<>  he  -eeii 
"t  i'lii: MI'  ' -are  atpl  ad nnn in-lit.  T<>  the  i  Li'ht  \\a-  an  arm  n!  one  i>f 
the  I'.'i-tlr  nmat-.  '  ni;1  water.  1  '><  \~<>\i>\  it-  I'aiik-  and  iim-.-v 

a'id    ll-'Wer  ileeked    -l   'i       w  '     -    wen     the    -'ardeii-    n  f    several    >amui'ai 
-.  in    \\liii-li    -\\i     '  •;  idl'i  n    pla\ed,  nl'   lm\-   ti-li''d. 

-r    prett\    u'ii'l-   came    dnwi     '  i|     iii    :   n     |ntn-    lln\vcrs.      The   ei-hii 

r    llli'ITX     lail-1  e.         I  'I     ;  In'     deep     part-     nf     1  he 

-•  i ••  "im.  el,.ar    a-    er\ -tal.   darted    the    hlaek,    -ilverv.   nr    spd-kled     ti-li  : 
el         il  _••.••  'ii'i  ie-  erau  led  and    -1  ue|<   ;  heii; 


LIFE  IN  A  JAPANESE  HOUSE.  4:i7 

wedge-like  noses  above  the  water.  In  summer  the  lotus-flowers  grew 
and  bloomed,  slowly  rising  from  the  long  roots  in  the  ooze,  unfolding 
their  tirst  emerging  tips  into  glorious  coneave  sliields  of  green,  two 
feet  in  diameter,  corded  beneath  like  the  veins  of  a  gladiator,  and  hold- 
ing on  their  bosses  translucent  pebbles  of  dew.  Then  rose  the  closed 
bolls,  like  a  clasped  hand  that  trembled  with  the  trembling  water,  <i'iv- 
inii1  no  i-iun  of  the  beuutv  within — 'the  mighty  tiower  in  its  bosom. 
Then,  as  the  sunshine  of  summer  fell  aslant  the  cool  water,  the  boll, 
tenderly  and  shyly,  as  if  afraid,  unfolded  day  by  day  until  the  splen- 
did revelation  of  the  lotus  was  complete.  Massive  shield  and  u'lorions 
flower  made  a  picture  of  unearthly  loveliness  to  the  child  who  strore 
to  pluck  the  remote  beauty,  or  to  the  adult  to  whom  the  lotus-flower 
is  the  emblem  of  eternal  calm.  The  little  Japanese  child  who  tirst, 
with  the  glorifying  eyes  of  childhood,  looks  upon  its  purity,  tinds  in  it 
an  object  of  unspeakable  delight.  The  mature  believer  in  Buddha 
sees  in  it  shadowed  forth  creative  power,  universe,  and  world-growth. 
The  "  lotus  springs  from  the  mud"  is  ever  the  answer  of  the  Asiatic 
to  him  who  teaches  that  the  human  heart  is  corrupt,  and  unable  to 
eleanse  itself.  The  calyx  of  the  lotus  is  a  triangle  whose  bast.'  is  a  cir- 
cle— symbols  of  spirit  and  form,  of  eternity  and  triunity.  In  Nirvana, 
Buddha  sits  on  a  lotus-flower.  As  the  mortal  body  of  the  believer  ap- 
proaches the  cremation  house,  that  the  borrowed  elements  of  his  body 
may  be  liberated  from  their  fleshly  prison  and  returned  to  their  pri- 
mordial earth  and  air,  a  stone  carved  to  represent  a  lotus-flower  re- 
ceives the  bier.  To  the  Buddhist  the  lotus  is  a  thing  of  beauty,  a  jo\ 
forever,  because  the  constant  symbol  of  poetic  and  religious  truth. 

I  was  glad  they  had  put  me  in  this  old  mansion.  It  was  full  «f 
sui^e-tive  history.  It  had  been  a  home.  l.'aii'an,  heathen,  Asiatic — 
it  mattered  not;  it.  was  a  home.  Here  in  thi-  garden  the  infant  had 
been  earned  until  a  child — growing  up,  the  playmate  of  the  flowcr.- 
and  birds,  amidst  Nature,  until  it.  knew  her  moods,  and  loved  her  with 
the  passionate  fondness  for  her  which  is  so  intense  in  the  people  of 
the-e  islands.  Here  children  played  amon^  the  flowers,  caught  then' 
tirst  butterflies,  be^an  their  tirst  stratagem  by  decoying  the  nnwarv  ii-h 
with  the  hook,  and  picked  off  the  lotus  petals  for  banners,  the  lea\v< 
for  sun-shades,  and  the  round  seeds  to  eat,  or  roll  like  marble.-.  Then, 
as  the  boys  ;/rew  up,  they  put  on  the  swords,  shaved  oil'  their  fore-hair, 
and  progressed  in  the  Ion-  of  <'hinese  sages  and  natUe  historians,  and 
were  tired  with  the  narratives  of  the  exploits  of  Taiko  and  Voritoiiio 
and  Ivevasu  ;  while  the  ".'iris  gre\\  in  woinanlv  u'raee  and  beautv.  and 


}:S  Tilt:  MIKAIxi'S   EM  VI  UK. 

in  In  HIM  -In  'M  i'tit|ilrttt'  Mini  -I  lid  ird  tin-  "  \\  i  ')HMii'~ 
i,  i     ;  '    •  _."      Tiirii   had  runic  ill.'  IIIMITIM^V  ivivinmiinl,  \\itli  n- 

\    .\\s.  and    nrldr    \\itlliHlt    pl-'h-t     Dl1    "Hi'-iMl,   f"!l"Wrd    !i\     frMiil 
.   lll!l>ii'.  ilMlIfC.  Mild     i'X''llMll'J.'i'    «'f    lU'i'M'lit-.         IIiTr    tilt1    lil'idi' 

ln'i'.-iinc  iiM'tlitT.       ll''!!'-'1.  afttT   "iif    liiiiidrrd    I!M\S,  >ln>   went    \\itli   Ini' 


.•ill   •!    t"   tin'   trlliilf.   ullfff   tllf    I'tilifil    Mild    >llM\rll    I'.'llX.t1    \\lMti'   M    lI 


i«i  d    IHMII}  T:.    -i     |-""lll-   li:id    i  I'ln.rd    \\ith 

.    ._  ':'•   I'.  •  'I1   I  •  I  ^i  i!i-  i  if  -T;,   ('.        I  li'tP'f 

In-  linilio  i .}'   l-tvi-d  |i:irrnt- 

•'•'.•'        \  riuiii.     Thf  fuii''rai  n  .ri'—v.  \\  i:  ii 

-,  Miid  IK   ir-''  ••!  jp'.ii  I  l">nn'  "ii  ('•  nir  ni''ii*>  -if  'iild'-i1-, 

'.   :'   i   r.'Si'd   !"  -\\/<  -  MI,"  !    !;i-  '.    ii  •               HIM!    d  ri'---   Miid    liintlli'd    -\\  "I'd--, 

:    \ .  'iin-ii  in   pun-  u  hit'    '•  •'  i""ii-liki'  i-aji>  t»f  ll">-  .silk, 


LIFE  IX  A  JAPANESE  HOUSE.  439 

had  passed  ..ut  this  ^ate.  Prayers  had  been  read,  candles  lighted,  bells 
tinkled,  the  corpse  laid  on  the  pyre,  and  the  tire  lighted  by  the  broth- 
er of  the  deceased,  and  the  ashes  deposited  in  the  va>e  in  the  family 
monument  in  that  cemetery  beside  the  mountain  yonder.  In  this  fam- 
iiv  oratorv  a  new  black  tablet,  gilt-lettered,  was,  set  amon^  the  ances- 
tral names,  to  be  honored  through  coming  generations. 

Every  day  some  new  disco\ery  showed  me  that  this  had  been  a 
home.  Birth,  marriage1,  death,  sickness,  sorrow,  joy,  banquet — all  the 
fullness  of  life,  though  not  like  ours,  had  sanctified  it.  I  thought  of 
the  many  journeys  to  Ycdo  and  Kioto  of  the  father  on  business,  the 
>ons  on  travel  for  culture  and  education,  and  the  daughter  for  relig- 
ion's sake,  or  to  the  distant  home  of  her  hu.-batid.  I  pictured  the 
festival  days,  the  feast  of  dolls  for  the  girls,  when  the  great  nurserv- 
room  was  docked  with  all  the  rich  tovs  with  which  s/irls  delight  to 
mimic  the  real  life  of  motherhood  and  housekeeping,  which  is  but  a 
few  years  oil.  There  stood  the  bamboo  poles  on  which  was  huii'j;  the 
huii'e  paper  car]),  to  show  that  a  bov  had  been  born  during  the  \  ear, 
or  that  the  h'-ir  of  the  house  would  rise  in  the  world  and  surmount 
ail  difficulties,  like  a  carp  leaps  the  water-fall.  New-year's-day  had 
come-  to  this  house,  the  only  time  when  profound  Sabbath  reign>  in 
•Japan.  Then  the  servants  and  retainers  pledged  anew  their  loyalty, 
congratulated  their  master,  and  received,  gifts  of  money  and  clothes. 
I  thought  of  the  religious  festivals  when  the  man-ion  and  all  the  ten- 
antry of  the  estate  hung  out  u'av  lanterns,  and  the  master's  household. 
like  a  great  heart,  sympathixed  in  the  birth,  death,  marriage,  sorrow, 
or  joy  of  the  tenantry.  Thus,  for  centuries  in  this  duelling,  and  oh 
tin-  ancestral  c-tate,  lived  the  family  in  peace  and  prosperity. 

Then  came  foreigners  and  many  troubles — civil  war,  revolution,  the 
o\erthro\v  of  the  sho^un,  the  restoration  of  the  mikado,  the  threaten- 
ed abolition  of  the  feudal  system.  Great  changes  altered  the  condi- 
tion of  Fukui.  The  re\enues  of  the  estate  were  reduced,  the  family 
moved  to  humbler  miarters,  the  retainers  and.  tenantry  dispersed,  and 
T:io\\  the  foreigner  was  here. 

All  this  I  found  out  u'raduallv,  but  with  cadi  bit  of  revelation  the 
:>\<l  mansion  \\ore  new  charms.  I  loved  to  walk  in  the  u'rand  old  gar- 
den at  ni^ht,  .-hut  in  from  all  but  the  stars  and  the  faint  murmur  ot 
the  citv,  and  the  few  glimmering  lights  on  the  mountain  a<-ro-s  the 
river,  or  when  the  moon  -ifted  her  beams  through  the  tall  tir>.  or 
bathed  her  face  amon^  the  lotus-flowers  in  the  moat,  or  -ilvcivd  the 
ivy  on  the  wall.  I  had  come  hither  to  be  a  builder  of  knowledge,  to 


Mil  THE  MIKADO'S  7iM/7Y /,'/.'. 

help  drini:  tin-  new  civili/.atioii  that  mu-t  de-troy  tin-  old.  \\'i  it  wa.- 
hard  t<>  de  an  ieoiioela-t.  1  often  a-ked  mv-elf  the  <|Ue-tion —  \\  h\ 
lint  lea\e  the-e  people  alone.'  Tlirv  .-eei  ii  to  lie  liaj)j>y  enough;  ami 
•  inerea-eth  knou  ledii'e  incivaseth  -orrow.  Tin-  -aeivdiie-s  of 
human  delief  and  reverence  ha<l  consecrated  even  tin-  old  -lirine,  and 
other  hand-  than  mine  mu-t  reino\e  tin-  .-tones  of  the  de-erted  fane. 
\\iiat  \  ui^aritv  to  make  a  dining-room  of  tin-  fainilv  oratory.  \\heiv 
tiir  ance-tral  tadlets  mn'*1  stood,  and  the  >aiTrd  li^hi-  and  inc.'ii-r  l.urii- 
i-d  !  1  found  tird  to  the  front  of  the  hoii-c  a  ca>c  of  ii^ht  \\ood.  roti- 
laininu1  an  amulet,  \\ritteii  in  San-krit  and  ChiiirM1,  for  tin1  jirotn'tioi, 
of  ihe  house.  I  took  it  down,  for  I  had  no  faith  in  it-  protection; 
Mil  I  kept  it  earefullv  a<  a  eurio[i-»  memento,  ln-eause  other-  had  tru-t- 
e.l  in  il.  and  everv  tiling  human  i-  >aeivd,  e\en  faith,  if  our  o\\n  i-. 
i  found  nailed  on  the  inner  lintel  of  the  ^Teat  u'ate  a  pile  of  eharm-  of 

lliin  \\ 1.  to  \\ard  off  di>ea-e  and  evil.  <  >ne  had  1'eeii  added  everv 

yea!',  like  >trat;i  upon  strata,  until  the  de[io-it  wa-  a  half-foot  thiek. 
'I'hev  had  on  them  the  name  and  >eal  of  the  temple  in  \\hieh  thev  had 
lieeii  written,  and  \\ere  i n-'-ril n-i  1  with  Sanskrit  quotations  from  the 
>a-ivd  1 k-. 

I'nder  tin-  new  administration,  the  ]>trx<nu«l  of  niv  e-t;il,li-hme!)! 
\\a-  a-  follow-;  M\-  iiiti-rjuvti-r,  [\\al>uehi,  oeeiipied  a  plea-ant  little 
h"ii-e  iii  the  ivar  and  uithin  eall.  >o  a-  to  !.e  readv  to  a--i-1  me  \\hen 
visitor-  eame.  though  nio-t  of  them  uent  iir-t  to  I  \\  al'ii'-hi'-  hou-e. 
I  found  that  e\e:i  in  the  kitehen  the  feudal  -p'uit  of  ^rade-  and  rank- 
\\a-  -trii-tl\  oli-i-rvil.  \|\  eook  had  an  a--i-tant.  uiio  tiim-elf  had  a 
-mall  lioy.  uho  often  hii'ed  other  -mall  !>o\-  to  ijo  hi-  \\ork.  .M  v 
"  lioy."  or  |MH|\  - -ervant.  had  another  man  to  help  him.  K\eii  the 
l-etto,  ir  ^i'oniii.  empl,.\,'d  an  iindi'i'liiiir  to  do  ail  the  aeinal  manual 
\\ork.  Theoivtieali v.  i'  re.jiiired  a  lar-'e  foivr  of  men  to  ^uard  and 
\\  lit  on  the  foreigner,  aii'l  1  \\a-  aina/ed  to  tind  mx'-elf  so  fanioii-  and 
-urro,n:ded. 

T  '  ;  •  _''.  il  tl  •  height  of  rank  and  honor;  tir-t.  there  \\a.-  the  dai- 
mio'-  o|li  r.  '•  iiad  liei  ii  appoint,. d  to  |o,,k  after  m\  wants.  lie 
had  an  olli  i|-,.  in  on,,  of  the  di-tant  room-  ,,f  the  luiildiiiLT. 

I     lidc-l'    him    \\Il-    :.  -o    a    clcl'k.         'I'lie-e    tiller    j)lell    \\ere 

<•  >a-ide|-eii    nei  «•-•  iii'i'-    \Mi'e   k  1 1  o  u  n   to    have   many    \\ant-. 

to  ivijiiire  troii!,le-on  ,     .  •      ;j  ,!,.      Tiiep,  the  foivi-'iier  \\-a-  a  -tran-vr 

e'lt\    and    lie!-'  '  people    u  i  re    u  n  fain  i  liar   \\  it  h 

:'  hi-  -trance  dived,  -omi    of  them   mi^ht   in-ult   him.  or  a   \\  in- 
:    •  n_    /../    ( foreigner- hater)    :  i    him.  in    \\hieh    ea-e    an    iii- 


LIFE  IX  A  JAPANESE  HOUSE. 


441 


denniitv  of  fiftv  thousand  dollars  would  have  to  he  paid  hy  the  Gov- 
ernment. Hence,  four  stalwart  samurai,  cadi  with  their  two  swords, 
were  set  apart  for  my  protection.  These  escorted  me  to  and  from 
school,  and  went  with  me  in  mv  walks  and  rides,  and  at  first  were 
verv  serviceable  u'uides,  until  mv  familiarity  with  the  language  and 
people,  and  my  perception  of  their  perfectly  harmless  character,  made 
these  armed  men  bores.  Thcv  performed  duty  on  alternate  davs,  and 
occupied  a  part  of  the  long  house  to  the  left.  Tlvn,  there  were  five 
or  six  of  the  larger  students,  who  wished  to  live  near  their  teacher. 
Thev  occupied  another  room  under  the  same  roof  with  the  four 
guards.  At  the  rear  entrance  to  the  inclosure  of  mv  house  was  an- 
other u;ate  and  porter's  lodu'e,  in  which  a  man  kept  watch  and  ward, 
admitting  none  but  the  privileged,  though  all  who  entered  here  were 
of  much  lower  rank  than  tho-e  who  came  to  the  front  gate.  To  man 
the  two  gates — front  and  rear — a  corps  of  eight  men  were  appointed, 
who  did  diitv  alternately.  Their  duties  were  not  onerous.  They  con- 
si-ted  in  reading,  eating,  sleeping,  drinking  tea,  bowing  to  me  as  I 
passed,  am!  keeping1  out  strangers.  The  lonu'  house,  stretching  awav 
to  the  ea>t\\anl,  \\  as  full  of  folks  of  the  humbler  sort,  with  manv  chil- 
dreii  and  babies  and  of  dons  not  a  few.  These- youngsters,  with  their 
•  jiiaint  dres-,  curiouslv  sliaved  heads,  and  odd  ways,  were  often  a 
.Miiirce  of  "'feat  amusement  to  me.  The  fun  reached  its  climax  when 
th'.'V  attempted  to  walk  bamboo  poles  ur  turn  somersaults  on  them. 


Boys  playinir  on  Bamboo  Burs.     (Ilokusai.) 


n-2 


AM// >iu K. 


often   :>     '  ''•!'  ni"ti»n    I'lvominu;  real  ^ym.ca-t-,  in  the  rtvnii  i!o._r- 

i.'.-il    -!•!!-.•    i 'f    ili>'    word.      Iii    imitat  'HILT    WTestlinn'-matchi'S,  they    made 

i  of  -and  I'iii'j.'"'!  l>v  Iwi-ted  ri'-e— traw ,  and  thru  the  nude 

-  nl    humanity,  -ome  uf  them   less  than   four  Year-  old. 

-tamped    their   feet,  cat    their   -alt.  rin-ed   their   mouth-.  >lapped   their 

ktifi-i.  and    thru   i-liiii'hi'd    in    niiniir    IML;'IJ.  tiiLi'u'inu'   a\\av   until   victory 

\\a-  ili-i'lan-il   fur  "]!,•   ,,]•  tin-  dthcr,  \>\   the    Lilliputian  j;i<li;v  uith   f.-.n 

I.       Kvcii   the  iipplaiisi*,  to  tin1   ra-tinu'  in   thr    rinu'   <>f  fan-   ainl 

Li'anii'/nts  t"  In1  ivilri'iiinl,  a-  in  the  real  triumph  <>f  the  elephant  iue  fat 

s,  \\lnt  linik  a-  tlnniu'h  >tutTed   \\ith  Miililier  K\    mean-  i«f  a  -au- 

.'\\ei-.\\ere   ^iveii    \\ith   cinnical   ai'ciirai'v    of  imitation.      \\'li.  n 

infant    Ueivnles   --.>t   h^M  ,,f  hi^  auta^oin-;'-  clout  —  the  inasti-r- 

^ri[i  of  the  u'ame,  \\hieh  put  the   unluckv  one  "in  c-haiicol'V,"  a  -h»ut 


(.  '    V    '  iry. 

-,  •  :.•  '  '[•-   like  the   U'  'man   "  /"'/»  /  "  or  the   modern 

•       !     - .     ,  'In  'i    I'-.  \'.\  e!|      t  !h  •     d'  '•_:'-      --erllled     i'  '     I    'i  ['  '\       till        fl  1  1 1 .     U  ll  !  1 1  ' 

n;. >tln  r-    and    uur-e- maid-,   \\ith    hahio  -t'Mpped    on   their   haek-.  ovei1- 
|]..\\  ei]  if   pala\  el1. 

<  <:   :  ~e  I  must  not   omit   mi-nt  ion.      Mv  ->  i  \  - 

','.'•••  i-  -•  ..  •  •  •    i     •    (  r^'ht  to  me  on  t  he  tii'-1  da\   of  m\   ari'i\  al.  and 

-l,o\\u    hi-    fui'iri     ma-tei'.       l;:i!.ii!:    down   upon    hi-   haiid-    and    knee-, 
aiid  !"  '^  MI  _•  n  iirmuivd   ~>  "Hi1  ;  liin^   \\  liieh 

A  a-  ;IH  |  ^'. "  "1  aiid   faithful   -ervii-i-.       I  h«-n.  rai-- 

kn.-i--   aiid   h.  el-,  and   waited   further  or- 
j.-r-.      I     '\\  li    i    v.  a-  ii1  't    pP  p.  --i  --"  d.      Sah  i  !    \\  a-  1"  --  than   -i  \t  \    iiii-ln  - 

'    _;       ip-,    tl'l'     1|.  i-e I!'  't 

lili-  it.-r  !,:;"•  -• 
tin    l'i\\  "•[•  '    ..•-•-.       II  a-  '  >f  t  he   IIP  '-t    uti-at  i- 


LIFE  IX  A  JAPANESE  HOl'.^E.  44 o 

factory  tint.  TTis  motions  were  ungraceful.  His  hands  and  foot,  for 
a  Xihonese,  were  elum-v.  His  scalp  and  cue — strong  points  in  the 
tout  enxt'iiililc  of  a  handsome  native  —  were  not  attractive.  My  first 
sight  of  him  awakened  ivgivts  that  Sasaki  had  not  selected  a  hand- 
somer specimen  of  his  people  to  wait  on  me.  AVlten  one  has  a  stran- 
ger dailv  under  his  nose  ami  eyes  the  aesthetics  of  physical  form  and 
face  assume  a  vast  decree  of  importance,  I  vearned  for  a  more  comely 
form,  more  attractive  face,  and  more  delicately  tinted  -kin.  I  thought 
of  the  pretty  pau'es  in  the  prince's  palace,  and  tin-  tine-looking  boys 
with  smooth,  Cdfe-au-hut  skins  and  rosy  cheeks  in  school.  "  I  shall 
keep  Sahei  a  few  weeks  in  deference  to  the  oilicial  who  recommended 
him;  then  I  shall  u'et  a  handsomer  boy,"  thought  I,  as  I  dismissed 
liiin  for  a  while.  1  was  also. at  first  disappointed  in  my  new  servant, 
supposing  him  to  be  single.  I  had  intended  to  have  a  married  man 
with  a  family,  that  I  mi^'ht  be  able  to  see  more  of  actual  Japanese  life 
under  mv  own  roof.  A  bachelor's  quarters  afford  a  poor  field  for  the 
study  of  the  home  life  of  a  people.  1  was  greatly  and  pleasantly  dis- 
appointed. Sahei  was  not  from  the  rice-fields.  .He  had  traveled  to 
Tokio,  had  been  in  the  war  as  a  page,  and  was  intelligent  and  fit  to 
wait  on  a  gentleman.  He  had  once  been  a  carpenter  by  trade,  and 
"oiild  do  handv  jobs  about  the  house,  and  he  did  help  me  greatly  to 
make1  things  comfortable  when  it  would  cost  too  much  time  and  trou- 
ble to  set  the  whole  official  machinery  of  Fukui  in  motion  to  drive  a 
nail,  or  put  up  a  shelf  for  flower-vase,  or  a  little  Paris  clock.  Sahei 
was  more  comely  in  character  than  in  person.  Cheerful,  faithful,  dili- 
gent, careful  of  his  master,  quick  to  answer  his  call,  tender  of  him  a> 
to  a  child,  and  though  a  heathen,  Sahei  was,  according  to  Pope's  defi- 
nition, the  noblest  work  of  (iod.  He  was  not  only  honest  in  handl'ini:' 
lii>  master's  money,  but  as  alert  a>  a  watch-dog  to  u'uaid  against  im- 
position, or  loss  through  ignorance.  Furthermore.  Sahei  had  a  famih 
— wife,  baby,  and  child's  maid.  This  I  did  not  learn  until  a  week  aft- 
erward, when  he  came  to  announce  with  shame,  and  as  if  expecting  m\ 
displeasure,  that  he  had  a  wife;  she  waiting  behind  the  entry  door-way 
to  hear  what  tin  ilm/im  win  (master)  would  sav.  Miifht  he  present 
her  to  me.'  His  delight  at  my  pleased  surprise  betrayed  it-elf  in  a 
broad  LH'in,  and  in  a  moment  more  he  was  leading  his  bain-  h\  the 
hand,  while  his  wife  waddled  forward,  accompanied  by  her  little  maid. 
Mother,  baby,  and  maid,  in  succession,  fell  on  their  km  e-.  and  polished 
their  foreheads  on  their  hands  laid  prone  on  the  matting.  Then,  -it- 
titiLT  on  their  heel-,  they  bashfully  looked  up  at  their  new  master.  ! 


144  Tin-:  MIKADO'S  KM  run-:. 

Lid  t!.,  m  all  -tand  ii]>.  and  took  their  photograph  in  my  eye.  Tin- 
imp"-in_:  ph\-iijUi'  "i  N';--.  Saln-i  utterly  dwarfed  her  in-i^nitii-aiit  l,,rd, 

_;-'jv-ted  a  e,,ntra-t    Letvveeii  a  pudding  ;ind  a  tart.      She  \\a-  i>f 

i;\    tinted   -kin  of  lighter   -hade.  \\ith    Llaek    eyes   that    sparkled 

a-  th"ii_di   ln-r  head  weiv  a  voltaie   oatterv  and  her  e\  e-  the  terminal-. 

aeijiiaintaii.-e  cniitinnrd  m\   impre— i,,n-  ,,f  h,-r.     She  ua-  an  af- 

nate  nii'tlit-r.  and  a  jealoii-  and  '-.an-fii!  \\if,-.  ( '..ntinuallv  LuL- 
L'ini:'  over  u  it  h  fun.  -he  reminded  me,  w  In-n  lau^hini;'.  "f  a  ln>\v  1  full  ,  >f 
jell\  when  well  -hakeii.  She  wa-a  diligent  worker.  Her  tongue  w  a- 

a-    -harp    a-  a  fiv-hlv   honed   razor,  e-[ ia'U    after  ln-r  lie^v  l'>rd  had 

-pen,   i'  i'  mu,-!i  iiiniiev  mi  iiiislni.-!  and  -akr  :    }',>r  tin-  Mtli,-rui-e  e\em 

Sahei  had  tw,>  \veakiie>sfs,  wh'n-h  were  evident  even  tn  hi-  ma-- 
ter.  II'-  would  <H'ca>ii>nally  make  hi-  throat  a  funnel  f,,r  -ake.  and  he 

teil  t,,  -pi-nd  an  oeeasioiial  i-vejiin^-  amidst  tin-  ta-'-mati,  >n-  ut 
the  >in^iniT  ^irl-,  eMiuin^  Imme  late  at  ni^ht.  \vith  t!u-ln-d  vein-  and  a 
-iama^'-d  ]iiir-e.  t"  meet  with  a  ( 'aiidle  leetui'e  i,n  hi-  return.  IL-ri- 
vv  a-  the  Lakiifu.  or  "  I'urtain  U'MV  ,-rnm,-nt.  ,,*  a  -,'rt  nuiti1  clitTereut  fn>in 
thai  \\e  n-ad  of  at  Kamakiira.  I  al\\av>  kin-u.  Lv  >aln-i'-  -h,-i-pi-!i 
l,H,k-  and  tin-  general  tla\"r  »f  deinoralixat ion  in  hi-  :ippearan<-e  :n-\t 
nn  ,rnin^.  u  hen  In-  had  Leen  eating  f"rLidd'-n  and  ,-M-;!\  fruit. 

Tin     L;ii,\    wa-  as    pr,-tt\    and   l'riu'lit-eve,l   a   m  -i'-,-l    ,.f   tl,--h    a-   one 
i-.iiild  \\:-i;  [M  -ee.       lli-  name  u  a-  S-itaro  ( tir-1 -I  ,,.rn  darling  of  Saln-ii. 

I  L    wa-  t  v\ . ,  v  ear-  old.  iii-1  aLle  t, ,  k,-,-p  hi-  eentr<j  «\'  ii'rav  it  v .  and  vov- 
a_,'  a'-i'M—  tin    I-MMIII-  and   thr-'ir^h   the  h"U-e,  with   o!il\    an   Meea-i"iia! 

Mil   tin-    mattin  •'.       l»a!'V.  on    h;-   tir-t    int  r"dii,-ti"N.  L ,.!,  ',,-d    hi- 
i 

t.-aelierl.  hi-  Lal>\    talk   ma  kin-'  it    —  und  like  "  eln-n-ehev ."       I   i  mined  i- 
1  key."        I.,-'    Ill"    -_d\  ,-    hi-    pliMMi.jjapll.       <  "he!l- 

ke\  wa-  -i  ,  i  •  LLv  LMV  .  u  ith  ro-v  eln-ek-.  -jiarklii  _  :  •'.  n-k  i-vi-s.  -kin  a!- 
ni"-t  a-  liLihl  '  '  -  '  and  a-  -nft  and  -niooth  a-  -in  Ainerieaii  niotln-r'- 
daT'ii;iLT.  II;-  !n-ad  wa-  -haved  t-ntir  iv.  exei-pt  a  round  -pot  on  the 
La-'k  part  :  I  !  i\  <•  pate  ,  'in-e  a  w  e.-|. .  and 

i-ii.'i    '    LI  p!   '  I   and  uliole-omr  th-i.t  a  romp  with  him  raiv- 

'\    involved  daii'.;j,    from  -ti'-k\    liji-  or  -oiled  !'-i!,\    hand-. 

I    imi-t    !i"t    :    •  _    -    II     i!i   |j,    i-tniv ).  t  In       tt  n     maid    \\  h"  at!,  tided   to 

•    i    mad,-    !nT    La,-k   a   -eat 
n.      '  '     in    iv  a-  -    -  '  old,  a    thin,  frail,  -ad-looking  'diild. 

I 1  i'   fri--!n-ni-d  up  nndi-r  a  . .-  a  w  ;!i,-d  t!-,\\  ,-r  \\  h,  -n  ioii'-ln-d 

:     .       <  '  rd   tin-  dn  adfil!    -t»l'ic-.  al'oiit 

:  '  Timidh  .  and  w  ith  -Mppre--ed  fear. 


LIFE  IN  A  JARiXESE  HOUSE. 


445 


she  had  crime  to  trreet  the  sensei.  and  only  after  days  and  weeks  of  fa- 
miliar intercourse  and  serving  me  at  table  could  she  lay  aside  her  fears. 
Kven  then  she  was  a  sad-eyed,  dreamy  child,  always  looking  down  deep- 
ly and  solemnly  into  flowers,  <>r  ga/ing  at  the  blue  sky  or  the  distant 
, mountains,  or  watching  the  stars  at  evening.  Ohun  had  had  a  hard 
life  of  it.  Jler  mother  had  died  in  giving  her  birth,  and  the  orphan 
was  then  bandied  about  among  nurses  and  relatives  until  she  was  old 
enough  to  take  care  of  a.  baby,  when  she  was  given  as  a  servant  to 
Sahei  for  her  food  and  clothes. 

The  jic/-!<ij»>i('l  of  Sahei's  establishment  did  not  end  with  wife,  baby, 
and  maid.  It  was  not  for  the  lord  of  the  kitchen  to  draw  water,  clean 
fish,  and  do  the  work  of  the  scullery.  Not  he.  For  this  he  must 

have  a  boy.  ''That  boy"  was 
Gonji.  GonjTs  waives  were  his 
rice  and  robes  —  two  of  the  lat- 
ter per  annum.  He  was  scarce- 
ly worth  his  full  rations.  La/v. 
and  uniquely  stupid  in  sonic 
things,  and  bright  enough  in 
others,  the  keenness  of  his  ap- 
petite kept  pace  with  the  capa*'- 
itv  of  his  stomach.  .His  favorite 
occupations  were  worrying  do^s, 
playing  with  Chcnkey.  <>n  \\lioin 
he  doted,  and  amusing  himself  at 
watching  the  NOW/,  whose  very 
existence  was  a  profound  my-tery 
to  him,  and  whose  every  motion 
was  a  subject  of  wondering'  cogi- 
tation. Sometimes,  when  spruced  up,  he  enjoyed  the  honor  of  waiting 
on  the  iluuini  f«iii.  To  see  the  white  man  eat,  threw  Gonji  in  a  In-own 
study  at  once,  as  on  knees  and  heels,  with  waiter  before  him.  he  an- 
ticipated mv  \\ants. 

Kverv  day  of  my  life  in  the  old  mansion  was  full  of  no\clt\.  Kv 
cry  trhial  event  \\as  a  chink  to  let  in  a  new  ray  of  liu'ht  upon  ,lapa 
nc-e  life,  character,  or  ideas.  One  day  Obun  came  into  the  dining- 
room  after  dinner,  looking  around  for  something,  and  answering  m\ 
inquiring  eye  with  the  words  "' 0  jiutum."  "\Vhat  do  y>u  nn  an, 
'•hild  .'  I  )o  you  think"  your  mother  is  alive,  and  where  did  v<>n  learn 
that  Knu'lish 'M  \\hile  I  \\as  pondering  the  problem  of  the  possible 


.Hd  THE  MlKMtV'X  EUl'lUK. 

atV.rii;  v  i.f  tli"  .lapani-M'  \\  itli  the  Aryan  lan^ua^cs,  tin-  little  maid  >ei/ed 

;     /.,  a  p  pea  riii'.!   surprised   at    it-   i-mptiiie— .  and  \vt-nt    out. 

!  ;  found  that  o  titmnn  meant  "  lioiK-d  rice,"  wliirli  I  had  u-<  d 

!   a  llo -k  of  -acred  pigeons  lielonii'ini:-  to  the  \<\^  temple  near  1>\, 

-ometimes  tlew   into  my  garden. 

Sa      i's    familv   had    no    -ooiier   comfortal'lv    in-tailed    themsehe-    ii1 

•;.••    -er\ant>'   tjiiarter-    than    tlieir    evening    hath    mu-t    lie    ^ot    n-adv. 

I  ...•   i'id    man-ion,  like  all  Japanese   hou-r-,  wa-   provided    with   a   Inline 

.  lr>  ii   and    t'nrnaee    ijiiite    near  the  I;OUM-.  for   heating    water  for  the 

hath  taken  dailv  !'V  everv  me 'Mil  H  r  <  >f  e\  ei'\  ,la]iatn--f  family.      Alt  hoi;-'!. 

-  iiiU'wliat    familiar  \vitli  the  -i^lit    of  I-]\T-.  imioeriit   of  ti^'-lea\  «•-,  tuli-- 
i  .:-•  themselves  in   the  op.-n  >tn-et   in   1-road  daxli-'ht.  1   had  -uppo-cd 
th      [iii--eiiee   of  the    foivi^iirr  and    stranger   \\ould   deter  an\    e\hi!>i- 

f  female  midit\    ;:i  or  altoul  mv  hou-i1  i;i   I-'[;kui.      \ain  thought! 

T:        •_•-."!    wife    imio.-ciiti^    di-r.ilird,   unmindful    of   the    eold    air,   im- 

i!     r-ed    and    made    IHT    hath    aiid    toilet,  \\iih    ('hriikrv    in    her   ai-m-. 

i.     -.'..       v\  a-      ;'•  •,..  .u  :  d     l'\     (  H'llll,    till  II     l'\     her     lill-halid, 

<ionji.   in    -ui-i'r--ioii,    \\lio    had    ln-eii     al'oiit    and 

:  nu;  and  eaiTvin^  the   water.      I   e;ni   not   eall  tlu-m  -p.^eta- 

\    took    tin    inteiv-l    \\hatevir,  exc'ept    a-    a>-i-talit-.  in    the 

-  '  ti>  tin-in    v\a<   an  ordinarv   -i^'ht.  awakt-uiiiL;   no   oihe;- 

in  x  e;n_.-  a  fi-male  faee  or  hand. 

Nij'ht    '•      ie—  ii  01  ;     ^'ht    ni^'hl-  th'-v   were    m    l-'ukni.      It. 

.  '    :     •    ' :          •  led  tln-ir  lamp-      a  1<  '!:••;•   -h-nder  \\  iek  .  >f 

:         .  '    •      -   •    '          '  re   papei   -hade.l   frame, 

'   '    j  iiiti-rii,  in  1  lie  Ka-i.-  of  \v  iiicli  \\  rri-  -iiiphui1 

•    :    tlint.  -tei-l.  and    t  inder.      <  >r,  t  he\     -et   :i 

.     .        ndie.  inadi     •  •'.    v .  _;•  •  >\s .  in    a   eoj  iper, 

mdl<--1  iek  two  fei  !   hi-'Ii. 

"  i  ;  have   a  theon   of  ,-andii--."  thought    I.  "a-  Svmme- 

'     ••  '    .        llotli    tln-.rie-     are     ,,j,p,^,.il     |o     orthodoxy. 

!    a    .!:i,'aiie-e    candle    hoih    have    a    ho','-    through 

'    '    >r\    ;-   t'epi'c-eiitati\  e  ''t   a  t'aet.   \\liilctlii1   la'- 

t>  r  i-  i  '  '  -"."      The-i'  hollow  candle-  are  -t  uek  on  a 

•     ,  ,     .    ir-.      Th«    l-'n-ii'-li  aiid   l-in^li-h  !MI\  t  hi- 

•     .la:i-ii  it,  and    imiH  -rt    1  he  "  \\  a\  "  caiidle- 


•I  one-  .  -"   I  1.1      t  a  -lap  mi  -i     |nnk   drit';.-.!  !••  the 

i.        \    ti  .  •  e,.,j    in    i  \  j ,,..   \\ ;;  h 

•'".-':'  -all  -u  ater-!o._.- 


LIFE  IX  A  JAPANESE  HOUSE.  447 

ionir  that  the  \vick  had  been  entirely  corroded  by  the  action  of  the 
water,  until  the  candle  had  a  hole  entirely  through  it! 

In  inv  own  room.  I  had  my  Connecticut  lamp,  well  fed  with  I'enn- 
svlvania  petroleum. 

The  snow  had  be^un  to  melt,  and,  at  intervals,  a  heavy,  thunderous 
noise  overhead  told  of  a  huuv  sno\v->lide — the  accumulation  of  winter 
sliding  oif'.  Over  the  eastle  and  eitv  and  yashiki  ^ate*,  and  over  the 
doors  of  houses,  I  had  noticed  a  loii^  timlier  liar  riveted  to  the  roof, 
whii-h  prevented  the  snow  from  falling  on  the  heads  of  people  below, 
while  it  slid  freelv  in  other  places.  Anon  the  whirring  of  wind's,  and 
the  screaming  of  the  flocks  of  wild  geese  as  they  clove  the  air,  told 


Im\\  tlies,-  restless  hirds  enjoyed  the  ni^'ht  as  well  as  the  day.  These 
iiVoe  were  my  nocturnal  barometer.  1  could  tell  from  the  height  or 
iownes*  ,,f  their  tlight,  and  the  volume  of  xnind  of  their  throats,  \\hal 
were  the  "  weathe]-  prohaliilities  "  i'or  the  morrow. 

A  view  from  my  u'ardeii-^ate  included  the  street,  the  rivi-r-tlat-.  a 
fe\\  lioats  like  hlaek  spots  on  the  water,  tin-  bridn-e,  and  the  masts  ris- 
ing -peetrallv  hevond  Ata^o  vama  with  its  twinklitiL;'  liu'lii-.  people 
re- liming  home,  and  eoohes  liurrvini;'  alon^  \\itli  belated  ti'a\'elers. 
'1  lie  in. ion  shone  overhead,  but  vet.  dimiv  >eeii,  remind''!!  me  vividlv 
of  a  -keteh  bv  one  of  the  na!i\e  arti-;>.  whose  ^ivat  merit-  and  pe- 
culiarities I  was  then  beginning  to  appreciate  ami  distinguish.  I  could 


44S  Till:  MIKADO'S  KM  PI  RE. 

hear  thi     \oice-    outsido.  the    women's  chatting,  the  children's   prattl*  . 

T  CP  \vs  of  |-'i;kui  were  a-  numerou-.  merry,  audacious  and  ah- 
-urd  a-  their  Ma-'k  hrethren  in  tin1  pin>'-P>o-ts  of  New  Jer-ev  or  the 
corn  -  field-  of  Pennsylvania.  I  wondered  who  it  wa-  who  had  li\ed 
in  Japan  three  month-,  and  then  innocently  a.-ked  if  there  were  anv 
ITHWS  in  the  country.  Thc-e  filthy  feeder-  amu-ed  me  dailv.with 
their  n»i-v  (-(inventions,  or  their  Mjiiahhli--  around  the  kitchen  refu-e. 
<  •'•ca-ionallv  they  \eiitured  on  holder  raid-.  On  one  ucca-ioii  a  -tat'1- 
:\  raven,  -eeiiiLT  through  the  window  a  nior-el  of  Urcad  on  the  hp-ak- 
t'a-t  -tahle.  meditated  a  theft.  A  Japanese  en>w  of  the  olden  time 
Olivia  not.  in  tin1  nature  of  thin^-.  to  hi-  expected  to  understand  eitln-r 
th-1  chemical  compo-ition  or  the  ph\-ical  pr»pertie<  of  that  familial' 
alkaline  silicate  called  v.'la--.  Viewing  with  hi-  ra\  en  eve  from  hi- 
evrie  in  the  tirs  that  mor-el  of  hread.  and  knowing  well  the  \irtiii--  of 
xsheat,  our  crow  made  a  da-h  with  oiit-pread  win^-  and  heak  at  the 
hread.  Tin-  iv-iilt  was  a  !>ad!y  :-tiinn»d  hird  with  a  humped  head  and 
nearl\  hr-'keii  heak.  Nothing  daunted,  mv  "Nevermore."  v;ath<T'-<! 
him-i-lf  up.  and  proceeded  to  -urvev  the  Htuatiuii.  Here  wa-  a  m-w 
and  pu/./liii'_r  -iihje'-t  of  -tudv.  <da--  wa-  e\identlv  a  new  plienome- 
iion.  h  wa-  trail-parent  and  hard,  vet  there  wa-  the  hread.  and  the 
crow'-  craw  wa-  empty.  \\hat  wa-  it,  thi-  invi-ihle  and  piT\i-;;al 
harri'-i'.'  It  wa-  not  water,  nor  \'t  air.  iVrhap-  it  \\a-  ice.  and  N!i. 
('row  laid  hi-  "\'e  au'ain-t  th'-  pain-  t«  te-t  tin  t.-m j >erat lire — tiatti-nin1.' 
it  lik<-  a  i-h'id  it-  im-e  on  a  rain\  Suii'ia.v.  Ah!  happv  thought  !  per- 
hap-  it  w  I- uld  '.  ii-ld  t'-  Mow  -. 

I'ffx' i'1-rniitiii  iii/n/iii  r'> iii-it.  Tap.  tap.  tap.  -oundi'd  tin-  pick- like 
heak  on  tip  t"ii^h  Lrla—  pain-  with  a  n-^iilarit \  le—  gentle  than  that 
of  pin-'-  e!'on\  \i-itor.  Ai!  in  xaiii.  however:  tin-  pain1  yielded  not. 
tin-  tan!  i  '  hr.-ad  had  t"  he  \ielddi.  and  tin-  Ma--k  Tantalu-  ti.-w 
oil  \\;'::  it-  di-inal  "  N'e\  eriiiorc,"  to  report  ad\er-i-l\  to  n-  comrade-, 

ji  --I   of  the   iinknowaMe.       !  >e-pair  hr !- 

'     •    '  :  t    "1       I    pilie-tree. 

The     Ma  .•.••••,  -     ;n.  ifi  -     -UC'ie--fl|l.         \\  it  ll     llli]  >U- 

dern-i-  alm-'-t    1  '-k  ijiiite  a-  hard.  1 1n  \    \x  >  >uld   >-vi  ri 

oci-a-]oiiall\            .    '  <  >i:i     da\    <  'In  !  k-  '.    wa-  -talidiliif    "i, 

inda  m-\t   t !        .  ,       t  ;n-_r   a    rice  -era  -ktiel.  called  kimi'muri 

'  /,•'"  ,  ( ;  h'iinl'  r  --ak- - 1.  \        .       •  •    /  /•••••      :                      pi-d   fp  .m   a  1  r---  • 

:           .  to  In-  a-l'-ep.  eahnlv   watched   hi- 

•   II    'I    hite.   all'  1    '  Uriied 


LIFE  IN  A  JAPANESE  HOUSE.  449 

IIH  head  around  for  a  moment.  In  a  trice  the  black  thief  had  swoop- 
ed and  stolen  the  cake.  Au  incredible  uproar  of  caws  in  the  tree- 
tops,  a  few  tears  from  Chenkey,  and  it  was  all  over. 

Strange  to  say,  the  natives,  as  their  poetry  attests,  hear  in  the  hoarse 
notes  of  this  sable  bird  the  plaintive  sounds  of  love.  "  Concerning 
tastes,'-'  and  associations  also,  "  it  is  not  to  be  disputed."  With  us  a 
iamb  is  an  emblem  of  mildness;  with  the  Japanese,  of  stupidity,  or 
even  obstinacy.  Should  I  call  a  native  a  goose  (f/ct)i),  he  would  see  no 
more  point  in  the  allusion  than  if  I  called  him  a  turkey  or  a  pheasant. 
In  Japan,  sheep  and  tame  geese  are  unknown,  except  from  reading  of 
them.  The  wild  goose  is  one  of  the  swiftest,  most  graceful,  and  alert 
hirds.  It  is  rather  a  compliment  to  be  called  a  (Japanese)  goose. 

There  was  a  goodly  number  of  rats  in  the  old  mansion,  though  they 
rarely  disturbed  me  in  the  day-time.  Their  favorite  place  of  playing 
what  seemed  to  be  foot-ball,  or  Congress,  was  ov^-r  the  ceilings,  run- 
ning along  the  beams  immediately  above  the  rafters.  The  builder  of 
tin1  mansion  had  foreseen  the  future,  and,  with  wise  benevolence,  had 
cut  square  holes,  through  certain  portions  of  the  hue  lattice-work  that 
mi^'lit  be  spoiled  bv  irregular  gnawing,  and  thus  earned  the  gratitude 
•  >f  all  rodent  generations.  I  determined  to  be  rid  of  these  ancient 
pots,  and  went  out  in  search  of  a  cat.  I  saw  a  number  of  fat  Tahi- 
ti ia>  and  aldermanic  Thomases  which  I  asked  for,  or  offered  to  pur- 
i-ha-e,  iu  vain.  1  preferred  a  lean  feline  specimen  that  would  seek 
the  rats  from  motives  of  hunger,  but  1  could  u'et  none.  The  people 
loved  their  pets  too  well.  I>ut  one  day,  on  passing  a  hemp  shop,  1 
saw  a  good-natured  old  lady  sitting  on  her  mats,  with  a  tine  tortoise- 
s-hell tabby,  and  instantly  determined  to  get  that  cat.  Accosting  her 
with  the  usual  bow,  1  >aid,  in  mv  best  Japanese,  "  Good-morning,  old 
lady.  Will  you  sell  me  that  cat?  1  should  like  to  buy  it."  The 
American  reader  will  question  the  propriety  and  my  politeness  in 
u-ing  the  adjective  old.  Xot  so  the  Japanese.  It  is  an  honor  to  bo 
addivs>ed  or  spoken  of  as  old.  Every  one  called  me  "namei "  (elder- 
born,  or  teacher).  One  of  the  first  questions  which  a  Japanese  will 
•sk  you  is,  il  How  old  are  you  ?"  It  is  a  question  which  American  la- 
dies do  not  answer  very  promptly.  I>ut  the  questioner  masks  no  in- 
sult. It  is  not  in  the  same  spirit  as  that  of  the  vouni:'  men  s\ho  re- 
fer to  their  matornal  parent  as  the  "  old  woman."  The  old  lady  was 
pleased.  Concerning  the  sale  of  her  cat,  however,  she  demurred.  Her 
fl//-o  was  a  polite,  well-bred  animal.  I  was  a  foreigner  from  some  out- 
landi-h  place  beyond  the  sea.  Could  she  trust  JAiss  with  me'  With 


450  Till-:  MIKMJU'S  EMPIRE. 

head  inclining  fortv-tive  derives  over  her  left  shoulder,  slip  cmi-idei-ed. 
Looking  up.  -he  -aid,  "  I  will  not  -ell  veil  tin-  cat:  1'iit  it'  v»u  [nrf  it, 
YOU  ran  have  it."  <  >f  cour-e.  I  loved  it  on  the  spot.  Taking  ill'1 
name  nf  til.-  -tivct.and  iiiimlH-r  «>f  ttie  li.iii-e.  I  sent  Sahi'i  l'i«r  il.  hi 
;  in  m\  d\\  ellin^'.  it  jn'oved  in  lie  !iaml-<>tne  and  la/.y,  ui-turMn^ 
l'i;t  little  the  ancient  population,  \\liich,  however,  never  trniihled  me 
except  liy  their  frisky  n>-i>e.  My  repeated  invitation-  to  a  l>aii'jr,et  ••!' 
ar-eiiic  \vere  ;is  often  declined,  \vith  llianks  and  stpieals;  Unt  on  \\rap- 
jiini:'  u[>  ;i  Jiiece  of  sea>oiied  meat  in  a  small  l>o\  in  a  ti^ht  Kundle  of 


paper.  lhe\  partonk  hiMiriantlv  and  ->n!-ided.  '['he  old  lad\  came  nc- 
••loii.nalh  !  •  -••  li  r  fnnin  r  |n-t.  and  fo;md  in  the  foivi-'iicr'-  hoii-e  nn- 
/imit-'d  delight  nvei1  plioto^i'aph-allnim,  -tereo^cope.  and  wall  pictnn^. 
and  eiidle—  food  fni  nl  v.'o— ip.  at  the  liom,.  ,,f 

hi-r  -''ii  and  irraiidelnldn  n  -  a  \  er\  atTectinn;tte  family,  a.-  I  had  oi-ca- 
>ioii  in  \\i'ii.  ".  hut  with  a  \\>  -d;!h  —  for  -ak('\ 

Tli'-  MIO-I  ivinai'kaUi    faci  md  -,  rnini;'  tin-  niajoi'itv  of  cat-  in  Japan 
•   lhe\    have  n,,  tail-,  "r,  at   i'-i-t.  a  Me/re  -tiium  ur  tuft,  iike  a  r,ih- 


LIFE  AY  .1  JAPANESE  JIOUHE.  4.51 

Lilt's.  They  resemble  the  Manx  cat  in  this  respect.  Whether  \vhollv 
natural,  or  the  long  result  of  art,  I  could  never  satisfactorily  determine. 
It  always  stnu-k  me  as  a  great  feline  atiliction,  since  the  chief  play- 
thing of  a  kitten  is  its  tail.  To  run  around  after  their  caudal  >tumps 
was  a  M>ITV  Li'ame  in  the  Japanese  cats  compared  with  the  livelv  revo- 
lutions of  those  boasting  twelve  inches  of  tail.  An  American  u'entle* 
man  once  took  one  of  these  bob-tailed  cats  to  California.  The  creat- 
ure had  evidently  never  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  long-tailed 
brethren  of  its  species,  and  the  unwonted  sight  of  their  terminal  ap- 
pendages seemed  to  incite  the  feline  nature  of  Japan  to  the  highest 
pitch  of  jealousy  and  rajjv.  It  was  continually  biting,  scratching,  howl- 
ing, and  spitting  at  other  cats,  invariably  sei/ing  their  tails  in  it-  teeth 
wh-'ii  practicable. 

My  other  dumb  companion  in  Fukui  was  a  black  dog,  with  but  one 
eye.  It  was  an  American  don-  that  had  strayed  away  from  Yokohama, 
und  had  followed  the  daimio's  retinue  across  the  country.  Happen- 
ing to  pass  some  fanners,  who,  reversing  the  proverb  "  Love  me,  love 
mv  doM',"  and  hating  foreigners,  whom  they  believed  to  be  depend- 
ants of  these  brutes,  one  of  them  struck  the  poor  creature  in  tin 
with  a  grass-hook,  and  made  him  a  Cyclops  from  that  moment, 
via--  an  affectionate  animal,  and  apparently  fully  understood,  as  !  < 
tell  from  the  language  of  his  tail,  that  I  was  one  of  his  own  cot 
creatures,  concentrating  all  his  affection  in  his  remaining  orb. 
nio-t  amused  at  the  name  given  him  by  the  people.  The  Japane-e 
word  for  dou-  is  inn.  Some  of  the  yoiino-  men  who  had  been  to  \  o- 
koiiama  had  heard  the  "  hairy  foreigners"  calling  tlieir  dogs  by  crack- 
ing their  tinkers  and  cr\  inu'  "  ( 'oine  here."  This  the  Japanese  -up- 
poM'd  to  be  the  name  of  the  do^.  Frequently  in  Fiikui  those  \\ho 
wi-hed  to  di-[ilav  their  prolicieney  in  the  barbarian  lan^'iiau'e  \\ouM 
pomt  to  mv  canine  Cyclops,  and  cry  out  "  Look  at  that  '  Cunt c-ln n- ; 
black  he  i-  !"  "O!i!  see  how  fast  the  American  man's  '  Coine- 
i-  riinninu' !" 

\\  ith  a  cat,  a  one-eyed  do^;,  ifold-tish,*  home  (lowers,  and  plenty  of 
human  life  behind  and  about  me,  the  eitv  in  view,  the  mountain^ 
round  about,  and  the  lovely  solitude  of  Li'arden  and  trees  in  fr.>nt  of 
me,  and  my  books,  1  was  happy  in  my  immediate  surrounding'-. 


Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


X. 

ClIILDllEX'S   dAMES  AXD 

TIIK  aim  <>f  tlic  Asiatic  Society  of  Japan  is,  as  1  understand  it,  to 
endeavor  to  attain  anv  and  all  knowledge  of  the  Japanoe  country 
and  people.  Nothing  tliat  will  help  us  to  under-tand  them  is  foreign 
to  the  ol.ject-  of  this  society.  While  lan^ua^e.  literature,  art,  relig- 
ion, the  drama,  household  superstitions,  etc.,  furni-h  us  with  oljects 
worthy  of  studv,  the  Dailies  and  sports  of  the  children  deserve  our 
iiMtice.  For,  as  \ve  l>elicve,  their  amusements  retlect  the  more  serious 
atl'ai'/s  and  action-  of  mature  life.  Thev  are  the  loivtu>tes  and  the 
prophecies  of  adult  life  which  children  set-  continually;  not  alwavs 
und'T-taiidi'c_'.  hut  ever  ivadv  to  imitate  it.  Hence  in  the  toy-shops 
of  Japan  one  may  see  the  microcosm  of  Japanese  life.  In  the  chil- 
dren'- -port-  i-  enacted  the  miniature  drama  of  the  serious  life  of  the 
pap  lit-.  Aiiioii^-  a  nation  of  players  -iicli  as  the  Japaiie-e  mav  IM- 
>-aid  I"  ha\e  Iteen.  it  i-  not  a!\vay>  ea-\  to  draw  the  line  of  dcmarka 
tion  lii-t  \verii  the  di\  er-imi-  of  children  proper  and  tho-e  of  a  larger 
Lrro \\th.  Ind'-ed,  il  mi^ht  he  -aid  that  during  the  la-t  tuo  centui-ie- 
and  a  half,  prrxioii-  to  the  coming  of  foreigner-,  the  main  lui-ine-s  of 
t!ii-  nation  ua-  plav  (  Mie  of  the  happie-t  phrases  in  Mr.  Alcock's 

! k   i-  llial   "Japan   i-  a  paradi-e  of  haliies,"  he  mi-'ht    have    added, 

that  H  \sa-  al-o  a  verv  coi|M-riiial  ahoile  for  all  \\lio  ]o\e  plav.  Tin 
coniiM-!  Kctueen  tli''  <  'hiiie-e  ami  Japaiie-f  character  in  t'ui>  re-pect  is 
radical.  It  i-  laid  down  in  one  of  the  verv  last  sentence-  in  the  Tri- 
nieti ical  • 'la^>ie,  the  primer  of  e\er\  sdino]  in  the  Klowen  Land,  that 
p!a\-  i-  unprotiiaM' •!  'The  \\hole  charaeter,  mauiiers,  and  e\eii  the 
drc--,  of  the  -ed;ite  and  di^nilii'd  ( 'hinanieii,  -eein  to  he  in  keeping 
vith  that  avcr-ioii  to  rational  anm-emeut  and  atliletii'  e\er.M-es  \\hich 
ciiaracteri^e-  that  adult  \«  -pulat  \*  <\\. 

In    Japan,  on   the   contrary,  one   sees   that    the   children  of  a  larger 


CHILDREN'S   GAMES  AND  SPOUTS. 


453 


growth  enjoy  with  equal  zest  games  which  are 
same,  as  those  of  lesser  size  and  fewer  years, 
adults  do  all  in  their  power  to  provide  for 
the  children  their  full  quota  of  play  and  harm- 
less sports.  \Ye  frequently  see  full-grown  and 
able-bodied  natives  indulging  in  amusements 
which  tin;  men  of  the  \\est  lay  aside  with 
their  pinafores,  or  when  their  curls  are  cut.  Jf 
V.Q,  in  the  conceited  pride  of  our  superior  civ- 
ilization, look  down  upon  this  as  childish,  we 
must  remember  that  the  Celestial,  from  the 
pinnacle  of  his  lofty  and,  to  him,  immeasura- 
bly elevated  civilization,  looks  down  upon  our 
manly  sports  v,ith  contempt,  thinking  it  a 
condescension  even  to  notice  them. 

A  very  noticeable  change  has  passed  over 
the  Japanese  people  since  the  modern  advent 
of  foreigners,  in  respect  of  their  love  of 
amusements.  Their  sports  are  bv  no  means 
as  numerous  or  elaborate  a>  formerly,  and  they 
do  not  enter  into  them  with  the  enthusiasm 
that  formerly  characterized  them.  The  chil- 
dren's festivals  and  sports  are  rapidly  losing 
their  importance,  and  some  now  are  rarely 
seen.  Formerly  the  holidays  were  almost  as 
numerous  as  saints'  days  in  the  calendar.  Ap- 
prentice-boys had  a  liberal  quota  of  holidays 
stipulated  in  their  indentures;  and  as  the  chil- 
dren counted  the  days  before  each  great  holi- 
day on  their  tinkers,  we  may  believe  that  a 
•Treat  deal  of  digital  arithmetic,  was  being  con- 
tinually done.  We  do  not  know  of  any 
•  ountry  in  the  world  in  which  there  are  so 
many  toy-shops,  or  so  many  fairs  for  the  sale 
of  the  things  \\hich  delight  children.  Xot 
only  are  the  streets  of  every  city  abundantly 
supplied  with  shop-,  tilled  as  full  as  a  Christ- 
ma*  stocking  with  ^audy  toys,  but  in  small 
towns  and  villages  01113  or  more  children's 
bazaars  may  be  found.  The  most  gorgeous 


the  same,  or  nearly  the 
Certain  it  is  that  the 


J   5JW3& 


;:>t  TIII-:  MIKMKJ-S  KM  run-:. 

'  I-  piea-iii'.:  t«>  the  eye  .>)'  a  .Iapane-e  child  i-  f,.in:'l 

MI  tin'  •••'  ii't-  •  r  -tivcts  leading  t-«  c,-!e!  mated  temple-.      (  Mi  a  inat-uri. 

"i1   tV-'!\al    ,];iy,  the   tuy -M'llt-rs   anil    itiiii-raiit    >ln>\vmcii    iliri>ii'j;   \sitli 

attractive  wares  ..r  -i--ht-  in  fr.mt   i.f  tin-  -hrine  i.r  lempie. 

walls  and   in  cons],!, -iimis  place-  near  the  churches  and  cathc- 

iu    Kur"pc  and  Anicrii'a,  tin-  vi-itm1  is  u-uallv  regaled  \\ith  the 

if  undertaker.-'  si^ns   ainl  MTavc-di^'Ts'  a-l\ cil  i-niiriit-.        H..W 

jitiv  tin-  .lap-'tin  sr  a>'l    in  tln-st1  n-^jici-ts  h-t   ati\   mic  sec  \>\  \i-it- 

:  .,_•   A-akusa,   Kaiula   MMIMI.  «r  ma1   «f  tii,-  iiiniirnnis    In,-;n  -.lirim-s  in 

•  '!i  Mtiiu1  LiTt-at   fi'.-tival  <lav. 

\\  r  have  TH>t  -jia'-r  in  tin-  chapter  to  naiin'  «r  ilr-crilir  tl:c  iriiiin-r- 

•us   -ti'n-t -shows    aii'l    sln'N\  nii-ii    \vlin   an-   MIJ-JM.-,.!    i<.   In-   intcrc-tcil 

.    in  rintTtaiiinii:'  chiMrdi  ;   tln'ii^ii  in  ivaliu  a<li;li-  l'"iin  a  part. 

he  inajiT  part,  i'f  tlu-ii-  auilu'iH'cs.      Anv  njic  il>  >ir"iis  d"  >ccii;i; 

thc-c    in    t'ull    u'l"i'v    nn;-t    raiiil'Ic  i].i\\n   Vana^i  <  'im  (\\i!!ir.v  Sin-i-: ). 

tVi'in   S;ijikai.  in  Tukio,  nil  >"inc  fair  dav.  and  opccialiv   "ii  a  general 

!]•  'lidav. 

\iiiniiUf  tlic  !ii(i>1    roinniuN  arc  tlic  >trcct   tlu-atrii-als.  in  %\liii'li  t\\«>, 

i    lui\->  and   u'lrU  d"    M>nir   vt-rv   ci-cdiiaMc    acting, 

in  .-.•isir-ilv.      llarcc-!;,  ,\\  -.  in  \\liii-li  the  liiiikt'i'-nii  M'C<  the  in- 

>i'li'    -pi'  nd'-r-   i'f   a  'I  linii''  -  \a-hd<i,  <>r  the  ta-''!iiat  inu'  -:'ciics  «[  tip- 

;  .    •;•  -•':,.    faiii"!!-  natural    ->'i  n,  r\ ,  arc    \,-r\    '•"tniii"!).      '!'!.•• 

:  i  rlaili-    i  IK 
-     '  _•-.        T     i      •     ,'    '  \     !-         -U;,l!\      ad. Tiled 

pi  •!  'ir---  "f  :'ai  '  '         n-.  nil  :    '•  >\c-.  dc\  i!> 

•-..   dl'"p-i''a!     I 'a>  !•_.-,  r.,    and     '  ,ii-Sai,d-     i  nn.'licrin^ 

I1    -  'Hi'      -lich    -1;,p|c    In  MT'  •]'    111 

\\  liic|]  •  .l-ip-itn-  .      S;..r\        H,  ;•-.    ]..  '-1  iif'-r~. 

-.  •."•'!•-  .  '  •     p'.>  \  '•!'-.  -1  '!:•_;'  -  -iiiu'i'i1-;   arc 

f..i,i!<l     .n    tin-.    -•'-•-:   Inn  th"-c  \\|IM  -p.'riall;,  delight   the  children 

:  !'c  tli"  MM  u  \\ln  I'cath  and  tinker-.  \\«vk  a  pa-tc  made  «i 

v,  hi-a!  _'..'•'        '  '     •'  i    LTavh    >liicarcd   t<  >\  >,  -ildi   a- 

-.   i  !•.-.:.'  n.   i  n-iU.  tlic  "  hairv    )'•  a1- 

.  :--|i'T."    tin  '  ii     a  -      III'  >M1  h.    the      jili  -riki   -ha.    etc. 

N'-ar:\   i'\i  '  Iv.  -larch-cake-,  -u^arcd   ]iea-c,  and 

•       ii  tci'v    h\    \\  hidi    In-  add-    t' . 

'    •         •,',•-     •  '      .       \    :  f  a  re\  <>!\  iiiii'  an'.  '\\ .  ^  hirlcd 

the   iiand   •  •!'  a  •••:-•.  ri  n^-   \\  hich   arc  c.  in- 

c-    dc\  iU.  cr  her.  M--,  lend-  :  In 


CHILDREN'S  GAMES  AND  SrORTS.  455 

the  subsequent  addition  to  the  small  fraction  of  a  cent's  worth  to  lie 
bouu'ht.  Men  or  women  itinerants  carry  a  small  charcoal  brazier  un- 
der a  copper  griddle,  with  batter,  spoons,  cups,  and  shoyu  sauce,  to 
hire  out  for  the  price  of  a  cash  each  t<>  the  little  urchins,  who  spend 
an  afternoon  of  bliss  making  their  own  griddle-cakes  and  eating  them, 
The  seller  of  sugar-jelly  exhibits  a  devil,  taps  a  drum,  and  dances  for 
the  benefit  of  his  baby-customers.  The  seller  of  mochi  does  the  same, 
with  the  addition  of  gymnastics  and  skillful  tricks  with  balls  of 
doue'h.  The  fire-cater  rolls  balls  of  camphor  paste  glowing  with 
lambent  tire  over  his  arms,  and  then  extinguishes  them  in  his  mouth. 
The  buo'-man  harnesses  paper  carts  to  the  backs  of  beetles  with  wax, 
and  a  half-dozen  in  this  gear  will  drag  a  load  of  rice  up  an  inclined 
plane.  The  man  with  the  maii'ic  swimming  birds  tip>  his  tiny  water- 
fowl with  camphor,  and  floats  them  in  a  long  narrow  di>h  full  of  wa- 
ter. The  wooden  tovs,  propelled  from  side  to  side  and  end  to  end 
by  the  dissolving  gum,  act  as  if  alive,  to  the  widening  eyes  of  the 
youno;  spectators.  In  every  Japanese  city  there  are  scores,  if  not 
hundreds,  of  men  and  women  who  obtain  a  livelihood  by  amu-ing  the 
children. 

S.  line  of  the  Barnes  of  Japanese  children  are  of  a  national  character, 
and  are  indulged  in  bv  all  clas>es.  Others  are  purely  local  or  exclu- 
sive. Amoii'j;  the  former  are  those  which  belong  to  the  special  days, 
or  matsiiri,  which  in  the  old  calendars  enjoyed  vastly  more  importance 
than  under  the  new  one.  Beginning  with  the  first  of  the  year,  there 
are  a  number  of  panics  and  sports  peculiar  to  this  time.  The  u'iris, 
dressed  in  their  best  robes  and  girdles,  with  their  faces  powdered  and 
their  lips  [tainted,  until  they  resemble  the  peculiar  colors  seen  on  a 
beetle's  win^s,  and  their  hair  arranged  in  the  most  attractive  coiff'mv. 
are  out  upon  the  street,  playing  battledore  and  shuttlecock.  Thev 
play,  not  only  in  twos  and  threes,  but  also  in  circles.  The  shuttlecock- 
is  a  round  seed,  often  gilded,  stuck  round  with  feathers  arranged  like 
the  petals  of  a  flower.  The  battledore  is  a  wooden  bat  :  one  side  of 
which  is  of  bare  wood,  while  the  other  has  the  raised  etliu'v  of  some 
popular  actor,  hero  of  romance,  or  sinn'ing-u'irl  in  the  nio>t  ultra-Japa- 
nese style  of  beautv.  The  !/irls  evidently  highly  appreciate  ihis  ^anie. 
a>  it.  LT'IVCS  abundant  opportunity  to  the  display  of  personal  beauty, 
figure,  and  dress.  Those  who  fail  in  the  game  often  l,a\e  their  face- 
marked  with  ink,  or  a  circle  drawn  round  their  eves.  The  buys  sin^ 
a  SOIILT  that  the  wind  mav  blow:  the  ^irls  siri'j;  that  it  may  be  calm,  so 
that  their  shuttlecocks  may  tlv  straight.  The  little  girl-,  at  this  time, 


i:,(i  TUK  MiKALnf* 

plav  \\ith  a  ball  made  of  cotton  cord,  covered  elaborately  with  many 
-trand-  of  bright  varicolored  -ilk. 

In-idc  t!u-  hoit-c.  thev  have  Dailies  suited,  not  only  i'"r  the  day-time, 
luit  for  the  evening-.  Manv  foreigners  have  wondered  what  the  Jap- 
anese  do  at  niifht,  and  how  the  lon^  \\inter  evenings  are  spent.  (  »n 
fair  and  e-pecia!:v  moonlight  nights,  most  of  the  people  are  ont-of- 
doors,  and  many  of  the  children  \\ith  them.  Markets  and  fairs  are 
held  regularly  at  ni^'lit  in  Tokio,  and  in  the  other  lar^v  cities.  The 
foreigner  living  in  a  Japanc-e  citv,  even  if  lie  \\ere  blind,  could  tell,  by 
-teppin--  out-of-doors,  \\hether  the  weather  \\ere  cleai  an«l  tine  or  di.-a- 
•_:'••  eahle.  (  Mi  dark  and  -tormy  ni-'ht-.  the  -tillne--  of  a  u'l'eat  cily  like 
Tokio  i-  unbroken  and  \  erv  impiv— i\e;  but  on  a  fair  and  moonlight 
niii'ht.  the  hum  and  bustle  tell  one  that  the  people  are  out  in  thrones 
and  make  one  fed  that  it  'is  a  city  that  he  live-  in.  In  nio-t  of  the 
rastlt-  town-  in  Japan,  it  \\as  fonneriy  the  custom  of  the  people,  e-pe- 
ciaiiv  of  the  younger,  to  assemble  on  moonlight  nights  in  the  -trects 
or  open  spaces  near  the  eastle-^ates,  and  dance  a  sort  of  subdued  (lance, 
moving  round  in  circles  and  clapping  their  hands.  The.-e  danees  oft- 
en continued  dui'inu' the  entire  ni^ht.the  follo\\in^  day  l>ein^  lar^elv 
coii>iiiiied  in  >leep.  In  the  winter  evenings  in  -lapaiiese  hoii>eholils 
the  ehildi'en  ainu-e  t liciiiscl vcs  \\ith  tln-ii1  -port-,  or  are  amii-ed  bv 
their  elder-.  \\ho  tell  them  entertaining  stories.  The  -amurni  father 
relate-  to  hi-  <i in  .Japane-e  Iii>ti>r\  and  heroic  lore,  to  fii-e  him  u  it h  eii- 
thu-ia-m  aiid  a  l<-vi  of  tho-c  achievements  \\hich  cvi-ry  -amurai  \~oiith 
li'ipe-  at  -OHM  da\  to  perform.  Then  there  are  numer"ii-  -ocia!  en- 
ti-rtaiunifiit-.  at  \shich  the  ehiMren  above  a  certain  auv  are  alloweil  to 
be  pre-eiit.  llin  the  -'aine-  I'd ied  on  a-  -t a iidard  mean- of  amu-emeiit, 
and  -ecu  e-]iecia!l\  about  New-year's,  ai'e  tho-e  of  card-.  In  one  of 
the-e.  a  lai'^-e.  -ijiiaiv  -heet  of  paper  i-  laid  on  the  tloor.  <  Mi  this  ,-ur<[ 
arc  ihe  name-  ai;d  picture-  of  the  liftv-tlnve  post— talion-  between  To- 
kio  and  I\ioto.  Ai  the  place  Kioto  are  put  a  fe\\  coins.  ,,r  a  pile  of 

cake-.    .,]•    -ollle    -Hell     pl'i/e-,    alld    the    ",M!lie    i-    [ilaVed    \\itll    dice.         }-];\'-}\ 

thi-o\\  advance- tin    p   iver  to\\ai-il  1  h'-  '_roal,  and  tin-  one  arri\ iiiir  tir>1 

obtain-  the  pri/e.      .\1  I  •  ie  "f  the  year  al-o.  the  Dailies  of  card- 

call  'd.  re-pecti\ely.  I;.      ,  li      n  ,  i  \lpliabet  Card-).  H;\aku   Nin   I--hiu 

liariita  l<  >ne-\"er-e-of-(  »n,    i!  ;•     •     i     rd>).  Kokin  ^aruta,  <  Jen- 

i      HP]  Shi  fiarut  i  an    .  il'-al.      Th"  Iroha  <iai'uta  (Kamia 

,-   the    .lapani/ed    (orm    •>!    the    I  >u:.-li    l\nrt<.   I']ii'j.Tl-h    <-<ir<l)    ai'e    -mall 

.  '  a'-h  containiiiL:'  a  provi-rb.     The  pro\  erb  i-  printed  on  one  card, 

.   the   pi'-ture   illu-tratm^   i!    upon    another.       Ka.-h    proverb   be^in- 


CHILDREN'S  GAMES  AXD  SPOUTS.  457 

with  a  certain  OIK-  of  the1  fifty  Japanese  letters,  /,  ro,  /<«,  etc.,  and  so 
on  through  the  sylhibarv.  The  children  ranyv  themselves  in  a  circle, 
and  the  cards  are  shuttled  and  dealt.  One  is  appointed  to  he  reader. 
Looking  at  his  cards,  he  reads  the  proverb.  The  player  who  has  the 
picture  corresponding  to  the'  proverb  calls  out,  and  the  mutch  is  made. 
Those  who  are  rid  of  their  cards  first  win  the  game.  The  one  hold- 
ing the.  last  card  is.  the  loser.  If  he  be  a  boy,  he  has  his  face  marked 
curiously  with  ink.  If  a  girl,  she  has  a  paper  or  wi>p  of  straw  stuck 
in  her  hair. 

The  Iliaku  Xin  Isshiu  Garuta  game  consists  of  two  hundred  cards, 
on  which  are  inscribed  the  one  hundred  stan/as,  or  poems,  so  cele- 
brated and  known  in  every  household.  A  stanza  of  Japanese  poetry 
usually  consists  of  two  parts,  a  first  and  secemel,  or  upper  and  lower 
clause.  The  manner  of  playing  the  game  is  as  follows:  The  reader 
reads  half  the  stanza  on  his  card,  and  the  player  having  the  card  on 
which  the  other  half  is  written  calls  out,  and  make-  a  match.  Some 
children  he-come  so  familiar  with  these  poems  that  they  do  not  need 
to  hear  the  entire  half  of  the  stanza  reael,  but  frequently  onlv  the  liist 
word. 

The  Kokin  Garuta,  or  the  game  of  Ancient  Odes,  the:  Genji  Garuta. 
named  after  the  celebrated  Genji  (Minamoto)  family  of  the  Middle' 
AU'CS,  and  the  Shi  Garutu  are  all  card-games  of  a  similar  nature,  but 
can  be  thoroughly  enjoveel  onlv  \>\  well-educated  Chinese  scholars,  as 
the  references  and  quotations  are  written  in  Chinese,  and  require-  a 
Ljood  knowledge  of  the  Chine'se  and  Japanese  classics  to  plav  them 
well.  To  -bovs  who  are  eau'er  to  become  proficient  in  Chinese,  it  oft- 
en acts  as  an  incentive  to  be  told  that  they  will  e-njoy  these  panics 
after  certain  attainments  in  scholarship  have  been  made.  Ilavint: 
made  these  attainments,  they  play  the  i^ame  frequently,  especially  elur- 
in-j;  vacatior,  to  impress  on  their  minds  what  they  have  alreadv  learn- 
ed. The  same  benefit  to  the  memory  accrues  from  the  Iroha  and  Ili- 
akunin  I->hlu  <  iaruta. 

Two  other  games  are  played  which  may  be  said  to  have  an  educa- 
tional value.  They  are  the  ('hive  no  Ita  and  the  Chive  no  \\  a.  or 
the  "\Visdom  I>oard>"  and  the  "King  of  Wisdom."  The  former 
consists  of  a  number  of  flat,  thin  pieces  of  wood,  cut  in  main  'geomet- 
rical shapes.  Certain  possible  figures  are  printed  on  paper  a>  mode!-, 
and  the  boy  tries  to  form  them  out  of  the  pieces  u'ivcti  him.  In  some 
cases,  much  time  and  thinking  are  reqiiire-d  to  form  the  figure.  The 
','hiye  no  \\  a  is  a  ring-puzzle,  made  of  rings  of  bamboo  or  iron  on  a 


459 


Til/.'  MIKMio' S   E.MI V A' K. 


'ffi.i 

?..•*.{<*., 


3-T 


•_'anie-.  and  ciijov  them.  The  ^'ame  of  check- 
er- is  pla\ed  on  a  raised  stand  or  table,  about 
-i\  inche-  in  height.  The  number  of  >!<>,  or 
checkers,  including  black  and  white,  i>  three 
"""^  g  hundred  and  sixty.  In  the  Sho-v.'i,  or  u'ame 

if  chess,  the  pieces  number  fort v  in  all.  llaek- 
Li'amnion  i-  al>o  a  favorite  play,  and  there  are 
se\eral  form-  of  it.  About  the  time  of  the 
old  New  vear'-,  when  the  winds  of  rVbruary 
'/f  and  March  are  favorable  to  the  -port,  kite-, 
are  llown  :  and  there  are  few  -port-  in  which 
.l-ipaiie-c  bo\ -,  fi'om  the  infant  on  the  back  to 
(  the  full-u.-fow  u  and  the  over-^row  n  hov.  take 

more  deli/lit.  1  have  never  observed,  how- 
ev.-r.  as  foreign  book-  -o  often  tell  us,  old 
men  thin;-:  kites,  and  bovs  nieivlv  looking  on. 
ipauese  kite-  are  made  of  tou^h  paper 
pa-ted  on  a  frame  of  bamboo  -ti.'k-,  and  are 
u-ually  of  a  rectangular  -hape.  Some  of 
th'  m.  lio\\e\er,  are  made  to  ivpre-eiit  i-hihlreli 

•  I  lie  ii.  -  ••  er  i!  kind-  -  if  bird-  and  animals. 
fan-,  etc.  MH  ihe  rectangular  kite-  are  pi-  t- 
iire-  .  if  an  'i'  nt  licj-i "  -  <  <r  beaui  ifi'.l  w.  iiii'-u, 
r-e-,  in..;  irioii-  kind-,  or 

!,:_••    <   liiiii-c    i  liara'-ter-.       Aiie  <n^    t  he    i'aci-s 

Illo-t     fl'ei  jilelitl  V     -cell    on    tllc-e     kites    are    tlh  '-C 

.  if     V'  i-hit  -line.     Kintaro,     Voriti  ini'  >.     I '"  nkt'1, 
la.     l'oino\  e.    and     1  fau_raku.      S,  ,nie    of 

t!|e     kite-    are    -i\     feet     -'[liare.         MaliV    of    them 

i   thili   tcii-c  ribln  'ii    .  if   \\  hai'-l"  'lie  at    1  in- 
7^-F'  '  f  the    kite,  irates    in    the    wind. 

a    'oiid.    hum  m  mi;'    ii"i-e.       Ihe    bov- 
name    their    kites   (  ieii  ]i    or   1  lei  ke. 
lit'--    ml    '  ndeavi  >r-  t"  de-ti'oy  t  hat 
I     i    t  iii-  piirpo-e,  t  he   -t  rin-^.  t'  -r 

t'U  or  ;  v,  -  !.•  \  feet  near  t  he  kite  end.  i-  tir-t 
and  th'-n  dipped  into 
i.e'h  tile  -trili.''  becomes 


C'JIILDItEX'S   GAMES  ASD  SPOUTS. 


459 


covered  with   tiny  blades,  each  able  to  cut  quickly  and  deeply.      l>v 
gcttinir  the  kite  in  proper  position,  and  suddenly  sawing  the  string 
of  his  antagonist,  the  severed  kite  falls,  to  be 
reclaimed  by  the  victor. 

The  Japanese  tops  are  of  several  kinds; 
some  are  made  of  univalve  shells,  tilled  with 
wax,  Those  intended  for  contests  are  made 
of  hard  wood,  and  are  iron-clad  by  having  a 
heavv  iron  rinu"  round  as  a  sort  of  tire.  The 
boys  wind  and  throw  them  in  a  manner  some- 
what different  from  ours.  The  object  of  the 
plaver  is  to  damage  his  adversary's  top,  or  to 
make  it  cease  spinning.  The  whipping-top  is 
also  known  and  used.  liesides  the  athletic 
sports  of  leaping,  runninu1,  wrestling,  sliim'iiiLi', 
the  Japanc-c  boys  play  at  blind-man's-buff,  hid- 
ing-whoop, and  with  stilts,  pop-u-uns,  and  blow- 
guns.  On  stilts  thev  plav  various  games  and 
i  mi  races. 

In  the  Xorthern  an  1  Western  coa>t  prov- 
inces, when-  the  >now  falls  to  the  depth  of 
manv  feet  and  remains  IOIILC  on  the  ground,  it 
forms  the  material  of  the  children's  playthings 
and.  the  theatre  of  manv  of  their  sports.  JJe- 
-id>'s  -lidinu'  on  the  ice,  coasting  with  sleds, 
building  snow-forts,  and  lighting  mimic  barlcs 
\\ilh  .-now-balls,  they  make  manv  kinds  of  im- 
auvs  and  imitations  of  what  thev  set.1  and  know. 
I;i  America  the  boy's  snow-man  is  a  I'addv 
with  a  damaged  hat,  clav  pipe,  in  mouth,  and 
the  shillalah  in  his  hand.  In  Japan  the  snow- 
man is  an  ima-jv  of  Daruma.  Darnma  was  one 
of  the  followers  of  Shaka  (P.uddha)  who,  by 
IOIILI;  meditation  in  a  squatting  position,  lost  his 
leu's  from  paralvMs  and  >heer  decav.  The  im- 
an'''-  of  .Daruma  are  found  bv  the  hundreds  in 
toy --hops,  as  tobacconists'  -igns  and  as  tin1 
siiow-nicn  of  the  boys.  Occasionally  the  figure 
of  iieiho,  the  san'c  with  a  forehead  and  skull  so 
hi'_di  that  a  ladder  was  required  to  reach  his 


4»ii)  Til E  MIKADO'S 

pate,  "i-  hi;  ••;••'  cats  and  the  peculiar-shaped  do^s  seen  in  the  tov->ln>p-. 
t;tkf  tin    place  of  I  >anima. 

M',;,\  of  i!ir  amu-ement-  of  the  children  indoors  an-  mere  imita- 
tion- of  tlir  serious  affair-  of  adult  litY.  I'.oys  who  have  heeii  to  the 
tin-am-  come  home  to  imitate  tin1  celehrated  actors,  and  to  ext'-mpo- 
ri/e  mimic  theatricals  for  themselves.  Feigned  -h-km---  and  "pla\i:ii_r 
tin-  doctor,"  imitating  with  ludicrous  exactness  the  pomp  and  -oK-m 
nitv  of  the  real  man  of  pills  and  powders,  and  the  mi-erv  of  tin-  pa- 
tient, ai-e  the  diver-ions  of  very  younu'  children.  IMnner-.  tea-part ie^. 
and  even  weddings  and  funerals,  are  imitated  in  Japane>e  children's 
plays 

Ainonyj  the  ghostly  traines  intended  to  test  the  courage  of,  c.r  pi T- 
hap-  to  frighten,  children,  are  two  plavs  called  i'e-pecti\  elv  "llixaku 
Mono'^atari  "  and  "  Ivon-danu'-shi,"  or  the  u  One  Hundred  Stories"  and 
"  S.i ill  -examination."  In  the  former  plav  a  cnmpanv  of  l>.>vs  and 
i:'ii]-  a~-emi'!e  round  the  hihachi,  while  thev.  or  an  adult,  an  anvd  pei-- 
>'iii  or  a  -e|-\atit,  u-ually  relate  urhost- stories,  or  tales  calculated  to 
straighten  the  hair  and  make  the  Moml  <-ra\vl.  In  a  di-tant  dark 
ro.iin.  a  lamp  (the  u-ual  di~h  of  <.'il),  \sith  a  \viek  of  one  hundred 
strands  ur  piths  i-  set.  At  the  conclusion  of  each  -torv.  the  children 
in  turn  mu-t  L;'"  to  the  dark  room  and  remove  a  >trand  of  the  wick. 
A-  the  lamp  I'lirns  do\ui  low,  the  room  liec. urn •>  jflooiny  and  dark,  and 
tin-  la~t  l»iv,  it  i-  s,-;id.  al'.vavs  see-  a  demon,  a  Imiiv  face,  or  sniin'thiii^ 
trrril-le.  Iii  the  "  I\o!i-clamt'-~hi  "  or  "  Soul-exaJiiination."  a  i:uml'ei-  i-f 
l>o\->,  during  tin-  dav  plant  some  llai^  in  ditl'ei-ent  ]iai1-  of  a  ^ra\i- 
yard.  under  a  ].<neU  tree,  or  !>v  a  haunted  hill-side.  At  ni-'lit.  t  ln-y 
ineel  together,  and  tell  -tories  al-oiil  ^lm-t-.  Lfol>lins,  de\  iK.  etc.;  and 

at     the    Conclusion     ..)     e-(eh     tale,    whell     the     lllia-MIiat  loll      1-     \Vr"U"ht      111'. 

I 

tin-   hair   i" -triii"  to    rir-e   and  the  i;;arr<iw  t"  curdle,  the  liovs,  (itn-  at  a 

tiim-,  mii-t   -_'o  out    iii  the  dark  and  1'i'in^  hack  tin-  l!a^-,  until  all    are 
l'rou-_dit  in. 

<  Mi  tin-  third  day  of  the  third  month  i-  held  the  "  Hina  uiatsnri." 
Thi-  ':-  tin-  da\  '  I  to  tli,-  --iris,  and  to  them  it  i-  th, 

invate-t   dav    in  t!n    \  ear.      It   ha-  IM-I-I,  called,  in  some  foj-ei-j-n  work- 
on  Japan,  tin-  "  1^  a-t   •  f   I  <  <}  -."      Si  vera!  d'i\  -  In -for.,  tin-  mat-uri.  1  he 

-hop-   are   ifay  \\ith   tin-   ima^'1-    l.oii^ht    for  thi-  a-ion.  and   \\hieh 

n    -ah-   only  at   thi-   I  ir.       K\cr\    re-p.-etahh-  famih'   ha- 

;':••]•    of    thi--e      :  --••<]    linage-.  wh;eh    are  from   f.,ui- 

::.•','-  to  a   foot   in   i  initiate   from  'jvin-ratioii   t'' 

iti    n.       \\  h    :.  a  dailLrhtei  I  nj  Imu-e  dur':n^r  tin-  piwi- 


CHILDREN'S   GAMES  AXD  SPORTS.  463 

ous  year,  a  pair  of  liina,  or  images,  are  purchased  for  the  little  girl, 
\vliii/h  she  plavs  with  until  u'mun  up.  \\  hen  she  is  married,  her  liina. 
are  taken  with  her  to  her  husband's  house,  and  she  gives  them  to  her 
ehildren,  adding  to  the  stock  as  her  family  increases.  The  images 
are  made  of  wood  or  enameled  clay.  They  represent  the  mikado  and 
his  wife;  the  Kioto  nobles,  their  wives  and  daughters,  the  court  min- 
strels, and  various  personages  in  Japanese  mythology  and  history.  A 
ifrcat  many  other  toys,  representing  all  the  articles  in  use  in  a  Japa- 
nese ladv's  chamber,  the  service  of  the  eating-table,  the  utensils  of  the 
kitchen,  traveling  apparatus,  etc.,  some  of  them  verv  elaborate  and 
eostlv,  are  also  exhibited  and  played  with  on  this  day.  The  girls 
make  offerings  of  sake  and  dried  rice,  etc.,  to  the  efligies  of  the  em- 
peror and  empress,  and  then  spend  the  day  with  toys,  mimicking  the 
whole  round  of  Japanese  female  life,  as  that  of  child,  maiden,  wife, 
mother,  and  grandmother.  In  some  old  Japanese  families  in  which  I 
ha\  e  visited,  the  display  of  dolls  and  images  was  very  larii'e. 

The  greatest  day  in  the  year  for  the  boys  is  on  the  Fifth  day  of 
the  Fifth  month.  On  this  day  is  celebrated  what  has  been  called  the 
"  Feast  of  Fla^s."  Previous  to  the  coming  of  the  day,  the  shops  dis- 
play for  sale  the  toys  and  tokens  proper  to  the  occasion.  These  are 
all  of  ,-i  kind  suited  to  young  Japanese  masculinity.  They  consist  of 
effigies  of  heroes  and  warriors,  generals  and  commanders,  soldiers  on 
foot  and  hoise,  the  Li'cnii  of  strength  and  valor,  wrestlers,  etc.  The 
toys  represent  the  equipments  and  regalia  of  a  daimio's  procession,  all 
kinds  of  things  used  in  Avar,  the  contents  of  an  arsenal,  flags,  stream- 
ers, hauliers,  etc.  A  set  of  these  toys  is  bought  for  every  son  born  in 
the  familv.  Hence,  in  old  Japanese  families,  the  display  on  the  Fifth 
d:iv  of  the  Fifth  month  is  extensive  and  brilliant.  Besides  the  display 
indoors,  on  a  bamboo  pole  erected  outside  is  hung,  by  a  string,  to  the 
top  of  the  pole,  a  representation  of  a  large  tish  in  paper.  The  paper 
beiii^-  hollow,  the  breeze  easily  tills  out  the  body  of  the  fish,  which 
flaps  its  tail  and  tins  in  a  natural  manner.  One  may  count  hundreds 
of  these  floating  in  the  air  over  the  city. 

The  )ii>/it»-!,  as  the  [taper  tish  is  called,  is  intended  to  show  that  a. 
-on  has  been  born  during  the  year,  or,  at  least,  that  there  are  sons  in 
the  familv.  The  tish  represented  is  the  carp,  which  is  able  to  swim 
swiftly  against  the  current  and  to  leap  over  water-falls.  This  act  of 
the  carp  is  a  favorite  subject  with  native  artists,  and  is  al-o  typical  of 
the  voting  man,  especially  the  young  samurai,  mounting  over  all  diffi- 
culties, to  success  and  <juiet  prosperity. 


THE  MIKADO'S   K 


,  \\hich  lias  now  e/one  <iiit  <>f  fashion,  was  that  in 
cil  tlicinsolves  into  a  daiinio's  procession,  having 
forerunners.  ollieer-,  etc..  and  imitating,  as  far  a» 
po--ible,  the  pomp  and  circumstance  of  the  old 
daiinio's  train.  Another  Bailie  \\liich  was  very 
popular  \\as  called  the  "(leiiji  and  Ileike." 
Thcst1  are  the  names  of  the  celebrated  rival 
clans,  or  families  Minamoto  and  Taira.  The 
hovs  (if  a  town,  district,  or  school  ranged  lliem- 
selvt's  into  two  parties,  each  with  tlau's.  Tho-e 

of  the    Heikc-   \\ere    I'ed,  i  ho-e   of   t  lie  (  iellji    white. 

Sometimes  every  l>o\-  had  a  lla^,  and  the  ohjcct 
of  the  contest,  which  wa-  be^un  at  the  tap  of  a 
drum,  wa-  to  sei/e  the  fla-x  of  the  enemy.  The 
jiarty  securing  the  ^TeateM  nninlier  of  tlai^s  won 
the  victory.  In  other  cases,  the  tla^s  were  fa-t- 
eiied  on  the  hack  of  each  conte-tant,  who  wa- 
armed  with  a  liamhoo  for  a  sword,  and  \\lio  had 
fa-tcneil,  on  a  pad  over  his  head,  a  tlat.  round 
piece  of  call  henware,  so  that  a  partv  of  them 
looked  not  unlike  the  faculty  of  a  college.  (  M'teii 
the-e  parlio  of  lioys  niimhered  several  hundred. 
and  were  marshale«l  in  squadrons,  as  in  a  battle. 
At  the  e/i\eii  .-ii;'nal.  the  battle  commenced,  the 
object  hein'.:  to  break  the  earthen  di-k  on  tin- 
head  of  the  enemy.  The  contest  wa-  usually 
\erv  exciting.  \\lme\er  had  his  eailheii  di-k 
denioli-heil  had  to  retire  from  the  iield.  The 
p,i]-:\  ha\iir^  the  ^r'-ate-t  number  of  broken 
di-k-.  represeiitativi  of  clo\eii  skulls,  was  de- 
clared the  lo-er.  Tiii-  Bailie  has  been  forbidden 
b\  the  <io\ernment  a-  beini;'  too  >everc  and 
i-nn  I.  I  '•'  iys  \\  ere  •  iften  injui'ed  in  it. 

'I'll  ere  an-  nianv  ot  her  Bailie-,  \\  hich  we  simpl  v 
mention    uithout    de-ci-ibin^.       There   arc    three 

-    pla\eil    bv    the    hand-.   \\ll]c||    eVel'V    ob-e|'\- 

aiit  toi-ei_f!ier.  loiiLT  i'e-ideni  ;n  Japan,  mii.-t  ha\e 
-••in  pla\'ed.  a-  men  and  women  ^eem  to  enjoy 
them  a-  miieh  a-  children.  <  >ne  i-  called  "  I-hi- 
k>  n."  i::  v-h:''!i  a  -tone,  a  pair  of  -ci—  or.-,  and  a 


CHILDREN"1  S   GAMES  AXD  SPORTS.  4l>5 

wrapping-doth  ;uv  represented.  The  stone  signifies  the  clenched  h'st, 
the  parted  fore  and  middle  tinker  the  scissors,  and  the  curved  forefin- 
ger and  thumb  the  cloth. 

In  the  "  Kitsune-ken,"  the  fox,  man,  and  gun  are  the  figures.  The 
ii'un  kills  the  fox.  but  the  fox  deceives  the  man,  and  the  gun  is  useless 
without  the  man.  In  the  "  Osama-ken,"  five  or  six  boys  represent  the 
various  grades  of  rank,  from  the  peasant  up  to  the  great  daimios,  or 
shogun.  By-  superior  address  and  skill  in  the  game,  the  peasant  rises 
to  the  highest  rank,  or  the  man  of  highest  rank  is  degraded. 

From  the  nature  of  the  Japanese  language,  in  \vhidi  a  single  word 
or  sound  may  have  a  great  many  significations,  riddles  and  puns  are 
of  extraordinary  frequency.  I  do  not  know  of  any  published  collec- 
tions of  riddles,  but  every  Japanese  boy  has  a  good  stock  of  them  on 
hand.  There  are  few  Japanese  works  of  light,  perhaps  of  serious,  lit- 
erature in  which  puns  do  not  continually  recur.  The  popular  songs 
and  poems  are  largelv  plavs  on  words.  There  are  also  several  puz- 
zles played  with  sticks,  founded  upon  the  shape  of  certain  Chinese 
characters.  As  fur  the  ^-hort  and  simple  story-books,  song-books, 
nursery-rhymes,  lullabys,  and  what,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  mav  be 
stvled  Mother  Goose  literature,  they  are  as  plentiful  as  with  us;  but 
they  have  a  very  strongly  characteristic  Japanese  flavor,  both  in  style 
and  matter.  In  the  games,  so  familiar  to  us,  of  "Pussy  wants  a  Cor- 
ner" and  "  Prisoner's  Base,"  the  oni,  or  devil,  takes  the  place  of  Pu<> 
or  the  officer. 

I  have  not  mentioned  all  the  games  and  sports  of  Japanese  chil- 
dren, but  enough  has  been  said  to  show  their  usual  character.  In 
U'eneral,  they  seem  to  be  natural,  sensible,  and  in  every  sense  benefi- 
cial. Their  immediate  or  remote  effect,  next  to  that  of  amusement, 
i-  either  educational  or  hygienic.  Some  teach  history,  some  e-vo^ra- 
phv,  some  excellent  sentiments  or  good  language,  or  inculcate  reverence 
and  obedience  to  the  elder  brother  or  sister,  to  parents  or  to  the  em- 
peror, or  stimulate  the  manly  virtues  of  courage  and  contempt  for 
pain.  The  study  of  the  subject  leads  one  to  respect  more  hi^hlv, 
rather  than  otherwise,  the  Japanese  people  for  being  such  affectionate 
fathers  and  mothers.,  and  for  having  such  natural  and  docile  eliildivii. 
The  character  of  the  children's  plavs  and  their  encouragement  bv  the 
parent ~-  have,  I  think,  much  to  do  \\ith  that  frankness,  affection,  and 
obedience  on  the  part  of  the  children,  and  that  kindnes<  and  >vm- 
pathy  on  that  of  the  parents,  which  are  so  noticeable  in  Japan,  and 
which  form  one  of  the  u'ood  points  of  Japanese  life  and  character. 


4t;tj  Till'.   MIKADO'S  XMl'lliE. 


XI. 


IIorsKiioy.n.  a-  distinct  from  religious,  superstitions  may  l>e  defined 
a-  !>elief-  having  no  real  foundation  of  fact  and  a  narrower  ran^e  of  in 
rtileiices.  They  aet  as  a  -ort  of  moral  police,  \\ho-e  reward-  and  pun- 
i-hnients  are  confined  entirely  to  this  life.  Religious  superstitions  af- 
fect all  mankind  alike;  tho-e  of  the  household  may  l>e  -aid  to  influ- 
ence mainlv  wonii-n  and  children,  and  to  liave  no  eninieetion  \\ith  re- 
ligion or  the  priests.  Screened  from  eritiei-m,  lminl>le  in  their  spliere, 
the\  liti^'er  in  the  hoii-ehoM  longer  than  religion-  snper-titions.  Mv- 
t-ry  nation  ha-  them:  and  according  to  the  decree  of  intelligence  po>. 
se»ed  l>\  a  people  will  tliev  lie  nniiierons  or  rare.  In  nio>t  ea-es  they 
:iiv  liarinle—  .  \\hile  inaiiv  ha\e  a  real  educational  value  for  children 
and  simple  -minded  people.  \\ho  can  not.  l>y  their  o\vn  intelliLi'eiiee, 

t'ore-ec   the    remote    \f,nn\    or    had    I'e-nlts    of   theii-   conduct.        'I'he-e       rj'- 


\\ard.  emliodied  in  a  uarnin'j.'  '''Id  \\ith  Li'r;i\itv.  and  enforced  1,\  the 
ap^ai-eii'!\  -oldnii  l'i-iii-f  of  him  \\lio  h-lN  it.  A-  eliildreii  outgrow 
them,  or  ;i-  t  ln-v  wear  out,  tlio-e  \\  Iio  on,-e  <  ih-eryed  will  laii^h  at.  and 
yet  oft.  -11  continue  th.'tn  throii^li  the  force  of  haKit.  <Mher-  uill  I.e 
retaiiu  d  on  account  of  the  plea-niv  connectdl  with  'li.'  belief.  <>th- 
ers,  a^ain,  l.ec-.iiiie  so  im  r.'ii'-he.l  in  hoii-ehoM  cu-toms  that  religion, 
rea-oti.  ar^iim.'iit.  fa-hiou.  a—  anlt  th.-m  in  \ain.  'I'hii-,  anion^-  maiiy  of 
;i<.  t!ie  up-  Itinif  of  a  -alt-cellar,  tin-  droppiiej.'  of  a  needle  that  -lands 
illiri-'lit,  tli  '  '  (  l""k  :!c'--'da—  .  1  he  accidental  "'a;  herin»-  of  thir- 

I 

tcell    peopli  !    -'i\e    ri-e    to    certain    tiioll-'ht- 

resulting  i;  or  tliitter  of  f.-ai1  that  can  not  I.e  ration- 


HOUSEHOLD   CUSTOMS  AND   SUPERSTITIONS.  407 

^uage  finds  in  them  fragments  of  poems,  quaint  conceits,  or  hideous 
beliefs. 

So  far  as  1  could  judge,  in  -Japan,  the  majority  of  the  lower  classes 
implicitly  believe  the  household  superstitions  current  among  them  ; 
and  though,  in  the  upper  strata  of  society,  there  were  many  men  who 
laughed  at  them,  the  power  of  custom  enslaved  the  women  and  chil- 
dren. Tin-  greater  number  of  those  I  give  below  are  believed  by  the 
larger  portion  of  the  people,  particularlv  in  the  country.  In  this,  as 
iii  others  of  a  more  serious  nature,  the  belief  varies  with  the  mood 
and  circumstances  of  the  individual  or  people.  Many  of  them  I  have 
seen  or  heard  referred  to  in  conversation  or  in  my  reading;  others  I 
have  had  noted  down  for  me  by  voting  men  from  various  parts  of  Ja- 
pan. I  find  that  a  few  of  them  are  peculiar,  or  local,  to  one  province; 
but  most  of  them  form  the  stock  of  beliefs  common  to  mankind  or 
the  Japanese  people.  From  hundreds,  1  give  a  few.  Some  have  an 
evident  moral  or  educational  purpose — to  inculcate  lessons  of  tidiness, 
benevolence,  and  to  form  good  habits  of  cleanliness,  nicety  in  house- 
keeping, etc.  Some  are  weather  prognostics,  or  warnings  intended  to 
guard  against  tire  or  other  calamities. 

They  never  sweep  the  rooms  of  a  house  immediately  after  one  of 
the  inmates  has  set  out  upon  a  journey,  or  to  Lie  absent  for  a  time. 
This  would  sweep  out  all  the  luck  with  him. 

At  a  marriage  ceremony,  neither  bride  nor  bridegroom  wears  any 
clothing  of  a  purple  color,  lest  their  marriage -tie  be  soon  loosed,  as 
purple  is  the  color  most  liable  to  fade.  It  would  be  as  if  a  couple 
from  Xew  Jersey  would  go  to  Indiana  to  spend  their  honey-moon. 

If.  while  a  person  is  very  sick,  the  cup  of  medicine  is  upset  by  acci- 
dent, thev  say  it  is  a  sure  sign  of  his  recovery.  This  looks  as  though 
the  Japanese  had  faith  in  the  dictum,  '"Throw  physic  to  the  dogs." 

There  are  some  curious  ideas  in  regard  to  cutting  the  finder-nails. 
'1  he  nail>  mu>t  not  be  trimmed  just  previous  to  going  on  a  journey. 
lc-4  disgrace  should  fall  upon  the  person  at  the  place  of  his  destina- 
tion. I'pon  no  account,  will  an  ordinary  Japanese  cut  his  nails  at 
niu'ht,  le.-t  cat's  nails  ^n>w  out  from  them.  Children  who  cast  the 
clippings  of  their  nails  in  the  brazier  or  tire  are  in  danger  of  calamity. 
If.  \\hile  an}'  one  i>  cutting  the  nails,  a  piece  springs  into  the  tire,  he 
will  die  soon.  \\\  burning  some  salt  in  the  tire,  however,  the  danger 
i>  avoided. 

It  >eeins  that  the  bore  is  not  unknown  in  Japan,  and  the  Japanese 
are  pe-tered  with  visitors  who  sit  their  welcome  out,  and  drive  their 


4 OS  Till-:   MIKADO'S  E 

ho-ts  int"  ;i  frenxv  of  eagerness  to  ifet  rid  of  them.  Tin-  following  i- 
-aid  t"  be  a  -are  recipe  to  secure  !_r"od  riddance  :  Oo  to  the  kitchen. 
turn  the  broom  up-ide  down,  put  a  towel  over  it,  ami  fan  it  lustilv. 
The  tedioii-  vi-itor  will  soon  depart.  Or.  burn  a  inoxa  (Japanese,  wl- 
iifian}  on  the  hack  of  his  doifs.  A  Japanese,  in  entering  a  house,  al- 
\\a\-  leave-  hi-  elo'^s  or  sandals  outside  the  door.  The  American 
ho-t.  b"ivd  by  tedious  callers,  is  respectfully  invited  to  trv  his  method 
<>f  hastening  departures. 

.lapane-e  papa-,  \\lio  find.  a<  other  fathers  do,  ho\v  imieh  it  cost-  to 
rai-e  a  larifc  family,  will  not  let  an  infant,  or  e\en  a  younir  child,  look 
iii  a  mirror  (,-md  thus  see  a  child  exactly  like  it-elf,  making  apparent 
twin-):  for  if  he  doe-,  the  anxiou-  parent  supposes  the  child,  when 
uTowii  up  and  married,  uill  have  twins. 

When  -mall-pox  prevail  in  a  neighborhood,  and  parents  do  not  wi-h 
their  children  attacked  by  it,  they  write  a  notice  on  the  front  of  their 
houses  that  their  children  are  ah-eiit.  This  is  said  to  keep  out  the  di>ea-e. 

.Many  have  reference  to  death  or  criminals.  A  Japanese1  corp-e 
i-  al\\av-  placed  \\ith  it-  head  to  tlie  north  and  feet  to  the  -outh. 
Hence,  a  livinir  .lapane-e  will  never  sleep  in  that  position.  I  have 
often  noticed,  in  the  sleeping-rooms  of  private  houses,  where  I  wa>  a 
^iie-t,  and  in  manv  of  the  hotel.-,  a  diagram  of  the  cardinal  point-  of 
the  rompa-.-  pniiled  on  paper,  aiid  ]>a>ted  on  tlie  ceiling  of  the  room, 
for  the  Lriirtit  of  (imiil  -leeper-.  Sonie  .1  apan e-e,  i n  traveling,  carry  a 
eoinpa— .  t"  avoi(l  ihi-  ]-i-allv  natural  and  -eiriititic  po-iiioii  in  -le.-p. 
I  have  often  -urpri-ed  people.  e-]ieciall\  -Indent-,  in  .Japan.  b\  telling 
them  tliai  to  lie  uith  the  head  to  the  north  wa-  the  true  po-iti..n  in 
harnioin  \\ith  the  eld-trie  .-uu'ent-  in  the  atniosjiliere,  and  thai  a 
Fren.'hman.  noteij  for  hi-  loicjev  it  \ .  a-eri'ded  hi-  \iifoj-oii-  old  a^e 
mainlv  t"  the  fact  ilia!  he  -lept  in  a  line  draun  from  pole  to  pule. 
I  u-ed  t"  -hoi-k  them  b\-  invariably  -leepin^  in  thai  po-itioii  inv-elf. 

The  plaintive  h-\\  lin--  ,.f  a  do._r  in  the  niirht-tiiue  portends  a  death 
Hi  -oine  f;unil\  Hi  tin-  \]eii!it\'  of  the  ainiiial. 

T!ie  \\ l<!i  '  •'.  :'  the  Japanese  arc  fa-teiied  on  the  foot  by  a 

-in_rle  thoii^-  pa--inu'  I'etween  the  lar^e-t  and  next  lare-e-t  toe,  The 
-'oekin^r.  or  >nrk,  i-  "'  '  _  •-."  \\ith  a  -epai'ate  coiiipai'tment  for 
the  '•thumb  of  the  t'""i."  and  another  mill  en-like  one  for  the  "foot- 


HOrSEHOLD    CUSTOMS  AN'D  SUPERSTITION'S.  4<i9 

When,  by  reason  of  good  fortune  or  a  lucky  course  of  events,  then- 
is  oreat  !°v  in  a  familv,  it  is  customary  to  make  kowameshi.  or  red 

J  -  •• 

rice,  and  give  an  entertainment  to  friends  and  neighbors.  The  rice  is 
colored  by  boiling  red  beans  with  it.  If,  for  any  cause,  the  color  is 
not  a  line  red,  it  is  a  bad  omen  for  the  familv,  and  their  joy  is  turned 
to  grief. 

When  a  person  loses  a  tooth,  either  artificially  at  the  hands  of  the 
dentist  (Japanese,  "tooth-carpenter"),  or  by  forceps,  or  by  accident,  in 
order  that  another  may  grow  in  the  empty  socket,  the  tooth,  if  from 
the  upper  jaw,  is  buried  under  the  foundation  of  the  house;  if  from 
the  lower  jaw,  it  is  thrown  up  on  the  roof  of  a  house. 

Many  are  founded  upon  puns,  or  word- resemblances,  making  the 
deepest  impression  upon  the  native  mind.  There  are  manv  instances 
in  Japanese  history  in  which  discreet  servants  or  wise  men  n-ave  a  hap- 
py turn  to  some  word  of  sinister  omen,  and  warded  off  harm. 

At  New-year's-day,  paterfamilias  does  not  like  any  one  to  utter  the 
sound  shi  (death),  or  any  word  containing  it.  This  is  a  difficult  mat- 
ter in  a  household,  since  the  syllable  shi  has  over  a  dozen  different 
meaning-,  and  occurs  in  several  hundred  Japanese  words,  some  of  them 
very  common.  Thus,  let  us  suppose  a  family  of  husband,  wife,  child, 
and  servant,  numbering  four  (shi).  A  visitor  calls,  and  happens  to  use 
the  words  Sl'tba  (a  city  district  in  Tokio),  shi  (teacher,  poem,  four,  to 
do,  etc.).  The  host,  at  first  merely  ane,Tv  with  the  visitor  who  so  forci- 
bly uses  the  sinister  words,  is  incensed  when  the  latter  happens  to  re- 
mark that  his  host's  household  consists  of  four  (shi),  and  wishes  him 
li'one.  Moodily  reflecting  on  his  visitor's  remark,  he  resolves  to  di>- 
miss  his  servant,  and  so  make  his  household  three.  Hut  the  shrewd 
servant,  named  Fuku,  remonstrates  with  his  master  for  sending  away 
fnhn  (blessing,  luck)  from  his  house.  The  master  is  soothed,  and 
keeps  hi>  "  boy.'' 

Manv  Japanese  worship  the  god  Kampira  for  no  other  reason  than 
that  the  first  syllable  of  his  name  means  gold. 

If  a  woman  steps  over  an  egg-shell,  she  will  go  mad;  if  over  a  ra- 
zor, it  will  become  dull:  if  over  a  whetstone,  it  will  be  broken.  It'  a 
man  should  set  hi-  hair  on  tire,  he  will  go  mad.  A  u'irl  who  bii.>-  her 
finder-nails  will,  when  married,  brinti'  forth  children  with  uTe.-it  ditli- 
culty.  Children  are  told  that,  if  they  tell  a  lie,  an  out,  or  an  imp.  called 
the  tciKj",  will  pull  out  their  tongues.  Many  a  Japan*-''  urchin  has 
spoken  the  truth  in  fear  of  the  out  supposed  to  be  >tandii)LT  by.  ready 
to  run  awav  with  his  tongue.  No  such  watchman  seem<  to  be  set  be- 


;;,i  THE  MIKAho's  A 

fore  the  tinrulv   nieinl'er  of  tin'   seoldiii'j'   wife.      Of  these  "  edLTe-tool- 

that    -T"U     -harper    i«\      eol|-tailt     ti>e  "    tlliTe    i-    ,'t    ^oodlv     nilinl'iT    ill    Ja 

pail.  \\  In  n  hu-l-and  ami  wife  an-  <|iiarre!in:j;,  a  devil  is  l>elie\ed  t» 
-land  Ketweeii  them.  eneourai/niLT  them  to  'jn  on  from  had  to  worse. 

Sa  ;  i-  regarded  as  something  --o  in\  --tenons  in  its  piv-er\ative  po\\  - 
•  •r.  that  it  i-  tin1  >uKjeet  of  several  hou-ehold  superstitions.  A  hou-e- 
wife  will  not.  on  anv  account,  lmy  salt  at  niu'ht.  When  ol>taineil  in 
the  day-time,  a  portion  of  it  mu-t  tir-t  l>e  thrown  in  the  tire  to  ward 
otl'  all  dangers,  and  t-speciallv  to  prevent  quarreling  in  the  familv.  It 
i-  al-n  n-''d  to  -eatter  around  the  thre-hold  and  in  the  hoii-e  after  a 
funeral.  {'••!•  [tiiriticatorv  purposes. 

Main  are  the  imau'inarv  wavs  of  "VttiitLT  I'ieh,  <o  numeroii-  in  cver\ 
laiid.  One  of  the  nio-t  important  article-  of  Japanese  >  lothiiii;'.  iii 
Loth  male  and  female.  i>  the  n>>i,  or  ir'n'dl-'.  If.  in  dre--in^.  the  <>//! 
^et-  I'litanirlecl.  and  forms  a  knot  or  kno!>.  the  wearer  never  untie-  it 
him-elf.  hut  propo-,-^  to  -..nie  one  eUe  to  do  it  for  him,  proiiii-iiu' 
him  a  u'reat  -11111.  a-  tlie  wearer  i>  >-ure  to  lie  rieh.  There  is  u-uallv  a 
'_•:•• 'r  deal  "f  laii_iiin--  \\heii  this  "  sujx-rstition  "  i-  olivervcd. 

All  .Iapa!i''-e  -.-.'in  to  have  a  ile-ire  to  attain  full  -tature.  Stunted 
•Drouth  i-  a  ifi'^at  u'rief  to  a  man,  and  everv  thini:'  of  ill-omen  ealeulated 
t"  re-train  Drouth  mu-t  he  avoid. -d.  If  a  l>o\-  re-i-  a  ^un  on  the  toj. 
of  hi-  In-ad.  he  \\ili  <_;To\v  no  talliT.  t'hildren  mu-t  not  ram  anv  kind 
oj  ha-ket  on  their  he;ul-.  nor  mu-t  tin  \  e\cr  mi'a-ure  thrir  o\\  n  height. 

>;;  h  a  -1'J'lll  ,i-  llli-ll  or  Uolilell  ea  1'1'\  1 !:  _;'  I'Ul'dell-  on  tlleil1  head-,  -o 
coinllli  'li  ill  I'liM'oj  ie.  i-  raivh  -eell  in  Japan. 

I  f  a  maii.  \\lnl"    ufoin^   to    ti-h.  meet-  a  Koii/.e   on   th'1    road,  he  \\iil 

••  i'     ..';•••'        .  MS  the   [-1  I'iet  i    ImllZe-    eat     II'  '    ti-li. 

A   pi  r-i  'ii  \\  In..  \\  !  ifii  eat  in  L;'.  Nle-  hi-  tongue,  lu-liev  f-  1  hat  -oinel>od  v 

l.e^nid--.-  him  hi-  f 1. 

It   oft  i  at   hovs  and  '_[}}•]-  like  to  i-at   tin-  eharred  portioii- 

of  ri'v  that  -oini'tmii  -  ri-main  in  lh>'  p"t  when  the  nee  ha-  I.eeii  liiirn- 
i-d.  V  •  "pie  who  per-i-1  iii  thi-  are  \\anied  that  the\ 

will  marr\    p--r-on-    ,,;..-.    fa«-i  -  are  j k-marked. 

M.mv  pi-ople.  i'-p>''-iali\  epii'iii'e-.  ha\e  aii  idea  that  1>\  eatnrj1  the 
i':'-'  fruit-.  -  of  tin-  -ea-on,  thi-\  uill  li\e  sc\ - 

ti\  e  da\  -  loi  iii  •       |-v  :  -.•   \\ 

I'   i-  an  •  \e-ed  in--!\   •  vil  om,  n  i  ,  !n-<  ak  tin-  elioj.-t  !'•]<<  \vliile  rat  in-. 
'    '  !  i  iin    1  liini;    \Mt  h   their  /  liop^tiek- 

nnl'. 
1 '.    i|il<'   \\lio   drink    {>•;{  '      •''  the  -po::'    o!'  the  \c--i-l.  in- 


HOUSEHOLD   CUSTOMS  AND  SUPERSTITIONS.  471 

stead  of  out  of  a  cup,  are  told  that  they  will  have  a  child  with  a 
mouth  shaped  like  the  spout  of  the  vessel.  This  terror  is  kept  fresh 
before  the  mind  !>v  masks  and  pictures  of  human  beings  with  spout- 
shaped  mouths. 

lu  Japan  the  dwellings  are  universally  built  of  wood,  and  conflagra- 
tions very  frequently  destroy  whole  towns  or  villages  in  a  single  day 
or  niu'ht,  leaving  nothing  but  ashes.  Hence;  it  is  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance to  provide  against  the  ever-ready  enemy,  and  every  "sign  '  is 
carefully  heeded.  The  following  prognostics  are  deemed  unfailing: 
When  the  cocks  crow  loudlv  in  the  evening;  when  a  dog  climbs  up 
on  the  roof  of  a  house  or  building  of  any  kind.  If  a  weasel  cries  out 
once,  tire  will  break  out:  to  avert  it,  a  person  must  pour  out  three 
dipperfuls  of  water,  holding  the  dipper  in  the  left  hand.  A  peculiar 
kind  of  grass,  called  hh/o/le  (sunrise),  grows  on  many  Japanese  houses: 
this  must  not  be  pulled  up,  otherwise  the  house  will  take  tire. 

In  regard  to  visitors,  they  believe  the  following:  In  pouring  tea 
from  thi'  tea-pot,  it  sometimes  happens  that  the  stem  of  a  leaf  comes 
out  with  the  tea,  and  stands  momentarily  upright.  From  whatever 
direction  the  stem  finally  falls,  they  expect  a  visitor.  If  a  bird,  in  riv- 
ing, casts  its  shadow  on  the  partition  or  window  (which  is  of  paper, 
and  translucent),  a  visitor  will  suivlv  call  soon.  A  person,  when  ab- 
stracted or  in  trouble,  while  eating,  will  often  pour  out  his  tea  from 
the  back  of  the  tea-pot,  instead  of  through  the  spout.  In  such  case 
it  is  a  sure  si»'n  of  the  near  visit  of  a  priest  to  the  house. 

Many  are  intended  to  teach  the  youth  to  imitate  great,  good,  or 
wise  men. 

If  the  rim  (ff/cJ/i,  also  meaning  "  salary  ")  of  a  cup  is  broken  (Jiana- 
t-i'rn,  also  meaning  is  "lost")  in  presence  of  an  official  while  he  is  eat- 
ini;-,  he  will  be  unhappy,  for  he  will  understand  it  to  mean  that  he 
will  lose  his  oiliee  or  salary. 

Kven  among  the  educated  samurai,  with  whom  the  maintaining  of 
ihe  family  name  and  dignity  is  all-important,  there  are  many  danger- 
ous seasons  for  travelers,  ami  the  number  of  lucky  and  unlucky  da  vs. 
is  too  numerous  to  be  fullv  noted  here. 

Many  people  of  the  lower  classes  would  not  wash  their  head  or  hair 
on  "the  dav  of  the  horse.1"  so  named  after  one  of  the  si^ns  of  the 
zodiac,  lest  their  hair  become  red.  Anv  other  capillary  color  than  a 
deep  black  is  an  abomination  to  a  Japanese. 

I  hiring  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  or  moon,  people  carefully  cover  the 
well>,  as  they  suppose  that  poison  falls  from  the  >ky  during  the  period 


47i'  TIIH   MIKADO'S  EM  PI  UK. 

df  the  ol'sciiration.  Seed-;  will  not  e.-erminatc  if  planted  on  certain 
da\-.  M-i:.\  people  \\ill  not  I'liiM  a  hou-e  fronting  to  the  nortli-ca-t. 
i  •  ,\  .  -""I!  he  dc-trovfd  :  this  is  the  quarter  in  which  espi-rial  evil 
lurk-:  ii  i-  called  the  "  I  >evil'-  (into."  Y"Uii^  men  mu-t  not  li-;ht 
their  pipe-  at  a  laniji  :  it  should  he  done  at  the  coals  in  thr  hrazk'r.  If 
ll  e\  per-i-t  in  violating  tin-  precaution.  thev  \\ill  not  ^vt  ^-c.od  wives. 

Ma!l\    j  >eo|  ile  e  Veil  How,  ill  the   rural  districts,  til  ill  k  it  \\  roll'.;'  to  eat    In  •••:', 

and  1'elieve  tliat  a  luitdier  will  liave  a  cripple  aiiionn'  hi-  descendant-. 
\\  In  n  a  maimed  or  deformed  child   i-  horn,  pedple  -av  that  it-  par- 
ent- or  an.'e-t'>r-  (.•oiniiiitU'd  -ome  <_rreat  -in.      After  7->  P.M.  manv  ped- 
ple will  not  put  on  new  clothe-  or  sandals.      There  are  -e\vral  vear-  of 

life    railed    the    iKlk'l  -ilnsli  i    (evil    Veal'-),    ill    \vhi''h    a    ]MT-«>n    ]|]ll-t    he    Ve]'V 

il  i  if  him-elf  and  all  he  doe-.  The-e  critical  vears  are  the  -event  h. 
f.\  ent  v-1ift  !i.  forty-second,  and  -i\t\'-tir-t  in  a  man'-,  and  the  seventh, 
eighth,  thirt  \'  -third,  forty-second,  and  -i\t\-tir-t  in  a  \\oman'-  life. 

In  .laj'aii.  a-  \\ith  n-.  each  hahv  i-  the  m^.-t  remai'kahli-  chiM  ever 
-eeii.  and  \\ohdrou-  are  the  legend-  n-hear-cd  '•,  ,n,--!-nin^  each  one; 
hut  it  i-  a  L:i''-at  dav  in  a  Japam-se  lionn-  when  the  hah\  .  of  hi-  oun 
;iccord.  walk-  heforc  hi-  iirst  liirthdav.  and  niochi  (rice  ]ia-t;\)  m:;-t 
hr  made  to  celehrate  the  all-j'iei.  HI-  eVellt. 

^'-ii!;-'  Li'ii'1.-  do  ii"t  like  in  jidur  tea  or  hot  water  into  a  cup  »t 
kitirniiiixhi  (n-il  rice),  le-t  t  heir  wt-ddin  if-ni^l  it  -houM  he  rain  v. 

The  c-diiimoii  helief  in  Japan  i-  that  the  divam  i-  the  ;(et  df  the 
-dill.  A-  -odii  a-  a  |>er-.  'n  fall-  a.-leep,  the  -oiil.  leaving  the  hdd\. 


•i:-  .  •       iii-i     hi-   -"ill,  hein^1   ;it    a    di-1anei  .  ran   not   return  t"   the 

h"d\   In-fore  h.    '-  awakened.      'I  he  -..ill  i-  -uppo-ed  to  have  form  and 

.  and    i"    he   a    -mall,  r-und.  hlaek    i'.'dx  :    and   the   ad\eiitnre-    "f 

:  -o  il.  /.  i.,  ]]:.    \  ;  ,-k  hail  aj»art   from  it-  ,,\\  m-r,  form 

a  -tan  hird  -ui'ji  ••'   in  .lapatie-e  novel-  and  ima^mat  i\  <•  liteivtin'e. 

hi  general,  dream-  _fo  i  i\  .  •.  .nt  rarie-.      I  hii-.  it  on.  •  dream-  that  h'1  wa- 

killi  d  or  -i  -..me   "tie  \\ith  a  -word,  the  dream   i-  .-"ii-idi  P  d 

a  vi  r\   luck\   '.  tie.      1;  -,\  ;..  r-"ii  dream-  >•!  tindiiiLr  nioin-\-,  he  \\ilj  -di.n 

d-e  -..me.      I:'  1;.    dr.  !      .--.  he  will  irain.      If  "he  divam-  of  IMIJ! 

na.  he  \\  ill  i  •     rank,  or   \\  ill  \\  in   L.T.  ai 

:  .;•  .-pi  rit\  .      If  on  1  i         '    •    -  •   ••  iiid  dav  of  the  [-'ir-t  m..!ith  i-ne 

'    ••       '  ['  K  he  -hall  hecc  .me  a  ri.'h  man. 

:   r  to  dn  uin   tl  .  .fti-n   |.ut    hem-atli    t!,;  i; 

,\-  a  pi-'tiire  df  it, 

th'--e   ht  lief-  and  hundi'i    1-   df  .  1h.  r-  that    I   noted   in  Japan    tre 


CUSTOMS  AND  SUPERSTITIONS.  473 

comparatively  harmless.  The  Japanese  fancy  does  not  seem  to  have 
reached  that  depth  of  disease,  to  have  suffered  with  that  delirium  trc- 
iitei/x  of  superstition,  sncli  as  inthralls  and  paralyzes  the  Chinese,  and 
prevent^  all  modern  progress.  FOKJ  SJtttey  is  not  a  national  curse  in 
Japan,  as  it  is  in  China;  and  whereas,  in  the  latter  country,  telegraph 
poles  and  wires  are  torn  down  because  thev  cast  a  shadow  over  the 
ancestral  tombs,  and  railroads  can  not  be  built  because  thev  traverse  or 
approach  grave-yards,  in  Japan  both  these  civilizers  are  popular. 

In  a  few  years  many  of  the  household  superstitions  I  have  enumer- 
ated will  be,  in  the  cities  of  Japan,  as  curious  to  the  Japanese  as  thev 
an.-  to  us.  Antony  these  are  the  following,  with  which  this  long 
chapter  may  be  closed: 

All  over  the  country,  in  town  or  city,  are  trees  speciallv  dedicated 
to  the  kami,  or  gods.  Those  around  shrines  also  are  deemed  sacred. 
They  are  often  marked  by  a  circlet  of  twisted  rice-straw.  Several 
times  in  the  ivent  history  of  the  country  have  serious  insurrections 
broken  out  among  the  peasantry,  because  the  local  authorities  decided 
t«>  cut  down  certain  trees  held  in  worshipful  reverence  by  the  people, 
and  believed  to  be  the  abode  of  the  tutelary  deities.  Nature,  in  all 
her  forms,  is  as  animate  and  populous  to  the  Japanese  imagination  as 
were  the  mountain  stream  and  sea  to  the  child  and  peasant  of  an- 
cient Greece.  Man}'  a  tale  is  told  of  trees  shedding  blood  when  hew- 
ed down,  and  of  sacrilegious  axe-men  smitten  in  death  for  their  temer- 
ity. In  popular  fiction — the  mirror  as  well  as  nurse  of  popular  fancy 
— a  whole  grove  of  trees  sometimes  appears  to  the  belated  or  guilty 
traveler  as  a  whispering  council  of  bearded  and  long-armed  old  men. 

In  Fukui  and  Tokio,  and  in  my  numerous  journeyings,  many  trees 
were  pointed  out  to  me  as  haying  u'ood  or  evil  reputation.  Some 
were  tlie  abodes  of  good  spirits,  some  of  ghosts  that  troubled  travel- 
ers and  the  neighborhood;  while  some  had  the  strange  power  of  at- 
tracting men  to  hang  themselves  on  their  branches.  This  power  of 
fascinating  men  to  suicide  is  developed  in  the  tree  after  the  Hist  vic- 
tim has  done  so  voluntarily.  One  of  these,  standing  in  a  lonely  part 
of  the  road  skirting  the  widest  of  the  castle  moats  in  Fukui,  was  fa- 
moii>  for  being  the  elect  gallows  for  all  the  suicides  by  rope  in  the 
citv.  Another  tree,  near  the  Imperial  College  in  Tokio.  within  half  a 
mile  of  my  house,  bore  a  similar  sinister  reputation;  and  another,  on 
the  >outh  side  of  Shiba  grove,  excelled,  in  number  of  victims,  any  in 
that  great  city. 

A  singular  superstition,  founded  upon  the  belief  that  the  kami  will 


474  THE  .MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

vi-it  vengeance  upon  those  who  desecrate  the  sacred  trees,  or  for 
\\hom  th.  \  arc  de-ccrated,  is  called  the  "Cx/u  tok-'i  inniri" — litcrailv. 
"to  _o  to  the  -hrinc  at  the  hour  of  the  (.\.''  Let  u-  -uppo-e  that  a 
man  lia-  made  'ove  to  a  woman,  won  her  affections,  and  then  de-ertcd 
h'-r.  In  -ome  cases,  sorrow  culminate-  in  .-uicide;  n-uallv,  it  i-  en- 
dured and  tinallv  ii\erborne  ;  in  rare  ca-es,  the  injured  woman  becomes 
a  jealous  avenger,  who  invokes  the  LV'd-  to  curse  and  annihilate  the 
de-tro\er  of  her  peace.  To  do  tin.-,  -he  make-  a  rude  imau'e  of  -traw, 
\\liich  i-  to  ivpiv-ent  her  victim.  At  the  hour  of  two  o'clock  in  the 
nioi-niim'.  ilxh't  tn/,-;  (th.1  hour  of  the  ,,\).  -he  proceeds  (nmii-i)  to  the 
-hrine  of  her  patron  uj'd,  n-uallv  the  ('//-<i<uitt  (family  or  local  deitv). 
Her  feet  arc  -hod  with  hi-'h  clou's,  her  limb-  are  lightly  robed  in  loo-o 
niii'ht-div--  of  white,  her  hail1  is  di-hev  clcd,  and  her  eyes  -parkle  with 
the  pa--ion  within  her.  Sometimes  she  wear-  a  crown,  made  ot  an 
iron  tripod  iwer.-ed,  on  which  burn  three  candles.  In  her  left  hand 
-lie  carries  the  >traw  etli^'v  ;  in  her  riu'ht  -he  u'l'a-p-  a  hammer.  <  ^.\ 
her  bosom  i-  -u-peiid'-d  a  mirror.  She  carries  na'l-  in  her  ;_nrdl<-  or 
in  her  month,  lit-achin^  the  >acreil  tree,  which  i>  encircled  with  a 
garland  of  rice— traw,  before  the  -hrine,  and  near  the  torii,  she  impale- 
up. >n  the  tree  with  nail-,  after  the  manner  of  a  Roman  crncitier.  the 
-traw  I'Hi-'v  of  her  recreant  lo\er.  While  -o  en^a^'cd.  -he  adjures  th< 
i:'"d-  to  -ave  their  tree,  impute  the  -'uilt  of  de-ecratioii  to  the  traitor, 
and  vi-it  him  with  their  dcadlv  vengeance.  The  vi-it  i-  repeated 
ni_rlnl\,  -everal  times  in  -ucce--ion,  until  the  object  of  her  incania- 
tion-  -ick.-n-  and  di<'-.  At  Sabae.  which  I  vi-iti-d,  a  town  tweiity-livi1 
mil'-s  from  l-'ukui.  in-fore  a  -hrine  of  |\;»mpira  >tood  a  [line  tree  about 
a  foot  thi'di,  pli-titifiillv  -tuddid  with  nail-,  the  imperi-hable  part--.f 
th  -i- emiil.  ni-  of  vicar'nm<  vengeance.  Another,  ami  a  -mailer,  nv- 
hard  bv.  wounded  unto  death  bv  repi-ateil  -tabs  <,f  the  iron  nail-  driv- 
en hop,,  by  arm-  nerved  to  ma.-cnline  -1  r- n^t  h.  had  \«]\^  -ince  with- 

eivd   av.ay.      It    -t 1   then-,  all   scarred   and   -tained   bv    ru-t.  and  -Mit- 

t'-r.'d    into   rottetnie--,  a   ^rim    nicinonal   ot    ]ia-.-ioii-   lori'^  since  co<iled 

in   death,   p'-r.-han  •>•   ••!    retribution    loirj   .-ince   a< mpli-hed.      \\hat 

tale-    of    love    and    d'  •'•rli"ii.   anu'ui-h,    jealoii-v,  and    vengeance    could 

ea    !i    I'U-tV    ci'o—   of    i       •      point-    tell,    were    each    a    tongue!        It    seemed 

iiother  of  manv    proof-    •  ,   •    the   pa— ion-  which  thrill  or  torment 

iman  -oil!  are  a-  -ti'on^    m    Japan    a-   in    tho-e   laud-    w  ho-c   chil- 

dri  n  boa-t  that  to  them  it   i-  '_n\eu  to  iva^h  the  ln'i-ht-  of  hi^he-t   hu- 

man   joy,  and  to  -.  ,und  '.he  d.  pth-   of  d'-epc-t    human  w  ot1.       In  .lapan, 

al-  -,  "  I.  '',.•  i-  a-  -tr''ii_r  a-  di-atli  :    ieali»i.i>v  i-  cruel  a-  the  LTi'«'ive. 


THE  MYTHICAL  ZOOLOGY  OF  JAPAX 


XII 

THE  MYTHICAL   ZOOLOGY   OF  JAPAN. 

As  if  to  mako  amends  for  the  poverty  of  the  actual  fauna  in  Japan, 
the  number  and  variety  of  imaginary  creatures  in  animal  form  are  re- 
markably great.  Man  is  not  satisfied  with  what  the  heavens  above 
and  the  waters  under  the  earth  show  him.  Seeing  that  every  effect- 
mil -t  have  a  cause,  and  ignorant  of  the  revelations  of  modern  science, 
the  natural  man  sees  in  cloud,  tempest,  lightning,  thunder,  earthquake, 
and  biting  wind  the  moving  spirits  of  the  air.  According  to  the  pri- 
mal mold  of  the  particular  human  mind  will  the  bodying  of  these 
things  unseen  be  lovely  or  hideous,  sublime  or  trivial.  Only  one  horn 
among  the  triumphs  of  modern  discovery,  who  lives  a  few  years  in  an 
AMatie  country,  can  realize  in  its  most  perfect  vividness  the  definition 
of  science  given  by  the  master  seer — "the  art  of  seeing  the  invisible.'' 

The  aspects  of  nature  in  Japan  are  such  as  to  influence  the  minds 
of  its  mainlv  agricultural  inhabitants  to  an  extent  but  faintly  realized 
by  one  born  in  the  United  States.  In  the  first  place,  the  foundations 
of  the  land  are  shaky.  There  can  be  no  real  estate  in  Japan,  for  one 
knows  not  but  the  whole  country  may  be  ingulfed  in  the  waters  out 
of  which  it  once  emerged.  Earthquakes  average  over  two  a  month, 
and  a  hundred  in  one  revolution  of  the  moon  have  been  known.  The 
national  annals  tell  of  many  a  town  and  village  ingulfed,  and  of  eitie> 
and  proud  castles  leveled.  Floods  of  rain,  causing  dreadful  land-slides 
and  inundations,  are  by  no  means  rare.  Even  the  ocean  has  to  the 
coast-dweller,  an  added  terror.  Xot  only  do  the  wind  and  tempe>t 
arise  to  wreck  and  drown,  but  the  tidal  wave  is  ever  a  possible  vi-itor, 
Once  or  twice  a  year  the  typhoons,  sometimes  the  most  dreadful  in  the 
dreadful  catalogue  of  destructive  agencies,  must  be  looked  fur.  Two- 
thirds  of  the  entire  surface  of  the  empire  is  covered  with  mount- 
ains— not  always  superb  models  of  form  like  Fuji,  but  often  jagged, 
peaks  and  eleven  crests,  among  which  are  grim  precipices,  frightful 
li'ul.-hes,  and  gloomy  defile:".  With  no  religion  but  that  of  paganism 
and  fetichism,  armed  without  bv  no  weapons  of  science,  strengthened 

31 


47*  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

\\ithin  by  no  knowledge  of  the  Creator-father,  the  Japanese  peasant  is 
appalled  at  hi-  own  insignificance  in  the  midst  of  the  sublime  my-te- 
rie- and  immensities  of  nature.  The  creatures  of  his  own  imagination, 
bv  \\hidi  he  explains  the  phenomena  of  nature  and  soothes  his  terror.-, 
though  -eeinin^  frightful  to  us.  arc  necessities  to  him,  since  the  awful 
-u-peii-e  of  uncertainty  and  ignorance  is  to  him  more  terrible  than  the 
creature-  \\ho-e  exi.-leiice  he  imagines.  Though  modern  science  will 
confer  an  ineffable  good  upon  Japan  bv  enlightening  the  darkened  in- 
of  its  inhabitants,  yet  the  continual  liability  to  the  recurrence  of 
dc.-tructive  natural  phenomena  will  long  retard  the  march  of  mind,  and 
keep  alive  superstitions  that  now  block  like  bowlders  the  path  of  civ- 
il i/ati'  in. 

( 'hief  among  ideal  creature's  in  Japan  is  the  dragon.  The  \\ord 
dragon  -lands  for  a  u'eiius  of  which  there  are  several  specio  and  \a- 
rieties.  To  describe  them  in  full,  and  to  recount  minutely  the  idea- 
held  bv  the  Japanese  ruMics  concerning  them,  would  be  to  compile  an 
octavo  \\ork  on  dragon  oloiry.  The  merest  tyro  in  Japanese  art  —  in- 
de'-d.  anv  <ine  who  has  seen  the  cheap  curios  of  the  country — mu-t 
have  been  impressed  \\ith  the  invat  number  of  thoc  colossal  wriu'^lers 
on  even  tiling  Japanese.  In  the  coiintrv  itself,  the  inon-ter  i-  well- 
ni^h  omnipresent.  In  the  carvings  on  tombs,  temples,  dwellings,  and 

shop .11  the  (iovernnient  docunicnt> — printed  on  the  old  and  the 

new  paper  money,  and  -tamped  on  the  new  coin- — in  picture-  and 
book-,  on  mu-ical  in-trumeiit-.  in  hiu'h-rdief  on  bron/e-,  and  cut  in 
stone,  inetal.  and  \s,,od — the  dragon  (////v/)  everywhere  "  swinges  the 
sc;t!\  horror  of  hi-  folded  tail."  \\hi-k-  hi-  lonir  mu-tadie-.  or  glares 
with  In-  terrible  eye-.  The  dragon  i-  the  only  animal  in  modern  Ja- 
pan thai  \\\  ar-  hairv  ornament-  on  the  upper  lip. 

I  -hall  attempt  no  detailed  description  of  the  Japanese  dragon. 
presuming  that  m.i-t  foreign  reader*  are  already  familiar  \\ith  it-  ap- 

pearaii' n  \so;-k-  of  art.  The  creature  look-  like  a  winded  crocodile, 

e  \eept  a-  to  the  MI  out,  which  is  tufted  \\  ith  hair,  and  the  claw-,  \\  Inch 
are  very  -harp.  The  celebrated  Japanese  author,  Hakin,  in  hi-  ma-ter- 
piece  of  //-//•/-, //-/./,  ("The  Ki-ht  I >og  Children"),  describes  the  moii- 
-:  •]•  v.  ith  dogmatic  aceuracv.  He  -av>  :  "The  draiTon  is  a  creature  of 
a  yen  -uperior  order  o(  beinif.  It  ha-  a  deer'-  horns,  a  hof-c'.-  head, 
eye-  like  tho-e  of  a  de\  il.  a  neck  like  that  of  a  snake,  a  belly  like  that 
of  a  red  worm,  scale-  like  tho-(  of  a  ti-h.  dau.-  like  a  ha\\  k'-.  paw-  like 
a  timer's,  and  ear-  like  a  cow'-.  In  t  he  -prinir,  the  >\ru^<  >ii  live-  in  heav- 
"i.  .  in  the  autumn,  in  the  water:  in  the  -ummer,  it  travel-  in  the 


THE  MYTHICAL  ZOOLOGY  OF  JAPAX. 


479 


clouds  and  takes  its  pleasure;  in  winter,  it  lives  in  the  earth  dormant. 
It  always  dwells  alone,  and  never  in  herds.  There  are  many  kinds  of 
dragons,  such  as  the  violet,  the  yellow,  the  u'reen,  the  red,  the  white,  the 
black,  and  the  riving  dragon.  Some  are  scaly,  some  horned,  some  with- 
out horns.  When  the  white  dragon  breathes,  the  breath  of  its  1  imp's 
U'oes  into  the  earth  and  turns  to  p'old.  When  the  violet  dragon  spits, 
the  spittle  becomes  balls  of  pure  crvstal,  of  which  u'ems  and  caskets 
are  made.  One  kind  of  drapoii  has  nine  colors  on  its  body,  and  an- 
other can  see  everv  tiling  within  a  hundred  ri ;  another  has  immense 
treasures  of  every  sort;  another  delights  to  kill  human  beings.  The 
water  dragon  causes  floods  of  rain;  when  it  is  sick,  the  rain  has  a 


The  Ruin  DraviDii.     ^Fn>m  a  Japanese  drawing,  by  K;mo.) 

fishy  smell.  Tin-  fire  dragon  is  only  seven  feet  loni;,  but  its  bodv  is 
of  flame.  The  dragons  are  all  very  lustful,  and  approach  beast>  <>f  ev- 
ery sort.  The  fruit  of  a  union  of  one  of  these  monsters  \\ith  a  cow 
i>  the  /•//•/'//,•  with  a  swine,  an  elephant;  and  with  a  mare,  a  >teed  of 
the  finest  breed.  The  female  dragon  produces  at  every  parturition 
nine  youn^.  The  first  youn^  dragon  sin^s,  and  likes  all  harmonious 
sounds,  hence  the  tops  of  Japanese  bells  are  cast  in  the  form  of  this 


4  SO  Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

drairon ;  the  second  delights  in  the  sounds  of  musical  instruments, 
hence  the  knt<>,  or  horizontal  harp,  nnd  xnzinni.;\  Ljirl's  dnini,  struck  by 
tin-  timr'T-,  ;<iv  ornamented  with  tin-  figure  of  this  dragon;  the-  third 
i-  fund  of  drinking,  and  likes  all  stimulating  liquors,  therefore  u'oblets 
and  drinkinj:-cups  an-  adorned  with  representations  of  this  creature; 
tin-  fourth  likes  steep  and  dangerous  places,  hence  gables,  towors,  and 
projecting  beams  of  temples  and  pagodas  have  carved  images  of  thi- 
drairoii  upon  them;  the  fifth  is  a  irivat  destroyer  of  livinir  things,  fond 
of  killimr  and  bloodshed,  therefore  swords  are  decorated  with  golden 
tiiruiv-  of  this  dragon  ;  the  sixth  loves  learning  and  delights  in  litera- 
ture, hence  on  the  covers  and  title-paires  of  honks  and  literarv  works 
are  pictures  of  this  creature;  the  seventh  is  renowned  for  its  power  of 
hearing;  the  eighth  enjoy >  sitting,  hence  the  easy-chairs  are  carved  in 
it-  images:  the  ninth  loves  to  hear  weight,  therefore  the  feet  of  tahles 
and  of  hihachi  are  shaped  like  this  creature'.-  feet.  As  the  dragon  is 
the  most  powerful  animal  in  existence,  so  the  garments  of  the  emperor 
or  mikado  are  called  the  '  dragon  robes,'  hi-  face  the  '  dragon  counte- 
nance,' hi-  hoily  the  '  dragon  hody,'  the  rutllinir  of  the  'dragon  scales' 
hi-  displeasure,  and  his  an^'er  the  '  drajjon  wrath.'"' 

\Vhenrr  aro-e  the  idea  of  the  dragon  .'  "Was  the  pterodactyl  known 
to  the  earlv  penples  of  the  Ka-t  .'  I  )id  the  ^eolo^ic  fish-lizard  wander 
at  niirhl,  \\ith  teeth  unpicked  and  unrlr;tn>ed  of  phosphorescent  tVa^- 
mriil-  nf  hi-  ti.-h-diet,  and  thus  reallv  breathe  out  tire,  a-  the  arti-t- 
jiicturr  him  .' 

Tin-  ki rin,  referred  to  above,  is  an  animal  having  the  head  of  a  drag- 
on, the  !">dv  of  a  dn-r,  and  the  le^s  and.  fret  nf  a  lmr-c.  \\ith  tail  and 
-trramiiiL;'  hai,  or  \\'H!L;'-  jn'culiar  to  it-elf,  though  native  poet-  never 
br-tridr  it,  imr  i-  it  anv  relative  <>f  I'CL:;!-!!-.  (  >n  its  forehead  i-  a 
-iii'_rle  h-irn.  Il  i-  found  car\ed  on  th'1  wood-work  of  the  toi:iii-  of 
tin-  -h'.'i^un-  and  nther  defunct  worthies  in  Japan.  It  is  said  that  tin- 
kinn  a|i|Kai'-  «'ii  thr  earth  once  in  a  thousand  vears,  or  onlv  uhrn 
some  tran-cendriitlv  ^i-rat  man  or  sa^fe,  like  < 'mifiicius,  is  Imrn.  It 
never  tread-  on  a  live  ni-r.-t,  nor  rat>  ^ro \\IIIL:'  u'ra-s.  rl'he  kirin  i-  of 
lo-  inijiortance  in  .lnj.an  than  in  ( 'hina.  whence  it-  origin,  like  that  of 
so  much  of  the  mythology  and  -Iran ire  notion-  current  in  Japan. 

There  is  another  «'reature  uho-e  \i-it-  an  rarer  than  thoe  of  an- 
•_rr!-, -ince  it  appears  on  the  earth  onlv  at  millennial  intervals,  or  a1  the 
birth  of  -ome  very  Lri'l-at  man.  This  fabulous  bird,  also  <>f  ( 'hine-e  or- 
igin, i-  called  the  ln/ira,  or  phenix.  The  tombs  of  the  -ho^un-  at  Slii- 
ba  an  I  Nikko  have  mo.-t  elaborate  rcpre.-eiitations  of  the  Imwo,  and 


THE  MYTHICAL  ZOOLOGY  OF  JAPAN.  481 

the  new  and  old  paper  currency  of  the  country  likewise  bears  its  im- 
a^'e.  It  seems  to  lie  a  combination  of  the  pheasant  and  peacock.  A 
Chinese  dictionary  thus  describes  the  fowl:  "The  phenix  is  of  the 
essence  of  water;  it  was  horn  in  the  vermilion  cave;  it  roosts  not 
hut  upon  the  most  beautiful  tree  (\\u-tnnu1,  jKlwococcux  o/<v/m/) ;  it 
cats  nut  but  of  the  seeds  of  the  bamboo;  it  drinks  not  but  of  the 
sweetest  spring;  its  bodv  is  adorned  with  the  Five  Colors;  its  SOUL;' 
contains  the  Five  Notes;  as  it  walks,  it  looks  around;  as  it  flies,  the 
hosts  of  birds  follow  it.''  It  has  the  head  of  a  fowl,  the  crest  of  a 
swallow,  the  neck  of  a  snake,  the  tail  of  a  ii-h.  'Virtue,  obedience, 
justice,  fidelity,  and  benevolence  are  symbolized  in  the  decorations  on 
its  head,  wings,  bodv,  and  breast. 

Some  of  the  ultra-conservatives,  who  cherish  the  old  superstitions, 
and  who  look  with  distrust  and  contempt  on  the  present  ri-<ihitc  in 
Japan,  await  the  coming  of  the  kirin  and  the  howo  with  eagerness,  as 
the  annunciation  of  the  birth  of  the  great  leader,  who  is,  by  his  pre- 
eminent abilities,  to  dwarf  into  insignificance  all  the  pi^mv  politicians 
of  the  present  day.  This  superstition  in  Japan  takes  the  place  of 
those  loii'j;  in  vogue  in  Europe,  where  it  was  supposed  that  such  lead- 
ers as  Charlemagne,  Alfred,  and  Barbarossa  were  sleeping,  but  would 
conn:  forth  a^ain  at  the  propitious  moment,  to  lead,  conquer,  and 
reiii'ii. 

The  k<i}>i>(t  is  a  creature  with  the  body  and  head  of  a  monkey 
and  tin-  claws  of  a  tortoise.  There  are  various  representations  of  it. 
gravel v  figured  in  native  works  on  rcptilology.  In  some  of  these,  the 
monkey  type  seems 'to  prevail  ;  in  others,  the  tortoise.  There  is  a  pe- 
culiar species  of  tortoise  in  the  waters  of  Japan,  called  by  the  natives 
v <>/;/,» w.  Its  shell  is  cartilaginous,  its  head  triangular,  and  its  probos- 
cis elongated  and  tapering.  Imagine  this  greenish  creature  rising  up, 
shedding  its  shell,  and  evolving  into  a  monkev-liko  animal,  about  the 
sixe  of  a  big  boy,  but  retaining  its  web-footed  claws,  and  you  have  the 
kappa.  It  is  supposed  to  live  in  the  water,  and  to  seixe  people,  espe- 
ciallv  bo\s  \\ho  invade  its  dominions.  It  delights  in  catching  \\ell- 
favored  urchins,  and  feasting  upon  choice  tidbits  torn  out  of  certain 
parts  of  their  bodies. 

The  kappa,  fortunately,  is  very  fond  of  cucumbers,  and  parents  hav- 
ing promising  sons  throw  the  first  cucumbers  of  the  season  into  the 
water  it.  is  supposed  lo  haunt,  to  propitiate  it  and  save  their  chil- 
dren. In  Fukni,  L  was  warned  not  to  bathe  in  a  certain  part  of  the 
river,  as  the  kappa  would  infallibly  catcli  me  by  the  feet  and  devour 


^•2  TH1-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

in.' ;  and  more  than  Km-  head  was  shaken  when  it  became  known  that 
1  had  defied  their  \\aniin^. 

A   \\..mati   ua-  riding  in  :i  jiiM'iki-sha,  and  the  coolie  was  eoiirsiiiii 

at  full  -|'tjrd  "ii  the  road  at  the  side  of  the  castlo-llloat,  where  the 
water  i-  four  ft  et  ileep.  Suddeiilv,  and,  to  the-  coolie,  umurountaMy, 
he  and  his  vehicle  \\eiv  up-et,  and  the  preci.ni-  freight  was  thrown 
into  the  nioat.  She  was  ti-hed  out  in  a  condition  that  ini^lit  have 
hdped  wen  a  pa— inu'  foreigner  to  believe  in  the  existence  of  the  mer- 
maid. The  coolie  was  pu/./.led  to  account  for  the  capsizing  of  liis  ma- 
diine,  and  inmiediatelv  attributed  it  to  the  agency  of  the  kappa.  15y 
venturing  insultingly  near  the  domain  of  this  local  Neptune,  he  had 
Keen  puni-hed  by  his  muddy  majestv.  Though  the  woman  had  no 
mark  of  daw  .-r  teeth,  she  doubtless  congratulated  herself  on  her  lucky 
escape  from  the  claw-  of  the  monster. 

I  have  heard,  on  several  occasions,  of  jieo|>!e  in  Tokio  -edm;  a  kap- 
pa in  the  Sumida-ii'awa.  the  river  that  flows  by  the  capital.  Nunier- 
•  Mi-  in-tances  of  harm  d<>ne  bv  it  are  known  to  the  <>rtliodo\  believ- 
er-, to  \\  hoin  these  creations  of  diseased  imagination  are  eniluidk'd  vrr- 
\\\(-~.  The  native  ne\\ -jiajieiv-  occasionally  announce  reported  cases  ,,t 
kappa  mi-,  hief,  u-in^  the  incidents  a-  texts  to  ridicule  the  Miper-ti- 
tion,  h"pinu'  to  uproot  it  from  the  minds  of  the  people. 

Anioii^-  the  maiiv  i.leiil  creatui'e-  with  which  the  native  imagina- 
tion ha-  populated  earth  and  air  i-  the  kn/i/u-ifurf,/,  believed  to  be  a 
kind  "f  wea-ei.  that,  in  th«-  m<>-t  \\anton  -p.-rt.  or  "lit  of  mere  d.  ii^ht 
in  mali^nit  \ .  cuts  oi  tear-  the  face-  of  people  \\ith  the  sickle  \\lii.-h  it 
i-  -uppo-i  d  to  carrv.  This  creature  i-  not  knoun  t^.  trouble  anv  ani- 
mal except  man.  l',\i  r\  one  kiiou-  that  at  time-,  m  moment-  of  ex- 
citement, cuts  or  scratche-  ;ir,.  rri-eiveil  \\hii-n  are  di-coven-d  onlv  bv 
the  a[ip>':iraiici-  of  bl 1.  In  Japan,  \\heiv  the  people  imiversallv  wear 

el,,_' often  hi-'!l.  lli-a\  \  block-  of  Wood,  the  tlloli^  of  \\hich  i-  lia- 
ble to  break  — aip 1  the  u'r-und  i-  covered  \\ith  loo-e  pebble-  or  sharp 
-tone-,  fall-  and  cut-  are  \.-r\  fiv<|iient.  The  mie  thought.  t»  the  ex- 
elu-ioii  of  everv  otln  r.  in  an  in-1aiice  of  thi-  kind,  i-  about  the  failim: 
thoji'_r  or  the  n  :  -'ip]Mirt.  The  pede-tirii).  picking  him- If 

ii]  i.  u  it  h  probal  'i  on  1 1).-  tlioii|_f  or  tlie  do^-maker.  til  id-. 

on  cooliii^  off.  that   hi-  fa.-,    i-  cut.       1'iv-to!      "  Kuiixi-itnrlu  n'i  k'i  r<i  r< - 
In"  (  "  cut   bv  the  -iekle-wea-i  i  "  |.      The  iii\  i-ible  brute  ha-  pa— ed  and 
is   victim    .'ii    tin  hi-   blade,      I   ha\e   mv-df   kn.iun 

i---   where   no  cut    apji'-ari.i  IO.M]    tloued.  vet    the    -tumbier 

roke  hi-  clo._r-trinu  i       i        ir-inn  the   kama-itachi   for  trippini: 


THE  MYTHICAL  ZOOLOGY  OF  JAPAN.  483 

him.  This  creature  is  also  said  to  be  present  in  whirlwinds.  It  is  a 
most  convenient  scape-goat  for  people  who  go  out  at  night  when  they 
ouirht  to  stav  at  home,  and  who  get  cuts  and  scratches  which  they  do 
not  care  to  account  for  truly.  A  case  recently  occurred  in  the  port  of 
Niiii'ata,  which  illustrates  both  the  mythical  and  scape-goat  phases  of 
this  belief.  A  European  doctor  was  called  to  see  a  native  woman, 
who  was  said  to  be  suffering  from  the  kama-itachi.  The  patient  was 
found  Iving  down,  with  a  severe  clean  cut,  such  as  might  have  been 
caused  by  falling  on  some  sharp  substance;  but  to  all  questions  as  to 
how  she  got  the  wound,  the  only  answer  was,  "  Kama-itachi/'  By 


Futeu,  the  Wind-imp.    (From  a  Japanese  drawing.) 

dint  of  questioning  the  servants,  it  appeared  that  there  was  more 
the  fact-  than  had  met  the  doctor's  ears.  It  seemed  that,  during  1 
niu'lit.  siie  had  risen  and  passed  out  of  the  house,  and  had  been  :t!>- 
for  a  considerable  time.  Whether  there  was  a  "love-lorn  <uain 
lady'.-  bower"  awaiting  her  coming  was  not  developed  during  t 
pumping  procos  she  was  subjected  to  by  the  student  of  imagin; 
zoology,  who  was  the  catechist  of  the  occasion.  Japanese  gardens  ; 
nearh  always  paved  with  smooth  stones,  which  often  have  sharp  edu' 
Thc-e  min'ht  easily  have  inflicted  just  such  a  wound  in  ease  of  a  fall 


4,-!4  Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

their  -lippery  surfaces,  especially  if  the  fall  occurred  in  the  darkne-s 
For  iva-on-  of  her  o\\  n,  most  probably,  the  Maine  was  laid  on  the  ka- 
ma- 1:  achi. 

The  \\ind  and  the  tliunder,  to  a  Japanese  child  or  peasant,  are  some- 
thing more  than  moving  air  and  sound.  liefore  manv  of  the  temple- 
are  figures,  often  colossal,  of  the  u'ods  of  the  wind  and  of  thunder. 
The  former  is  represented  as  a  mon-trous  semi-feline  creature,  holding 
an  enormous  baij  of  compressed  air  over  his  shoulders.  When  he 
loosens  his  hold  on  one  of  the  closed  ends,  the  breezes  Mow;  when  he 
partlv  opens  it,  a  sale  arises ;  \\heii  he  remove-  his  hand,  the  tornado 
devastates  the  earth.  At  times,  this  imp,  a-  the  fancy  seizes  him,  sal- 


l;.iiil«Mi,  Mi'1    I'l  i-1  '  :.     'Ki'Din  .'i  Tintivc  (Irawiiitr.) 

lie-  forth  fp'iii  hi-  lair  aua\  in  the  uiountains,  and  chas('S  terrified 
travelers  or  !_rni>s-eiitters  ;  often  scratchin<j;  their  face^  dreadfullv  \\ith 

lll>   cla'A'-.         Solllel 'lilies,   illVl'-iliK'    pa-.-lIlLf,    lie    I'iteS   or    teaiS    tile    eollllte- 

nance  of  the  traveler,  who.  hearing  the  I. runt  of  the  hla-t,  feel>  the 
\voimd.  1'iit  sets  not  MH  :i--iiiaht.  Tiiere  aiv  not  uantiiii:'  picture-; 
and  iinai^es  representing  tl  ranee  of  pioii-  men,  who.  trusting  in 

t!ir  Bolide--  Kuaiioii,  ha\e.  \,\  dint  of  iiimhlene»  and  pra\er,  e-caped, 
a-  l'\  a  hair-breadth,  the  -t>  <  1  .,!•.'  claws  c,f  |-'iMen.  the  v,  ind-imp. 

The  "  thundcr-^od  "   i-   represented  u-  a  creature  that   look-  like  M 


THE  MYTHICAL  ZOOLOGY  OF  JAPAN.  485 

human  dwarf  changed  into  a  species  of  erect  cat.  His  name  is  Raiden. 
He  carries  over  his  head  a  semicircle  of  five  drums  joined  together. 
By  striking  or  rattling  these  drums,  he  makes  thunder.  With  us  it  is 
not  the  thunder  that  strikes;  but  in  Japanese  popular  language,  the 
thunder  not  only  strikes,  but  kills.  According  to  Russian  supersti- 
tion, thunder  kills  with  a  stone  arrow.  Among  the  Japanese,  when 
the  lightning  strikes,  it  is  the  thunder-cat  that  leaps  upon,  or  is  hurled 
at,  the  victim.  Often  it  escapes  out  of  the  cloud  to  the  ground.  A 
young  student  from  Iliuga  told  me  that  in  his  native  district  the  paw 
of  a  thunder-imp  that  fell  out  of  the  clouds  several  centuries  ago  is 
still  kept,  and  triumphantly  exhibited,  as  a  silencing  proof  to  all  skep- 
tics of  the  actual  occurrence  of  the  event  asserted  to  have  taken  place. 
Tradition  relates  that  a  sudden  storm  once  arose  in  the  district,  and 
that,  during  a  terrific  peal  of  thunder,  this  monster  leaped,  in  a  flash  of 
lightning,  down  a  well.  Instead,  however,  of  falling  directly  into  the 
water,  its  hind  paw  happened  to  get  caught  in  a  crack  of  the  split 
timber  of  the  wooden  well-curb,  and  was  torn  off  by  the  momentum 
of  the  descent.  This  paw  was  found  after  the  storm,  fresh  and 
bloody,  and  was  immediately  taken  to  be  preserved  for  the  edification 
of  future  generations.  It  is  not  known  whether  any  of  the  neighbors 
missed  a  eat  at  that  time;  but  any  suggestions  of  such  an  irreverent 
theorv  of  explanation  would  doubtless  be  met  by  the  keepers  of  the 
relic  with  lofty  scorn  and  pitying  contempt. 

One  of  the  miracle  figures  at  Asakusa,  in  Tdkio,  until  1S74  repre- 
sents ;i  noble  of  the  mikado's  court,  with  his  hand  on  the  throat, 
and  his  knee  planted  on  the  back  of  the  thunder-imp  that  lies  sprawl- 
ing, and  apparently  howling,  on  the  ground,  with  his  drums  broken 
and  scattered  about  him.  One  hairv  paw  is  stretched  out  impotently 
before  him,  and  with  the  other  he  vainly  tries  to  make  his  conqueror 
release  his  hold.  The  expression  of  the  starting  eves  of  the  beast 
shows  that  the  vise-like  grip  of  the  man  is  choking  him  ;  his  nostril- 
gape,  and  from  his  mouth  extrude  sharp  teeth.  His  short  cars  are 
cocked,  and  his  bodv  is  hairv,  like  a  cat.  On  each  of  his  pa\\s  are 
several  triangular  bayonet -shaped  claws.  The  human  figure  js  life- 
size;  the  thunder-cat  is  about  three  feet,  from  crown  to  claws.  The 
creature  does  not  appear  to  have  anv  tail.  This,  houever.  is  no 
curtailment  of  his  feline  dignity,  since,  most  of  the  Japanese  pussies 
have  caudal  appendages  of  but  one  or  two  inches  in  length,  and  many 
are  as  tailless  as  the  Darwinian  descendants  of  the  monkev.  This 
tableau  is  explained  as  follows  by  the  guide-book  to  the  exhibition: 


4,-tj  THE  .MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

"In  tli-  pro\iii'-e  of  Yamato.  in  the  ivi^n  of  Yuriyaku  Tenno.  when 
he  \\a-  ,  .•  _:  hi-  palace,  a  sudden  thunder- storm  of  terrific-  violence 
tnik;iil<i  ordered  Sudani,  hi-  courtier,  to  catch  tin-  thun- 
der-imp. Sudani  -purred  lii-  hor-e  forward  ami  drove  tin-  thunder- 
^•..«1  l.i  ihc  -i«li-  of  Mount  A  In'-,  uhere  the  creature,  leaping  hi^h  into 
the  air.  defied  the  attempt-  of  his  pursuer.  Sudani.  ^a/in^  at  the 
-kv,  cried  out  to  the  imp,  ' < >he\  the  emperor  '.'  I5ut  the  roll  of  the 
thunder  i-eased  not  for  a  moment.  Then  Subaru,  turning  hi-  face  to 
the  temple,  p raved  earne-tlv  to  Kuanon,  and  cried  out,  "  I  >o-t  thou 
n»t  liear  and  protect  t  hy  fait  liful  one- \\heii  they  cry  unto  tluv  f  Im- 
mediately, a-  the  praver  ended,  a  splendor  of  radian'  liii'lit  ^hot  out 
from  the  temple,  and  the  thunder- imp  fell  to  the  earth.  Sudani 
>ei/ed  him  in  a  trice,  liound  him  -ecuivlv,  and  took  him  to  the  em- 
peror'- palace.  Then  all  men  called  him  the  '  p'd-catclier.' " 

Pecideclly.  the  animal  of  greatest  dinieii-ioiis  in  the  mytliical 
III'-IIT_''  rie  or  nijuarinii)  of  Japan  i-  the  jixliin  ////•«.  ••]•  "  ear!  lnjiiake 
ti-h."  ColiccniinLT  the  \\  hei'ealtoiit-  and  haunt-  of  thi-  nion-ter.  tliei-e 
are  t\vo  S"parate  opinions  or  tlieories,  held  ivspretheh  1>\-  the  d\\ell- 
ci's  :>!i  the  i-oa-t  and  tho.-e  inland.  The  former  helievc  that  the  ji-hin- 
u\\o  i-  a  -ul'iiiaritie  nion-ter.  \\liose  Imdv  i-  from  half  a  i'i  to  one 
ri  in  length.  Thi-  ti-li  -trike-  the  -hoi'e  or  ocean-bottom  in  il-  Li'am- 
l-ol-  or  in  it>  svratli.  and  make-  the  --roiinil  nn-k  and  trend-le.  hi 
time-  of  e-feat  anu'i'!'  it  not  onl\  cau-i--  the  -olid  earth  1"  i|iii\er  and 
crack,  lexelinj,-  liou-e-  in  ruin,  and  in^nltim:'  mountain-.  Kut,  ar'-hinu' 
it-  1-ack,  pile<  the  waters  of  tlie  ocean  into  that  -um  .  f  ti-rror  ,-,nd 
calamit\ — a  tidal  \\a\e.  Anion-  the  pe..|.!e  in  the  interior.  ho\\e\er. 
tlie  tip-on  olifain-  that  there  e\i-t-  a  siil'terraiiean  ti-!i  of  prodigious 
length.  Aci-ordiiiLT  '"  -"inc.  it-  head  i-  in  tin-  northern  part  of  MM- 
main  i-land,  the  place  .,f  fe\\e-t  and  li-hte-t  eartlh]iiake-.  and  it-  tail 

ill    the     >JT  lie-     liefuecll     T.pkio     atld     K'iof".         <>t!|e|--     a- 

-ert  that  the  ti'c    p"-ition   i-  the  rfver-e  of  thi-.      The  motions  of  the 

i i-ter   are    kno\\n    \.\    the    tivmor-    of    the   eartli.      A    gentle   thrill 

mean-  that   ;'    i-  ri-t  in^  it-  -pine-.       \\'hen  -If^k-  "f  <  \tra"r- 

dinary   Uoleiice  ai>-  t>    ;.  the  hrufc   i-  ..n  a   rampage,  aiid  i-  tiappinu'  it- 
tluke-  like  a  \v.     i 

Tl  i     limit-   of  i  •    •    •          !   any  |..nir  de-cHpti  ,„  ,,f  tlie  le- 

important    meinher-    of  thai    ideal    u,<  na^erie  to    \\hich    I    have   phr.ed 

nan.      Not       •  under  my  .  i\vn   iinme- 

'        '       '  '     •      of    till       ;  Variefie-    of    the     ^eliM-     'itujil,    \\ll!c)i 

•     1.  arii>;d    are    -vmliolical    <•!    the    male    and    female   e-^enee-    in 


THE  MYTHICAL   ZOOLOGY  OF  JAPAX. 


487 


Chinese  philosophy.  These  are  in  the  one  case  long-nosed,  and  in 
the  other  long-hilled  goblins,  that  haunt  mountain  places  and  kidnap 
wicked  children.  Their  faces  are  found  in  street  shows,  in  picture- 
books,  on  works  of  art,  and  even  in  temples,  all  over  the  country. 
The  native  caricaturists  are  not  afraid  of  them,  and  the  funny  arti>t 
has  given  us  a  sketch  of  a  pair  who  are  putting  the  nasal  elongation 
to  a  novel  use,  in  carrying  the  lunches.  One  is  being  "  led  by  the 
nose,"  in  a  sense  even  stronger  than  the  English  idiom.  The  scrap 
of  text,  "hanami"  ("to  see  the  flowers"),  is  their  term  for  junketing  in 


Tengu  Bering  on  a  Picnic.     (IIokiit:ii.) 

the  woods;  but  the  hindmost  teno'u  is  carrying  pleasure  to  the  verLi'e 
of  pa'n,  since  he  has  to  hold  up  his  lunch-box:  with  his  right,  \\hile  he 
earrie>  his  mat  to  >it  on  and  table-cloth  in  his  left  hand,  lie  "f  the 
beak  evidently  best  enjoys  the  fun  of  the  matter.  I  rni^'ht  tell  of 
eats  which  do  not  exi>t  in  the  world  of  actual  observation,  \\hieh  have 
nine  tails,  and  torment  people,  and  of  those  other  double-tailed  felines 
which  appear  in  the  form  of  old  women.  A  tortoi-e  \\ith  a  \\ide- 
fringed  tail,  wliieh  lives  ten  thousand  years,  is  found  portrayed  "ii 
miscellaneous  works  of  art,  in  bronze,  lacquer-ware,  carved  work,  and 
in  silver,  and  especially  represented  as  the  emblem  of  longevity  at 


|-s  THE  MIKADO'S  EM  I'll!  I-:. 

marriage  ceremonies.     The  mermaid  i-  not  unlv  an  article  of  manufact- 
ure  '  \    niniliie-liiiirered  nati\e  taxidermists,  hut  exists  in  tin-  belief  of 


Amoii^  tin-  miracle -figures  or  tableaux  at  A-aku-a,  to  which  we 
have  aiivadv  referred,  is  one  i'epre>entin<j;  a  ineniian  be^ini;  the 
praveis  of  a  pious  devotee.  The  Japanese  ^uide- book  sav- :  "One 
da\  uhrii  a  certain  -)o^u  Taislii  was  pa— ini;'  the  village  of  Ishidera.  a 
creature  \\ith  a  head  like  a  human  hein-j  and  a  bodv  like  a  ti-h  ap- 
peared to  him  out  of  the  ru>hes,  and  told  him  that  in  his  previous 
Mate  of  exi-teiicc  lie  had  been  very  fond  of  ti-hin^.  NOW.  hein^1  lioru 
into  the  uorld  as  a  merman,  he  ea^erlv  dc-iivd  Jo^ii  Tai^hi  to  erect  a 
-iii'ine  to  the  honor  of  Kuanon,  that  l»v  the  -^reat  favor  and  merev  of 
t!ie  -•,  ,dde-s  he  miirht  lie  reliorn  into  a  higher  form  of  life.  Aceoi-.l- 
inu'lv,  .lo^'ii  Tai-hi  erected  a  shrine,  and  carved  with  his  own  hand-  a 
thoii-atid  ima-'o  of  Kuanon.  On  the  day  on  \\hi'-h  he  finished  the 

•  •arvinir  of  the  laM^    ima-'e,  a  ten-Jin  (an^'el)  ajtpeared  to  him  and  stid. 

•  l'.\    \i>ur  benevolence  and  pietv  I  have  heeti  horn  into  the  ivu'ioii>  of 

ilea\  ell.'  " 

Littie  lioys,  tempted  to  devour  too  much  eandv,  are  frightened,  not 
with  [irophecies  of  pain  or  threat-  of  nan-eon-  medicine-.  Imt  \>\  tin 
fear  of  a  liideous  huu'c  worm  that  \\ill  siirelv  he  produced  l.y  ilidil!- 
^  •  ::i  sweets.  The  Japaiie>e  liacchanal>  are  called shfijo.  Thev  are 

[ pie  \\ho  live  near  the  sea,  of  Ion--  red  hail',  Meaivd  eves  and  Li'aunt 

face-,  \slio  dance  \\ith  \\ild  jo\  liefoiv  a  hiiu'e  jar  of  -ake.  (  Mi  jiicnic 
lio\e-,  -ake  cup-,  va-e-  and  jars  of  lacijiiered  work,  l>ro]i/e.  or  p.irce- 
lain.  t  he-c  in\  1  hical  1 1  ipers,  u  it  h  the  implement-  of  i  heir  mii't  h  and  ex- 
ec—.  are  -ecu  represented.  The  a>-ociatioii-  of  a  .lapaiie-e  child  \\lio 
tii'-t  !o-,k-  ;ipoii  a  man  of  red  heard  or  hair  ma\  In-  ima^iiied.  So 

•  it-  thro  ._!,  all  a'_fe-  and  rank-  of  life  a  iMon    or  le--  ileep-roolcil  ter- 
ror of  noii-ex'iMcnt   nioii-tro-itie-;    and  although  manv  .lapaiie-e  people 

i!i    ill.      cities     ;,nd    toUll-     lall-'h    at     tlie-e     -,  i  I » 'I'-t  It  ioll-.     \  et     a'llon-'    tile 

iiniku,  or  ••ojintrv  peuple,  thev  arc  living  ivaiitic-,  not  to  he  trilled 
\\ith  or  detieil.  In  compan\,  round  the  hearth,  one  fellow  mav  In- 
hold  eiioiie-h  to  elia!!,  iIL.-e  tln-ir  e\i-tcnce  ;  hut  at  ni-'ht.  on  the  loiielv 
!••  ad.  or  in  the  nioui  '  ide-,  or  in  the  pre-eiice  of  natiir.  '-  more 

phenomena,  the  ! r.  the   child,  and  c\eii  the  LM'OWH   men  \\ho 

fea-on,  are  aweil  into     •  ,  •  :  a-    li   a:.     That  they  are  fading  away,  how- 
hy  vear.  i-  nio-i  evid   •  • .      Science,  the  pi  — ,  education,  and 
'          •  ai  itv  are  making  the-e  mythi':al  aiiimal-  extinct   -pe':ie-  in  the 
. 


FOLK-LORE  AXD  FIRESIDE  STORIES.  491 


XIII. 

FOLK-LORE  ASD   FIRESIDE  STORIES. 

THE  hibaclii,  or  fire-brazier,  is  to  the  Japanese  household  wliat  the 
hearth  or  tire-place  is  in  an  Occidental  home.  Around  it  friends  meet, 
the  family  gathers,  parents  consult,  children  play,  the  cat  purrs,  and 
the  little  folks  listen  to  the  fairy  legends  or  household  lore  from  nurse 
or  gran  dame. 

1  have  often,  in  many  a  Japanese  home,  seen  children  thus  gathered 
round  the  bib:;  'hi,  absorbing  through  open  eyes  and  ears  and  mouth 
the  marvelous  stories  which  disguise  the  mythology,  philosophy,  and 
not  a  little  of  the  wisdom  of  the  world's  childhood.  Even  the  same 
world,  with  its  beard  grown,  finds  it  a  delight  to  listen  now  and  then 
to  the  old  wives'  fables,  and  I  propose  in  this  chapter  to  give  a  few  ot 
the  many  short  stories  with  which  every  Japanese  child  is  familiar, 
and  which  I  have  often  heard  myself  from  children,  or  from  the  lips 
of  older  persons,  while  sitting  round  the  hibaclii,  or  which  I  have  had 
written  for  me.  The  artist  Oxawa,  at  my  request,  sketched  such  a 
scene  as  1  have  often  looked  upon.  The  grandmother  has  drawn  the 
attention  of  her  infantile  audience  to  the  highest  tension  of  interest. 
Iron-bound  top,  picture-book,  mask  of  Su/ume,  jumping-jack,  devil 
in  a  band-box,  and  all  other  toys  are  forgotten,  while  eyes  open  and 
mouths  gape  as  the  story  proceeds.  Besides  the  gaylv  colored  little 
book.-,  containing  the  most  famous  stories  for  children,  there  are  nu- 
merous published  collections  of  talcs,  some  of  which  are  centuries  old. 
Among  those  current  in  Japan  are  some  of  Indian,  Chinese,  and  per- 
hap-  of  other  origin. 

The  wonderful  story  of  ''  Raiko  and  the  Oni  "  is  one  of  the  most 
famous  in  the  collection  of  Japanese  grandmothers.  Its  power  to 
open  the  mouths  and  distend  the  oblique  eyes  of  the  younn'-tcr-  long 
after  bed-time,  is  unlimited.  I  have  before  me  a  little  stitched  book  of 
.seven  leaves,  which  I  bought  among  a  lot  of  two  do/en  or  more  in  one 
of  the  colored  print  and  book  shops  in  Tokio.  It  i-  four  inches  long 
and  three  wide.  On  the  gaudy  cover,  which  is  printed  in  seven  col- 


492  THE  MIKADO'S   EM  PIKE. 

(>r-,  i-  a  picture  of  Ilaiko,  the  hero,  in  helmet  and  ;inni>r,  o-raspiiiLi'  in 
l>oth  hand-  tin'  faithful  .-word  \\ith  which  lie  -lav>  the  u'houl  who-e 
frightful  fa<v  glowers  al>o\e  him.  The  hirar/tiHd  text  and  wood-outs 
\\itliin  the  cover-  are  ^reatlv  worn,  showing  that  inanv  thousand  cop- 
ies ha\e  Keen  printed  from  the  original  and  t>t't-ivt<>in-lied  face  of  the 
diem  -\\  ood  Mocks.  The  story,  thus  illu-tratcd  \sitli  fourteen  eiiijTav- 
MIL;'-,  i-  as  follow-  : 

A  lotii:  while  au;o,  when  the  mikado's  power  had  .-lipped  away  into 
the  hand-  of  hi-  regents,  the  -'uard  at  Kioto  \\a-  neglected.  There 
wa-  a  rumor  in  the  ritv  that  "///',  or  demon-,  fivijuented  the  streets  lute 
at  ni^'lit,  and  earned  otl  people  hodilv.  The  most  dreaded  place  was 
at  the  Ka-jo  irate,  at,  the  south-we-tern  entrance  to  the  palace.  Hither 
\\  ataiial'e.  l>v  order  of  liaiko,  the  chief  captain  of  the  u'uard.  stalled 
one  niu'lit,  well  armed.  \\earih  waiting  for  some  hours,  he  hecame 
drowsv,  and  linallv  fell  a-leep.  Seizing  his  opportunity,  the  \\arv 
demon  put  out  his  arm  from  lieliind  the  L,ra1e-jm-t,  caiiu'l't  \\atanalii'1 
1'V  the  neck",  and  derail  to  drai;'  him  up  in  the  air.  \\atana!>e  awnki1, 
and  in  an  in-tant  -ei/eil  the  imp  !>v  the  wri-t.  and,  drawinu-  hi-  sw^rd, 
l"ppeil  the  oiii'-  arm-  oil',  who  then  leaped  into  the  cloud,  howling  with 
pain.  In  the  morning  \\atanalu1  ivtnrned,  and  laid  the  trophy  at  his 
ma.-ter's  fert.  It  is  -aid  that  an  oiii's  liml>  will  not  unite  a^ain  if  kept 
apart  from  the  stump  for  a  week.  \\atanal>r  ]mt  the  liairv  arm  in  a 
-troii'.:'  >toii''  liox,  \\reatlied  \\ith  twisted  nee-straw,  and  watched  it 
day  and  ni-'ht,  le.-t  the  oni  -hould  reeovc-r  it.  One  ni-'ht  a  feehle. 
knock  wa-  heard  at  hi-  door,  and  to  hi-  challenLi'e  hi-  old  aunt'- 
vojee  replied.  < 't'  eoiir.-e.  he  hi  tile  old  woman  in.  She  prai-cd  her 

llfpllew's     exploit,     and     ln-Lf'^ed      iiili!      to      \c1      he['     -ee      it.  1'ieilinf     tllll- 

pre--ed.  a>  lie  thoiiirht.  l>\   lii-  old  aunty,  he  -lid  the  lid  a.-ide.      "  Thi- 

i-  m\    arm,"  i-rin]   tin    ha-',  a-  -he  (lew   we-t  \sard   into  the  -kv,  eliaiii:1- 

1111;    her    torin    into    a   tu-ki-d    and    hanv    demon.       Tracing    the    otii's 

coiir-i .  Kaiko  and  four  companions,  di-^ui-cd  as  /•o//^//\r,  (wanderinur 

pri'-t-).   reached    the    pathle--    mountain    O\  i'-.   in    Tan^o.  \\hich    they 

climl.'d.      Tln'\    f'  mid   a  lieaiitiful    \oun^   u'irl   \\a-liinu'   a   liloo.lv  vjar- 

iiient.      From   ht'i-   the\    l.'ariic-d    the  path    to   the   oiii's   cave,  and    that 

the    demons    cat    tin-    men,  and    -a\ed    tin-    pivttv   dam-els    alive.       Ap- 

I'roaehiiiL,'.  tln-v  -aw   a   demon    cook    carving  a    human   l>odv,  to   make 

-Miip  of.      I-]nteriiiLf   the  ca\e,  the\    -aw  >'//'/  // //  <l<~>ji.;\.  hideous,  tliskod 

iin|i-ter,  with   l"ii_r  red  hair,  -ittin^  on  a  pile  of  -liken  cn-hioii-,  with 

'    a    hundred    retainer-   around   him.  at    a   fea-t.      Sieamm1.:'  di-he- 

lii'oii^lit    in.   full    of   human    !iml>-.  cooked   in   uverv  style.      Tin. 


FOLK-LORE  AM)   FIIiESIDE  STORIES.  493 

VOHIIM-  damsels  had  to  serve  the-  demons,  who  quaffed  sake  out  of 
human  skulls.  liaiko  and  his  hand  pretended  to  join  in  the  orgies, 
and  amused  the  demons  by  a  dance,  after  which  they  presented  them 
\\ith  a  buttle  of  sake  \vhicli  had  been  mixed  with  a  narcotic.  The 
chief  drank  a  skullful  and  irave  to  his  retainers.  Soon  all  the  demons 
were  asleep,  and  a  thunder-storm  of  snores  succeeded.  Then  liaiko 
ami  his  men  threw  off  their  disguise,  drew  sword,  and  cut  off  their 
head-,  till  the  cave  \\  >wed  blood  like  a  river.  The  neck  of  the  chief 
demon  was  wider  than  liaiko's  sword,  but  the  blade  miraculously 
lengthened,  and  Kaiko  cut  the  monster's  head  off  at  one  sweep. 
They  then  destroyed  the  treasure,  released  all  the  prisoners,  and  re- 
turned to  Kioto  in  triumph,  exposing  the  hu^e  head  alonu;  the  streets. 

The  red-haired,  red-faced,  or  red-bearded  aliens  in  Japan,  who  drink 
brandv  out  of  tumblers,  and  then  in  drunken  furv  roam  in  the  streets 
of  Yokohama  and  Nagasaki,  are  not  unfreijuently  compared  to  the  in- 
toxicated monster  beheaded  bv  Ilaiko.  The  Japanese  child  who  sees 
his  parent-  indulge  in  sake  from  a  tiny  cup,  and  to  whom  black  eves 
and  hair,  and  the  Japanese  form,  face,  and  dress  constitute  the  true 
standard,  i-  amazed  at  the  great  size  of  the  mugs  and  drinking-glasses 
from  \\hicli  the  men  of  red  beards  and  faces  drink  a  liquid  ten  times 
stronger  than  sake.  Verv  naturally,  to  the  Japanese  imagination  and 
memory  the  drunken  sailor  appears  a  veritable  ,s7/«  ten  <!<jji  Never- 
theless, the  Yokohama  coolie  does  not  call  him  bv  so  classic  a  name. 
He  frames  a  compound  adjective  from  the  imprecation  which  most 
frequently  falls  from  the  sailor's  lips.  Tn  the  "Yokohama  dialect," 
the  word  for  sailor  is  dammuraisa  h>to  ("d — n-your-eye>"  man). 

The  storv  of  "The  Monkey  and  the  ("rah"  has  as  many  versions  as 
that  of  "The  Arkansas  Traveler."  It  is  continually  re-appearing  in 
new  div--  and  with  new  variations,  according  to  the  taste  and  abili- 
ties  of  ihe  audience.  Its  tlavor,  as  told  bv  the  chaste  mother  instruct- 
ing lier  daughters,  or  by  the  vulgar  coolie  amusing  his  fellow-loafers 
while  waiting  for  a  job,  is  vastlv  ditTerem  in  cither  case.  The  most 
ordinary  form  of  the  story  is  as  follows: 

Once  upon  a  time  there  was  a  crab  who  lived  in  a  hole  on  the 
shadv  side  of  a  hill.  One  dav  he  found  a  bit  of  rice-cake.  A  mon- 
key who  was  ju>t  h'ni>hinu'  a  persimmon  met  the  crab,  ami  oll'ered  to 
exchange  il>  >eed  for  the  rice  cracknel.  The  simple-minded  crab  ac- 
cepted the  proposal,  and  the  exchange  was  made.  The  monkey  eat 
up  the  rice-cake,  but  the  crab  backed  oil;  home,  and  planted  the  seed 
in  hi>  garden. 


404  TUK  MIKADO'S  EMl'IItE. 

\  tiiir  tree  e/rew  uji,  and  tin-  crah  was  delighted  at  the  prospect  of 
-non  eiijovinir  tin'  luscious  fruit.  He  huilt  a  nice-  new  house,  and 
u-ed  t»  -it  on  tlio  balcony,  watching  the  ripening  persimmons.  One 

•  la\    tin1   nioiikev   came   alon^r,  ainl,   hein^-    hmiijTv,  congratulated    tin.1 

•  •rali  on   his  tine  tree,  ami   he^ed   for  s(.ine  of  tin1  fruit,  offering  to 
(•limit  :unl  gather  it  himself.      The  crah  politelv  agreed,  requesting  hi- 
inic-t    to   throw  down  some-   of  the  fruit    that   he  mi^ht  I'tijov  it   him 
-elf.      The  ungrateful   ra>eal   of   a    monkey   clambered   up.  ami,  after 
tilling-  hi-  pockets,  eat  the   ripest  fruit  a.-  fast   as  he  could,  pelting  tin- 
eralt    \\ith   the    seeds.       The    eralt    llo\v   determined   to    outwit  the    inoii- 
ke\,  and.  pretending  to  eiijov  the  insults  as  e.-o,>d   jokes,  he  dared  the 
niotikev  to  show   his  -kill,  if  he  could,  liy  de-eeinlin^  head  foremost. 
The  monkey,  to   show   how  versatile   were    hi-   accomplishments,  ac- 
cepted the  t'rieiidlv  challenge,  and  turning   Hank —  m>t   tail — for  ,lapa- 
nese  nioiikevs  have  no  tails — he  bewail  to  come  down   head  foivnio-t. 
<  >f  course,  all  the  persiiniiums  rolled  out   of  his   pockets.      The   erah, 
-ci/iipj;  tin1   ripe  fruit,  ran   off  to  his  hole.      The  monkey,  waiting  til! 
he  had  erauled  mit,  n'ave  him  a  sound  thrashing,  and  went  home. 

.lu-t  at  that  time  a  rice-mortar  was  traveling  l>v  with  his  several  ap- 
prentice-, a  wa-p,  an  e^^-,  and  a  si-a-weed.  After  hearing  the  eralt'- 
st<try,  thev  a-'i'eed  to  a— i-t  him.  Marching  to  the  monkev'-  Inm-e, 
and  ti:idii"_:  him  out.  they  arranged  their  jtlan-  and  di-po-ed  their 
forces  so  a-  to  \anqui-h  their  foe  ..n  hi-  return.  The  e "••_•;  hid  in  the 
a-ln--  on  the  heaS'ih  the  \\a-p  ill  the  eloset,  the  -ea- \\eed  near  tin 
door,  and  the  i.iortar  over  tin-  linlel.  \\"!n-n  tin-  nionkc\  came  home 
lie  lighted  a  tire  to  steep  hi-  tea,  u  In-n  the  e^ir  Inust,  and  so  lie-pat- 
Ici-ed  hi-  face.  That  h.-  ran  ho\\lin^  awa\  to  the  \\cll  for  water  to  cool 
the  pain.  Then  the  wa-p  tl.-\\  ,,ut  and  stiin^  him.  In  Irving  to  dri\c 
otT  thi-  fre-h  enemy,  lie  -lipped  »n  the  sea-weed,  and  the  rice-mortar, 
falliiiLT  oti  him.  erushed  him  to  death.  \Va-n't  that  splendid.'  The 
wa-p  and  tin  mortar  and  -ea-weed  live.l  ha[ipil\  together  ever  after- 
\\  ard. 

Tile    !:;    ifal    a'Jfaitl-J     LTl'eed\     alid    IlIlLlTatef 111    people   Heed-    II"   pointing. 

Iti  i. lie  of  th,    i-  ii-hed  eleineiitarv  work-  .in  natural  ]ihilo-o- 

phy.  written   in   th.    \i    '        ilai    of   Tokio,   I   ha\e  seen  the    incident    of 
the  1'iir-tin^  e-_  •  i-trate   the    dviiamic    power  of  heat   at 

tile    e\j,,   n-e    of    the    1 1 1  - !  i  !v    ,.          A  In  it  III  T    -tofV,    11-ed    to    feather    tile    -haft 

aimed  at    _:'reed\    folk-,  i-  tl     '      '   tin    elves  and  the  et.vioii-  nei^hl'or. 
The  -t..rv  i-  Iniiir.  1'iit.  eoinli-n-ed.  i-  a-  follows  : 

A    \\ 1 -cutter,  overtak  ;    -t'-rm    and    darkne--    aiiioiiu'    the 


FOLK-LORE  AXD  FIRESIDE  STORIES.  495 

mountains,  socks  shelter  in  ;i  hollow  tree.  Soon  lie  saw  little  creatures, 
some  of  a  red  color,  wearing  blue  clothes,  and  some  of  a  black  color, 
wearing  red  clothes.  Some  had  no  mouth;  others  had  but  one  eye. 
Tli en.-  were  about  one  hundred  of  them.  At  midnight  the  elves,  hav- 
ing lighted  a  lire,  began  to  dance  and  carouse,  and  the  man,  forgetting 
his  fright,  joined  them  and  be^an  to  dance.  Finding  him  so  jolly  a 
companion,  and  wishing  him  to  return  the  next  night,  they  took  from 
the  left  side  of  his  face  a  Jarn'o  wen  that  disfigured  it,  as  pawn,  and 
disappeared.  The  next  day,  having  told  his  story  in  high  glee,  an 
envious  neighbor,  who  was  also  troubled  with  a  wen  on  the  ritjlit  side 
of  his  face,  resolved  to  possess  his  friend's  luck,  and  went  out  to  the 
same  place.  At  niu'lit  the  elves  assembled  to  drink  and  enjoy  a  jiu\ 
The  man  now  appeared,  and,  at  the  invitation  of  the  chief  elf,  began 
to  dance.  In-inu;  an  awkward  fellow,  and  not  to  be  compared  with 
the  other  man,  the  elves  grew  an»rv,  and  said,  "You  dance  verv  bad- 
ly this  time.  Here,  you  may  have  your  pledge,  the  wen,  back  again." 
"With  that  an  elf  threw  the  wen  at  the  man.  It  stuck  to  his  check, 
and  he  went  home,  crying  bitterlv,  with  two  wens  instead  of  one. 

Stories  of  cats,  rabbits,  dogs,  monkcvs,  and  foxes,  who  are  born, 
pass  thi-oii"'h  habvhood,  are  nursed,  watched,  and  educated  by  anxious 

1  *.  V 

parents  with  all  due  moral  and  religious  training,  enjoy  the  sports 
proper  to  their  au'e,  fall  in  love,  marry,  rear  a  family,  and  live  happy 
ever  afterward  to  a  green  old  ago,  form  the  staple  of  the  tiny  picture- 
books  for  tiny  people.  "\Vhon  told  bv  garrulous  nurses  or  old  u'ran- 
nies,  the  story  becomes  a  volume,  varied  and  colored  from  rich  imagi- 
nation or  actual  experience. 

A  o'i'eat  many  funny  stories  are  told  about  blind  men,  who  are  often 
witty  wa^'s.  They  go  about  feeling  their  way  with  a  staff,  and  blow- 
ing a  double -barreled  whistle  which  makes  a  peculiarly  uu'lv  noise. 
They  shave  thnir  heads,  and  live  by  shampooing  tired  travelers  at 
hotels,  or  peop.e  who  like  to  be  kneaded  like  a  sponge  or  dough. 
Thev  also  loan  out  monev  at  hi^h  rates  of  interest,  public  sympathy 
bo'nm'  their  -ure  tfuard  against  loss.  Kven  amon<x  these;  men  the  >pint 
of  caste  and  rank  prevails,  and  the  chief  blind  man  of  a  citv  or  'own 
usually  holds  an  ollicial  diploma.  On  the  occasion  of  such  an  award 
the  bald-pates  enjoy  a  feast  together.  After  imbibing  freely,  they 
slim1  soiiu-s,  recite  poetry,  and  crack  jokes,  like  merrv  fellows  with 
eves,  and  withal,  at  them  because  having  eyes,  some  can  not  set — to 
n-ad.  Here  is  a  simple.  An  illiterate  coiintrv  e'awk,  while  in  the 
capital,  saw  a  learned  man  reading  with  eyeglasse>  on.  Thereupon, 


40t>  7V//-:  MIKADO'S  EMI'Iltl-:. 

he  hastened  to  an  optician's,  ami  hoii^ht  a  pair.  Hi-  was  l>oth  an- 
i>o\ed  and  -urpri-ed  t»  find  lit1  could  not  make  out  a  word. 

A  -t<>rv  is  told  of  two  men  who  -were  stone-deaf,  who  met  together 
out1  morniniT,  when  the  following  dialogue  took  place: 

/V/-.V/  1'nst.    "  <  ;,iod-inoniiiiu\      Are  you  ^oini;'  to  l>uy  sake." 

Si-rtnnl  J'oxt.   "  No.      I  am  L^'HIL:  to  l>uy  sake.'' 

77///v/  I'n.tt.  "Oh,  excuse  me.  1  thought  you  were  u'oiii^  t<>  1'iiv 
sake." 

1  heard  the  following  ,-toi-v  from  one  of  my  students  from  Fukui. 
It  is  a  favorite  with  the  professional  story-tellers  in  Tokio.  It  remind- 
one  of  the  Spaniard  who  is  said  to  have  put  on  magnifying  spectacles 
while  eating  grapes,  or  the  Yankee  who  ^trapped  irreeli  evcidasses  on 
hi-  horse  while  feeding  him  on  shaving-: 

A  verv  economical  old  fellow,  named  Kisaburo,  once  took  lodirinn's 
near  a  shop  to  whirh  the  Mite  of  tlie  e])ieuivs  of  Yedo  resorted  tlailv 
for  the  delieaey  of  eels  fried  in  soy.  The  appetizing  odor  \vas  wafted 
into  his  (juarters,  and  Kisahuro,  liein^  a  man  of  strung  itnairination, 
dailv  enjoyed  his  frugal  meal  of  hoiled  rice  li\-  his  palate,  and  the  sa- 
vory  -moke  of  eels  through  his  olfactories,  ami  thus  saved  the  usual 

expense  of   ti-ll  and   Vegetal  >les. 

The  eel-frier,  mi  discovering  this,  made  up  his  mind  to  charge  hi- 
stingy  nei^hl'or  for  the  smell  of  hi-  eels,  and  paid  him  a  vi-it  \\ith 
hi-  1'ill  made  ,,ut.  Kisaluiro,  taking  it  in  ^food  humor,  called  hi-  \\itV, 
who  Id-oiiLrht  out  the  ea-h-l'o\.  After  jin^lin^  the  lia^  of  money,  he 
touched  it  on  th"  Mil.  and  replacing  it  in  the  \«,\  under  lock,  unlered 
hi-  wife  to  return  it  to  it-  place.  The  eel-man,  amazed  at  siidi  tinan- 
cieriii'_r.  cried  out.  "  Well,  are  you  not  ^oin^  to  pay  me?"  "<>h  no]" 
said  Ki-aiiiiro.  "  voil  have  charged  me  fop  the  -nn-ll  (,f  your  eels;  I 
have  paid  you  hack  with  the  -oiind  of  my  money." 

A  --t'Tv  \erv  -imilar  1<»  thi-.  \\hich  I  have  tranx'rihed  as  I  heard  it, 
is  o'iven  l.v  lial'elai-.  Third  l>n»k,  thirty-seventh  chapter. 

Storii's  ilhi-tratiii1^  the  tV' ak-  of  ahsciit-mindeil  men  are  verv  nu- 
merous. Hep'  i-  one,  told  me  hv  a  village  lad  from  near  Takefu,  in 
Iv'hi/en.  A  farmi'i-'-  \\ife  aKoiit  to  eiijo\  the  Me— iiiL.r  of  addition  to 
her  familv  he-ou^ht  IHT  hii-!>and  to  \i-it  a  famous  -hrine  of  Kuan- 


le,i\i  ranee  of  her  otf-prii;--.  'I  he  --ooil  \\ifV  packed  up  a  lunch  for 
lier  liu-hand  in  a  1»>\  of  la<-i|iieretl  \\.',,i|.  ;uid  to.-k  out  one  hundred 
I'a.-h  (a!'oi;t  one  and  a  halt'  cent-)  from  their  hoard,  \\hich  wa-  kept  in 
an  -Id  hair  made  of  ni-h'.1-,  iii  a  jar  und'-r  the  iloor.  a>  a  ^ift  to  In- 


FOLK-LORE  ASD  FIRESIDE  STORIES.  497 

thrown  into  the  temple  coffer  to  propitiate  the  deity.  At  early  morn 
the  man  prepared  to  start,  hut  in  a  fit  of  absent-mindedness,  instead  of 
his  luneh-box,  he  t'.iok  the  pillow  (a  Japanese  pillow  is  often  a  box  of 
drawers  holding  the  requisites  of  a  woman's  coiffure,  with  a  tiny  bol- 
ster on  the  top),  and,  carefully  wrapping  it  up,  set  off,  and  in  due 
time  arrived  at  the  shrine.  Xow,  the  husband  was  less  devout  than  his 
spouse,  and.  being  ten  miles  away  from  her  tongue  and  eve,  he  decided 
to  throw  but  ton  cash  into  the  sacred  coffers,  and  spend  the  remaining 
ninety  on  a  bottle  of  sake,  to  be  served  by  a  pretty  waiter-girl  at  the 
adjoining  tea-house.  So  lie  divided  his  money  into  two  packages,  but 
in  his  absent-mindedness  he  unintentionally  flung  the  larger  amount 
into  the  temple,  box.  Annoyed  on  discovering  his  bad  luck,  he  offered 
his  prayers  in  no  very  holy  frame  of  mind,  and  then  sat  down  to  en- 
joy his  lunch.  Xot  being  able  to  eat  the  hair-pins,  pomatum,  etc.,  in 
the  pillow-box,  he  made  his  way  to  an  eating-shop  to  buy  a  bit  of 
ntochi  (rice-dough)  to  satisfy  his  hunger.  Again  his  greed  and  absent- 
mindedness  led  him  to  grief,  for,  seeing  a  large  round  piece  of  what  he 
thought  was  good  dough  for  short-cake  for  only  five  cash,  he  bought 
it  and  hurried  of,  thinking  the  shop-girl  had  made  a  mistake,  which 
she  would  soon  discover  at  her  cost.  ~\\  hen  he  went  to  eat  it,  how- 
ever, he  found  it  was  only  a  plaster  show-piece  for  the  dough.  Chew- 
ing the  cud  of  bitter  reflections,  the  hungry  man  at  dark  reached,  as 
he  <upposod,  his  home;  and  seeing  ;i*  he  thought,  his  wife  lighting  a 
lantern,  greeted  her  with  a  box  on  the  ear.  The  woman,  startled  at 
such  conduct,  screamed,  bringing  her  husband  to  her  relief,  and  the 
absent-minded  man,  now  recovering  his  senses  again,  ran  for  his  life; 
but  when  beyond  danger  lie  relapsed  into  his  old  habits,  and  reaching 
his  own  dwelling,  found  himself  begging  pardon  of  his  own  amazed 
wife  for  having  boxed  her  ears. 

One  <>f  the  many  tales  of  filial  revenue  (see  page  '2 2 2}  told  to  chil- 
dren is  that  of  "the  Soga  boys."  In  the  lime  of  Yoritoino,  while  on 
a  hunt  in  the  mountains,  one  Kudo  shot  and  killed  Kawad/n.  Of  the 
slain  man's  two  sons,  one.  was  sent  to  a  monastery  in  the  llakone 
mountains,  to  be  educated  for  the  Buddhist  priesthood.  There,  a>  he 
grew  up.  he  learned  all  alxn.it  the  death  of  his  father,  and  who  his 
murderer  was.  From  that  time,  he  thought  of  nothing  but  how  to 
conipass  his  death.  Meanwhile,  the  other  sou  was  adopted  by  one 
Soga,  and  became  a  skillful  fencer.  At  Oiso,  on  the  Tokaido,  the 
two  orphans  finally  meet,  lay  their  plans,  feast  together,  and  prepare 
to  join  tin-  great  hunt  of  Voritomo  on  the  .-lopes  of  Mount  Fuji.  On 


4'.'^  Till-:  MIKADO'S   EMl'lUK. 

the  ni^hi  after,  thev  attack  the  <|iiarters  where  the  tired  Kudo  lie- 
a-lirji.  Tiiev  beat  down  the  servants  who  trv  to  defend  him.  and 
-ate  iti'  ir  re\en^e  l>v  cutting  off  his  head. 

<  >:'  foxi-s  and  I  >adnvrs  1  liave  written  el-e\\  here.  1  liave  in  this 
chapter  of  folk-lore,  uivrii  only  a  few  specimens  from  a  ^ivat  store- 
liitiiM-.  This  last  is  calle<l  "The  I>ov  of  I  rashima." 

In  the  reie-i!  of  the  Kmpivss  Sniko  (A.I).  o'.Ci-O^si)  there  live«l.  on  a 
-mail  island  off  the  coast  of  Tan^o,  a  poor  fisherman  and  his  wife. 
Tli"'i::'li  too  poor  to  provide  more  than  the  barest  necessaries  of  life, 
thev  managed,  heinu;  pious  folks,  to  keep  the  lamp  aiwavs  burning  in 
the  slirine  of  Kin  ,iin.  the  sea-^'d,  their  patron.  Ni^ht  and  niorn- 
in-'  thev  otlereil  up  their  prayers,  and,  though  their  meals  miidit  be 
s.-antv,  tliev  never  failed  to  burn  a  stick  of  incense  at  the  shrine. 

To  this  L^-ood  couple  a  dear  son  was  born,  who  \f\\-\\  up  to  be  pious 
and  dutiful,  and  to  be  tlie  stall  of  his  ajjvd  parents.  When  they  were 
too  ..Id  to  e.-,(  out  to  fish,  Taro,  the  son,  caught  enough  fish  to  -up- 

i>»rt   himself  and  them.      NOW,  it   happened   that    one  dav   in  autumn 

i  i 

Taro  was  out,  as  usual,  in  his  boat,  though  the  sea  was  nm^li  and  the 
waves  hi-'h.  The  increasing  storm  finally  compelled  him  to  seek  -hck 
ter  iii  hi-  hut.  lie  uttered  a  praver  to  ihe  -ca-^'od,  and  turned  hi- 
prow  homeward.  Suddenlv  there  appeared,  on  the  crest  of  the  waves, 
a  divine  heinir,  robed  in  w  hite.  riding  upon  ;i  lari^e  tortoise.  Approach- 
ing the  \\earied  li-hermaii.  he  greeted  him  kindlv,  and  said,  "  I;ollow 
me.  ;ind  I  \\  iii  make  yon  a  happv  man." 

Taro.  leaving  hi-  t'^at.  and  mounting  'he  tortoise  with  hi-  auu'u-t 
companion,  ihe  tortoise  sped  awav  with  marvelous  celeritv:  and  on 
thev  jounie\ed  for  three  clavs,  pa— iiiif  -oine  of  the  most  wonderful 
si^-'nt-  human  b.  in^  ever  bchi'ld.  There  were  p.. nils  of  perfectly 
trail-parent  water  tiil'-d  with  the  ti-h  he  dailv  cau^lit.  and  other-  with 
strain;'1  species.  The  road-  were  lined  with  rare  and  fragrant  trees 
!ad''ij  with  ^'old'-n  fruit,  and  flowers  more  beautiful  than  he  had  e\  i-r 
-eeii  or  imagined.  Finallv,  thev  came  to  a  u-reat  ^ate  of  white  mar- 
hie,  of  rare  de-i-Mi  and  im|..i-in^  projiortion.  Kiehly  dre— ed  ladies 
and  pau''1-  wei-e  wait  MIL;'  1"  welcome  him.  He  entered  a  u'oldt  n  pa- 
laii'iuin,  and  amid-1  train-  of  courtiers  was  borne  to  the  palace  of 
tin-  kiinf.  and  treated  with  honor  and  courtesy.  The  splendors  of 
;hi-  palace  it  i-  not  |io--ible  to  dc-i-ribe  in  the  lan^na^e  of  earth. 
,va-  a— iLT'ied  to  mic  of  the  faire-t  apartments,  and  beautiful  e'irl> 
waited  upon  him,  and  a  ho-t  of  -I'l'vatits  were  i'ea<l\  t"  do  hi-  bid- 
i  ',_.  I- 1  a-t-.  inu-ic,  -oiiLf-.  daii' -;n^.  _ra\  part ios,  were  given  in  hi-  lion- 


FOLK-LORE  AND  FIRESIDE  STORIES.  499 

"i1.  Many  of  the  people  around  him  seemed  verv  remarkable  beings. 
Some  hud  heads  made  of  shells,  some  of  coral.  All  the  lovely  colors 
of  nacre,  the  rarest  tints  which  man  can  see  beneath  the  deep-blue 
sea  when  the  ocean's  floor  is  visible,  appeared  on  their  dresses  and  or- 
naments. Their  jewels  of  pearls  and  precious  stones  and  gold  and 
silver  were  profuse,  but  wrought  in  exquisite  art.  Taro  could  scarce- 
ly tell  whether  the  fascinating  creatures  were  human  or  not;  but  he 
was  very  happy,  and  his  hosts  so  kind  thai  he  did  not  stop  to  notice 
their  peculiarities.  That  he  was  in  fairy -land  he  knew,  for  such 
wealth  was  never  seen,  even  in  king's  palaces,  on  earth. 

After  Taro  had  spent,  as  he  supposed,  seven  days  at  the  king's  pal- 
ace, he  wished  to  go  and  see  his  parents.  He  felt  it  was  wrong  to  be 
.-o  happy  when  he  was  uncertain  of  their  fate  in  the  upper  world. 
The  king  allowed  his  request,  and,  on  parting  with  him,  inive  him  a 
box.  "This,"  said  he,  "  I  n'ive  you  on  condition  that  you  never  open 
it.  nor  idiow  it  to  any  one,  under  any  circumstances  whatever."  Taro, 
wondering,  received  it,  and  bid  adieu  to  the  king.  He  was  escorted 
t»  the  white  marble  gate,  and,  mounting  the  same  tortoise,  reached  the 
-jx't  where  he  had  left  his  boat.  The  tortoise  then  left  him. 

Taro  was  all  alone.  lie  looked  round,  and  saw  nothing  on  the 
-trand.  The  mountains  and  rocks  were  familiar,  but  no  trace  of  his 
parents'  hut  was  seen.  He  began  to  make  inquiries,  and  finally  learn- 
ed from  an  old  gray-headed  fisherman  that,  centuries  before,  the  per- 
snn<  lie  described  as  his  parents  had  lived  there,  but  had  been  buried 
>o  loiiu'  an'o  that  their  names  could  be  read  onlv  by  scraping  the  moss 
and  lichens  off  the  very  oldest  stones  of  the  grave-yard  in  the  valley 
yonder.  Thither  Taro  hied,  and  after  long  search  found  the  tomb  of 
his  dear  parents.  He  now,  for  the  first  time  since  he  had  left  hi> 
boat — as  he  thought,  a  few  days  ago — felt  the  pangs  of  sorrow.  lie 
f"lt  an  irresistible  longing  to  open  the  box.  He  did  so.  A  purple 
vapor,  like  a  cloud,  issued  and  suffused  his  head  for  a  moment.  A 
cold  shiver  ran  through  him.  He  tried  to  rise;  his  limbs  were  still' 
•Hid  In-lit.  His  face  was  wrinkled;  his  teeth  dropped  out  ;  hi>  limbs 
trembled;  he  was  an  old  man,  \\ith  the  weight  of  four  centuries  on 
him.  His  infirmities  were  too  great  for  flesh  to  bear;  he  died  a  few 
days  afterward. 

I  have  given  the  story  as  it  was  current  in  Kchizen.  1  have  also 
heard  it  told  with  the  location  on  the  shores  of  the  l»ay  of  Yedo. 
Another  ver>ion  makes  the  strand  of  a  river  in  Shinano  the  place  of 
Tarn's  departure  and  return.  In  another  form  of  the  story,  Taro  re- 


Uirn-  t'i  liii'l  hi-  parents  dwelling  in  a  glorious  mansion.  After  Ljreet- 
iiii:'<  arc  over,  the  "M  folks  arc  curious  to  know  what  the  l>ox  con- 
tain-. Taro,  persuaded,  opens  it,  to  find  himself,  alone  and  old,  on  a 
dc-olatc  ,-ltorc.  The  storv  is  uiiiloulitedh  very  old.  It  i-  found  in 
-everal  liooks,  and  has  heen  often  made  the  -ulijeet  of  art.  The  ti-h- 
ernieii  in  various  parts  of  Japan  worship  the  ^ood  l>oy  of  t'rashima. 
\\lio.  even  iii  the  palaces  of  the  sea-V;od-.  forgot  not  hi-  old  parent-. 

The  four  following  stories  are  a  few  of  many  told  of  a  fanioii< 
jiid^e.  named  Oka,  who,  for  wi-dom,  -hivu  due—,  and  judicial  acumen, 
mav  lie  called  the  Solomon  of  .Japan.  I  tir-t  heard  of  hi-  wmidroii- 
dc«-i-ions  when  in  Tokio,  Imt  there  is  a  li.>ok  of  anecdote-  of  him,  and 
a  record  of  his  divisions,  called  the  Oku  J'umcidiin.  I  suppose  tlu-v 
are  true  narrations. 

A  certain  man  po-<r--ed  a  \vrv  co-tlv  pipe,  made  of  silver  inlaid 
\\jth  i;-oM,  of  \\hich  he  u  as  \i-rv  proud.  (  >ne  dav  a  thief  stole  ir. 
After  >ome  vain  search,  Oka  heard  that  a  man  in  a  certain  >tivet  had 
-ii'-h  a  pipe,  l-iit  it  \\a-  not  certain  whether  it  wa-  hi-  own  or  the 
-toleii  article.  ll>  found  ,,\\i  the  truth  concerning  the  pipe  in  the 
f.  illi  '\\  in^'  in^'-nii  'tis  maniu  r. 


A  Japane-e  pip.    i-  made  of  a  tinv   l>«\\\.  or  ho\\  l-picce.  ti; 

d   to  a  moiith-piecr   with    .1    i.:,!i,! tulie.      Sometime-  all   the  part- 

re  in  mie,  the  mat^i-ia!  In  in-   n  .  tal  or  porcelain.      The  mild  [..Lac,-,, 

'   into  tine-t  -hn-d-.  like  •_  —  umi-r,  i-  rolled  up  in  pellet-,  a: :d  li^ht«  • 

,   the  hni^i,  r.      After  "M,.  ,,r  twu  \\liill'-,  a  fiv-h  haii   i- 


FOLK-LORE  AM)  FIRESIDE  STORIES.  501 

introduced.  A  native  will  thus  sit  by  the  hour,  mechanically  rolling 
up  these  tobacco  pills,  utterly  oblivious  of  the  details  of  the  act.  Like 
certain  absent-minded  people,  who  look  at  their  watches  a  dozen  times, 
yet  can  not  tell,  when  a>ked,  what  time  it  may  be,  so  a  Japanese,  while 
talking  at  ease,  \\ill  often  be  unable  to  remember  whether  lie  has 
smoked  or  not.  After  Ion*;1  mechanical  practice,  his  nimble  tinkers 
with  automatic  precision  roll  the  pellet  to  a  size  that  exactly  fills  the 
bowl  of  the  pipe. 

The  shrewd  judge  found  an  opportunity  to  see  the  suspected  man  a 
short  time  after  the  theft,  lie  noticed  him  draw  out  the  golden  pipe, 
and  abstractedly  roll  up  a  globule  of  tobacco  from  his  pouch.  It  was 
too  small.  On  turning  to  the  brazier,  and  turning  the  mouth  of  the 
bowl  sideward  or  downward,  the  pellet  rolled  out.  Here  was  positive 
proof  to  Oka  that  the  golden  pipe  was  not  his  own.  The  thief,  on  be- 
ing charged  with  the  theft,  confessed  his  guilt,  and  was  punished. 

On  another  occasion  a  seller  of  [tickled  vegetables  of  various  sorts, 
a  miserlv  old  fellow,  being  rich,  and  fearing  thieves,  kept  his  gold  in 
a  deep  dish  full  of  dni-k'tti  (radishes),  preserved  in  a  liquid  mixture 
composed  of  their  own  fermented  juice,  salt,  and  the  skin  of  rice- 
grains.  When  long  kept,  the  mass  has  a  most  intolerable  odor,  and 
to  remove  the  smell  from  the  hands  after  working  in  it  stout  scrub- 
bing with  ashes  is  necessary.  Now,  it  so  happened  that  one  of  the 
neighbors  found  out  the  whereabouts  of  the  pickler's  sa\ings,  and, 
when  his  back  was  turned,  stole.  The  old  pickler  kept  his  heart  at. 
the  bottom  of  his  radishes,  and  on  his  return,  on  examination,  found 
his  treasure  gone.  Forthwith  informing  the  judge,  Oka  called  in  all 
the  neighbors,  and,  after  locking  the  doors,  began,  to  the  ama/enient  ot 
all  and  the  horror  of  one,  to  smell  the  hands  of  those  promt.  The 
unmistakable  odor  of  dai-kon  clung  1"  one  man,  who  thereupon  con- 
fe.-sed,  disgorged,  and  received  punishment. 

( 'ases  which  other  judges  failed  to  decide  were  referred  to  Oka. 
Often  the  verv  threat  of  bringing  a  suspected  man  before  this  Solomon 
secured  confession  after  other  means  had  failed. 

A  young  mother,  being  pool',  was  obliged  to  go  out  to  service,  and 
to  leave  her  little  daughter  at  the  house  of  another  woman  to  bring 
up  for  her.  \\  hen  the  child  grew  up  to  womanhood,  the  mother  was 
able  to  leave  service,  expecting  to  live  \\ith  her  dauu'ht''!1,  and  enjoy 
her  love.  To  her  surprise,  on  going  to  the  house  of  the  woman  \\h,. 
had  charge  of  her  daughter,  the  woman  claimed  the  u'irl  as  her  own 
child,  and  refused  to  give  her  up. 


When  hroiin'ht  hefoiv  oka,  there  heiii'j;  n<>  evidence  but  tlie  con- 
tlictin-j;  te-iini.in\  of  the  \\omeii,  \\lio  hot  h  claimed  maternitv,  the 
judiTe  ordered  th"iii  eaeh  t<«  take  hold  of  all  arm  of  the  \ouii^  i/ir! 
an.l  pull.  \Yhoe\er  \\a-  the  -tron'jv-t  -hould  ha\e  her. 

\"t  daring  to  di-oU-v.  the  true  mother  reluctantly  took  gentle 
•A  iiilc  the  i .{her  •  •'himant  -ei/.ed  a  hand,  and,  hraciii'j;  herself  for 
the  -tni^u'le.  pulled  \\ith  all  !ier  mi^lit.  No  sooner  did  the  ^irl  utter 
a  cr\  of  pain  than  the  true  mother  diopp.  d  her  haml.  refu-in^  to  \\-\- 
a^ain.  Her  friend-  uru'ed  her  to  continue  the  trial,  and  her  anta-^o- 
ni-t  dared  her  to  n'o  en.  hut  the  mother  \\a-  tirm.  The  jiidn'e,  -ileiit 
and  atleiitivc  the  while,  then  an^'rilv  addre<^ed  the  cruel  \\omaii  a-  a 
ileceivi-r,  \oid  of  all  nialerna!  feeliiiLf.  «  iio  regarded  not  the  pain  of 
her  pretended  oll-pi-in--.  He  then  ordered  the  ^irl  to  he  I'e-toivil  to 
her  triu1  mother.  Tiic  fal>e  elaimant  \\a-  di-mi-^eil  in  di^u'racc. 
Mother  and  child  \vi-rc  overjoy i-d,  and  the  \vitiie»e>  a>toni>hed  at 
such  jii'licial  \\  i-dom. 

In  another  case,  a  rich  merchant  of  Ycdo  went  to  Kioto  on  l.u-i- 
nes-,  aii'l  \\  a-  ah-ent  thirteen  nionlli-.  (  >n  hi-  return  he  found  that 
hi-  \\ife  had  Keen  unfaithful  to  him.  After  t'niitle--  elTort-  to  extort 
her  -cci'ci  and  tind  ln-r  paramour,  he  \\ent  to  Oka.  On  a  certain  dav, 
all  the  male  relation-,  friend-,  and  iiei-'hlior-  a— einMed.  Mid.  one  hv 
one.  were  culled  into  the  judgment  -  hall,  am!  ijiie-tioned.  Oka  told 
i-hand  to  l.rin_;-  witli  him  hi-  eat.  \\hich  had  for  \  ears  heen  a 
]u-t  in  the  hoi!-'.  \\  ith  the  cat  <|uietl\  n-'-tled  at  hi-  -ide.  he  lei>urelv 
ijlle-tiolied  each  per-"li.  NO  clue  .-o'.iM  he  oMaitled.  lilitii  "lie  \-o|Mi_; 

man  appeared  and  took  hi-  -eat.  a-  ii-ual,  on  In-  heel-  and  knee-,  on 
the  maitin_f.  'I'h'-  eat.  iu»\\  intere-tei],  ran  hri-klv  up.  ruMied  il-df 
aL;'ain-t  hi-  l<!i'-e-,  and.  '"-mLT  >ti'oked  1>\  ihe  man.  tinalh  climlieil  up  in 
hi-  lap.  and  cuddled  it  -"It'  up  a-  if  perfect  i\  familial'  \\  it  h  1  hat  com  fort - 
ahle  place.  AM  thi-  time  tin-  \oun_.-  in.-m  \\a-  looking  in  the  jud^e'- 

tace.    al.d   all-\\  erilli;    ill-    i  jlle-tiolj<,   forget  fill    of    the   cat.        '1  he   i|Ue-t  io|;  - 
m^  iii-i]e_'  tini-hed.  the   indu'e  oj-.lei'ed  the  otliceix  to  hiihl  the   man  and 
M   to   pri-on.      Th'-    man.  \\ho   \\a-  inwardlv  ei>n^r;it>ilatiii^ 
him- If  "ii   hi-  el  .\\er-.and    hi-   tVeeclom    e\eii    from    -u-picion, 

thought   Oka  wa-  help,    I   1,\    the  u'"d-.  and  cuiifi's-ed   hi-  crime. 

I   ha\ean  i\t.r\   and    t   .' •    •!  •   ir\  iii'_r,  hoth  nit-uki,  repre<etitin^  tlie 

.'apani'-e    form    of   the    -;,,r_\     of    |;ip    \'an    \\'ink!e.   whi.-h    is.    perhap-. 

•  r-al  m\  t  h.      'i  '  hat    •  •!'  an   >  >!d  man    leaning  ,  >n 


FOLK-LORE  AXD  FIRESIDE  STORIES.  503 

two  female  figures  playing  a  game  of  checkers.  The  story  (of  Chinese' 
origin)  is,  as  told  bv  Japanese  story-tellers,  as  follows: 

Lu-wcn  was  a  pious  wood-cutter,  who  dwelt  at  the  base  of  the  ma- 
jestic and  holv  mountain  Tendai,  the  most  idorious  peak  of  the  Xan- 
lia  raiiii'e,  in  China.  Though  he  thought  himself  familiar  with  the 
paths,  he  for  some  reason  one  day  lost  his  wav,  and  wandered  about, 
having  his  axe  with  him.  He  did  not  care,  however,  because  the 
beauty  of  the  landscapes,  the  llowers,  and  the  sky  Deemed  to  possess 
his  senses,  and  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  ivstasv  of  the  hour,  enjoy- 
ing all  the  pleasant  emotions  of  holv  contemplation.  All  at  nice  he 
heard  a  crackling  sound,  and  immediately  a  fox  ran  out  before  him 
and  into  the  thickets  again.  The  wood -cutter  started  to  pursue  it. 
He  ran  some  distance,  when  suddenly  he  emerged  into  a  space  where 
two  lovely  ladies,  seated  on  the  ground,  were  en^^xnl  in  playing  a 
game  of  checker.-.  The  bumpkin  stood  still  and  gazed  with  all  his 
MLl'ht  at  the  wonderful  vision  of  beaut v  In-fore  him.  The  plavers  ap- 
peared to  be  unaware  of  the  presence  of  an  intruder.  The  wood-cut- 
ter still  stood  looking  on,  and  soon  became  interested  in  the  u'ame 
as  well  as  in  the  fair  players.  After  some  minutes,  as  he  supposed, 
he  bethought  himself  to  return.  On  attempting  to  move  awav,  his 
limbs  felt  verv  stiff,  and  his  axe-handle  fell  to  pieces.  Stooping  down 
to  pick  up  the  worm-eaten  fragments,  he  was  ama/.ed  to  lind,  instead 
of  his  shaven  face  of  the  morning,  a  lon^  white  beard  covering  his 
bo-om,  while,  on  feeling  his  head,  he  discovered  on  it  a  mass  of  silken 
white  hair. 

The  wrinkled  old  man,  now  dazed  with  wonder,  hobbled  down  the 
mountain  to  his  native  village.  He  found  the  streets  the  same,  but 
the  houses  were  tilled  with  new  faces;  crowds  of  children  leathered 
round  him,  teasing  and  laughing  at  him;  the  doo's  barked  at  the 
stranger;  and  the  parents  of  the  children  shook  their  heads  and  won- 
dered among  themselves  as  to  whence  the  apparition  had  come.  The 
"Id  man,  in  au'ony  of  despair,  asked  for  his  wife  and  children  and 
relatives.  The  incredulous  people  set  him  down  as  a  fool,  knowing 
nothing  of  whom  he  a<ked,  and  treating  his  talk  as  the  drivel  of  luna- 
tic senility.  Finally,  an  old  grandam  hobbled  up.  and  said  she  was 
a  descendant  of  the  seventh  generation  of  a  man  named  Ln  -  wen. 
The  old  man  groaned  aloud,  and.  turning  his  back  on  all.  retraced  his 
wearv  steps  to  the  mountain  a-j;ain.  He  was  never  heard  of  more,  and 
it  is  believed  lie  entered  into  the  company  of  the  immortal  hermits 
and  >pirits  of  the  mountain. 


,304  TILE  MIKAJJO'S  EMl'lltE. 


XIV. 

j.\r.i.\ i:>i-:  ran 


TIIK  proverbs'  of  a  nation  are  iniiTds  <>f  its  character.  X»t  only 
the  "vnius  and  wit,  Kut  the  prejudice-,  the  loves,  the  hate-,  the  stand- 
ard- of  actions  and  morals,  arc  all  fait  hfu'.lv  reflected  in  the  conden-ed 
tti-dom  of  their  pitliv  phraso.  M'»t  j»i'n\ erlis  arc  of  anonymous  au- 
tlior-hip.  "The  \vi-doin  of  inanv  and  the  \vit  of  tuie,''  a  proxerli  is 
-a\ed  from  death  because  clothed  in  l>iv\itv,  rlivtlmi,  or  allileration. 
Kserv  man  hail-  it  as  his  own,  because  lie  reco^m/e-  hi>  o\\  n  heart  in 
it.  I'l'nverlis  ai'c  often  tell-tale  truth-,  for  a  nation  xunetinies  di|t- 
!jfi'ii\v>  it-  [irejtidiees  jui'l  1  "•(•( i] i ies  a-lianieil  of  it-  o\\n  familiar  l>clicf>. 
I'ruvi-rlis  tliu-  liccoinc  the  lalicl-  of  antii|iiitie-  in  the  imi-eiim  of 
-j'i -ecli.  Thev  arc  fo— il>  uliidi  -ho\\  Iio\v  opinion-  \\liidi  had  life 
and  force  ]on^  au'"  arc  no\\-  di-fnnc;  arid  foi'^ottcn.  I 'ne\]>laiiia!iie 
tn  latter  LT'-lJi-rations  thev.  a-  the  fo-.-il-  of  ifeolo'^v  once  \verc.  are 

tlloll-'ht      to     III'      Ills, IX     ,,'ltlll'lf. 

'I   he    del\el'   ailP'llL1'    the    tl'ea-lll'c-    o(    Jaj'alle-e   lol'e   titld-    [H'oNerli-    IH,;)| 

ne\\   and  old.  and  m   them   >ees  ancient    landmark-  and   modern   tinker- 
|,.-t-. 

Tiic  pi'dVi-rli.-  of  a  natinii  so  lon^-  i-o]ati-<l  from  the  \\orM  mii-t 
nee(l>  have  peculiar  iiiteiv-l  to  the  rc-t  of  that  \\orld.  \\"e  -hall  see 
in  ino-t  if  them,  houever,  the  dear  i-etleciioii  of  that  human  heart 
\\hieh  li'-ats  re-jion-ivc  hcticath  the  to^a,  the  eaimTs-hair  raiment,  the 
!i|'d,idc'dtli,  and  the  -iik  //'/"/•,'. 

It     Iia-     oftell     liei-ll    a    del'lLl'lltflll     fe''iliL'.".    ullc'll     -tlimMillU'    llpoll     >d|l|e 

;intraii-lat;tli|e    Nut    tickling   moi^d    of   \\i-dom.  t,.    i-,-ach    it-    heart    \<\' 

'jiiotin^   "He   of   uiir  oun   hdtndv  and   prettv   proverl-.      Manv   of  our 

•  Id     friend-    ma\     !"•    reco^ni/ed    in    -lapane-c    cd-tiime.        Nothing   sn 

touches  the  .lapane-e  )|i  -trt   and   nature  a-  the  unexpected   ijiiotaticn   of 

•lie  of  thdr  did  provi-rlis.       |>p.  .-i:tj|\    in  the  lecture  rn'Uii  does  it  ^ive 

•  '    and    clinching    furee    to   a    -talenieiit    or  explanation.       \\'hc;i    l.e 

-   '.]--.  1  he   teacher   -ee-    >,<  >   ;••  -poli-e   o|-   SVIIIpatllV    III    t  lie    can: '--I 


JAPANESE  PROVERBS.  505 

but  stolid  faces  of  his  Japanese  pupils,  and  when  every  chosen  arrow 
tlies  the  mark,  let  a  shaft  feathered  with  one  of  their  own  proverbs  be 
sent  :  instantlv  a  li'leam  of  intelligence,  like  a  sunburst,  or  an  assuring 
peal  of  merrv  laughter,  proclaims  the  centre  struck  and  success  won. 

1  -hall  arrange  together  a  few  of  the  most  familiar  of  Japanese 
proverbs.  Lest  some  mi»'ht  think  the  Japanese  plagiarize  from  us,  or 
lest  some  "  resemblance  "-monger  should  catch  a  few  to  put  in  his  "  In- 
dex Rerum,"  or  "familiar  quotations,"  I  would  remark  that,  apparent- 
ly, many  of  these  proverbs  were  current  in  Japan  before  C;esar  was 
born  or  America  discovered. 

The  following  are  expressions  for  what  is  impossible:  To  build  a 
bridge  to  the  clouds.  To  throw  a  stone  at  the  sun.  To  scatter  a  fog 
with  a  fan.  To  (lip  up  the  ocean  with  the  hand. 

Like  our  "  No  rose  without  a  thorn,"  is  their  There's  a  thorn  on 
the  rose. 

Good  doctrine  needs  no  miracles,  is  the  Japanese  rationalist's  arrow 
against  the  Buddhist  bonzes. 

The  rly  seeks  out  the  diseased  spot,  as  people  do  in  their  neighbors' 
character, 

As  different  as  the  moon  is  from  a  tortoise.  (Cheese,  green  or  oth- 
erwise, is  not  ma.de  or  eaten  bv  the  Japanese.) 

The  natives  of  the  Islands  in  the  Four  Seas  are  better  boatmen  than 
cooks,  too  many  of  whom  spoil  the  broth,  but.  With  too  many  boat- 
men, the  boat  runs  up  a  hill. 

The  universal  reverence  of  youth  for  age  is  enjoined  in  this  :  Regard 
an  old  man  as  thy  father. 

The  fortune-teller  can  not  tell  his  own  fortune. 

The  doctor  does  not  keep  himself  well. 

Some  men  can  do  more  than  Goldsmith's  school-master :  They  can 
ar^ue  until  a  crow's  head  becomes  white. 

A  narrow-minded  man  or  bigot  looks  at  the  heavens  through  a  reed, 
or  a  needle's  eye. 

Our  "eat  in  a  strange  garret"  is  metamorphosed  into  the  more 
'i'limitied  figure  of  A  hermit  in  the  market-place. 

The  dilatorv  man  seeing  the  lion,  begins  to  whet  his  arrows.  The 
beaten  soldier  fears  even  the  tops  of  the  tall  ixrass.  Fi^hliiiLT  spar 
i'o\v<  fear  not  man. 

On!v  a  tidbit  to  a  ravenous  mouth.  (Said  when  the  little  tidbit 
Denmark  flies  down  the  huu'e  gullet  of  l'ru>sia:  or  when  Saghalin 
falls  into  Russia's  maw.) 


K.iittrs  EUPIRK. 
\\\  !•  '<iii'_f,  L:\-I  in. 

<  ii\  i-    '•]'["  '1't  lllllt  V    to    iTelllUs. 

T< '  ifiu'  ;in  ii"ii  ''lull  I"  a  ilcvil  is  to  i^ivo  riehes  to  a  bad  man. 

While  the  hunk'!*  look-  afar  after  birds,  they  tly  up  and  eseape  at 
hi-  feet. 

The  i_rn>  'rant  man  i-  i_'eiitle. 

I  'on't  iri\  e  a  kn-litin  to  a  eat. 

Akin  to  "The  heart  knoweth  it-  ow  n  bitterness"  are  The  -a<_;v 
-iekens;  Tin-  beautiful  woman  is  unhappy. 

K\<TV  i>nr  -ulfcr-  either  from  hi-  pride  <>r  sinfulin  --. 

Kveii  a  calamity,  left  al«>iie  f"r  tlii'ee  year-,  mav  turn  hit"  a  fortune. 

N"  danger  of  a  stone  be  inn-  burned. 

I-Aeii  a  runninu'  iiorse  needs  the  whip. 

An  old  man'-  cold  water — /.(..out  of  place,  unreasonable.  The 
.lapane-i-  nearlv  ah\a\-  \\a-h  their  hand-  and  faee-  with  hot  water, 
and  old  men  invariably  do  so.  For  an  old  man.  then,  to  wa-h  with 
eold  water,  or  for  one  to  brinir  him  eold  water,  is  decided! \'  //("/  ''' 


The  fd\  borrowiMi  the  timers  power. 

<  i  is  iti^  \\  iie_r-  t' '  a  t  iijfcr, 

I 'ark  a-  the  lantern's  base,  while  the  li^ht  streams  far  abroad. 
(  lV..pie  mu-t  •_;•"  t..  a  di-taiKe  t"  Ic-ar;i  the  new-  about  thinu'-  at  lioine. 
Thi-  i-  emphati'-.-tlly  true  about  rc-ideiits  in  .Japan  w  in-  r.-ad  home 
new-paper-.) 

IIe;i\>n  doe-  Tiot  kill  a  man.  (No  "lie  i-  ntterlv  en;-hed  b\  eaiam- 
ity.) 

A  eiir-e  i-oim--  ii"t  from  a  ifd  \\iih  \\hoin  "lie  ha-  no  r-oneern. 
I  M.  ii  are  DI i{  t"  I"-  | MI ni -he.  1  bv  a  •;  >d  of  \\  l,oiu  the\  have  never  heard. ) 

Like  jumping  into  \\\,-  tire  with  a  bundle  of  wood.  (  K-peeial! v  u-ed 
of  a  -mall  nation  ^./m^  to  war  a^ain-1  a  !ar>_re  one.  only  to  be  "  ^,  ,b- 
•  l-d  ip."l 

I  I   .  ;  II   1  ieVC  tlie  eolHlllon    I'ep.  .]1. 

H\  .-:i  t  Ih-  w  orm  that  eat-  -mart  -  weed,  lo  hi-  ta-te.      I  "  K\  erv  one  to 

:  killLT."         "    N'  '    aee.  .Hill  illLf    f'  '!'    ta-te."  ) 

\V.a-  it  a  i]  •;:•;:,_•  tin    attention-  .,f  hrr  hu-band   hefoiv  and 

-    pr.  .\  'H'.  .  >r  hea\  >-d    i:    a-  a   -i^h  .'      It 

••,  -  a  -ad  tale  of  a  woman    w]  borne  mother-pain  and  marria^'' 

in  -  oiilv  to  be  rewarded  bv  e.  Miie--,       In  Japan,  the  unmarrieil  -irl- 

.-.  •  ar  t  !:••  i-"d   pet!        lit.  :     pi-ep-    .  Mit   -o  pivttiiv  at   time-,  oi 


JAPANESE  PROVERBS.  5(1 7 

glistens  through  the  summer  dress  of  silken  crape.  After  marriage, 
they  doff  tills  virginal  garment  ;  and  as  it  was  with  Whittier's,  so  with 
the  Japanese  Maud  Muller,  "care  ami  sorrow  and  childbirth  -  pain  " 

leave  their  trace  on  the  once  blooming  face  and  willowy  form,  in 
which  ht.'r  partner  no  longer  delights.  Ala>  !  what  a  tale  does  this 
proverb  tell  :  Love  leaves  with  the  red  petticoat  ! 

\VheL  people  say  "as  ugly  as  sin,"  meaning  thereby  as  ugly  as 
Milton's  hag,  and  suppose  that  the  blind  hard'.-  conception  of  ugliness 
eclipses  e\'erv  other,  they  have,  most  evidently,  never  looked  upon  the 
face  of  the  Japanese  lord  of  Jigoku,  or  the  hells,  of  which  the  Bud- 
dhists count  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight.  To  say  that  his  face  is 
hideous  or  describe  it  in  adjectives,  is  to  damn  with  faint  praise  the 
native  imagination  that  could  conceive  such  a  terror.  \\  hat  I  mean 
bv  reference  to  this  demon,  who  is  called  Hma,  i-  to  give  point  to  the 
Japanese  version  of  our  homely  reference  to  the  man  who  will  have 
his  fun,  but  "must  pav  the  tiddler."  The  proverb  by  which  everv 
steady-going  Japanese  exults  at  the  end  of  the  Fast  and,  perhaps  tine- 
looking  young  man  who  sports  on  credit,  is,  \\hen  the  time  comes 
to  settle  up,  you'll  see  Etna's  face. 

Which  does  the  following  recall  — the  ostrich,  which,  hiding  its 
head,  thinks  itself  safe,  or  the  votith  who  reads  ghost-stories  till  hi> 
blood  curdles,  but  who,  by  covering  up  in  the  bedclothes,  feels  safe' 
The  proverb,  The  head  is  concealed,  but  the  back  is  exposed,  is  ap- 
plied by  the  Japanese  to  all  who,  to  flee  from  spooks,  and  to  guard 
against  lightning,  hide  in  the  dark  or  under  their  coverlets. 

Here  is  an  exquisite  bit  of  philosophy,  which  shows  that  "travels 
at  one's  fireside,"  or  what  Emerson  has  taught  of  seeing  at  home  all 
that  tra\elers  behold  abroad,  are  not  strange  ideas  in  Japan:  The 
poet,  though  he  does  not  go  abroad,  sees  all  the  renowned  place-. 

Some  one  has  said  of  the  sage:  "lie  keeps  his  child's  heart,"  All 
know  Wordsworth's  line,  which  is  approximated  in  this:  The  child 
of  three  vears  keeps  his  heart  till  he  is  sixty. 

The  idea  contained  in  the  saving,  "Talk  of  an  angel,  and  you  will 
hear  the  rustling  of  his  wings,"  or  "Speak  of  the  I>evil."  etc.,  i-  con- 
fined onlv  to  the  gcim-  IlniiKi  in  the  Japanese  proverb:  Talk  of  a 
person,  and  his  shadow  appears. 

Sxdiiev  Smith  condensed.!!  volume  of  dietetic  hygiene  in  hi-  exact 
statement  that  "Some  men  dig  their  graves  \\ith  their  teeth."  The 
complement  of  that  is  found  in  this:  Disea-e  enters  bv  the  mouth: 
or,  The  mouth  is  the  door  of  disease. 


,-,<K  THE  MIKADO'S  KMP1RK. 

The  followim:  are  all  in  the  (Win  of  a  simile:  Like  walking  un  thin 
ice  (like  a  politician  before  flection -day).  To  ^ivc  a  thief  a  key. 
Like  scratching  the  foot  with  the  >lnn-  on  (can  not  reach  the  seat  of 
trouble  i.  Like  planner  a  child  near  a  well.  (  Mic  hair  of  nine  oxen 
fraction).  Like  the  crow  that  imitated  the  cormorant  (he  tried 
I"  dive  in  the  water,  and  was  drowned).  Like  spitting  against  the 
wind  (-aid  of  a  wicked  slander  a^ain-t  a  <n>od  man).  The  decree  of 
the  mikado  i-  like  perspiration;  it  can  never  <_jo  hack  ("Firm  as  the 
law-  of  the  Medes  and  Persians"). 

1'roverbs.  like  certain  kinds  of  money,  var\  in  the  amount  and  ra- 
pidity of  their  circulation.  A  class  of  Japanese  proverbs,  sncli  as 
"The  fro«_;  in  th.e  well  knows  not  the  ofreat  ocean,"  \\hich  lav  almost 
forgotten  in  the  national  memorv  for  centuries,  has  come  forth,  and  is 
now  the  i-iiviilatiiiij  medium  of  those  who  handv  the  retorts  applica- 
ble to  old  fogies  and  oM  fo^y'ism.  The  conservatives  wlio  impede  or 
oppose  reform  in  Jiipan,  claiinini;  tliat  .Japan  is  ail-sullicieiit  in  herself, 
are  nsnallv  stvled  "  fro^s  "  l>\  the  yoiinu'  blades  who  have  been  abroad 
and  seen  the  world  beyond  Japan,  \\lio  also  refer  to  the  past  as  the 
time  \\lien  that  eoiintrv  \\a-  "in  a  well." 

There  are  several  other  proverbs  like  that  of  the  "  welbfro<_>- ;"  but 
lhe\  d<-p'-nd  for  their  interest  upon  references  to  things  not  ea-ilv  ex- 
plained l>v  im-re  translation.  The  "  in'cat  ocean."  however,  mirrors  it- 
-dt  in  the  Japanese  mind  ever  a-  the  symbol  of  inimeiisitv.  Tims: 
A  drop  of  the  ocean  i-  mir  "drop  in  the  bucket."  To  dam  up  the 
^ivat  ocean  \\itii  the  hand.  The  ocean  doe>,  not  mind  the  du-t  (a 
u'l'eai  man  lives  do\\n  >laiidcr).  The  ocean,  b-'iiii;'  \\ide.can  not  be 
all  -ceil  at  once  (a  -'reat  sUl,j(.et  can  not  be  treated  fairly  b\  a  bie-ot). 
T"  dip  out  tin  water  of  the  ocean  with  a  small  shell. 

The  Japaiie-i'  have  a  lively  sense  of  the  iniijiiitv  of  ingratitude; 
letter  nourish  a  d"u'  than  an  unfaithful  servant.  To  have  one's  hand 

bitten    bv     t  Ih     d'  ''f    it    feeds. 


is  evinced  bv  th'-se  :  ( 'hildbirth  is  less  painful  than  anxietv  about 
children.  It  is  easier  to  bi-Mvt  children  than  to  care  for  tlicin.  <'at<-h- 
HILT  a  1  hiet  to  t'md  him  v .  .ur  <  >v\  n  s,  ,n. 

1  >"n't  trust  a  pigeon  to  ,-;irrv  ^rain.  ( 1  )on't  send  one  man  \«  briii^ 
ba--k  another  from  a  pi; of  plea-uiv.  le-t  he  aUo  be  tempted.) 

If  in  a  hurrv,  •_:'"  roiiihi.  ("The  longest  \\av  round  is  the  shortest 
•AT.  liome."  "  The  more  hum  .  the  le^s  speed.") 

The   -.;(w;i   of  froj;s   \\ill    l.,.-i'o)n.     l.iit   fl'oifs. 


JAPANESE  PROVERBS.  509 

By  saving  one  cash  (one  one-hundredth  of  a  cent)  lose  a  hundred 
(one  tempo).  Ca^li  wise,  tempo  foolish. 

Only  a  tailor's  (dyer's)  promise. 

The  wails  ha\  e  ears.      Pitchers  have  spouts. 

I  >eaf  men  speak  loudly. 

There  is  no  medicine  for  a  fool. 

You  can  not  rivet  a  nail  in  potato  custard. 

He  wishes  to  do  both — to  eat  the  poisoned  delicacy  and  live. 

]>y  searching  the  old,  learn  the  new. 

Once  I  asked  some  of  our  students  whether  there  was  any  Japanese 
proverb  which  answered  to  the  old  English  one,  ''Jlappy  is  the  man 
whose  father  lias  gone  to  the  devil."  Several  of  them  answered  with 
this  familiar  one:  J'ujokn  no  ant  a  mo,  k«ne  shidai —  the  tortures  of 
hell  are  graded  according  to  the  amount  of  money  one  has;  or,  briefly 
and  literallv,  even  hell's  judgments  are  according  to  money. 

The  Buddhists,  like  the  media'val  priests  in  Kuropc,  sell  their  masses 
at  a  high  price.  Happy  the  dying  rich  man,  but  \voe  betide  the  poor! 
In  most  Japanese  .Buddhist  temples,  as  in  Roman  churches  in  Europe, 
a  box  hangs  up  to  receive  cash  for  the  mutual  benefit  of  the  damned 
and  the  priests— especially  the  latter. 

The  rat-catching  cat  hides  her  claws. 

If  \ou  keep  a  tiger,  you  will  have  nothing  but  trouble. 

An  mrlv  woman  shuns  the  looking-glass. 

Poverty  leads  to  theft. 

To  aim  a  gun  in  the  darkness.      In  vain. 

The  more  words,  the  less  sense. 

Like  the  peeping  of  a  blind  man  through  a  hedge. 

A  charred  stick  is  easily  kindled. 

Who  steals  money,  is  killed;  Avho  steals  a  country,  is  a  king. 

If  von  do  not  enter  the  timer's  den,  you  can  not  tret  her  cub, 

..  t    *i  & 

In  mending  the  horn,  he  killed  the  o.v. 

The  best  thing  in  traveling  is  a  companion;   in  the  world,  kindness. 

To  draw  olf  water  to  his  own  field.  (.Most  of  the  fields  in  Japan  are 
irrinfated  riee-tidds.  Water  i>  always  a  desideratum.  This  proverb  is 
like  our  "  Feather  his  own  nest.'') 

Famous  swords  are  made  of  iron  scrapers. 

Like  learning  to  swim  in  a  field. 

Though  the  magnet  attracts  iron,  it  can  not  attract  stone. 

Here  is  something  almost  Shakspearian :  The  gods  have  their  seat 
on  the  brow  of  a  just  man. 


.-,  lo  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIKK. 

If  vi m  sav  t"  him  "u'entU,"  In-  will  sav  "  >lam." 

A  -i\th-day  camellia.      (A  ^n-at  tl<>\\vr  festival  comes  «u  the  tit'th  of 
ii  in  'iith.      T"  1'rin-j;  \oiirtlo\\er  on  the  sixth  day  is  to  hrin>j;  it 
at'li  !'  the  fair.) 

\o\\   -inking.  ii"\\   tloatiicj;.      ("Such  i>  life.") 
l'"ke  a  caiiel'rake,  ami  a  snake  \\ill  era\\l  out. 
Like  carrvin^  a  cup  liriinfiil. 
T'  •  tVed  with  honev  :    /.  e.,  to  (latter. 
1  Yo,  •('  is  better  than  di-cu--i»n. 

I    -I'    the   caile    hefoi-e    Vi  '11    fall    d"Wn. 

Like  casting  a  -tone  at  an  e^'LT- 

A  i-o\iiiLT  d"u;  run-  au;ain-t  a  stick.  (A  man  willing  to  work  will 
sureh  lind  employment.) 

'I'"  a\i>iil  the  appearance  of  evil  three  pro\ert>-  are  u'i\en:  I)<m't 
uij>e  voiir  >hi>es  iii  a  iiH-lon-patch.  I)nii't  adjn-t  y«>nr  cap  \\hiie  jia--- 
ii.Li  nii'ler  a  pear-tree.  Dmi't  stav  I"!IL;'  \\heii  the  hu-haii'l  i-  ii"t  at 

llOllle. 

A  had  rejiui't  runs  one  thotisaiul  ri  (two  tlmusaiul  three  hundred  and 

tllirt  V-t  lll'ee    miles). 

Ln-i  ha-  ii"  liottom. 

Tie    \'."i'M  i-  ju-t  a-  a  ]>ei'-i>n's  heart  makes  it. 

Si-i    I  tin    child  \"U  l<i\e  mi>-t  .in  a  j'Hii'iiev.     (To  save  him  frmn  l>e- 

ilij'  -j  ••',.'•  1    h\     ilnlllluf'1l|i1e.) 

Ca-1  the  li..n'.-  rul,  i  ut  1 1  tin-  valley.      Let  the  pet  son  trav;  i  ahr.'ad. 
(  ii\  e  -ail-  t"  de\teril  \ . 

He  ei  .iM-.-al-  a   -\\  ~  'id  nii'ler  a   lail^h. 

I  '  '    ma  ke   \\\<>  eliemie-   in  |'!i  !•   ea'-h   <  >\  her. 

I  :  i\  e  Hi-1,  i-r  heard  i>l  an\  .Japanese  "  Samivd  "  recei\'iii^  niipniti>rv 
.1  h  ,  •  I'l'invniiii^  "\idders;"  hut  ,lapain--e  father-  «'fl<!i  thi'.u  mit 

llii-    c;i\e;it     !'•    their    -nils     \\heli    Ci  illt  elll  plat  i  1ILT    1 1  Kl  1'1'ia  ^'e  :      l)C\\al'e    of   a 
liealll  ifiii    \\  <  illlall    :      -lie    i-    like    |','d    jiepper. 

'I  In-  Lr<">d  l>"ii/'--  -"inetimes  pr^aeli  rather  lon^  senimns.  Tln-ir 
-ha\-  ii-pated  lieai'i  i1-  d"  ii"t  -nap  then-  liiiiitin^-ca>e  uatche-  nndi-r  tin- 
Ne\ei-tln-le--.  ihi-  i-  \\hat  t!ie\  sav  and  think.  Ttn-v  often 
t  '-'  i  -p'-aker'-  i  iii  ril,  and  niea-uie  tin-  -"ill  "t  hi-  wil .  1  >\  hi-  l>iv\  it  \ . 
Tin  in-killfii  :  ;i-r  i-  "ii^- \\  imled  :  nr.  It  tak'--  a  clever  man  t" 
]:l'i  ac]j  a  -h'  •!'!  -i  I'll 

'i  foi|o\\iin_f  i-  -aid  l'\  an  educated  idolater,  who  wor-hip-  tin- 
i'  '  !'i-\oiid  tin-  imaLT'1.  tin-  piou-  -•ulptoi1,  or  tin-  -iieeivr  at  all  idola- 
• '  •  .  M.-ikin^  aii  idol.  i[i )!•-  U"t  •_•;••.'•  i:  ;i  -oul. 


JAPANESE  PROVERS.  oil 

If  you  liato  any  one,  lot  him  live. 

As  there  are  plentv  of  hypocrites  in  Japan,  hut  no  crocodiles,  our 
zoolo^iea!  metaphor  is  altered.  Lachrymal  shams  are  called  "a 
devil's  tears." 

A  clumsv  fellow  commits  lutra-kiri  with  a  pestle. 

Live  under  your  own  hat,  is  the  Japanese  expression  for  "lie  con- 
tent," or  "  Let  well-enouu'h  alone." 

They  extinguish  meddlesome  husyhodics,  or  those  who  talk  too 
much,  by  saying,  "Make  a  lid  for  that  fool  ;  cover  him  up." 

The  women  of  Japan  have  tongues.  I  knew  several  old  shrews  who 
used  their  husbands  as  grindstones  to  sharpen  a  certain  edge-tool 
which  thev  kept  in  their  mouth.  Either  a  Japanese  carpenter  or  one 
having  an  eye  for  metronomics  first  noticed  this  brilliant  fact,  that 
The  tongue  three  inches  long  can  kill  a  man  six  feet  high. 

(iive  victuals  to  your  enemy.  (The  word  translated  "victuals" 
means  food  for  animals,  such  as  beasts,  birds,  fishes,  etc.,  or  bait ;  and 
some  Japanese  sav  it  should  read,  "(Jive  halt  to  your  enemy" — /.  c., 
revenue  yourself  on  him  skillfully,  by  stratagem.) 

A  cur  that  bravely  barks  before  its  own  gate.  (So  that  it  may  nm 
inside,  in  case  it  catches  a  Tartar.) 

Even  a  monkey  sometimes  falls  from  a  tree. 

To  rub  salt  on  a  sore.      ("Adding  insult  to  injury.") 

Excess  of  politeness  becomes  impoliteness. 

A  blind  man  does  not  fear  a  snake.  ("  Fools  rush  in  where  angcl> 
fear  to  tread.") 

1 'overt y  can  not  overtake  diligence. 

The  heron  can  rise  from  the  stream  without  stirring  up  the  mud. 
(Delicacy,  tact.) 

Adapt  the  preaching  to  the  hearer. 

If  you  call  down  a  curse  on  anv  one,  look  out  for  two  o'rave-. 
("  ( 'urse-,  like  yoiiim'  chickens,  alwavs  come  home  to  roost.") 

As  string  for  our  bouquet,  here  is  something  which,  whether  prov- 
erb or  not.  has  a  meaning:  When  life  is  ruined  for  sake  of  monev'- 
preciousness,  the  ruined  life  cares  naught  for  the  monev. 

There  is  no  teacher  of  Japanese  poetry.  ("The  poet  is  burn,  not 
made.") 

Hearing  i-  paradise;  seeing  is  hell,      (Description  /'.  ivalitv.) 

\\heii  men  become  too  old,  thev  nnM  obev  the  youn^".  (Said  e— 
pei'ially  of  the  old  nations,  such  as  Japan  and  < 'hina  :  thov  must,  and 
ought  to,  accept  the  civilization  of  the  younger  Western  nations.) 


512  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


XV. 

THE  LAST   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM. 

(LEAVE*;    FKOM    MY    JOIKNAI,.) 

Murcli  4f/>.  1*71.— Arrived  in  Kukui. 

Mure//  \[fh. — \\Yiit  1'V  imitation  to  the  Han  stable,  which  contains 
fifty  horses.  I  selected  a  tine  coal-black  horse,  which  is  to  lie  mine 
during  mv  stav  in  Fukui.  Hi-  name  i-  (iiveii  \\  illo\v,  from  his  -up- 
]>le  and  'jfi'aceful  form.  lie  i-  gentle,  and  a  perfect  beauty.  Other 
name-  of  horses  were  IJlack  I'rau'oii.  N\  iliow  Swainj),  Typhoon,  Thun- 
der-cloud, Arrow,  1  (evil's  K\e,  Ink-stone,  Earthquake,  (Jhost,  etc.  I  took 
a  lonu;  ride  through  the  villages  hiim;  to  the  eastward,  alon«i  the  A-hi- 
\\a  ( Winded -foot )  River.  Crowd>  of  people  were  waiting  in  earh 
plaee  to  see  the  white  foreigner. 

Tlie  d"^--  e-pccially  enjov  the  excitement:  mv  Mercury  in  bronze 
run-  before  mv  h>'i>e.  dad  in  cuticle.  suid<>,  and  wai-t-cloth,  in-tead  of 
uin-vil  e,-i],  aiid  ankli-t-.  He  is  tattooeil  from  neck  to  heel>  \\ith  red 
and  blue  dra_:'"ii-.  <  if  hi-  comrades,  one  ha-  To-hit-une's  face  and  bn-t 
puiii'tured  on  hi-  -kin.  (Mi  the  bark  of  another,  evidently  in  love, 
I, iu-he-  and  pout-  a  pivtu  maiden  \\iih  bl<>— om-Lrarni-lied  hail'.  The 
Ix-tto-.  like  olhi-r  workinur-<'las-es,  foi'in  an  hereditary  u'liild.  Tlh-\ 
are  of  ver\  lo\\  -oei.-d  ^rade.  The  children  -pe;ik  of  ni"  a-  "to-jin" 
(< 'hinainan)  :*  iln-  ^i-own-up  people,  as  "  i-jin  "  (foiviirn  man):  the  sa- 
mnrai,  a-  "  u'u.'ii  koku-j'm  "  (out side-count r\  man ).  and  a  few  who  kiio\\ 
e\.-iet|v,  "tii''  Ami-rii-.-i-|in."  or  "  r.e-koku-jin." 


*  F"r  r-i-ntin        (']    iniiiii'i)   wen    tin1  ciily   fi'vi^ner-  of  \\liom  nui-t  .T:i|i;nii--, 

(  hilill''  n  l;;nl  li  ,-:i  nl  n|-  -'TII.  Si  i  in  II:incli,.wt  (  hi  I  in.  tlir  city  over  wliicli  M;IVII 
I'ul  •  '.••.'-  Lri>\i-riiMr,  •.'.!,•  IT  tli.  .I:H. ;,]!«•-«•  rr-uhirly  tnnli-d  :nnl  a  d-w  rc-iilcd.  1lif 
Jupaiit-i  wen  tin  ••  tin  |ii-n]ili  tlicre  knew.  U'licn  Rrv. . I.  I.iiri_r'ni-. 

.in  Aiiirriran  t7ii.->iui!iu-y,  lir-l  visited  I  hi-  city,  the  ].,-,i|'l<'  cul'inl  nut  sifter  him, 
"  .l;i;.;i]]c-c  !  J:i|iaiii--  ci-\  Iri.m  "  I-'un-iirii  ill  vil,"  ••  Hril  hain  •<!." 

•  !'• .,  h-  ;i!'i|   in  titlii-r  place-.      Tli'-  .l.i;  anc-c  Inuer  c-las-i--  iln  nut  indulge  in  the 

iKiii!c>,  tln'ii'^h  /»(/,-'(  (foul)  is  (ifcasioiisiily 

•    "I      Til,     \m    :.   .•    .•;.•'.•  in.  in  here  referred  tu  wa-  tin-  fir.-t  ( 'hri-tiaii 
i;n--i'  iiisiry  in  .fap.m  in  I  hi-  c<  lit  nry.  n  -i.lini;'  at   Naica-uki,  where  he,  like  nil  ulhej- 
•  i  r~.  war  i-i.illi.-ii   liriii, '1. i  ;;/,     I  liilliiuiU-r  I. 


THE  LAST   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  513 

Mtu-ch  l$th. — Rode  out  to  the  gunpowder  mills.  We  crossed  a 
long  bridge  of  about  forty  boats  (funa-bashi),  over  a  wide,  swift  river. 
The  mills,  in  five  buildings,  with  machinery,  wholly  of  wood,  and  made 
by  natives,  are  run  by  water-power.  The  establishment  blew  up  only 
once,  several  years  ago,  Outside  is  an  image  of  Buddha  and  a  shrine 
in  memory  of  the  live  men  killed  by  the  explosion.  AYhat  a  combina- 
tion— gunpowder  and  Buddhism  !  The  magazine  stands  among  the 
hills  near  the  city,  defended  by  a  lightning-rod.  Echizcn  powder  won 
a  good  reputation  in  Japan  during  the  late  civil  war,  especially  at  Wa- 
kamatsu  and  Hakodate.  I  also  visited  a  cotton-seed  oil-press  of  sim- 
ple construction,  but  yerv  effective.  The  rilie  factory  is  near  the  city, 
and  has  an  American  rifling  and  other  machines,  including  one  for 
\\ea\ing  cloth.  Most  of  them  are  Sasaki's  purchases  in  Xew  York. 

M'urch  'list. — A  grand  mattsuri  (festival)  is  being  held  at  the  tem- 
ples, and  the  city  is  full  of  farmers  and  country  folk.  They  have 

I  J  v  •/ 

come  to  pray  for  good  crops.  1  can  usually  distinguish  a  countryman 
fn>m  a  citizen  by  the  superior  diameter  of  his  eyes  and  mouth  on  be- 
holding the  white  foreigner.  Some  of  the  old  ladies  look  at  me  piti- 
fully, so  sorry  that  1  am  so  bleached  and  pale,  instead  of  the  proper 
dark  color  of  skin. 

March  '2(Jt/t.  —  Some  of  the  Buddhist  sects  bury,  others  cremate. 
In  Fukui,  cremation  is  the  usual  rule.  The  cremarium  has  four  fur- 
naces. Saw  a  funeral  procession,  and  witnessed  the  ceremonies  at  the 
mortuary  chapel  by  the  priests  of  the  Shin  sect,  in  their  canonical 
robe*  of  gold,  damask,  and  satin,  with  hook,  bell,  and  scores  of  candles. 
The  corpse  and  cask,  or  coth'n,  were  then  set  on  the  furnace.  The 
names  under  the  corpse  were  lighted  by  a  relative  of  the  deceased.  A 
sheet  of  name  instantly  enveloped  the  body,  making  a  shroud  of  fire, 
in  which  nothing  revolting  was  visible.  The  reduction  of  the  body 
of  the  deceased  to  ashes  occupied  nearly  two  hours.  1.  witnessed  most, 
of  it,  at  intervals.  The  soft  parts  were  consumed  and  volatilized,  and 
the  skeleton  left  a  glowing  white  mass  of  lime,  and  the  skull  a  globe 
of  live  fire.  1  strolled  off,  toward  the  end  of  the  process,  over  the 
mountain  slopes,  through  the  daimio's  cemetery,  where,  in  fine  stone 
tombs,  the  fifteen  princes  of  the  house  of  Echizen  are  buried. 

Returning  on  the  other  side  of  the  cremarium,  I  saw  a  threat  heap 
of  skulls,  bones,  clothes,  howls,  utensils,  and  other  relics  of  the  dead. 
It  was  the  monument  of  a  famine  which  ravaged  Echizen  some  forty 
years  au'o,  during  which  time  the  poor  and  the  beggars  died  in  such 
numbers  that  they  could  not  be  consumed  or  inhumed  in  the  usual 


-,14  Till-:   MlKMXfS   KMr 

manner  -in'_dy.  lnit  were  cremated  hy  scores  on  heaps  of  hrusli-wootl. 
Kailroad-  and  impro\ ed  mean-  «>f  iiiteivoininunu'ation  in  the  future 
make  jTeat  desolation  1  > v  famine  impo— iMe.  Nearer  the  house 
\\a-  a  mound  containing  niaiiv  thousand  cuhic  feet  of  allies  ami  cal- 
cined hones,  the  refu-e  incineration  of  the  fnrnaees  during  niaiiv  gen- 
erations. It  \\  as  "  a>hes  to  a.-hes,"  instead  of  "  du-t  to  du-t." 

l'a-> inu'  in  front  of  the  house,  two  relatives  were  eli<;auvd  in  picking 
:  nit  with  a  j>ieee  of  hatnhoo.  and  a  not  her  of  \\  •<  iod,  t  lie  clean,  hot  \\  hite 
pieces  of  Koiie.  I  now  iimlerstood  the  -<|iieami-hne-s,  and  even  -uper- 

-t il  ion.  of  the  people,  who  \\  ill  on  ii o  ace' unit  eat  with  a  pair  of  ehop- 
i       I  t 

-tick-  one  of  \\hich  is  of  \\ood  and  the  other  of  hamhoo.  1'acked  in 
a  jar.  the  hones  were  then  deported  in  ihe  fainilv  vault — the  hollo\\ 
pede-tal  of  a  laru'e  toinhstoiio.  The  iiionuiiieiit^  are  ehietlv  upi'iu'ht 
Mjiiare  >hafts.  Some  are  e^^'-^haped.  <)thers.  with  a  top  having  \vinux 
or  ciivi's,  are  formed  like  a  ea-tle  to\\er.  or  pau'oda  roof.  Nearlv  all 
of  them  are  in-<-nl>rd  \\ith  Iluddhist  text^  and  //"/// /o.  or  [instluunous 
name-.  Aiiion^-  many  handsoiiu'  ones  are  several  made  to  represent  a 

till'   of   >ak('-.  e\idelillv    lllo-r   of   laj'-tel'S    uho    oliee    d  i  -j  lell-i  •(!    tile    jiojill- 

lar  'Irink.  and  \\i-hcd,  e\eii  after  death,  to  adverti-e  the  hii-ine— .  a- 
-tiil  -old  1-y  tin'  family  at  the  old  -land.  Kn-h  tio\ver-  are  pl-c-i-d  in 
tli,'  -oekets  cut  into  the  pedr-tal-  of  maiix  of  the  toinh-.  \\Cmen  are 
pre-cnt  here  and  there,  i  ii-a  •;>•<!  ii!  clraii-iiiL.p  the  monument-  of  moss. 
He  hen-,  or  du-t.  or  in-ertiiiu1  camellia-  in  t  he  hamhoo  tuhes  \\  hich  -er\  e 

a-     liollijllet-hoMcrs.        S.'llle     a IV     "t'    the     a_V    of   <>|i|     Mol'taiitV    hill, -elf. 

'hut  some  of  the  \ouiiii1  ni"l'1a!it\  \\ere  in  the  -ha]>e  of  rather  j.ivtU' 
maidens. 

A/iril  l.v/. — The  prince  n-ave  a  dinner  at  hi-  " -umnier  palace," 
\\hieli  -taic!-  ''ii  tin-  hank-  of  the  -••rpeiitine  n\er.  A  i;l"i'ioii-  \  ie\\ 
•  •f  -iio\v\  llaku/an.  tVi'in  I'l-ea-t  to  e|M\vn,  i-  afforded  on  one  -ide.  and 
:>f  the  \alle\  -treti'hin^  to  the  -ea  on  the  other.  The  inmien-e,  -\\eli- 
inj.-  \>'l:ite  -ail-  of  the  junk-  appear  a-  if  in  the  Held-.  1  he  course  of  the 
river  ln-in^  hidden  \<\  the  \  e^etat  i"ii.  Throiiifh  mv  intt  rpreter.  \\  h" 

•.\a-  in   hi-  i'e-1    in 1.  we   had  a  loiiu"  talk   on   politii--    native   and   for- 

ei-'n,  religion,  and  moral-.  The  prinee  and  hi-  mini-ter  a-k"d  a  ^reai 
\  arii  t  v  of  ijiie-tion-  aKoiit  the  ^ovrrniin  !if.  people.  la\\  -.  and  cu-tom-  of 
the  I'nited  State-,  and  in\ip-d  linlimiteil  e\pre.— ion  of  opinion.  The 
prince  informed  me  that  tin  mikado  had  -umni"iied  a  u-'vat  c"iinc'il 
•'t'  the  e\-daimio-  iii  Tokio  t"  di-cu-s  national  alTair-.  and  that  he 

.    d    -el    out     f'  •!'    t  lie    capital    "I      '  :   '      -ec(  ,|id    da\     heliee. 

A>,-;i  !_'/A. — \\\  L)\.  Ila-hiui  'to'-  iiuitatiou   I  attended  the  theatre. 


THE  LAST   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  515 

The  hou>e  was  crowded.  The  acting  was  fair.  The  play  was  full  of 
love  and  murder,  with  many  amusing  incidents.  A  pretty  woman  of 
uvntle  blood  loves  a  poor  itinerant  pipe  mender  and  cleaner.  Her  fa- 
ther wishes  her  to  marrv  the  son  of  a  nobleman.  He  sueeeeds  in  his 
purpose  h\-  means  of  a  "go-between,"  who  pretends  to  earrv  messages 
from  the  true  lover  to  the  duped  girl.  At  the  marriage  cercinonv, 
which  is  represented  in  detail  on  the  stage,  she  lifts  her  silken  hood, 
expecting  to  see  her  true  love,  but  beholds  her  father's  choice,  whom 
she  hates.  She  has  to  submit,  and  goes  to  housekeeping.  Clandes- 
tine meeting  of  wife  and  old  lover.  Jealous  husband  detects  para- 
mours. Murder  of  the  guilty  pair.  The  husband  finds  that  the  pipe- 
mender  is  his  dear  friend  in  humble  disguise.  Remorse.  Commits 
hitrn-kir't.  Finale. 

As  the  performances  last  all  dav,  people  bring  their  tea-pots  and 
lunch-baskets.  The  interest  centres  in  the  bloody  scene,  when  heads, 
trunks,  blood,  and  limbs  lie  around  the  stau'e  promiscuously.  The  de- 
liberate whetting  of  the  sword  with  hone,  dipper,  bucket,  and  water 
in  sight  of  the  frantic  guilty  pair,  the  prolongation  of  the  sharpening 
and  the  bloody  scene  to  its  possible  limit  of  timi — twenty  minutes  by 
the  watch — make  it  seem  very  ludicrous  to  me,  though  the  audience 
look  on  breathless.  During  this  time  all  talking,  eating,  and  attention 
to  infants  cease.  The  repeated  attempts  of  the  husband  to  screw  his 
courage  to  the  sticking-point,  and  thrust  the  dirk  in  his  abdomen,  ex- 
cite the  loud  laughter  of  the  audience.  The  theatre  is  lar:jv,  but  of  a 
rather  primitive  order  of  architecture,  yet  probablv  as  o-ood  a^-  some 
that  Shakspeare  played  in.  After  the  plav,  1  went  behind  the  -ceiies, 
and  was  politely  shown  the  actors'  wardrobe  and  dressing-rooms,  and 
the  a»ortment  of  wiu's,  heads,  limbs,  etc.  Rice-chaff  replaces  <awdust 
in  the  shams  used  on  the  stau;e. 

AS  a  rule,  the  better  class  of  Japanese  people  do  not  attend  the  the- 
atres for  moral  reasons,  and  as  examples  to  their  children.  The  influ- 
ences of  the  sta^e  are  thought  to  be  detrimental  to  virtue.  It  is  cer- 
tain that  the  voung  u'irls  become  too  much  interested  in  the  actors, 
and  hence  fathers  do  not  allow  their  daughters  to  see  the  plav-.  The 
actors,  however,  are  the  idols  of  the  lower  classes.  Women  do  not 
plav  on  the  staLTe,  their  parts  being  taken  by  men  or  bovs. 

Ajiril  ]')fh.  —  All  through  the  citv,  the  rapid  mountain  >t  reams, 
from  three  to  ei'_dit  feet  wide,  are  led  between  stone  banks  in  the  cen- 
tre- of  the  streets.  At  certain  hours  of  the  dav,  the  people  wash  their 
pots,  pans,  and  di>hes,  and  at  others  their  clothes.  The  rising  genera- 


olO  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

tion  enjoy  the  constant  treat  of  wading,  splashing,  sailing  boats,  . ir 
making  Mains,  water-falls,  and  miniature  mills.  Tln>  kennel  also  af- 
ford- a  theatre  for  many  a  domestic  drama,  in  which  the  chief  actor- 
are  a  -"ii-cd  babv  and  a  frightened  mother.  \\  hile  walking  out  t<>-dav, 
one  of  the  little  u'irls  \vho  knew  me,  and  had  hm^  ceased  to  feel  afraid 
of  me,  came  running  alon^-  the  edijv  of  the  water,  crying,  "  To  j!n  HUH  ' 
7*o  Jin  wot .'"  (Mr.  Foreigner!  Mr.  Foreigner!)  Not  noticing  the  famil- 
ial' cry,  I  suddenly  heard  a  splash  behind  me,  and,  turning  round,  the 
child  had  disappeared.  The  water  was  rather  deep  at  the  point  of 
imnier-ion.  and  1  managed,  after  much  difficulty,  to  H-h  up  the  -trui:'- 
u'linu;  child,  and  hand  the  dripping  darling  to  her  mother,  who  imme- 
diately ejaculated  an  "J/-'<  bi:kt"  (Served  you  ri^ht)  to  her  oif-prim;-, 
and,  with  a  profound  bow,  an  .lri>/</to  (Thank  V"ii)  to  the  rescuer. 

Mm!  \xi. — Oaring  the  past  month  I  ha\e  made  many  excur>i'>n- 
on  horseback  through  the  country  round,  .-laying  overnight  at  the  vil- 
lage inns.  Sasaki  and  Iwabuchi  have  been  mv  companions.  1  have 
seen  the  paper  manufactories,  oil-presses,  the  sake  breweries,  sov-vat-. 
iron-foundries,  and  smelting- furnaces.  I  have  entered  the  copper 
mines  ,,t'  Ond,  and  "  prospected"  the  coal  region,  from  wliieli  the  coal 
I  burn  in  mv  Peek-kill  stove  comes. 

While  on  one  trip,  as  I  was  leading  my  horse,  Green  "\Villo\v,  down 
a  -teep  slope,  beiii-j;  clos,-  liehiiid  Sa-aki's  iiorse.  Well-named  Devil'- 
F\c.  tiie  vicioii-  brute,  after  »|iiinlin^  -idcwav-  at  me,  and  >ee'm^  hi- 
"pportunity.  threw  out  his  l,.ft  hind  hoof  aiid  kicked  me.  The  >oft 
part  bi-tue«'ii  tli''  fetlock  and  \\»»f  >truck  ju-t  above  mv  knee.  ^i\  in^ 
me  a  >hock,  but  doiiej;  no  -eridis  injury.  I  li>  hoof  w.inM  ha\e  lii-ok.'ii 
mv  le^.  The  inc'bleiit  has  >er\ed  to  warp  and  prejudice  mv  judu'iiu  lit 
of  .lapaiie-e  hordes  in  general.  1  can  not  prai-e  them  hi^hU  :  but 
<in  en  \\  illow  i>  mv  ideal  of  a  noble  animal. 

'I  he  pack-horse^,  \vlneli  I  >ee  (lailv,  amuse  me.  The\-  are  uir^ainlv. 
unkempt  brutes,  f.-d  on  the  eheap'-t  foml.  Thev  carry  about  ei^ht 
hundred  pound>  at  a  load.  (  )f  their  moral  charactci-  I  can  not  >peak 
in  hi'_h  term-.  \\'ln-n  l-'d  or  <lri\di  tandem.  <>r  follo\\in^  each  othei 
in  Indian  til'-,  the-c  equine  cannibals  indulge  in  the  vicious  habit  of 
pa-tuniiLT  on  the  haunches  of  the  animal  in  front-of  them.  Thi-  t_rrax 

'[!!_;•    proee-S    U-liallv    rc-lllt-    ill    liv.-l\     kick-,  to    ]\^-   (letrilllellt    of  the    teeth 

or  chest  .if  the  offender,  and  the  demoralisation  of  the  whole  line. 

M'i'1  '1<I. — The  farmer-  are  t.u-\  makiiiLT  -ecd-bed-  for  the  rice,  and 
in  h'H-inir  up  their  field-.  The  valh  vs  are  full  of  flowers.  Tin,-  .snow 
In-  melted  from  all  the  mountain?  except  Ilaktizan. 


THE  LAST   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM. 


51 


MI i ft  '•'•'/. — The  presents  I  daily  receive  from  my  students  and  the 
official  niv  verv  varied.  My  table  is  not  left  unadorned  for  a  single  » 
dav.  A  leg  of  venison  or  wild-hoar  meat,  a  duck  netted,  or  a  goose 
shot  in  hunting:  a  fine  fish,  a  box  of  eggs,  a  hamper  full  of  pears  or 
orange>.  a  bouquet  of  flowers,  a  piece  of  porcelain  or  lacquered  work, 
a  small  carved  ivory  nitsuki  or  bron/e  piece,  a  book,  pictures,  speci- 
mens of  paper,  a  box  of  sponge-cake,  sugar-jelly,  or  sweet-potato  cus- 
tard, a  tray  of  persimmons,  candies,  silk  in  napkins,  rolls  of  various 
>ix.es,  curiosities  of  all  sorts,  come  to  me.  Every  thing  is  daintily 
wrapped  in  red  and  white  cord,  with  the  //o.vf/,  or  ceremonial  folded 
paper,  symbolizing  friendship.  The  exquisite  jointure  and  delicate 
grain  of  the  wood  of  the  boxes  in  which  the  cake,  etc.,  are  cased  cause 
almost  a  pain  when  1  throw  them  away.  "  Chenkev  "  and  Obun  get 
the  candy  and  sweetmeats.  The  gifts  are  not  generally  of  much 
value,  but  thev  show  the  sympathy  and  kindly  nature  of  the  people. 


What   follows  a  Meal  on  Horse-flesh. 

Manv  »f  thc^c  offerings  of  friendship  come  from  strangers.  Many  of 
the  motheis  and  fathers  of  my  students  have  called  in  person  to  thank 
me.  After  profound  bows,  head  and  knee  on  the  floor,  thev  oiler  the 
present,  ii-ually  carried  !>v  their  servant,  saving,  "This  is  a  very  mean 
tiling  1o  offer  YOU,  but  1  trust  you  will  accept  it  for  friendship'.-  sake." 
The  ladie-.  especially  the  old  ones,  are  verv  talkative  and  friendly.  1 
never  fall  on  all  fours  before  a  man,  but  I  frequently  p.»li>h  my  fore- 
head <>ii  the  floor  when  a  ladv  does  the  same  for  me.  A  photograph 
album  interests  them  exceedingly,  and  gives  occasion  for  many  ques- 
tions. 


:,  IS  7V/ A'  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

I  iin.l  ni\  -indent-  -urpri-inj;ly  eau'er  ;ni(l  earnest  in  school.  Thev 
Irani  fa-t.  and  -iudv  hard.  \\hen  important  or  striking  chemical  ex- 
periment- are  made,  the  lar^v  li'et  lire-room  is  crowded  l»v  officials  a> 
well  a-  -Indents.  I  -pend  six  hours  dailv  in  tin-  school.  In  the  eveii- 
mi:'.  at  inv  hon-c,  I  have  special  clas>cs  of  \<>\i\]^  men,  doctor-,  teach- 
er-, and  a  circle  of  citi/.en.-,  who  li-teii  to  talks  or  lectures  mi  varioii> 
subjects.  Mv  plan  i>  to  take  a  ^ood  text  -  book  and  explain.  1>\  talk- 
ing, the  use  of  maps,  chart-,  ilia-Tain-,  and  the  Maekboani,  allo\\  in^  the 
auditors  t<>  ask  ijiiotioii-  freelv  at  intenals.  I'h\>ical  and  dcscrijitivo 
Ll'eo^rapliy,  ti'colou'y,  clu'iuistry,  phy-iolo^\,  inicrosfopy,  moral  -cit-uce, 
the  science  of  u-()\  cninieiit,  the  hi>tor\  of  I'j;r"pean  coimtrie>,  the 
various  arts  and  manufactures,  our  social  >\>t'-ni.  ami,  for  those  \\ho 
\\ish  it.  a  ininoritx ,  the  Uil.ie  and  religion  of  .le>us  ( 'hri-t,  are  thus 
treated  of — superticiallv.  indeed,  hut,  to  a  sufficiently  eiicoiira-'inu'  ex- 
tent, etTeciivelv,  as  is  pro\ed  Kv  the  ea^'ei1  attention,  note-taking,  and 
intelligent  (jiiestioninn-s.  I  t'md  manv  of  them  well  veised  in  those 
niie.-tioii-  for  time  and  eternitv  which  have  lieeii  the  conflict  of  MJJV-. 
.Manv  of  niv  nocturnal  auditor-  are  middle-au'ed.  and  a  few  old  men. 
M\  intcrprcjer  is  u-nallv  aMe  to  second  me,  though  I  have  often  to 
prime  him  in  the  afternoon  for  the  discharges  0}  the  evenine/.'-''' 

Mn,/  :;-/.  —  |  have  heen  to  see  the  fail -maker-  to-day.  Kioto.  Na^o\  a, 
and  Tokio  are  ihe  place-  nio-t  noted  for  the  (jiiality  and  nuantiU 
manufactured.  \<\\\  l-'ukui  ha-  a  few  -hop-  where  ni/i  (folding1  fan-)  and 
in-l,iii'ii  (tl.tt  fan-)  aiv  made.  A^ain.  I  tind  that  we  foreigner-  do 
tiling-  up-ide  down.  \\ith  u-,  the  lar^'e  Hat  fan-  are  for  "vntlemen'- 
n-e,  the  folding  fan-  foi'  ladie-'.  In  .Japan,  the  gentleman  carrie-  at 
all  time-,  except  in  winter,  the  ii'ii  in  hi-  girdle,  im-om.  under  hi-  (Mil- 
lar, or.  in  h.-  nieirx  mood,  under  hi-  cue.  It  i-  a  dire  Invadi  of  eti 
ijiiette  to  appear  in  the  -tivet  with  a  tlat  fan,  which  is  alnio-t  <-\dii- 
-ively  i!-ed  1>\  the  .lapane-e  women.  Million-  of  the-e  fans  are  heinu' 
made  for  the  torei^-i,  market,  and  -old  in  Kni'ope  and  America.  Tliev 
are  cjieap  editions  of  art  in  the  land  of  the  >_:'"d-.  for  all  the  world  to 
look  ai.  Thi-\  will  pi'oliaHv  do  more  to  ad\erti-e  Japan  al>road  than 
an  v  ot  her  mean-. 

A-  the  principle-  of  >•,  ntralix.eil  capital,  iinineii-e  maiiufactorie-,  and 
divi-ioii  of  lal'or  are  a-  \'e1  -carcd\  known  in  .Japan,  these  tan-,  like 
other  article-  of  art  and  handiwork,  will  lie  made  li\-  ten-  of  thou- 


THE  LAST   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  51!) 

sands  of  independent  workers  all  over  the  country.  The  Fukuians 
make  fans  of  all  sorts,  and  for  all  purposes:  of  water-proof  paper  for 
dipping  in  water  —  a  sort  of  vaporizer  for  making  extra  coolness  on 
the  face  by  evaporation;  of  stout  paper  for  grain-winnows,  charcoal 
fire-blowers,  or  for  dust-pans;  double-winded  fans,  for  the  judges  at 
wrestling  -  matches ;  gorgeous  colored  and  gilt  fans  for  the  dancing- 
ufirl,  wlr;>  makes  one  a  part  of  herself  in  her  graceful  motion  and 
classic  pose;  for  the  juggler,  who  will  make  a  butterfly  of  paper  flut- 
ter ii]>  the  edi>'c  of  a  sword.  The  splitting  of  the  bamboo,  the  folding 
or  pasting  of  the  paper  by  the  girls,  the  artist's  work,  the  finishing  and 
packing,  are  all  done  before  my  eves.  The  manifold  uses  and  etiquette 
of  the  fan  I  am  gradually  learning. 


Kioto  Fail-makers. 

T  find  a  rack  of  silver  hooks  or  a  tubular  fan-holder  in  every  house, 
in  \\liich  are  several  of  these  implements  of  refreshment,  which  are  at 
once  offered  to  the  visitor  on  his  arrival.  I  have  received  a  stack  of 
fans  inscribed  with  poetry,  congratulations,  or  with  maps,  statistieal 
tables,  pictures  of  famous  places,  classic  quotations,  or  useful  informa- 
tion of  varied  nature.  Many  depict  life,  manners,  architecture,  etc., 
in  Yokohama  and  in  Kuropc.  They  are  thus  the  educatois  of  the 
public.  Man\  of  the  Fukui  gentlemen  have  collections  of  fans  with 
famous  inscriptions  or  autographs,  or  pictures  from  noted  artists.  A 
scholar  or  author,  in  giving  a  party  to  his  liierarv  friends,  has  a  num- 


,V_>  O  THE  MIKADO'S   EMPIRE. 

ber  of  '"/'  ivad\  for  adornment;  and  people  ofti-n  exchange  fans  as 
we  d"  photographs.  When  1  u'o  into  a  >  trance  house,  especially  in 
niv  trip-  1"  ullage-  where  tlie  foreigner  creates  a  sensation,  I  >pciid 
lli.  whole  eveiiinir  \\ritinu  in  Kti'di-h  on  fan-  for  niv  host,  his  \\ife, 
^•liters,  and  friends.  Ho\v  far  the  excerpts  from  Shakspeaiv,  Mil- 
ton.  nr  Longfellow  may  lie  appreciated  «>r  undeistood,  1  ean  not  ^ay. 

TO  make  the  pictures  for  common  flat  fans,  the  de-i^n  is  drawn  l>v 
'he  arti-t  on  thin  paper.  Tliis  is  pa>ted  on  a  >lal>  of  dierrv-wood  and 
engraved.  The  pictures  are  printed  bv  laving  the  fan -paper  flat  on 
the  Mock  and  piv— MIL:  it  -month.  In  the  >ame  manner,  the  Jajianese 
have  printed  hooks  for  centuries.  The  variou>  colors  are  put  on. 
\\iih  sometimes  as  manv  as  t \\entv  Mock-.  Tin-  art  is  ehromo-xv- 
lo^raphy,  instead  of  chromo- lithograph  v.  The  picture  papers,  -ome- 
time-  \\ith  mu-k  or  other  perfume-  laid  between  them,  are  tlien  pa.-ted 
on  the  frame.  The  c,,-tly  u'old  -  lacijiiered,  ivory- handled,  and  inlaid 
fail',  arc  made  in  Tokio  and  Kioto. 

J/'/y  \tli. — The  national  festival  in  honor  of  the  soldiers  slain  during 
the  ci\il  \\ar  of  1  sus— "70  was  celeln'ated.  This  is  %>  Decoration  I'av." 
Tin-  \\hole  citv  kept  holiday.  In  the  morning  a  regiment  of  ,-oidii  r- 
paradcd  in  nonde<crijtt  dress,  a  hvhrid  of  native  co-tume  and  foreign 
he-,  civil,  military,  and  neither.  Straw  >andalsand  hin'li  l'oot<.  ti^ht 
trou>ci's  and  the  luikmmi  j>etticoat>.  cap-,  \\ide-hi-inniied  hat-,  cha- 
peau\.  and  hare  heads,  top -knots  \\ilh  -ha\en  -calp-.  and  hair  cut  in 
foreign  fa-hioii.  iilternateil  ciinfusfdly.  The  variety  made  a  !mr!e-<ji!e 
that  caii-ed  lli'-  i.nlv  Ani'-i-'ican  spectator  to  a!mo-t  crii-h  hi-  tei-th  in 
mini;'  to  choke  doun  a  laiiu'h.  l;al-talT'-  regiment  and  t  lie  "  Mulligan 
(•Hard-"  of  popn'ar  -oii'_r  were  uttcrh  ei'iip-ed. 

Tens  ..f  ihoii-aiid-  of  | pie  \i-iled  the  cemetery  '-ailed  Sho  K'oii 

Siia  (  Sou  1-1  H-ckon 'MIL:  Ke-l  I.  on  the  top  of  Aia^o  van  in.  Manv  hrouuht 
tlo\\er-  to  di'ck  the  tomb*.  In  the  afternoon,  \\hile  I  uas  there,  the 
iadie-  of  the  prince'-  hon-ehold  were  present,  in  their  ^or^vou-ly  ein- 
broiiicred  -ilk  L:'O\\II-  and  girdle-.  Their  liair  \\a-  dre--eil  in  the  fan- 
like  coill'ure  diaracteri-tic  of  the  maid-  of  lioiior  in  the  hou-diold-  of 

the  Ki"t uii't  noble-.  (  >ne  of  them  aftervai'd  >ent  me  a-  pre-ent-. 

ihi'oii^h  the  jirinee'-.  phv-idaii.  -nine  verv  pn-ttv  -pecimens  of  needle- 

U'-rk  from  her  own  tapering  tinkers.      Thev  coi,-i-ted  of  a  ladv's  white 

-..itin   letter-ca-c.   uith  a  billi-1  d"ii\   folded  up  iii   it — onlv  it   \\  a-  blank. 

iifh    the   (lay    wa-    not    the    ! -t    ..f    \pril.      The    niher   -rift-    were   a 

•  •  ;  n-eiic\  •-  h,  ilder."  or   -mall    pap'-r- mi'in-\     \\allet.   in    nran^i1- vellow 

•  •;.   bound    in    im-eii    atid    Lfo'd    thread    dama-k  :    a    Ll'i'een    >ilk    b«.«ok- 


THE  LAST   YKAJi   OF  FEUDALISM.  5  21 

mark,  \\itli  autumn  loaves  painted  on  it;  a  case  for  holding  chopsticks 
of  many-shaded  purple  silk  crap.-,  and  one  or  two  other  prettv  conceits 
in  --ilk,  each  a  poem  to  the  eye.  These  I  put  with  the  other  memen- 
toes of  the  handiwork  of  the  sisters  of  students,  or  the  daughters  of 
the  oflieials,  which  I  have  received. 

In  the  afternoon,  thousands  of  people  in  their  eala  dross,  and  with 
substantial  refreshments  and  drinkables,  gathered  to  witness  the  dis- 
plav  of  fire-works  sent  up  from  the  parade-ground.  The  pyrotechnic 
pieces,  in  shape  like  a  small  paint-keg,  were  put  in  an  immense  upright 
cannon  or  mortar  made  of  a  stout  wooden  tube  like  a  tree-trunk,  bound 
with  strong  bamboo  hoops.  Exploding  far  up  in  air.  the  colors  being- 
white,  black,  red,  and  vellow,  the  resulting  "  fire -flowers"  were  inter- 
esting or  comical.  An  old  woman  hobbled  on  a  cane;  an  old  man 
smoked  a  pipe  whence  is>uod  a  fox  ;  a  tea-kettle  evolved  a  badger;  a 
cuttle-fish  sailed,  with  outspread  suckers,  in  mid-air;  a  cat  ran  after 
mice;  a  [teach  blossomed  into  a  babv  ;  Pussy,  with  a  mouse  ("rat's 
l>abv")  in  her  mouth,  seemed  to  tread  the  air;  a  hideous  dragon 
-pouted  tire;  serpents  ran  after  each  other;  a  monkey  blew  soap-bub- 
bles These,  and  other  mid-air  conceits  amused  both  the  little  children 
and  tli"-e  of  larger  growth.  The  exhibition  closed  at  dark.  Everv  one 
wa-  happv.  A  few  were  tipsy;  but  I  saw  no  disorder.  I  had  a  sent  in 
the  familv  partv  oi  Mr.  Xagasaki,  whose  chubby  children  and  wife  were 
pp'-cnt,  making  a  lively  circle  around  the  picnic-box  and  tiny  dishes. 

Ma;/  l'-'ith. — Eneaeed  a  river-boat,  with  four  stout  rowers  and  pole- 
men,  and  made  a  trip  down  the  river  to  the  sea.  Spent  from  Satur- 
day till  Monday  at  Mikuni,  the  sea-port  of  Kukui,  as  the  guest  of  the 
ehief  tea- merchant  of  the  place,  whose  plantations  extend  over  the 
hills  for  many  acres,  lie  sends  seventy-five  thousand  dollars'  worth 
of  lea  to  Yokohama  annually.  The  ocean  scenery  here  is  magnificent 
beyond  description.  .V  splendid  natural  sea-wall  of  columnar  trap  re- 
minded me  of  the  "  Giant's  Causeway."  A  lacquer-art isl  in  Fukui  lia- 
made  -ketches  of  the  rock  and  shore  scenery  here,  and  i-  now  making 
me  a  handsome  stand  for  my  glass-sponges  (7/y«/ow;/^/  inirnbilix).  It 
will  have  a  scene  from  Mikuni  on  it.  Fleets  of  fishing-boats  \\ere  out 
.-in  tin.-  blue  waters.  The  divine-girls,  like  mermaid-,  .'xhibited  their 
phi'-k  and  skill  by  divine  many  fathoms  down  in  the  deep  water  of 
the  rockv  reces-es ;  or,  strapping  a  basket  on  their  ba*'ks,  they  -\\ani 
far  out.  knife  in  hand,  to  reap  a  submarine  harve-t  from  the  roe]<>. 
They  returned  in  a  half-hour,  heavily  laden  with  nn',il,i  (sea-ears)  and 
-piral  univalves.  These  they  afterward  roasted  in  their  o\vn  shells. 


;,!'•_>  THI-:  M/K  ADO'S  EMPIRE. 

and  offered  u<.  At  the  merchant's  home,  decked  in  their  best  robes 
and  coifs,  thev  danced  and  Mini:  their  wild  tisher's  son^s  for  us.  In 
tin-  \i!la_;v  1  saw  a  faniou-  -eniptor  in  wood,  \\lio  was  carving  :i  liorsi 
in  lit'r  >i/e  for  a  Shinto  -brine.  Though  iaultv  in  sonic  details  of 
aiiatoim.  the  tin-  and  i^raee  of  motion  \vere  w  onderfi^ly  life-like.  In 
l-'iikin.  the  week  before.  1  had  <ecii  an  artist  dip  his  loii^,  little  tiiii^er- 
nail  in  ink  and  draw  ti^ures  on  a  fan.  and  with  astonishing  rapidity 
fiirnislied  a  vi-i'v  s|>iritt-d  de.-i^n  of  a  hor>e  in  motion,  after  Iloknsai's 
st\le,  with  hut  seven  ^troko.  and  a  few  sweep^  of  a  wide  brush  for 
tin-  inane  and  tail. 


\VJM  II.u-r  uf  Nnnitiu. 


M'l'i    \C>/I/. —  Il\    urd'-r-  rn-(-i\  ed   to-i]av    from   the   Centra!   <Jovern- 

nii-'it  "f  Tokio.  two  -tudi  nt-  are  \'>  be  eho-ni  from  each  Imn,  and  sent 

•I'.rnad  t"  -tudv.      'I'lii-  \\ill  enable  >evcral  hundred   VOUIILT  men  to  see 

and  li\e  in  Kiiropi-  and  Aim-riea.      It   i-  al-o  a  political  move  to  unite 

all   part-  of  the  etiijiire  \><^<  tin  r.  and  -how  even  the  pe,,ple  (.f  the  late- 

i    rebellious  p<>rti<>!j-  that  ihe\   are  to  partake  «.f  the  national  benefits. 

:    /«/,«.  one  i-  to  be   elected  bv    the   otHcer-   and   one   bv   mvself. 


THE  LAST  YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  523 

Tlit*  choice  of  the  former  is  Vainaok;i  Jiro.*  I  chose  from  a  dozen 
or  more,  equally  \vorthv,  Kinamera  Shirato.f  Over  four  hundred  stu- 
dents \vill  embark  for  America  during  this  and  the  following  month. 

The  rice-fields  of  the  whole  country  are  now  lakes  of  rich  mud- 
pulp,  the  paradise  of  polliwigs.  An  expanse  of  an  exquisite  light 
green  covers  many  parts  of  the  valley.  All  the  rice  is  transplanted, 
having  been  first  sown  broadcast,  in  seed-beds,  which  are  under  water. 
The  husbandman  easts  his  bread  upon  the  waters.  lie  will  find  it, 
after  many  summer  days,  in  November,  .Picnic  parties  make  tin- 
woods  on  Atago  yama  lively  with  music,  fun,  feasting,  and  merry  laugh- 
ter. The  powdered  o'irls  in  the  archcrv  galleries  and  tea-houses  are 
reaping  a  harvest  of  small  change.  Every  one  enjoys  the  fine  weather. 

MHIJ  -20t//. — Four  students  arrived  from  Ili^'o  to-day,  having  come 
here  to  study,  on  tin.1  recommendation  of  my  former  pupil  in  America, 
Xumaii'awa,  a  youn^r  samurai  of  Kumainoto.  One  I  call  "  Bearded. 
Iliifo,"  for  he  wears  what  is  rare  in  Japan,  a  full  beard.  The  Iligo 
i'amilv  is  connected  by  marriage  with  the  house  of  Kchizen.  Mv 
prince's  beautiful  wife  is  a  Higo  princess.  Her  face  is  of  a  perfect 
^  amafo  type, 

.//////  4f/>. — Celebrated  the  "  glorious  Fourth"  to-dav  bv  raising  the 
American  Hag,  and  stalling  a  new  class  in  the  school,  composed  of  the 
brightest  boys  of  the  Sho  Galcko,  or  secondary  school.  Mail  arrived 
from  home,  ei^ht  weeks  from  Philadelphia. 

]  hiring  the  past  month,  a  u'reat  many  religious  festivals  and  proces- 
sions have  been  held.  I  attended  a  Buddhist  sermon  in  the  temple;  a 
prayer-service  in  a  private  house;  a  ifrand  concert  of  music  by  twenty- 
four  bruizes  in  full  sacerdotal  costume,  with  wind  and  string  instru- 
ments, in  the  monastery  ;  and  several  private  entertainments. 

I  find  that  both  in  houses  and  at  picnics  screens  are  an  important 
article  of  furniture,  and  behind  these  couples  who  have  whispering  to 
do  mav  enjoy  a  tcfc-fi-ft-fc  undisturbed.  Besides  ornament,  thev  serve1 
the  purpose  of  alcoves  or  bay-windows  for  temporary  privacy.  In  the 
cut.  the  words  "  sasame  <j;oio"  (whispering)  signify  that  something  confi- 
dential is  beinu'  told.  Whether  the  pair  are  lovers  is  not  certain,  though 
the  expression  on  the  face  of  the  man  is  that  of  a  love-lorn  swain  ;  and 
the  yoiuiii1  ladv,  whose  coiffure  betokens  that  she  is  in  the  i 


'::  lie  r-Uidit'il  at  IVmri'ton,  Troy,  and  Columbia  School  of^lines,  in  Now  York, 
ami  U  now  an  ollioer  in  tin;  Department  of  Education. 

4  llr  -Utdied  at  Albany  and  liuboken,  and  is  no\\  in  the  Imperial  Govern- 
ment's service. 


;,i>4  THE  MIKADO'S  EXPIRE. 

nial  market,  seems  to  be  paying  very  close  attention,  as  her  fa<v,  and 
hand-  drawn  within  her  -leevc  ami  to  her  neck,  indicate. 

.fni, i  .">///.  —  At  a  religious  service  in  the  hall  of  the  ea-t!e,  a  band 
of  sicivd  Shinto  mu-icians  played  the  national  hymn,  many  centuries 
»ld,  the  -ti'an^e-t  and  most  weird  >y>tem  of  sounds  1  e\er  heard. 
Twelve  Shinto  priests,  in  white  robes,  offered  up  the  fruit-  of  the  sea- 
-"t),  and  -oleiunlv  read  pravers  written  for  th va-ion.  (>\er  onr> 


ie:-ii]^  briiiiid  tin.-  Screen. 

thousand  oilicials,  in  swords  and  ceremonial  rolu-s  of  hemju'ii  and  -ilk 
•  •loth  (k<i IK'' - sl<i n">},  were  present.  Their  salutation-  to  i-a'-h  other 
after  the  e\eivi>es.  \\ere  fearful  to  l.ehold.  Mueh  1'ivath  \\;i-  -u^ked 
exalted  honorific*  indulged  in,  ciin^ratulations  spoken,  and  i'\crin-ia- 
tiiiif  politeness  manife-tecl. 

To  all  these  private  or  otlieial  entertainui'-nts  I  receive  very  po!i;,- 
!v  worded  written  imitations.  <  >n  the  (lav  -et  apart  in  hoii<>r  of  .I'.in- 
niu  Teimo,  all  the  ..tli-'ia'-.  according  to  rank,  a— emMed.  ii:  ri.lies  of 
eere!iioii\.  in  tiie  h« n-<'l,<~),  and  cacli,  a-  hi-  name  wa-  called.  ad\anced 
to  a  .-tone  lavatory,  ua-hed  hi-  hand-,  atid  otfered  a  prayer  to  the  u'"d- 
for  the  prosperity  of  the  empire.  I  wa-  e-peciallv  invited  to  attend. 
and  Lfi^'n  a  s,  at  oi  honor.  Later,  in  answer  1"  inie-ti"n-  al'ont  irivat 
men,  !  took  ocea-ion  to  evplain  that  the  reverence  of  the  American 

' pie  for  \\  a-hiriLi'toii    .v;i-  f,  >r  hi-  pure  and  hi^h  moral  chai'acter  a- 

a  man.  a!id  ic-t   a-  a  militarv    In-ro.      He  wa-  ti"t  a-  .limmu   (Spirit  of 
War).      Some  .lapane-e    :"   i^im    thai    tin-  American-   \vur-hip  \\a-h- 
n^toii  a-  a  Lfod.      Tii!-.  1   -howed.  wa>  a  mi-take.      Several  "f  the  peo- 
ple   here    ha\  e    hi-    jii'-tllfe    ill    their    h'  'U-i'S* 


THE  LAST   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  525 

Jnh/  Cith, — A  typhoon  (lai-fn]  of  frightful  violence  passed  over  the 
city  la>t  niu'ht.  In  the  morning,  the  destruction  of  fences,  roofs,  and 
houses  was  awful  to  behold.  Mv  gardens  of  American  flowers  an<l 
•vegetables  are  ruined  by  the  »liarp  -hin^'les,  torn  and  hurled  from  the 
-Teat  r<>of  by  hundreds,  as  though  by  a  tormentum  or  catapult.  I 
learn  that  hundreds  of  junks  have  been  wrecked,  and  lives  lost  along 
the  coast. 


./"///  llf/i. — The  prince  returned  from  Tdkio  to-day.  Evidently. 
-onK-ihinu-  more  is  in  the  political  wind.  The  faces  of  the  samurai 
and  oflicials  w.jar  a  solemn  expression — "sicklied  o'er  with  the  pale 
east  of  thought.1'  AVhat  can  it  be?  Some  coniino-  event  is  castinir 
it-  -hadow  before. 

Jul i/  li)tli. — This  morning  1  met  a  Buddhist  priest  carrying  a  Yan- 
kee lani|>  and  a  can  of  Pennsylvania  petroleum  to  the  monastery.  It 
Deemed  a  -\mbol  of  more  liii'Iit.  A  man  was  drowned  in  the  river 
to-dav.  The  people  sav  a  kappa  draped  him  down. 

To-dav  .1  saw  a  snake-charmer  exhibit.  A  tortoise-tamer  made  hi- 
bfooil  perform  tricks:  stand  up  on  hind  leu's,  march  in  various  direc- 
tit'fis,  ndvance,  retreat,  stop,  and  climb  over  each  other,  at  the  tap  of  a 
drum.  A  u'reat  many  other  tricks,  such  as  breaking  a  e,  ibblc— tone 
with  the  1i>1,  walking  on  the  edire  of  a  sword  and  then  swallowing  it. 
feat-  of  sttvnii'th.  astoiiisliin^  poises,  juo-<flory,  etc.,  were  performed  at 
the  u'rand  fair  and  show  on  the  river  Hats.  At  ni^'ht.  the  u'a\l\  illu- 
minated refreshment  booths  and  boats  made  the  strand  and  river  as 
li\el\  as  the  imagination  could  well  conceive.  At  the  iintfxnri  in  Inni- 
or  of  tin.1  patron  deity  of  the  city,  the  procession  of  people  \vas  proba- 

34 


526  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

Mv  four  or  rive  miles  lonrr.  All  the  Mnginfj-fjirls,  actors,  guilds,  trade- 
monasteries,  and  many  temples  were  represented.  Few  or  no  samurai 
were  in  the  procession.  Immense  images  of  idols  were  draped  Lv 
the  croud<:  and  the  historic  and  legendary  personages  and  taMi-aux 
were  largely  represented.  It  was  a  scene  of  wild  mirth,  drunkenness, 
and  paganism. 

.//////  l^///. — The  thunder-holt  has  fallen!  The  political  earthquake 
ha.-  >hakeii  Japan  to  its  centre.  It<  ellects  are  very  visiMe  hen-  in 
I;iikui.  Inteii-e  excitement  reigns  in  the  holm1-  of  the  samurai  »f  tin1 
city  to-day.  I  hear  that  some  of  them  are  threatening  to  kill  Mit-uo- 
ka.  wlio  receives  income  for  meritorious  services  in  isd,^.  and  \\lio  has 
IOIIM-  Keen  the  exponent  of  reform  and  of  national  progress  in  Fukui. 

At  ten  o'clock  this  morning,  a  me-sen^er  from  Tokio  arrived  at  the 
!/a//-<-/,o.  Suddenly  there  wa<  a  commotion  in  the  school.  All  the 
native  teachers  and  otlicial-  were  summoned  to  the  directors'  room. 
I  saw  them  a  few  minutes  afterward.  I'ale  faces  and  excited  nerves 
were  in  the  majority.  The  manner  in  which  some  of  them  strode  to 
the  do.»r,  thru-t  their  swords  into  their  belts,  stepped  into  their  eln»>. 
and  -et  otT  with  flowing  garments  and  silk  coat-tails  flapping  to  the 
leeward,  \va»  quite  theatrical,  and  just  like  the  pictures  in  Japan* -.- 
i ks. 

An  imperial  proclamation  ju-t  recei\ed  orders  that  the  hereditan 
ineoine-  of  the  samurai  he  reduceil,  all  sinecure  otliccs  abolished.  and 
the  -alarie-  thereto  attached  turned  over  to  the  imperial  tiva-ury. 
The  nuiiiKer  of  nfliciaU  i-  to  lie  reduceil  to  tin'  lo\\r>t  minimum. 
Tin  propirtv  of  the  lui,,  i-  to  liecoine  that  of  the  Imp*  rial  (Govern- 
ment. The  I'likui  //'///  i-  to  In-  (jotiverted  into  a  /•»/(.  or  prefect  ure,  0} 
the  (  Yntral  <  Government.  AH  atin-'mlx  <m  t<>  I"  <ii>i><>int«l  du'tcf  fr^m 
Tfik'.fj. 

The  ehaiiife  affect-  me  for  the  Letter.  Hitherto  the  school  direct- 
nrate  cuii-i-ted  of  f..i;rteeii  ojlieers.  "\\'ith  too  many  sailor-,  tin 
Lout  run-  up  a  hill."  Tin-re  are  now  «nl\ •//>»/•.  An  oflicial  from  tli< 
>,<in-r/n~,  \saited  upon  me  to  announce  that  mv  four  u'nard-  and  ei^h; 
_rate-keeper-  are  di-mi— I'd  from  otlice.  I  -hall  henceforth  ha\e  Li;t 
two  ^rate-keeper-.  The  |,,,-;il  otli.'iaU«'f  l-'nkiii  are  to  !„•  reduced %/>o//.' 
t'i-i  1,'inilrnl  In  mi'i/ifi/.  Th'-  iiieul'ii-  of  iiuf'iiii'iK-ri'-  i-  Leiii'jf  thrown 
•!l.  ,l;r|>an'-  '_rreate-t  cur-e  for  aife-  ha-  L'-<-n  an  excess  of  oilicial-  and 
eater-  who  do  },<.•  \\  rk.  SindLad  ha-  -haken  oil  the  < 'M 
M-in  of  the  Sea.  Hurra  for  lh,-  New  Japan  ! 

./'//'/   I  !•//,.— In  the  sch,,,,!  t,,-dav.  the  aL.-eiice  of  oilicial-.  and  .-;, 


THE  LAST  YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  5^7 

sequcntly  of  fuss  and  interruption,  in  my  department  is  remarkable. 
The  directors'  room  is  vacant.  It  is  like  the  "banquet-hall  deserted." 
In  the  ki'it-cliij,  the  quorum  is  but  a  skeleton,  compared  with  the  fat 
liudv  of  the  dav  before.  The  students  tell  me  that  some  of  the  old 
men  in  the  citv  are  nearly  era/.y  with  anxiety  :  a  few  violent  fellows 
still  wish  to  assassinate  Mitsiioka  and  the  other  imperialists,  who  have 
been  working  to  brinu-  this  state  of  things  about.  The  respectable 
samurai,  however,  and  the  men  of  weight  and  influence,  almost  unani- 
mouslv  approve  of  the  mikado's  order.  They  say  it  is  a  nece>sitv, 
not  for  Fukui,  but  for  the  nation,  and  that  tin.'  altered  national  condi- 
tion and  the  times  require  it.  Some  of  them  talk  cxultingly  about  the 
future  of  Japan.  They  say,  "  Xow  Japan  will  take  a  position  among 
the  nations,  like  your  country  and  England." 

July  ~2~)th. — This  afternoon,  one  of  the  ken  officials,  Mr.  Tsutsumi, 
who  had  just  come  from  Tokio,  called  to  see  me.  lie  spoke  so  clear- 
ly and  di>tinctly  that  I  understood  his  Japanese  without  calling  in  my 
interpreter,  lie  bore  a  message  from  Mr.  Katsu  Awa.  An  American 
teacher  is  desired  for  the  school  at  Shidzuoka,  in  Suruga.  In  his  let- 
ter, Mr.  Katsii  >aid,  "I  desire  a  professional  gentleman,  regular! v  edu- 
cated, not  a  mechanic  or  clerk  who  has  taken  to  teaching  to  pick  up 
a  living:  and,  if  possible,  a  graduate  of  the  same  school  as  yourself." 
Evident! v,  Mr.  Katsu  understands  the  difference  between  a  teacher  and 
a  "  teacher." 

I  immediately  wrote  to  my  former  classmate  and  fellow-traveler  in 
Europe,  Edward  "Warren  Clark,  A.M.,  offering  him  the  position.* 

A>if/n.xt  \0th. — The  prince  (having  returned  from  Tokio),  his  cham- 
berlain, and  one  karo  dined  with  me  to-day.  In  the  morning,  two  of 
his  pages,  accompanied  by  servants,  came  to  my  house,  bruiu'lnu'  pres- 
ents. They  consisted  of  the  products  of  Echi/en,  rolls  of  tine  paper, 
mu-Iin,  and  silk,  a  box  of  eu'u's  and  one  of  sponge-cake,  an  inlaid 
cake-bo\  lacquered  in  several  colors,  a  case  of  three  rare  painted  fan-, 
all  tied  in  .-ilk  napkins  with  red-and-white  cord.  The  prince  had  also 
brought  for  me  from  Iwakura  Tomomi,  now  U  Dai  Jin  (junior  prime 
minister),  an  rxqii'iMtely  beautiful  gold-lacquered  cabinet,  adorned  \\ith 
sparrov.s  and  bamboo,  cherry-blossoms,  and  variegated  feath'-r<.  In 
one  of  the  drawers  were  a  number  of  perfumed  fans  of  elegant  man- 
ufacture. A  letter  from  Mr.  Iwakura  accompanied  the  ^ift,  br^-m'j; 


5-2-:  TllK  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

mv  aeeeplance  as  a  token  of  his  regard  for  my  care  and  instruction  nf 
hi-  si>n-  while  in  the  I'niH'd  States. 

Tin'  prince  laid  aside  his  icv  dignity  as  the  dinner  proceeded,  after 
whieh  c,  >\\\  ersatioii  \vas  prolonged  for  an  hour  or  two,  the  quests  pro- 
dii'-iiiLi'  iheir  pipe-,  tilling  and  emptying  a  irivat  many  of  tlie  tiny  sil- 
\er  ticiwls.  On  the  ]>rinee  rising  to  depart,  his  mini-ters  fell  down  on 
hand-  and  kners  until  Mat-udaira  had  reached  the  door,  where  hi* 
-fmdal  and  lantern  hearers  were  awaiting  his  appearance.  Then  ihe 
ollicers  rose  and  accompanied  him  to  his  imrhnono.  ( )ue  of  the  forty- 
tive  million  princes  of  the  t'nited  States,  standing  erect,  shook  hands 
with  the  nobleman,  hid  him  ^..od-hyc,  and  invited  him  to  come  a^ain. 
In  accordance  with  native  etiquette,  the  guests  send  some  trifling 
token  of  acknowledgment  the  day  after  an  entertainment  —  CLI'U^. 
-pottle -cake,  a  lisli,  or  other  i_fift — ^a<  a  sort  of  "return  call."  On 
meet  in  LI',  the  favored  oin-  >alute>  his  late  liost.  >aviiiLT.  ">V// '/'///*'  <iri<jn- 
!'"•"  ("Thank  you  for  your  kindness  received  a  few  davs  ai;'o"). 

.h/'/'/.v/  \~)//i. — The  thermometer  has  ranged  from  0.")  to  (.»0  at 
'•'•  P.M.  during  several  da\~-  <«f  last  week.  All  Knkui  u'(|e>  to  sleep  in 
the  middle  of  the  day.  1  occasionally  walk  out  in  the  early  after- 
n»"ii.  >ecin^  scores  of  hoii-es  ami  shop>  open,  hut  perfei-tlv  (juiet, 
iheir  inmato.  often  rotund  svlplis,  as  in  lloknsii's  sketch,  l>einir  stretch- 


Sirs!:]. 

eil  OM  the  floor  a-leep,  ivt  always  in  the  most  M-i-aeeful  position. 
Tiiere  are  very  tew  t!h--  to  tmuhle  them.  Japan  -ceins  to  he  singu- 
lar!} fre.-  from  the-,,  pe-ts.  .\t  ni^ht.  m«'-c|uiloes  are  mimeri>u-.  hnii- 
•jrv.  and  "f  ur'H'd  >i/e.  The  pe,  pie  are  well  ]in>vided  with  ]nos<|iiito- 
nets,  \\liich  aiv  lai'LTe.  like  the  room  it-elf,  and  made  to  tit  it.  I  find 
that  the  leap-veal'  hint  of  a  .lapalie-e  widow  to  a  fav»ivd  -uitor  whieh 
make-  him  liappv  i-.  that  "  her  mo-i|uito-net  i-  too  lai'^e."  The  poor 
-iii'>ke  tip-  pe-t-  out.  I'  irious  that  the  .iapane-e  word  for 

Mi"-ijuit"  I/-'/)  and  an  interi1' "_rat  ion-point  I/-'/)  i-  the  -ame. 

At     !ii_'!l*    tin'    eolllllloli    pe<.p]e    a— elilhle    ill    I'ili^-    of   ffolll    a    score    to 


THE  LA8T   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  5:>9 

a  hundred,  and  dance  in  slow  measure,  clapping  hands  and  singing. 

The  voting  folks  especially,  of  both  sexes,  like  this  fun. 

A  Japanese  city  during  hot  weather  affords  excellent  opportunities 
for  the  study  of  breathing  statuary.  The  laborers  often  strip  to  the 
loin-cloth,  the  women  to  the  waist.  Even  the  young'  girls  and  maid- 
ens just  rounding  into  perfection  of  form  often  sit  half  nude:  think- 
ing it  no  desecration  to  expose  the  body  from  the  waist  up.  Thev 
seem  to  be  utterly  unaware  of  any  impropriety.  Ccrtainlv  thev  are 
innocent  in  their  own  eyes.  Is  the  Japanese  virgin  "an  Eve  before 
the  fall  ?" 

Among  the  games  played  in  public  is  dukin  (polo),  which  is  very 
ancient  in  Japan.  An  immense  crowd  of  spectators,  prince,  princess, 
lords  and  ladies,  gentlemen,  people,  priests  and  students,  gathered  in- 
side the  riding  course  to  see  the  game  of  "  dakiu  "  plaved.  I  had  one 
of  the  best  seats  y'iveii  me  in  the  pavilion  occupied  by  the  daimio 
and  his  gentlemen  in  waiting.  Everv  bodv  was  dressed  handsomely, 
the  weather  perfect,  the  scene  animating.  Judges  and  scorers  were  in 
ceremonial  dress. 

At  the  signal,  u'iven  by  a  tap  of  a  bell,  twelve  players  mounted. 
At  the  next,  they  rode  into  the  lists,  saluted  the  prince  and  judges, 
and  proceeded  to  the  end  of  the  course,  ranging  themselves  in  Indian 
tile,  with  their  holes'  heads  to  the  wickets,  which  were  two  bamboo 
holes  with  a  cord  across  them,  about  ten  feet  from  the  ground. 

The  rival  parties,  six  players  in  each,  called  themselves  the  'Jeiiji 
and  tlie  Ifeike.  The  (ieiiji  wore  white,  the  Ileike  red  hats,  a 
ing  to  the  colors  of  the  ancient  tlai^s.  Each  player  had  a  loiiu' 
boo  >tick  ("spoon")  like  a  shepherd's  crook,  with  net-work  <>f 
On  the  ground,  in  two  rows  at  the  side,  and  extending  in  front  of  the 
riders,  were  >eveiity-two  red  and  white  balls.  The  whites  \\eiv  to 
throw  the  red  balls  over  and  through  ihe  wicket,  the  reds  to  throw  the 
white--.  r>all>  li'oinu1  over  the  li>ts  outside  the  wickets  were  t»ssed 
back  u"'ain.  Each  party  was  to  oppose  the  other.  The  red  tlair 

I  . 

waved  on  the  ri^'ht  wicket-pole,  the  white  on  the  left. 

At  the  Mu'nal,  t^iveii  bv  a  wave  of  the  judge's  fan,  both  parties  rode 
nimbiv  up  the  lists,  picking  up  the  halls,  and  flinging  them  over  the 
•svicket-.  if  they  could.  The'  leaders  having  reached  the  wicket-,  and 
a  number  of  balls  having  been  thrown  over,  and  others  scattered  over 
the  tic-Id,  turned  back  to  oppose  each  other,  and  then  the  v,-ame  ^rew 
intensely  exciting.  It  was  *//////*// on  horseback.  Skillful  handling  of 
the  hi'fse,  as  well  as  of  the  crook,  was  necessarv.  Three  riders  were 


7V//;  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


dismounted.     Occasionally 

a  mail  \vas  hurt.  The  cob 
li-ion  «f  excited  animals 
against  each  other  was  fre- 
quent. The  bails  tlew  back- 

;,  -'  ward  and  forward,  up  and 
down.  Finally,  tin-re  was 
but  one  hall  left.  Twelve 
men  and  horses  contested 
for  it.  The  I  leike  won  the 
lirst  u'ame,  having  thrown 
all  the  thirty-six  white  balls 
over  their  wicket,  while 
the  (ieiiji  had  three  red 
balls  left  on  the  ground. 

'-,•      Three   Dailies  wc-re  played. 

£      the    (Iriiji     winninu'     t\vo. 

"L      The  pri/i-s,  awarded  hv  the 

=      prinee,  were  a  roll  (.f  >\\k, 

Z      a  helmet,  a  porcelain  vase. 

"H      and  autoirrajih  scrolls. 

\  August  2*/A.  — 1  have 

returned  from  a  trip  \« 

^  Ilakii/an  (Shiro  vama, 
U'hite  Moinitain)  and 
Kau'a.  l-]nn«ri  and  I  u  a- 
buehi  accompanied  me.  I 
sjM-nt  e'lLZ'ht  days  amoni: 
the  mountains,  bein^  the 
tir-t  foi'i-iu'iier  \\  ho  has  ever 
ascended  llaku/an.  It  i^ 
nine  thousand  three  hun- 
dred and  twenty  feet  hi-'h 
by  imperfect  method  of 
iiica-ureiiieiit.  with  onlv  a 
thermometer.  At  any  rate, 
the  surmise  of  HumboMt, 
and  even  the  .Japane,-e  of 


THE  LAST   YEAR    OF  FEUDALISM.  531 

I  sp.-nt  the,  night  in  a  hut  near  the  summit,  in  which  some  forty 
pilgrims  slept  besides  my  two  servants.  The  scenery  from  the  edge 
of  the  extinct  crater,  which  was  full  of  snow  and  water,  was  grand; 
but  the  mountain  torrents,  water- falls,  and  vistas  lower  down  afford- 
ed the  greatest  pleasure.  I  passed  villages  full  of  girls  reeling  silk. 
The  crops  of  tobacco,  indigo,  hemp,  rice,  etc.,  promise  to  be  lux- 
uriant. In  the  towns  dense  crowds  lined  the  streets  to  see  the 
foreigner.  At  the  hotels  the  dainty  Kmori,  in  settling  bills,  never 
handles  money,  but  folds  the.  sum  neatly  in  white  paper,  and  ties 
it  with  the  ceremonial  red-and-white  cord,  and  lays  it  on  a  tray,  de- 
parting with  many  bows.  I  noticed  many  j<i-k(tyo  ("snake-baskets"), 


or  ropes  of  stones,  u-ed  as  piers  and  jetties  to  preserve  river -bank< 
fro! 1 1  beiiiL;  washed  away  !>v  flood  or  current.  They  are  <>f  split  bam- 
hoit,  plaited  in  cylindrical  nets,  from  ten  to  one  hundred  feet  lonir,  the 
me-he-  being  just  the  si/.c  to  retain  large  pebbles.  Thev  are  cheap, 
durable,  and  eflieient.  In  >ome  parts  of  Japan,  notably  aloiiLT  the  To 
kaido,  there  arc  miles  of  embankments  formed  by  them. 

At  Daishoji  a  number  of  exiled  "  (Christians "  from  ("rakami.  near 
Nagasaki,  are  confined.  I  was  not  allowed  to  see  them.  At  tin-  sul- 
phur baths  of  ^  amauaka,  a  noted  watering-place,  were  a  number  of  no- 
bleincn  with  their  families.  I  also  visited  Sabae,  Katsuvama,  Ono,  Ma- 
ruoka.  all  lar^e  towns,  in  Kdii/.en.  A\  Sabai'1  we  were  entertained  in 
splendid  stvle  at  the  temple  hostelry.  The  entire  coiintrv  is  very  rich 
in  hiMoricalj  legendary,  mythic,  and  holy  associations,  and  my  enjoy- 


M:2  Till-:  MIKADO'S   EMl'IHE. 

ment  \\a-  inten-e  throughout.  The  Daimiu  of  Maruoka  is  a  de-cend- 
ant  of  the  1  i.-iimiu  of  Hi/eii.  friend  of  the  .le-uits  in  the  sixteenth  cent- 
ill^. 

Sijiti  //i/iir  '.\otl/.  —  Mv  new  "foreign"  h«'ii>e  was  finished  some  dav- 
aifo.  It  \\  as  fir-t  visited  \>v  the  jirinee  and  hi-  oflicers,  who  enjoyed  a 
iunrheon.a  -oeial  -moke,  and  a  view  of  the  mountains  from  the  veran- 
da. Thev  wi-hed  to  studv  a  foreign  hou-e  at  lei-ure.  The  seeiierv 


My  H.MI-L  in  rukui. 

•  •f  tb.e  ri\  er.  up  thr-  vallev-  -the  mount  ain>  to  the  \ve-t  and  sniitli.  -M"\V- 
fiad  llakuxan  to  the  north,  tic    '-it\    and  ea -tie,  tower-,  moat-,  and  wall- 

!-    Vel'V    tllie.         Tlietl.  foj'   t  ll!'i 'e   da\  >.   1  >\     <>|ti,'l;il     perilli  — iol).  t  lie    il"ll-e 

v\a-    tin'own    .ppi'ti    to    juil'li''    in-]je"tio[i.       I'mplc    from    the   eitv    and 
trv    folk-    from   afar   t!o<-k<-d    in   ero\\d>   lo   si/e   \\<>\\    mankind    in 


THE  LAST   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  533 

"civilized  countries"   live.     Tlie  refreshment  -  vendors,  the  men  \vliu 

checked  cloo-s,  san<l;ils,  and  umbrellas,  did  a  thriving  business.  1'roha- 
blv  twenty  thousand  people  liave  inspected  niv  new  house. 

After  the  la>t  nurahndn  (Well,  I  never!  1>  it  possible!)  was  ejacu- 
lated, 1  took  possession.  Tito  materials  of  seasoned  wood,  stone  ehim- 
rievs,  tiled  roof,  wall-paper,  etc.,  are  of  the  best.  American  hardware, 
grates,  mantel-pieces,  idass  windows,  wardrobes,  etc.,  make  a  coxy  and 
comfortable  dwelling  for  the  inmate,  as  well  as  a  standing  eilucator  of 
the  native  public.*  Extension -table,  chairs,  book -cases,  and  other 
furniture  were  constructed  bv  cabinet-makers  in  Fiikui,  of  sound  old 
wood,  cliieiiy  keyaki.  An  exact  reproduction  of  the  writing-desk  of 
(diaries  Dickens  left  with  "lite  einptv  chair"  at  Gadshill,  made  after  a 
picture  in  Tic  L<n«loi<  J/l>i*tr<itc<l  AY//'.v,  came  from  the  same  skillful 
hands,  and  now  adorns  mv  study. 

To-niorrou  Fukni  bids  farewell  to  feudalism.  On  the  next  day  we 
shall  be  in  a  province  without  a  prince.  The  era  "f  lovaltv  is  passed. 
The  era  of  patriotism  has  come.  To-day  the  prince  sent  me  a  note 
of  farewell,  accompanied  bv  a  present  of  choice  viands  in  a  picnic  box, 
p'old-lacimered  iu  shell-fish  designs,  which  he  betted  me  to  accept  as  a 
parting  token  of  regard.  He  also  requested  my  presence  in  the  main 
hall  of  the  castle,  at  the  valedictory  ceremonies  prior  to  his  departure 
to  Tokio,  where  lie  is  to  retire  to  private  life.  This  evening  his  six 
mini>ters  dined  with  me,  the  prince  bein^  absent  on  account  of  a 
death  in  his  household. 

October  l,v/. — From  an  earlv  hour  this  mornin<>\  the  samurai  in  k<uu'<- 


*  ft  was  originally  intended  to  build  lour  houses — one,  for  the  phvMeian.  one 
for  th'1  Ktiii'lish  teacher,  one  for  tin1  niilitarv  inst  nictor,  and  one  for  myself.  Tin 
abolition  of  feudalism  and  the  centralization  of  the  ^ovcrmnent  changed  the  cn- 
tii-e  sclieinc.  Mr.  Alfred  Lucy,  an  KnuTish  li'entleman,  who  had  been  my  co-labor 
or  for  about  two  month?,  left  Fnkui  in  June,  ami  went  to  Awomori,  in  Itikuokii, 
to  introduce.  Fu^lish  methods  of  agriculture  and  stock-raising.  'flu1  ph\-ieian 
ne\er  reached  our  feudal  capital.  Lieutenant  Brinekley.  of  the  '1'eiith  Fn^lNh 
Regiment,  was  retaim-d  in  Tokio  by  the  Imperial  Government.  What  was  loss  to 
Fiikui  became  immense  train  to  all  Japanese  and  En^lish-spi'iikiiifj;  jieople  \\lio 
wish  to  study  the  lan-'iiaLic  of  the  other.  The  (n,-<nikn  lllt»ri  Annul,  three  vol- 
umes, one  thou-and  pa^es.  or  "  Guitle  to  Self-instnu'tion  in  the  Lar.u-uai:v,"  hy 
.Mr.  Urinckh-y,  F.ni;li~li  oilicer  of  artillery,  printed  by  the  Iiisho  Ki\oku.  1^?;,.  is. 
I  believe,  the  tifst  original  work  written  in  the  .Ia]iancse  lan^uauc  by  a  foreigner. 
It  is  a  masterpiece  of  ^chola^ship.  'flier;1  are-  inaiiv  idiom>  in  it^  eo]iiou>  Ii>ts  of 
which  Mi\  P>]-inckley  may  be  called  the  discoverer.  It>  i~siie  mark>  a  new  era  of 
the  knowledge  of  Fn^li.~li  in  Japan,  and  of  Japanese  by  loreiirners.  After  I  left 
Fukui.  Mr.  K.  MudiM  t .  of  N'apa,  ( 'ulifornia.  and  Mr.  M.*N.  Wyekolf,  A.M.,  u  uTud- 
uatc  of  UutgX'i'd  (,'oHc^c,  (/ontiiiucd  the  instruetiou  in  English  and  the  si'icncer. 


.-,:; i  TIII-:  MIK.-UHI'* 

*liint<i  (ceivim>nial  div--)  have  been  preparing  for  the  farewell,  and 
ha\e  Keen  a— eini'liii'j;  in  the  ca>tle.  1  went  over  to  the  main  hall  at 
nine  o'clock.  1  "hall  ne\er  forget  the  impre--i\  e  scene.  All  the  -lid- 
jn_;  paper  partitions  separating  the  rooms  \\eiv  removed,  making  one 
\a-t  area  of  matting.  Arranged  in  the  order  of  their  rank,  eaeh  in 
In-  -t.-uvhed  rolies  of  eereiiioii \ ,  \\  it h  shaven-crown,  and  u'lin-hammer 
top-knot.  \\ith  hands  ela>ped  on  the  hilt  of  hi-  -word  iv-tin^  upright 
deforc  him  ;i>  he  -at  oil  liis  knee-,  \\i-re  the  three  thousand  samurai 
i  if  the  Kllk'.li  elan.  '|'ho>e  Lotted  head-  Were  I'll-}  \\itll  the  tlli'llirht 

1, ,,]•!,  ,,f  the  -i^niticance  of  the  scene.  It  v\a-  more  than  a  faiv\\eii  to 
their  feudal  l"rd.  It  \va-  the  -olemn  luirial  of  t!ie  in-titutioii-  under 
\\hieh  their  father-  had  lived  for  seven  hundred  \ear-.  Ka>-li  I'aei' 
scciiii'il  to  \\ear  a  far-a\\ay  e.\]>re— ion,  a-  if  their  eyes  were  looking 
in!"  the  past,  or  striving  to  prol.c  an  unecrtaiii  future. 

I  faneird  I  ivail  their  thoughts,  'i'he -\\oi-d  i>  the  -oul  of  the  -aniii- 
rai.  the  -ainurai  the  >.ml  of  Japan.  I-  the  one  to  In-  uiiLi'irt  from  it- 
plaee  of  honor,  to  lie  thrown  a-ide  a-  a  u-ele—  tool,  to  make  way  for 
tin-  ink-p"t  and  the  leil^er  of  the  merehant  '  I-  the  samurai  to  l,c- 
^•nie  le--  tliaii  the  trader.'  I<  honor  to  lie  rei'konecl  less  than  money  '. 
1-  the  -pint  of  Japan  to  !>e  at.a-ed  to  the  level  of  the  -ordid  foreign- 
er- who  are  draining  the  \\eallh  of  Japan  '.  <  Mir  children,  too,  what  i- 
tn  liecoine  i.f  them.'  Mii-t  the\  lalio]  and  t"ii.  and  earn  their  own 
hivad  :  \\hat  are  we  :•>  d"  \\heii  mil1  hereilitarx  pen-ion-  are  -top- 
ped. '•!'  ''Hi  do\\n  to  a  '"_'j-if-  j  ill  1  aii'-e  '  Mn-t  \v  e.  \\ho-e  fathers 
\vi-rr  '_;'!"i'i"'i-  ki:i^ht-  and  \\  arri"i'-.  and  \\lio>e  i>lood  and  -pirit  we 
inhei'i;.  he  iniii'^lcil  hopele--l\  MI  liie  comnioii  lu-rd  .'  Mn-t  we.  \\}\,: 
uoiild  -tarve  in  honorable  po\,n\  rather  than  mai'i'\  one  ..f  ..iir 
claii'^hter-  1"  a  trader.  no\\  defile  our  famih  line  to  save  our  li\e-  an. I 
till  oiir  stomach-  .'  \\  hat  i-  the  t nt iiri  to  i .j-mu'  u- .' 

The-e  -,'emed  to  |,e  the  thoii-'hi-  that  -hado\\ed  that  -ea  of  dark 
face-  of  waiting  \a--al-.  <  >\\<'  e,,uld  have  lieard  a  pin  drop  alter  the 
hii-h  thai  announced  the  coming  ot  tin-  daimio. 

Mat-udaira  Moehiake.  late  I.,,rd  of  Iv'hi/eii,  and  feudal  head  of  the 
I  :  elan,  \\lio  wa-  t»-nioiTo\\  to  In-  a  jn'ivate  nol,|eman.  now  ad- 
\anee,)  down  'he  wide  corridor  to  the  nriin  hall.  lie  ua-  a  -tern- 

-aj.eil    man   of   pei-haji-   tliirtv   !i\e   \ear-  "f  a^-.       He   \\a-  di'e— ed   in 


ipe  of  a  dark    -late    :  .    ••   d   mi   sleeve.  Saek.  and  Kr^a-t 

I         ,_-iwa    cre-t.       In    i  '.    '_':;'•      ua-    thrn-t    the    n-iial    -ide- 

•i   'i-iiki^usli'i.  or  dirk,  the  hilt   of  \\hieh   \\  a-  a  earved  and  fmsted 


THE  LAST   YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  535 

mass  of  -olid  u'old.  His  feet,  cased  in  white  socks,  moved  noiselesslv 
over  tlie  matting.  As  he  passed,  every  head  was  bowed,  every  sword 
laid  prone  to  the  right,  and  Matsiulaira,  with  deep  but  unexpressed 
emotion,  advanced  amidst  the  ranks  of  his  followers  to  the  centre  of 
the  main  hall.  There,  in  a  brief  and  noble  address,  read  by  his  chief 
minister,  the  historv  of  the  clan  and  of  their  relations  as  lord  and  vas- 
sals, the  causes  which  had  led  to  the  revolution  of  1S08,  the  results  of 
which  had  restored  the  imperial  house  to  power,  and  the  mikado's  rea- 
sons for  ordering  the  territorial  princes  to  restore  their  fiefs,  we're 
tersely  and  eloquently  recounted.  In  conclusion,  he  adjured  all  his 
followers  to  transfer  their  allegiance  wholly  to  the  mikado  and  the 
imperial  house.  Then,  wishing  them  all  success  and  prosperity  in 
their  new  relations,  and  in  their  persons,  their  families,  and  their  es- 
tates, in  chaste  and  fitting  language  he  bid  his  followers  solemn  fare- 
well. 

On  behalf  e-f  the  samurai,  one  of  their  number  then  read  an  ad- 
dress, expressive  of  their  feelings,  containing  kindlv  references  to  the 
prince  as  their  former  lord,  and  declaring  their  purpose  henceforth  to 
be  faithful  subjects  of  the  mikado  and  the  imperial  house. 

This  terminated  the  ceremony.  The  ex-daimid  and  his  ministers 
then  left  the  castle  hall,  and  he  proceeded  to  the  residence  of  the 
American  instructor.  I  met  and  welcomed  him,  and  he  sat  down  for 
a  few  minutes.  He  thanked  me  cordially  for  my  efforts  to  instruct 
the  VOUUM;  men  of  Fuktii,  and  invited  me  to  visit  him  in  Tdkid.  In  re- 
turn, 1  expressed  my  indebtedness  for  his  many  kindnesses  to  me,  and 
then,  after  the  manner  of  American  politeness  and  Japanese  courtesy. 
we  exchanged  farewells. 

Octolirr  'lil. — The  whole  city  seems  to  be  astir  to-day.  The  streets 
are  crowded  with  citixens  in  their  best  clothes,  and  thousands  are  in 
from  the  country.  They  have  come  to  see  their  prince  for  the  la.-l 
time.  It  is  a  farewell  slathering.  Many  hundreds  of  old  men,  \s  om- 
en, and  children  are  weeping.  A  regiment  of  one  thousand  men  es- 
cort him  to  Takefu,  twelve  miles  olf.  A  few  faithful  retainers,  hi- 
phy-ician  Hashimoto,  and  his  body-servants  accompany  him  to  Td- 
kid. A  .-imilar  >ceiie  to  that  of  to-dav  has  probablv  been  witnessed 
in  many  castled  cities  in  Japan  during  this  month.* 


Mrt  Till-:  MIKADO'S  KMTUIK. 

l>i<-<  i/iin  r  \*t.  -—  (iivat  diallers  have  taken  place  in  the  citv  since 
the  departure  of  tin1  prince,  ami  the  change  of  tin-  lum  (feudal  tenure) 
int"/'"  (prefecture  I't'tlir  Imperial  <  i"\  eminent ).  Mo-t  «»f  the  hi^h 
otlicer-  have  been  cailril  \>\  the  Imperial  (Jovernnieiit  t<>  Tokio.  Mil 
-uoka  i-  m>w  mavor  of  Tokio.  ( hj'asawara,  TMit.-umi,  and  -evcra!  oth- 
er- ha\e  lu-ell  made  officials  of  other  hilt.  It  i>  the  policy  (if  the  Ljov- 

rrmneiit  tn  x-nd  the  men  of  one  kin  t«i  act  a>  otHeer-  in  another,  and 
thus  I'l'eak  up  lucal  prejudices  It  i>  a  u'rand  idea.  Sa-aki  (Jonroku 
ha-  I'eeii  called  \«  a  pn-itioii  in  the  Department  of  I'liMic  \\ork-. 

Mall\  of  the  lie-t  teacher-  in  tile  school  ha\e  l.eell  U'ivrll  otticial  place- 
ill  the  capital.  My  l>e-t  friend-  and  helper-  have  left  Kukui  :  and  IK>VV 
m\  advanced  -Indent-,  their  -u|']H.!i  at  home  licinu.1  in«  longer  -utli- 
cieiit.  are  leaving  to  -eek  their  foiluije  in  Yokohama  or  Tokio.  Mv 
.  la->e-  are  1-eiu^  depleted.  I-'ukui  i-  DO  longer  the  capital  of  a  prince. 
Il  i-  -implv  an  inland  citv.  I  can  not  Manic  the  VOUIIL;'  men  for  \vi-h- 
inj.'  to  >ee  the  new  life  and  civili/alion  of  the  nation  at  the  port-  and 
capital,  hut  mv  loneline—  and  -t  n-e  of  exile  increa-e  dailv.  Since  tiie 
-umiiier — -o  1  am  told  —  over  seven  hundred  familie-  have  left  I-'iikui. 
Tokio  i-  making  up  in  population  the  lo—  of  ^  edo  in  ISH^,  \\lu-n  the 
daimio-  vvirhdl'evv.  I  have  imt  o\er  half  of  mv  l>e-t  -Indent-  left. 
The  militan  -chool  ha-  heeii  di-l>aiidi  d.  and  the  nunjxiwilei1  \\ork- 
and  the  rill,-  factorv  removed.  Three  ••oinjianies  of  inipei'ial  troop-. 
Hi  liiiitorm  < '!  hi  en  ii  -t  \  le,  with  the  iuika<lo*s  cre-t  on  1  heir  cap-,  a  i  id 
the  national  liai:'  !a  red  -un  in  a  white  Held)  a-  their  -tatidard.  ii"W 
ack-.  The  ,,|d  local  and  feudal  priv  iii-jv-  are  he- 

in-'  a'-oli-licil.  Ta\e-  are  1,,-in^  made  nnii'-irm  all  over  the  country. 
Th"  1'nnldlii-t  theolo^ieal  M-iio-il  ha-  lici-n  Im-ken  up  i-v  order- from 
:  i.  Shinto  lecturer-  are  eiideav  orin--  to  convcrl  the  p,-,.ple  to  the 
•  •Id  faith.  All  the  Shinto  temple-  which  have  Keen  in  anv  wav  influ- 
'i  •••>]  i'V  I'liiddhi-m  are  !n-in^  more  v  i-.  .r.  ,i.-l  \  |  ,i ;!•_;•, -,1  and  re-t or,-d  in 
pure  Shinto  -tv  I,-.  Tl,,-  outer  wall  of  the  ca-tle  ha-  ln-eii  iev--]ed.  and 

the  nioai   ti    '    i  up.      The  M'atc-    have    lu-i-n    -,.ld    for  their   stone,  w 1. 

and  co],|i,-r.  Mai.v  old  v  a-hiki-  of  ancient  and  once  wealthv  familie- 
have  I  in  MI  torn  dow  n  atid  ,'onv  erted  into  -hop-.  The  tow  n-  people  and 

-hop-kee]MT-    al'e  lit     at     -j.  -tlili^    a     fool-hold     on     the     -ites    hitherto 

;  -•  ;  v  ,-d  to  -ani'.irai.  <  'id  anii"!1,  ai'n  >v\  -,  -jiear-.  tla^'-.  -addh  rv.  dr« •--(-. 
;ioriiiio||o~.  and  •  ,,(  the  oi.l  feudal  dav-  can  now 

:^h'    d;rt    cheajp.       I  he    [innce'-    man-ion    ha-    ln-en    denioli-ln-d. 

•  rv  thin^  left  in  it  -old.  !  j  •:  from  it  a  pair  of  !'i-"ii/.e  -Mr- 
Me  model  of  l-'i-ji.  All  the  hor-e-  iti  the  -tahh  -  of  tin: 


THE  LAST   TEAR   OF  FEUDALISM. 


clan  have  been  disposed  of  at  auction.  Every  thing  pertaining  to  feu- 
dal Kukui  is  passing  away.  Japan  i-  becoming  unified.  Nevertheless, 
it  causes  some  local  suffering,  and  the  poverty  of  many  families,  once 
in  comfort,  is  increasing. 

Jh'Ci-nJitT  K>///. — The  wild  ducks  and  u'eese  have  come  back  from 
Yezo,  and  are  thick  in  the  fields.  (Jreat  numbers  of  them  are  capt- 
ured by  the  samurai,  who  go  out 
at  earlv  morning  and  at  sunset,  on 
the  hills  around  the  city,  armed 
with  a  huge  triangular  net,  set  in 
a  bamboo  frame  and  pole.  A 
dexterous  hunter  can  throw  this 
up  twenty  feet  in  the  air.  Thus 
outspread,  the  living  birds  are  en- 
tangled. This  is  called  s(tJcml6ri 
(hunting  on  the  heights).  Some 
men  can  take  two  ducks  at  once, 
or  snare  a  fat  o-ou-.e  at  a  throw,  but  many  fail  <>r  wait  in  vain.  The 
eligible  place-  of  vantage  are  bought  for  a  trifling  tax  from  the  ken. 
TO  ward  off  the  damp,  the  fowlers  dress  in  grass  coat  and  wide  rush 
hat.  Every  morning  1  see  them  coming  over  the  bridge.  'With  pole, 
tiinic,  and  hat  slun^  on  back  like  shields,  they  appear  as  old  warriors 
in  battle  array.  It  is  said  that  on  certain  nights  the  headless  ghosts 
of  Shihata  and  his  warriors  ride  on  horseback  over  this  bridge  into  his 
old  castle  grounds.  The  countrv  people  imagine  they  can  hear  the  clat- 
ter of  hoofs,  and  see  this  troop  of  headless  horsemen,  on  certain  still 
nights:  but,  although  1  have  lived  -even  months  on  the  site  of  his  old 
ca-tle  in  which  he  died,  1  never  beheld  the  old  hero's  shade;  nor  have 
1  been  tempted  to  scare  any  native  Ichabod  Crane  by  playing  P>roin 
I>oties,  though  pumpkins  are  plentiful  here. 

Dct'CHiher  i'.V//. —  Yesterday  a  partv  of  students  cut  down  yomii!; 
pine-.  hemlock  boughs,  eryptomeria,  arbor -vitie,  and  other  ^reeiierv. 
and  decked  my  hoii-e,  in  and  out,  in  Christmas  ^arb.  The  lar^v  >teel 
plate  of  "American  Authors"  received  especial  honor.  M\  cook  and 
hi-  family  and  the  students  last  ni^ht  hun<j;  up  their  t«l>i  (mitten- 
-ock-,  or  "  foot -gloves"),  in  lieu  of  stockings.  Thi>  morning  thev 
found  them  overflowing  with  American  e-ood  things,  both  -\\eet  to 
the  palate  and  useful  to  the  hand.  Santa  Clans  did  not  even  forget 
the  tiny  white  ,-ock-  of  little  Chcnkey  who  i-  alternately  diimfounded 
and  uproariously  merry. 


538  THE  MIKADO'S  E 

(  Ml!''t>r-.  citi/ens.  atnl  -tudcnt-  visited  me  during  tlio  day,  in  accord- 
ance \\ith  m\  invitation.  I  kept  open  Imu-c  fur  all,  and  told  them  of 
Chri-t'-  I'irth.  lit'-',  work,  and  death.  Manx  had  never  heard  of  Oiri-t 
ev-ept  ;i-  part  "f  the  Jutfi union  (corrupt  sect),  on  the  kosat-u,  which 
liaise  near  the  main  urate  of  the  citv.  One  hri^ht  hoy,  after  peering 
around  the  hoii-e,  vainlv  >eekin^  something;,  tinallv  \vhispcred  in  mv 
rai1.  "  \N  here  i-  your  i^od-hoiise  .'" 

Jnnnnni  ~f//,  Is7i'. — The  citv  to-dav  -warm-  with  countrv  people. 
An  iintiifiisi'  fe-tival  in  honor  of  Sliinran  i-  l>ein<j;  held.  The  -tivet- 
arc  crowded,  and  the  >ho]is  in  full  Hast.  The  Shin  temples  are  pack- 
ed \\itli  people.  Even  the  porch  and  steps  and  temple  Yards  are  full 
of  pious  folk.  In  the  lar-v  kitchens  attached  to  the  temple  arc  a 
numher  of  iron  hoilers  each  containing  several  Hishels  of  rice.  Vei;v- 
taHes  arc  hein^  cooked  in  other  pot-,  and  manv  hundreds  of  lnm^n 
folks  arc  eating  in  the  refect orv,  -om,-  lii'iiiLi'in^  their  o\vn  food.  The 
prie-ts  \cry  politely  took  me  through  the  rear  part  of  the  temple,  l>c- 
vond  the  -pleiidid  altar,  where  I  could  see  the  \  a>t  crowd,  and  through 
the  uiiarters  occupied  li\-  the  re-ideiit  l>on/e-.  The  si^ht  of  so  man\ 
thousmd  faces  of  people  with  hands  .-hoped  in  praver,  with  their 
iMsarii-s.  miinmii'inu'  tli^ir  petition^  ("  Namii  Amida  I'.ntsu")  in  the 
ifivat  hall:  then  of  the  hundreds  of  hnn^'rv  people  fei'din^;  children 
and  families  re-tin^; — manv  of  them  had  \\alked  from  ten  to  twentv 
mile-;  tin-  cook-  in  the  tirc-li^ht.  he^ri tiled  with  the  smoke  and  su.-at 
of  the  kitchi-n  ;  tlic  waiters  hurrying  to  and  fro;  the  receisinv;  and 
coiintiiiLT  of  money,  made  a  picture  of  PmddhUm  in  it-  p"|iular  pha-e- 
I  can  ije\  er  forufet. 

.A///-/-//-//  ID'//. — Si.me  month-  a-_;'"  I  addressed  a  I'liiniiinnication  to 
the  Mini-ier  of  1'ul.lic  In-ti-iictioii  in  Tokio.  nrLi'in-.'  th'1  e-taHi-hinent 
of  a  polvteclinic  M-liou],  ^i\in^  plans  and  a  feu  detail-.  Hvideiitlv 
-uch  an  eiiterpri-e  ha-  a!ivad\  heeii  determined  upon.  To-dav  I  re- 
ceived ;;  l.-tter  fp'in  the  Ma\or  of  Tokio.  i  n  t  i  1 1 1  at  i  nir  that  I  wa-  to  !>c 
invited  to  tin-  capital  to  till  a  po-ition  in  -uch  a  scl I.  Another  let- 
ter, 1-v  tin-  >anii  mail,  from  the  Minis',  r  ,,f  I'Mueation.  throii^li  th< 
f«>rci'_''«  siiperinteii  i  Imperial  <  '..lle-v.  in\i;.-d  me  t"  till  <>n. 
of  the  pi-ofc-M.r-hip-  in  the  polytechnic  -,•!,,„,]  (Sliein  M.-n  <iakko) 
•il'out  t"  l.e  formed.  Aii  immediate  an-wer  i-  ,  \prcteil. 

.1,11,11,11-11    I!///.-  — I    was   called    to    the    kni-cln    to-dav,  the    -anji    e\- 

l'Ve--inur  their  ni'u'eiit   \\i-h   that    I  -honld  remain  in   |-'iikui.  -tatini:'  ai-o 

'         '       i'iti/cn-of  Kiikm.  anticipating  the  in\  itation  from  Tokio.  h  id 

!  the  h>  ii-i-Ji''j  o|iici;il-  ;,,  !;,,[,  the  American  teacher  in  Fukni. 


THE  LAST    YEAR   OF  FEUDALISM.  ooi» 

if  possible.      Ilaviti"',  however,  lost  most  of  mv  best  friends  and  ad- 
i  ^ 

vanced  students,  from  the  city,  and  the  loneliness  having  become  al- 
mo.-t  intolerable,  I  have  resolved  to  go  to  Tokio.  For  over  six  months 
I  have-  not  seen  one  of  my  own  race.  The  tax  on  the  nervous  system 
of  lie  ing  isolated,  looked  at  as  a  stranger  and  a  euriositv,  made  the 
target  of  so  many  eyes,  and  the  constant  friction  and  chafing  of  one 
Caucasian  against  a  multitude  of  sharp  angles  of  an  Asiatic  civilization, 
as  represented  liy  sen  ants,  petty  officials,  and  ignorant  people;  and 
the  more  delicate  work  of  polite  fencing  with  intellectual  rapiers 
against  cultured  men  educated  under  other  systems  of  morals  and 
ideas;  the  ruin  of  temper  and  principle  which  such  a  lonelv  life 
threatens,  are  more  than  1  wish  to  attempt  to  hear,  when  duty  as  well 
as  pleasure  seems  to  invite  me  to  the  capital. 

From  the  people,  officers  and  students  I  have  received  kindness 
and  attentions  both  unexpected  and  undeserved.  I  find  in  them  most, 
of  the  tendcrest  feelings  that  soften  and  adorn  human  nature.  Con- 
fidence, sympathy,  respect,  even  affection  from  mv  students,  have  been 
lavi-hlv  be.-towed.  1  have  never  had  a  <jiiarrel  with  any  one,  nor  have 
1  been  injured  or  insulted  in  any  way. 

Jiiininrii  -1  l.v/. — From  morning  till  night  my  house  was  thronged 
with  people  in  the  city — students,  officials,  mothers,  fathers,  and  chil- 
dren, relatives  of  tiie  students — who  came  to  bid  me  good-bye.  Kv- 
erv  one  of  them,  according  to  custom,  brought  a  present,  sometimes 
handsome  and  costly.  In  return,  each  received  a  trifle  or  refreshment-, 
of  which  the  solid  remnants  were  wrapped  in  white  paper,  put  into 
the  sleeve,  and  carried  awav,  as  is  the  habit.  u  Leavings  are  lucky." 
saith  the  Japanese  proverb. 

During  my  life  in  a  feudal  city  in  Japan  far  away  from  foreigners. 
I  have  seen  the  Japanese  at  home.  It  has  sometimes  -eenied  to  me. 
in  my  walks  through  the  old  ca-tle,  or  along  the  moat-,  or  upon  the 
ramparts  in  the  cemeteries,  in  the  houses  of  the  people,  on  the  mount- 
ains, in  my  ride.-  through  the  villages,  that  \  was  in  fairv-land  or  in  a 
dream.  Yet  these  people  are  ju-i  like  ourselves,  their  heart-  ihe  same 
as  our-.  Their  emot'n  >ns  and  traits,  both  noble  and  despicable,  are  t\\  in 
to  those  which  belong  to  mankind  between  the  Alle^hanies  and  the 
Atlantic.  Thi-  is  a  trite  truism.  Yet  in  its  truth  consists  it>  noselty. 
\\lien  men  of  differing  clime>  and  nations  see  behind  each  other's 
mail  of  codes,  manners,  education,  and  systems  their  common  human- 
ity, the  hope  of  their  dwelling  in  peace  as  children  of  one  Father  i- 
no  longer  a  chimera. 


vi  o  Tin-:  MIKADO'S  EM  run-:. 

Ftikui  and  V.  -hi/en  must  decrease  tli;it  I  >ai  Nippon  inay  increase. 
People  complain  that  the  empire  i>  hecomiicj;  tun  much  centralized. 
Tli''  Capital  ami  port-  are  al>-orl>inir  the  -trcn^'tli  of  the  whole  coun- 
tr\.  1;  ;-  l>e-t.  <  »nl\  l>\  centralization  at  tin-  time  eaii  true  nati»n- 
a!:t\  1-e  attained.  Make  the  heart  >tr«>ii^  and  the  Mood  will  How  to 
all  1  he  e\i remit les. 

Japan'-  reeord  of  progress  for  |s7[  is  nol>le.  The  mikado's  u'ov- 
'•rnnient  i-  no  longer  an  uncertainty.  A  national  armv  has  Keen 
formed;  plots  and  insurrection-  have  hceii  cm-hed  ;  the  piv--  ha-  be- 
come oi f  the  motors  of  eivili/.ation  ;  alivadv  several  in-\\  -paper- 

are  e-taMi-hed  in  the  capital.  The  old  local  form-  of  ;uitln>ritv  are 
merged  into  the  national,  and  taxe-  and  government  are  ec|iiali/ed 
tlii'oiin'lioiii  the  eoiintrv.  Feudalism  is  dead.  An  em!>a--v  has  Keen 
-eiit  to  Kurope.  not  coinpo-ed  of  eatspaw  otlii-ia'.s  of  low  rank  to  rcp- 
re-eiit  the  "  tycoon,"  hut  iiohlo  and  e;i!.inet  mini-tei--  of  the  mikado'-, 
i-mpirc.  to  plead  for  Japan  and  the  true  sovereign.  Tiie  mikado,  c;ist- 
in^'  a\\a\  old  tradition:-,  now  ap[»ears  aiiion^-  lii-  people,  reijUiniiL;'  no 
humiliating  "hcisance.  .Marriage  amon<j,'  all  ela^-e<  i-  now  permitted, 
and  i-aMe  is  to  di-appear.  The  i-fn  and  //////'//  are  IMW  citi/en>.  [H'o- 
teeteil  l-\  law.  The  -svord<  of  the  samurai  are  laid  a-ide.  The  peace 

and  order  throughout  tin untrv  appeal'  wonderful.  Tro^re--  is  ev- 

er\  \\  In-re  the  \\  at'-hword.  I-  not  t  hi^  t  he  tinker  of  ( ,,  ,d  ; 

.I/;,/,,;,//,/.— It  li;is  In  en  snowing  -teadily  for  seven  days.  All  tin- 
o!.|r.-t-  (i\r  or  -i\  t'-i-t  hi^'li  are  co\ei'ed  up.  Tlii'  landscape  i--  a  -i-a 
of  \\hit''.  A  LTl'eat  man\  -Indent^  \\i-h  to  LT"  with  nn-  to  'I'okio.  l.iit 
tlie  -anji  have  laid  an  interdict  on  all  for  one  month.  Tin-  three  >tu- 
dent-  tVoin  Ili^-o  \\ill.  ho\\e\er.  accompaia  me.  I  rel\-  much  on  the 
fer'iie  mil!'!,  calm  -kill,  and  eiit  hu-ta-tic  regard  of  "  I'.earded  Hin'o." 
Sah'-i.  m\  ^ervant.  will  attend  me.  and  lnon\t'-  \\ili  lie  inv  eseml.  All 
m\  Ka^'/a^e  j-  no\\  packed  up.  It  will  l>e  carried  on  men's  >hoiilder-> 
o\-er  MI  'I'litain  and  \alie\  for  three  hundred  and  thirtv  mile-  t<»  Tokio. 

In  vain  croaker-  and  -inceiv  friend-  ha\e  i-mleavored  to  di--uade 
HP-  from  thi-  -e\,re  wmti'i1  |oiiriie\.oi-  tn^'litiii  me  with  -tone-  of 
\\ol\e-.  roiilu-rs,  or  tin  daii-'ei1-  of  mountain  pa— e-.  avalanches.  (,r  of 
'"•'HILT  !  '-'  in  the  -now.  I  \\i-h  to  -ee  a  Japan.--, •  \\inter  m  the  hie'h- 
hnd-.  and  t"  tramp  ov-r  t|lr  '['okaido.  and  \i-it  Shid/iioka.  <iod 
_r.  I  -hall  he  in  Tokio  l,\  |;el,ruar\  ttii.  Faivwell.  Fukni.  th-.ii 
ha-t  i'een  a  well  of  Me--in--;  for  in  thee  I  h;i\'e  found  some  truth. 


A   TltAJJP  THROUGH  JAPAN.  541 


XVI. 

A    Til  AMP  Timor  CH  JAPAN. 

January  22'/,  1S72. — A  pitiless  Mast.  Snow  drifting  in  heaps,  and 
whirling  fine  dust.  Baggage  -  carriers  have  gone  ahead.  Forty  stu- 
dents wait  to  escort  me  to  Morinoshita  (Beneath  the  Grove),  three 
miles  distant.  On  Daimio  Avenue  a  crowd  of  officials,  eiti/ens,  and 
lads  wait  to  say  farewell. 

S(it/on(ir<ix  and  good  wishes  are  exchanged  with  mutual  regret.  The 
line  of  march  is  over  Xc\v  Bridge.  In  Boat-landing  Street  snow  lies 
eight  feet  deep,  with  constant  additions  from  the  house-tops.  Out  on 
the  plain,  past,  the  citv,  the  Mast  is  horizontal,  its  force  overpowering, 
its  sting  terrible.  It  is  difficult  to  keep  the  path.  The  cold  is  in- 
tense. Vet  the  students  jest,  laugh,  and  sing  lively  songs,  as  though 
on  a  summer's  dav. 

At  Morinoshita  we  halt.  The  younger  students  return  to  Fukui. 
Our  party  and  six  others  push  on  to  Takef'u.  Here  a  farewell  ban- 
quet is  given  me.  Fourteen  tables  are  set.  Two  hours  of  fun  and 
cozy  comfort  pass.  The  hotel  is  warm.  It  seems  madness  to  go  out 
in  the  storm.  Yet  I  will  go. 

YYe  -end  out  for  kagos  or  horses.  We  can  get  neither.  Not  a 
maii  will  venture,  even  a  ri,  for  triple  the  price.  We  lose  two  h.nns 
in  waiting,  and  at  four  o'clock  set  out  on  foot.  One  mile  of  flounder- 
ing, and  our  strength  is  strained.  It  is  getting  dark.  The  land-cape 
is  level  white.  Fven  the  stone  idols  are  snowed  up.  No  field,  water- 
cour-e,  houM>,  bush,  or  shrine  is  in  sight.  \Vc  can  not  see  a  hundred 
feet  before  us,  even  where  the  furious  wind  allows  us  to  look  ahead. 
We  have  lost  the  path.  Our  case  is  desperate.  To  advance  or  return 
is  alike  impossible.  Total  darkness  is  imminent.  To  spend  the  night 
here  ir-  to  freeze.  But,  look!  a  lantern  glimmers  in  the  distance.  \\  e 
shout.  The  sounds  are  twisted  out  of  onr  mouths,  and  swept  into  the 
snow-drift.  Slowly  the  lantern  vanishes,  and  with  it  our  hopes  disap- 
pear. 

Night  swoops  on  us.      For  another  hour  we  flounder,  vainly  seeking 


(-)4l)  THK  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

the  path.      AVe   arc   on   tho  ed^e  of  de-pair.      "Bearded  Hiiro."  ''aim 

\  ;_;•.  .r<>U>l  V    punching   till'    .-II..W    to    tilld    bottom.        Klllvka  ! 

lie  ha-  -truek  tin-  path.  N<>  pick  of  miner  or  drill  of  engineer  ever 
-tn.'-k  i:'old  or  oil  with  intcn-er  jov.  \\  e  mount  tho  ere>t  of  safety 
from  our  white  ab\>s.  <  Mir  leader  keeps  the  ridjjv  :  \ve  follow.  \\  e 
are  often  Mown  off  or  fall  out,  lull  his  earn-  is  Mirer  than  witch-ha/.el 
or  di\  iiiiiiLT-ro.l.  \\'e  wade  a  mile  farther.  A  shout  from  "Bearded 
1 1  ;_:•>"  announces  a  village.  \\"e  peer  through  the  blast,  A  hoii-e- 
n'able  looin>  up.  Well  named  is  Imad/.uku  (Now  we  re.-t).  \\'e 
crouch  under  the  porch  while-  one  hio  in  i|iie>t  of  an  inn.  \\  e  enter 

l:ot     a    palace;     hut     eheel'V     Welcome     i^'lorilies     host     and     hou>e.         \\  e 

-!,akc  otf.  doff,  and  >it  at  the  hearth,  watchinir  the  cookery,  lii'-e, 
hean-elii'ese,  daikon,  mushroom,  fish,  are  >er\ed.  Then  we  take  up  our 
beds  and  walk.  AVith  feet  under  kotatsu,  come  i\»y  slumbel>  and 
dn-ams  i  <t  honie. 

Jnii 'air//  _;:i'/. — Snow,  snow,  snow.  Inouvr  has  lured  for  nie  eic;'ht 
-ta'.wart  men.  ^ra.-|iin'j;  staves,  and  shod  with  snow -shoes  of  birch 
houghs,  two  f.H't  loiiif,  one  foot  wide,  and  \vell  \vatti<-d,  who  wait  at 
th'  door.  Their  leader  punches  the  drit't>  for  a  footing,  which  »i\  tin- 
mountain^  i-  tolerable,  on  the  plains  fearfully  bad,  often  through  >lu>h 
ali  1  i'-\  v>at<T.  I  \\ear  >tl'aw  boots;  though  wet.  they  keep  the  feet 
warm.  Aft>T  some  mile-,  we  tui;'  up  a  >teep  pass  with  a  \varm  name, 
')  '  (  Hot-water  Tail).  <  'liatt'-i-iiiLT  u'iri-.  in  rival  inns.  Lfive  us  noi-v 

me.  \\  e  -it  down,  drink  tea.  and  v;o--ip.  A  ]>riest  on  hi>  wav  to 
Takt-fii  la.-t  niu'lit  lo-t  hi-  path,  and  fn>/r  to  death.  A  po-tmaii  wa- 
-triiek  bv  an  avalaii'-he.  kii".-ki  d  down,  hurl,  and  nearlv  -mothered. 

\\'e  re-ume  our  mareh.  Manv  track>  of  avalanches,  tweiitv  feet 
w  jili  ,  an-  >eeii.  ( >ne  crashes  and  tumbles  ju>t  in  front  of  u>.  I  notice 
that  th'  i-lapboard  i'o.,f-  of  hoii-es  are  weighted  down  by  stoiio,  like 
ti.  i-e  on  S\si>s  chalet-.  The  tracks  of  boar,  hear,  foxes,  and  monkeys 
are  numerous.  It  i-  the  hunter'.-  har\  e-t-time.  I  >res>ed  can-a— e-  are 
<  :.  -ale  in  even  silla^e.  I  wonder  how  a  Darwinian  >teak  would  taste. 
"  NO.  thank  you  ;  no  monkey  for  im- 1"  is  m \  re-ponse  to  an  invitation 

to  ta-te  my  ance-tor<.  (i 1  people,  you  need  "  science "  to  teach 

vn!i  w  hat  cannibal-  you  are. 

A!     !.:{<)    F'.M.  We    I  i.         At    the    illl^e    fire-place,    I    Wal'lll    and 

e   mv-elf   till    I    learii    h"\\    it    feels   to   be  a  dried  lierrinir.      '  Mir 
:       i  i-  -aiiceil  with    hunger  and   h--])itality.      \"erily,  it  i>  delightful 
;     meet  un-]ioileil  Japaiie-i-.  who  have   ne\t-r  L'licuunterL'd  civilization 
•  inken  -ailors. 


A    TRAMP  THROUGH  JAPAX.  543 

At  3.00  T  mount  a  horse  who  lias  two  legs  and  no  tail.  The  sad- 
dle— a  bundle  of  straw — rests  on  the  man's  loins.  I  bestride  him, 
my  legs  on  his  hips,  and  arms  round  his  neck.  I  can  choke  him  if  I 
like.  I  grip  him  tightly  at  dangerous  places.  These  mountaineers 
think  nothing  of  this  work  of  carrying  a  man  of  sixteen-stone  weight. 
Each  man  has  a  staff  to  prop  me  up  when  he  stops  to  blow  and  rest. 
Riding  man-back  is  pleasant,  unless  the  animal  (ippiki)  is  extravagant 
with  pomatum,  or  his  head-kerchief  and  the  wash-tub  are  strangers. 
The  horse-men  carry  us  one  ri.  Snow  is  too  deep:  1  dismount  and 
plod  on.  Among  solemn  groves  of  pine,  walls  of  rocks  and  hills, 
darkness  falls;  but  the  moon  silvers  the  forest,  burnishes  the  snow, 
re\eals  mystic  shadow*.  Our  six  bearers  light  four  huge  torches  of 
rice-straw  leaves  and  twig>,  ten  feet  long  and  six  inches  thick.  The 
lurid  glare  lights  up  the  gorges.  Prismatic  splendors  dance  in  the 
red  tire-light.  Snow  crystals  and  pendant  icicles  become  chandeliers. 
Intense  fatigue  can  not  blind  me  to  the  glories  of  this  night-march. 

At  nine  o'clock  the  path  is  but  a  few  inches  wide.  To  miss  a  step 
is  a  >erious  matter.  It  plunges  me  to  my  waist  in  soft  snow.  The 
bi_-aivr<  pull  or  pry  me  out.  Every  step  is  misery.  Another  seems 
an  impossibility.  Yet  none  else  of  the  party  says  a  word.  Admira- 
ble is  the  spirit  of  the  Japanese  in  hardship.  The  last  ri  is  torture  to 
me.  At  last  a  light  gleams  above  us.  We  tile  through  the  village 
street.  Kindly  welcome  and  tender  care  are  mine  from  all.  Sahei 
undresses  me  like  a  child.  My  limbs  no  sooner  free,  I  sink,  exhaust- 
ed, asleep. 

Jiiiiunri/  -24th. — I  am  too  stiff  to  stand.  I  feel  like  singing  the  col- 
iege-vong,  "  Saw  my  leg  off,"  and  with  emphasis  on  the  word  "  short.'' 
I  hobble  about  for  a  few  minutes.  My  joints  relax.  Our  path  lies 
through  glorious  valleys  charged  with  vitali/.ing  air.  Amidst  such 
scenery  I  forget  my  limbs.  We  hear  the  shouts  of  hunters.  At  ten 
o'clock  we  leave  Kchixen  and  enter  Omi.  In  the  village,  at  which  we 
dine  on  wild-pork  steaks,  omelet,  rice,  and  turnips,  snow  lies  level  with 
the  eave>.  .-hields  of  bamboo  making  a  corridor  between  snow  and 
houses.  Our  host,  Nakano  Kawachi,  has  speared  eight  hogs  since 
snow  fell.  Strings  of  dried  persimmons  hang  from  his  rafters  like 
dried  apples  in  an  old-time  New  England  kitchen.  They  look  and 
taste  like  rigs.  The  small  boys  are  cra/v  with  delight  at  the  strange 
sight  of  a  foreigner.  A  feint  to  scare  them  scatters  the  crowd  and 
leaves  a  dozen  sprawling  in  the  snow.  At  IVubae  we  spend  the 
night.  The  inns  are  full.  Our  rooms  are  poor.  The  nonti  (Pult-x 


544 


THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


irritttii*)  bite  unusually  li;i.nl.  Tliis  is  a  rare  behavior  for  them  it: 
winter. 

,/<//""//•//  •_'.")///.  —  r>ival<fast  is  flavored  with  fun  and  bright  eve-. 
An  extremely  pretty,  pearly -teethed,  sweet  -  voiced,  and  bright  -eyed 
irirl  waits  on  us.  Her  inerrv  lauu'h  and  chatter  make  amends  for 
-hal'bv  (juartcrs.  An  nnu<uallv  generous  fee  from  the  foreigner  is  on 
account  of  her  reminding  him  of  hriu'ht  eves  in  the  home  land.  Face- 
here  in  .Japan  recall  familial1  faces  loiiij  known,  and  everv  phase  of 
character  in  New  York  i-  duplicated  here. 

\\  e  are  de-ceiid'nin;  the  highlands  of  Kchi/en  and  Onii  to  the  plains 
of  Mino  and  Ouari.  Weather  if  rows  warmer,  villages  mure  nunier- 
.'11-,  road  more  regular.  "We  are  in  a  nlk  region.  1'lantation-  i,f 
innlherry- trees,  cut  to  e/-ro\v  oiilv  six  feet  hi<jfh,  abound.  Lake  lliua 
lies  in  the  di-tance,  a  picture  of  hlue  ma»ivelv  framed  in  mountain-, 
ing  at  Kinomoto  (  Foot  of  the  Tree),  we  emhark  in  ka^os.  In  the-' 


;:. 


How  \vu  MM 

veliides  T  al\va\s  fail  a-leep  at  the  \\roiiij;  end;  my  liead  rcinainiii'_r 
\\ide  awake,  \\hile  mv  feet  are  in.'on-i^il.h  somnolent.  I  lie  in  ;(;1 
-hape-.  fp-ni  a  c.iil  (1f  rcipe  to  a  pair  of  inverted  dividers,  \\itli  head 
vraji]ied  fn'in  tlie  <-»\<\  and  hardlv  enough  face  \isihle  to  mala'  a  ni"ii- 
ke\.  In  the  tinr  hotel  at  I  'dani,  the  >-\>\  iadv  ho>ti--s  i>  ver\  mother- 
Iv  to  lier  tir-t  f'  'ivi-'n  Lfue-t.  until  I  .-ettle  in  k"tat>n  in  the  "daimio'- 

eiianiKer,"  with    map-   ai:d    I k-   on  the  t!"or.  \\hen   -he  re-imie-  her 

>peetacle>  and  seuiiiLT.  li"imd  the  ronm  han^  n'ilt  and  lacipiereil  tal>- 
lets  of  the  l,,rd-  and  n-M.  -  \\lm  hav.  l-.l^-d  at  thi>  IK.USC.  My 
prince\  card  i-  anii>n'_r  th>-m.  The  uld  lad\  firing  me  -heet<  of  paper 
\'i  \\rite  mv  name,  poetrv,  \\i-e  -a\v-,  etc.,  upon,  a-  mementoes.  After 
-upper.  Inouye  "  lights  hi-  battles  o'er."  A  bullet  jjfra/ed  hi-  fore- 


A    TRAMP  THROUGH  JAPAN.  545 

head  in  the  campaign  of  1808-'70.  The  students  recount  tlie  lore  of 
tin.1  places  passed,  and  the  Guai  /S/ti  narratives.  "To-morrow,"  says 
Inouye,  "  we  shall  cross  the  Itattle-lield  of  Sekigahara." 

J'tuKiiri/  -Idth. — We  have  left  the  snow  behind  us.  Through  mul- 
Itcrrv  plantations,  over  dark  and  loaniv  soil,  we  pass  under  the  shad- 
ow <>f  Ilniki  yaiiia,  his  glorious  form  now  infolded  with  clouds,  now  re- 
vealed in  sunshine.  \Ve  pass  the  tomb  of  beautiful  Tokiwa,  mother 
of  Yoi'itoiuo.  Kverv  step  is  historic  ground.  Tin;  study  of  topog- 
raphv  is  a  wonderful  help  to  the  imagination.  \\  e  an;  now  on  Ja- 
pan's greatest  battle-Held.  The  war  panorama  of  October,  1000,  ap- 
pears before  me.  Here  stood  the  head  -  quarters  of  lyevasu ;  there 
were  the  lines  of  battle  ;  over  that  road  the  army  of  the  league  inarch- 
ed to  take  up  their  position  ;  and  beyond  stood  the  Jesuit  monas- 
tery where,  botanists  say,  Portuguese  plants  grow,  and  flowers  bloom. 
Here  sat  the  victor  who  knotted  the  cords  of  his  helmet. 

We  are  now  on  the  Tokaido.  This  I  see  at  once,  from  its  width, 
bustling  air.  and  number  of  tea-houses.  Over  this  road  tramped  the1 
armies  of  lyeyasu,  plodded  the  missionaries  of  the  Cross  and  Keys, 
moved  the  processions  of  the  daimios,  advanced  the  loyal  legions  from 
Kushimi  to  Hakodate.  To-dav  a  different  sight  makes  my  heart  beat 
and  mv  eyes  kindle.  Emerging  from  a  year's  exile,  here,  in  the  heart 
•'{'  Japan,  I  see  before  me  telegraph-poles  ;  their  bare,  u'rim,  silent  maj- 
estv  is  as  eloquent  as  pulses  of  light.  The  electric  wires  will  soon  con- 
nect the  sacred  city  of  the.  Sun  Land  with  the  girdle  that  clasps  the 
<rlobe.  Verily,  Tuck,  thoii  hast  kept  thy  word  even  in  Japan.  Morse, 
thou  hast  another  monument. 

A  glorious  sunset  writes  in  prophecies  of  purple  and  o'old  the 
weather  "probabilities"  for  the  remainder  of  my  jmirnev.  At  Ou'aki 
— the  peisimmon  of  lyeyasu — "the  splendor  falls  on  castle  v*alls,"  and 
evening  glow  u'ilds  the  old  towers  as  we  enter  the  historic  ^-ate-wa\>. 
V.  e  -pelld  the  ni^'ht  here. 

J«H>Hiri/  -lit}/. — I  meet  many  of  the  jin-riki-shas  of  modern,  and 
pass  a  grassy  mound  of  skulls  and  skeletons,  the  memorial  of  soi:n' 
battle  in  aii>-ieiit,  Japan.  The  road,  lined  with  pine-tree-;,  \\hidi  over- 
atvh  and  intcrlaee,  seems  like  a  great  cathedral  aisle.  \Ve  pass  over 
!onur  embankments,  eighteen  feet  hi^Ii  and  forty  feet  wide,  made  to 
keep  otr'  the  tidal  waves  wliieh  sometimes  arise.  At  Oko>hi.  we  leave 
Mino.  and  enter  <  )wari,  with  its  many  larn'e  towns  and  cities.  At 
Kujosti  we  vi-q't  N'obunaga's  old  castle.  At  4  I'.M.  we  enter  Nagoya, 
the  fi.mrth  largest  city  in  Japan,  with  the  iinest  castle  outside  of  Tokio. 


540  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

Two  (,f  it-  towers  were  formerly  surmounted  with  luiije  fish  made  of 
copper,  covered  with  plates  of  LT"ld.  A  robber,  who  mounted  on  an 
immcii-e  kite  in  a  irale  at  niu'ht  and  tried  to  steal  the  u'old  scales,  was 
di-tt-eted.  boiled  to  death  in  oil,  and  the  raising  of  lar^e  kites  ever 
afterward  prohibited  in  Owari.  Xa^ova  is  noted  for  fans,  porcelain, 
and  cloixonni'  enamel-ware.  Miva  is  its  sea-port. 

,/<t>/t«ir>/  i's/A. — Leave  Chirio  at  bright  starlight,  witnessing  a  idori- 
ou-  sunri>e.  At  '.)  A.M.  1  met  an  American  tjrntloinan,  \\ith  live  bette, 
on  a  walk  from  Tokio  to  Kobe.  ( )nr  meeting  is  mutuallv  pleasant. 
His  is  the  iir-t  white  face  1  have  seen  for  some  months.  Ni^ht  spent 
at  Shirasuka,  in  Totonii. 

Jmtunr//  '2^t/>.  —  White  Fuji,  sixty  miles  distant,  rises  before  un- 
like a  revelation.  Almo-t  siimiltaneously  on  mv  ri^'lit  I  behold  the 
sea,  broad,  blue,  myriad-smiling.  Tlnilntte!  Thalntti'!  1  have  not  seen 
the'  Pacific,  nor  Fuji,  for  verv  nearlv  a  vear.  At  Araii.  we  take  boat 
and  cross  an  arm  of  the  sea.  to  a  town  famous  for  its  shell-h'sh.  I  -end 
a  letter  to  Clark  at  Shid/uoka.  \\"e  are  now  in  the  eo]de>t  part  ot 
tin'  vear,  called  /•"/'.  but  wlien  near  Ilainainatsii  (Strand -pine)  tu<> 
runnels,  naked  to  the  breech-cloth,  \\\\\/./.  past  me.  On  the  shoulder- 
of  each  i-  a  live  tish  wrapped  in  >traw.  Kpicures  in  I  laniamat-u  like 
1"  eat  fi-li  fi'e-h  from  the  net.  within  an  hour  of  cajiturc,  and  human 
le^>  take  the  place  of  the  li^'lit ni UL;-  expros.  The  tleet  postman  i> 
al-o  clothed  on!\  in  a  ^uit  of  cuticle  with  loin-trap.  A  bundle  of  ],•]- 
teis  i-  >luii'_f  on  a  jiolc  over  hi-  shoulder.  In  the  city  we  meet  maiiv 
native-  between  boots  and  hat-,  in  the  to^._rerv,  or  a  tra\e-H  of  th» 
li_i-ht  clothe-,  of  civilixatioii.  I  see  c-indeii-ei!  milk,  beer,  Yankee 
clocks,  bnttoti<,  petroleum;  picture-  ol  Abraham  Lincoln,  liismarck, 
(;.-orue  \\  a.-hiiiLi'ton,  <  ilad-tone ;  Knu'ii-h  cutlcrv  and  mnbivllas;  and 
French 


Mil!;»!i-  of  -mall  li-h  he  drvin^  aloni;1  .-horc.  to  be  u-ed  a-  Tiianuve. 
The  women  are  bii-\  \\ea\inj;  e,>tton  cldth  in  narrow  hreadth-  on  rude 
|oom>.  Tin  salt  maker-  ^i  t"  the  -urf  \\ith  bueket-,  saturate  patchiv 
tif  -a!id  repeatedh  \\ith  -ea- water,  \\hieh.  ex'aporated  bv  .-olar  In-at 
anil  uind,  leave-  a  hi'_;'h'\  impi'e'j'iiati'd  -and.  \\hich  i-  leached,  and  the 
-tronir  brine  boiled  do\\n  i.r  ~un-e\a[iorated.  In  the  mornitiLT.  tisher- 
ji-eii  kee]>  wateh  on  the  hill-  till  tl|.-\  de-crv  the  inciiinin^  -hoal-,  uh'-n 
the\  ile-eeinl  and  cat'-h  them.  ^wcd-potator-  are  plentiful  here,  and 
the  o ran ifi -trees  glitter  \\ith  their  gulden  fruitage.  \\  e  are  wiihin  fi 
few  day-  of  Xew-vt-ar'-.  All  womankind  in  -Japan  is  bu-v  at  lion-. 


A   TRAMP  THROUGH  JAPAN.  547 

cleaning.  To  us  travelers,  who  are  usually  at  windward  of  the  mat- 
beaters  and  sweepers,  it  oeeasions  much  dust,  and  more  disgust.  In  a 
village  noted  for  silk,  crapes,  and  embroidery,  I  make  purchases,  as 
souvenirs  of  my  journey,  as  the  Japanese  invariably  do.  I  also  meet 
two  signs  of  the  new  national  life;  they  are  postage-stamps  and  silver 
yen,  or  dollars. 

January  ?>Ot/>. — Start  from  Matsuyama.  Clark  will  be  coming  from 
Shidzuoka  to-day  to  meet  me.  Who  shall  catch  first  sight  of  the  oth- 
er I  At  3.30  P.M.,  while  passing  over  a  long  mountain  pass,  I  roll  out 
of  my  kago,  to  relieve  the  bearers  and  enjoy  the  exercise.  I  walk  far 
ahead  of  my  party.  As  T  turn  a  rocky  angle,  I  see  him  far  ahead, 
leading  his  horse  down  a  slippery  path.  A  shout  is  answered  by  a 
halloo.  In  a  moment  more  two  old  college  chums,  fellow-travelers  in 
Europe,  and  co-workers  in  Japan,  arc  in  each  other's  arms.  Our  par- 
ties soon  meet,  and  Shimojo,  Clark's  interpreter,  exchanges  his  horse 
for  my  kau'o.  Two  "  to-jins,"  instead  of  one,  astonish  the  natives  as 
we  gallop  over  the  Tokaido  into  Shidzuoka,*  the  exile  citv  of  the 
Tokugawa.  (1'oor  Shimojo,  "one  of  the  sweetest  and  gentlest  spirits 
that  ever  quitted  or  tenanted  a  human  form,"  now  sleeps  in  one  of  the 
^ra\  e-yards  in  Tokio.)  Old  memories  and  new  experiences  make  busy 
tongues.  Our  chat  is  prolonged  far  into  the  night.  My  sleep  is  un- 
troubled with  dreams  or  earthquakes. 

Jijmiiiry  -Mat. — To-day  is  for  sight-seeing.  I  visit  lyeyasu's  old 
cattle,  the  school,  the  temples.  I  see  the  presents  brought  by  Com- 
modore Perry.  Here  is  a  sewing-machine  with  tarnished  plates  and 
ru-ty  shuttles.  There  are  maps,  one  of  my  native  Pennsylvania  and 
of  Philadelphia,  as  they  were  in  1851.  Here  is  a  spectroscope,  iriven 
before  P>unsen  and  Kirchoff  added  to  the  alphabet  of  elements  or  an- 
alyzed the  sun.  There  is  also  a  miscellaneous  array  of  English  and 
other  prcM-nts,  including  a  gilt  model  of  Victoria's  crown.  It  awako 
a  curious  medley  of  feelings  to  see  this  "  old  curiosity  >hop  "  in  this 
"St.  Helena  of  Tokugawaism.'' 

"Oli,  what  a  tangled  web  we  weave, 
When  iirst  we  practice  to  deceive." 

The  labels  seem  the  u'ibes  of  fate.  I  meet  many  once  prominent  re- 
tainers of  Tokugawa,  men  who  have  led  fleets  and  arinie-.  or  headed 


54*  Till-!  MIKADO'S  EMI'IIIK. 

riiibas-ie-.  Others  live  in  poverty  ami  ol>-cnrity.  Soino  bear  sahre- 
si-ars  ainl  bullet-marks  as  proof  of  their  loyalty.  Clark  is  extremely 
fitrtimaU1  in  having  so  nianv  cultivated  gentlemen.  famous  characters, 
and  educated,  intelligent  helpers.  The  -chool  wa-  founded  hy  I'uku- 
xawa.  Nakamura  Ma-anawo,  professor  of  Chinese,  ami  also  educated 
in  !.  >ndoii,  his  riu'ht-hand  man,  is  printing  hi-  translation  of  "  Mill  on 
Liberty."  lie  has  -hown  me  some  of  the  cut  wooden  Mocks;  for  th- 
author  i^  very  often  his  own  publisher  in  Japan.  In  hi-  memorial  on 
<  'hri-tianity,  -ome  months  a^'o,  in  which  he  ur^ed  toleration,  he  argued 
that  without  the  religion  of  Christ  the  .lapane-e  are  plucking  only  tlie 
-howy  lea\es,  while  thev  neglect  the  root  of  the  civilization  of  Chri-- 
tendoin. 

Mv  ho-t  spreads  a  ^oruyous  American  dinner  in  lionor  of  hi-  ^ue-t. 
llattori.  the  governor  of  the  ken,  Nakamura,  Yatabori,  the  school-utK- 
cer.  two  Toku<_i'a\va  ex-magnate-,  and  two  interpreter-  are  present,  the 
partv  numbering  twehe  in  all.  Mr.  Kat-u  i-  unfortunately  absent  in 
Tokio.  and  Mr.  Okubo  Ichid  unwell.  The  latter  send-  me  a  fan  in- 
-•I'il'f  1  \\iih  his  congratulation-,  poetically  e\pre— ed.  A  ^'reat  many 
•_ri ft-,  rather  compliments,  are  showered  upon  me  by  officials  and  citi- 
/.';;-.  \\  ho  -eem  endlessly  grateful  for  securing  them  -o  <rt>,,(\  a  t«'acher. 
I  nable  to  c-arrv  away  the  load  of  sponge-cake,  confectiolicrv.  fouls. 
i-iTu's,  etc.,  I  leave  the)  1 1  to  Sal  1 1  Patch.*  tlie  veritable  Sam.  whom  Com- 
niodoiv  I'i'rrx  brought  back  a-  a  waif  to  Japan  in  1  ^~>-'>.  \\<  i-  now 
otli.'iatinj.-  as  cook  to  Mr.  Clark.  Sammy's  notoriety  ha-  -omewhat 
>]>oi|nl  hi-  pri-tine  modoty,  and  hi-  heaii.  ha\  ini;'  IICVIT  been  baila-l^d 
with  ovi  r  two-thirds  tin-  avei'av.'e  >  jiiantum  of  wit,  i-  occa-ionally  t  m  in-d. 
to  tip'  ann>  lyance  <  •}'  hi-  ma-ti-r. 

J''t  hr'i'irii  IN/.  —  I-'roin  Shid/uuka  the  journey  i-  rapid,  jin-riki--has 
bi'iirj  numeroii-.  Mi-hima  and  the  ca>tled  to\\n  <,\  Niimadxu  arc 
pa--i'd.  The  llakoiK''  Mountain-  are  a-ci-nded  and  enjoyfil.  The 
path  i-  one  IOIILT  ai-le  und'-r  nios-y  inoiiarch  pine-,  thfoii-h  -upi-rb 
-ceiiery.  At  dark.  Saln-i  li^-ht-  the  tui-niiitsii  (-'tvat  toivh),  and  the 
villas  j'  "pie  '•  hrand>  in  the  >treet-  to  <jfiiide  ihr  tra\  elers— 

-''   l\\<-  •  •       !!•    w;t-  ;.   luitivc  d!'  Ivn.     (in  a   n-turn   vovu^O 

I  ruin   W<1'>  tu  (  i/.ik.i.  I  lii       .    '         •  '   it-  rud.l.-r  iiii.l  m.i-t,  ilril'ti-il  tit'ty  days  at  sea, 

.  I'-knl  i:-,  l,y  th-  Ai  •    •  '.'.,„./.     Till:  en  u  cnn-i-tcd  tif  sov- 

i-iit'<-n    nn'ii;   aiii'in^  th-in    \vm     lirkn   -ml   ]),  nkichi   (-cc    Dankirdi-,  Alcock's 

•'!:••     V>  .ir-   ill  Jajiatl  :"  --i-,  ai-M.     •!',;:•-,     Kvjicilitiun  "  ).      What   i-  liicrt;il  of 

n--t-  in  a  t'  in:  \<    c.  HP  t-:-y  at  I  >}\.  in-ur  '1'nkiu.      II-  1-il  a  victim  t» 

ill-il  kakk«'-,  in    1-71       A  plain  ~\<>\u'  cru.--,  witli  tliu  wurdn  "  Sam 

..-  hi-  tomb. 


.-I   TRAMP  THROUGH  JAPAX.  549 

a  most  hospitable  custom.  In  tliesc  Swiss-like  highlands  I  stop  to 
buy  specimens  of  the  carved  and  mosaic  wood-work  of  exquisite  neat- 
ness and  delicate  finish.  \Ve  sleep  in  castled  Odawara. 

Fclint/irij  -Id. — Arrive  in  Yokohama  at  2.30  I'.M.  My  year's  resi- 
dence has  given  me  the  ken  of  a  native.  My  eyes  have  not  altered  their 
angle,  yet  I  see  as  the  Japanese  see.  The  "  hairy  "  foreigners  are  ugly. 
Those  proud  fellows,  with  red  beards  and  hair,  look  hideous.  What 
outrageous  colors,  so  different  from  uniform  black!  How  ugly  those 
blue  eves  I  How  deathiv  pale  manv  of  them  look!  How  proud,  how 
overbearing  and  swaggering,  manv  of  them  appear,  acting  as  if  Japan 
were  their  own  !  The  \\hite  people  are  as  curious,  as  strange,  as  odd 
as  the  Japanese  themselves. 

Yokohama  has  Breath"  increased  in  si/e  since  I  last  saw  it.  I  spend 
the  night  in  a  <  'hristian  home.  After  supper,  at  which  sit  father, 
mother,  and  children,  some  of  the  old  sweet  music,  played  for  me  on 
the  piano,  recalls  all  the  dear  memories  of  home  and  the  home-land. 
The  evening  is  ch»ed  with  worship,  in  which  the  burden  of  p raver  is 
for  tin'  rulers  and  people  of  Japan.  A  sense  of  gratitude  in  place  of 
loneliness  is  uppermost  in  my  mind  as  1  lie  down  to  rest.  1  have  es- 
caped many  dangers  since  I  iirst  left  home,  more  than  a  year  ago.  A 
sumnmrv  of  these,  as  thev  Hit  across  my  drowsy  consciousness,  com- 
prises great  variety.  Xo  steamer  on  the  Pacilic  or  Lake  Biwa  has 
burned  (as  the  America  afterward),  foundered,  wrecked,  broken  ma- 
chinery, or  blown  up  (as  one  afterward  did  on  Lake  Biwa),  with  me 
on  board.  Xo  stray  gun-shot  from  bird-shooters  in  the  rice-fields  of 
Kchizen  has  hit  me.  Xo  ronin's  sword  has  slit  my  hack,  or  cloven 
my  head,  as  I  was  told  it  would.  Xo  red -capped,  small-pox  baby 
has  accidentally  rubbed  its  pustules  or  shed  its  floating  scales  on  me. 
A  horse  has  kicked,  but  not  killed  me.  Xo  fever  has  burned  my 
\eii:-,  or  ague,  like  an  earthquake,  shaken  me  back  to  dust  attain.  Xo 
kago  has  capsized  over  a  precipice,  or  come  to  pieces  while  crossing  a 
log  bridge  over  a  torrent.  Xo  seismic  throes  have  ingulfed  me,  or 
squashed  my  house  upon  me,  nor  flood  overwhelmed  me,  nor  typhoon 
whirled  or  banned  me  to  piece-,  nor  tires  burned  me.  No  kappa  or 
anv  other  mythic  reptile  has  grabbed  me.  Xo  jin-riki-sha  ha>  smashed 
me.  I  have  not  been  poisoned  to  death  by  fresh  laequer.  Mv  still 
-ullicieiitlv  scn>itive  nose  has  not,  for  agricultural  necessities,  been  par- 
alyzed by  intolerable  odors  or  unmentionable  bucket-.  Xo  charcoal 
fume-  have  asphyxiated  me  (alas!  my  poor,  gentle  friend  Bates!).  I 
have  not  been  seethed  to  death  in  hot  water  by  jumping  unwittingly 


550  7V//:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

into  tlic  boiling  baths  s.>  often  prepared  for  inc.  My  temper,  though 
badly  damaged,  has  not,  I  hope,  been  utterly  spoiled  by  AsiutU'isiiis. 
No  centipede-  or  scorpions  have  bitten  me  within  a  tlnvad's-width 
•  if  ni\  life;  neither  have  the  fleas  in  mountain  inns,  though  they  have 
taken  more  than  Shylock's  portion,  utterly  devoured  me.  No  drunk- 
en -oldier  has  quarreled  with  me,  nor  -kcwered  me  with  hi-  sabre. 
Neither  diil  I  u-e  chemical-  till  I  had  proved  them,  testing  l.efoiv 
ta-tinur.  No  carbonate  of  soda  has  entered  mv  month  till  I  happily 
Allowed  the  label  a  libel  by  a  drop  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen  water, 
and  found  it  to  be  ar-enide  of  sodium  (Na:;A-.).  I  have  proved  many, 
and  di-eovered  a  few,  things.  The  best  trovers  of  all  are  the  human 
hearts  and  kindly  nature  of  the  Japanese,  (iod  ble-s  the  people  .  .f 
Japan  ! 

/•'(/,/•//«//•//  •!<]. — At  V  '50  T  take  the  steamer  to  Tokio.  A  white  and 
driveling  drunkard,  hi-  native  mistress,  and  a  Briton  indulsxinti'  in  bran- 
dv  and  tobaeeo,  oeeiipy  the  cabin.  I  vjo  on  deek.  Landing  at  T-n- 
kiji.  1  tini-h  mv  winter  journey  of  three  hundred  and  thirty  miles.  AT 
tli'-  Kivneh  hotel,  a  <^ood  square  meal  seems  such  a  triumph  of  civili- 
zation thai  1  wonder  how  any  one  could  ever  eoinmit  Ixirn  - k'<r>. 
Tokio  i-  -.1  moderni/ed  that  I  scarcely  reco^ni/.e  it.  No  lie^ars.  no 
LTuard-!i"UM>-,  no  sentinels  at  Tsukiji,  or  the  castU'-ifates ;  eitv  ward- 
barri'-r-  ^oiie ;  no  -\\onl-  worn:  hundred-  of  va-hiki<  disappoarod : 

lieu      decencies     alld     proprieties     ob-er\ed;       less     cuticle     \i-iblc;      more 

clothe-.      The  a^'e    of  pantaloons  ha-  c..me.      Thou-and-  wearinL.'  hat. 

1 ts,  coats  ;   cairia^'s  nunieroii-:    jin-riki-shas   countless.      Sh..p<  ''i,!l 

"f  f. .rei^n  ware-  and  notion-.  Soldier-  all  uniformed,  armed  \\iih 
''lia— epot  ritle-.  New  bridges  span  the  canal-.  Police  in  uniform. 
Hi»pitals  sclioi.l-.  and  college- ;  u'irl-'  seminarie-  numerous.  Kailuav 
nearly  Hni-hed.  Kmba— v  roile  in  -team-car<  to  Vokoliaiua.  <J..ld 
and  -ilvi  r  coin  in  circulation.  Alm-hou-e-  establishcil.  A  ci.rp-  "f 

medical    'lerman    prof.'--or-    occupy   t! Id    monasteries    of    ["vi'-iio, 

'ietieral  ('apron  and  hi-  -tatT  of  scientific  American  LTclitlemeii  are 
hou.-ei!  in  the  shoMim's  Hall  of  Ke-t  at  Shiba.  A  commission  ,.f 
French  militai'x  otlicer-  live  in  the  \a-hiki  of  li  Kainoii  no  kaini. 
\\ho-e  -i.n  i-  -tii'Uin^'  Hi  I  »r. "  >kh  n.  "I  hree  hundred  foreiixners  roidv 
;TI  Tokio.  An  air  of  bii-tle.  activity,  and  energy  prevails.  The  camp 
chief  ilainiio  of  a  hi'i'init  nation  i-  no  more.  Old  ^  edo  h,<- 

'.  M\   tofever.      'lokio.  the  national  capital,  is  a  co-mop<>hs, 
N^         begins  a  three  year-'  residence  in  the  <_rreat  I'itv. 


THE  POSITION  OF  WOMAN.  551 


XVII. 

THE  POSITION   OF   WOMAN. 

No  one  who  is  interested  in  the  welfare  and  progress  of  the  Asiatic 
nations  can  approach  the  question  of  female  education  without  feel- 
ings of  sadness  as  profound  as  the  need  of  effort  is  felt  to  l>e  great. 
The  American  who  leaves  his  own  country,  in  which  the  high  honor 
paid  to  woman  is  one  of  the  chief  glories  of  the  race  to  which  he  be- 
longs, is  shocked  and  deeply  grieved  at  beholding  her  low  estate  in 
pagan  lands.  He  is  scarcely  surprised  at  the  wide  difference  between 
the  Eastern  and  the  Western  man;  for  this  he  has  expected.  lie  can 
not,  however,  explain  the  low  condition  of  woman  by  the  correspond- 
ing stale  of  civilization.  He  sees  that  the  one  is  out  of  all  propor- 
tion to  the  other.  An  inferior  grade  of  civilization  does  not  necessi- 
tate the  extreme  subjection  of  woman.  If  Tacitus  records  rightly, 
the  ancient  barbarians,  whose  descendants  are  the  Germanic  races,  sur- 
passed even  the  civili/ed  Romans  in  the  respect  paid  to  their  women. 
The  Western  man  in  Asia  sees  that  abject  obedience  as  daughter, 
wife,  and  widowed  mother  is  the  lot  of  woman,  as  ordained  by  the 
wisdom  of  the  ancients  and  fixed  by  the  custom  of  au-es.  He  sec> 
the  might  of  physical  force,  and  the  power  of  government  and  socie- 
ty, in  league  to  keep  her  crushed  as  near  to  the  level  of  the  unrcply- 
ing  brute  as  possible.  lie  finds  that  the  religions  systems  auree  in 
denying  Tier  a  soul  ;  the  popular  superstitious  choose  her  as  the  scape- 
goat for  all  tempted  and  sinning  men;  and  that  spirit  of  monastic  a-- 
ceticism  whose  home  is  in  the  East  selects  her  as  the  symbol  of  all 
that  is  opposed  to  the  peace  and  purity  of  the  aspiring  saint. 

The  student  of  Asiatic  life,  on  coming  to  Japan,  however,  is  cheered 
and  pleased  on  contrasting  the  position  of  women  in  Japan  with  that 
in  other  countries.  He  sees  them  treated  with  respect  and  considera- 
tion far  above  that  observed  in  other  quarters  of  the  Orient.  They 
are  allowed  greater  freedom,  and  hence  have  more  dignity  and  self- 
confidence.  The  daughters  are  better  educated,  and  the  national  an- 
nals will  show  probably  as  large  a  number  of  illustrious  women  a> 


.-,.-,_>  Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

tho-e  of  ;uiv  other  country  in  Asia.  In  the  time  of  their  opportunity 
— tiller  la-t  da\>  of  enlightenment — puhlic  ami  private  schools  for 
u'irU  arc  !>cin-;  opened  and  attended.  Furthermore,  some  of  the  lead- 
er- <>f  Ne\\  .Japan,  hraviiiLT  puMie  scandal,  and  cmuneipating  them- 
selves t'p.m  the  holiday-  of  an  etiquette  empty  of  morals,  are  learning 
t,i  l>e>to\\  that  measure  of  honor  upon  their  wives  \\hich  they  see  is 
enthusiastically  awarded  l>y  foreiu'iieis  to  theirs,  and  are  not  ashamed 
to  he  >eeii  iii  puMie  with  their  (.'ompanions.  A  few  ]ia\e  married 
\\i\es  i,n  the  l>a.-i-  of  a  eivil  contract,  endo\\inir  them  with  an  eijiial 
-hare  and  redre>s  before  the  law.  Still  hetter,  ('hristiaii  Japanese  lead 
their  hrides  to  (.'hristiaii  altars,  to  have  the  sanctions  of  religion, 
though  not  the  de-poti-m  of  a  hierarchy,  to  cement  their  marital 
union.  In  ('hristiaii  churches,  Japanese  father,  mother,  and  children 
-it  together — a  strange  si^'ht  in  Asia.  The  mikado's  Government  ha> 
made  direct  efforts  to  improve  the  condition  of  hi-  female  subject-. 

The  ,  fa  Women,  will  1   the   lllell.  have    heell    lifted  to   the    level   of   citixell- 

-hil>.  The  marriage  laws  have  Keen  so  reformed  a-  to  allow  the  dif- 
ferent cla— e-  of  society  to  intermarry. 

Tin'    aliolitiol)    (if    lieifn'arv,  tliollu'li    a    general    pllhlie    helleflt,  deserves 

to  he  -p.. ken  of  in  thi-  jilace.  The  introduction  of  improved  -ilk-ivel- 
inj.'  machinerv  and  the  inciva-ini:'  area  »f  tea-producing  territory,  l»y 
\\idiniiiL;'  the  tieM  of  female  employments  ha\-e  tended  to  swell  the 
imtiii"T  of  \  irt  lion-  women,  and  dimini-h  the  rank-  of  the  courtesans 
Al'ove  all,  the  -^raiid  .-cln-me  of  educating'  'he  u'irl-  a-  well  a-  the  l>o\  - 
throughout  the  cmintrv.  and  the  e-taMi-hment  of  .-.chonl-  of  a  hi^ii 
li'rad''  for  \oiin_f  woincn.  are  triumjihaiit  evidences  of  a  ival  de-ire  to 
ele\ate  the  po-itioii  of  woiijeii  in  Japan,  and  to  develop  the  I'apal'ili- 

tie-   of    the    -e\. 

Hut  u  hat  ha-  tiiii-  far  Keen  done  can  not  he  looked  upon  a-  any 
thin^  more  than  mere  indication-  of  the  !>etter  time  to  come,  —  the 
-ray  li^lit  l.efuiv  the  tar-oiT  full  da\ .  A-  yet,  the  country  at  laru'e 
ha-  felt  onlv  the  I'Ymi  pul-es  i.f  the  new  idea-.  The  hondau'1'  of  cti- 
-ia\in-  ;hfMln^ic;t!  tenet-  is  to  !,,•  ca-t  (,tT,  pojiular  superstitions  are  to 

!.!•  -\\ejit   away,  and  the  de-poti-m  of  the  ( 'hitie-e  ela— ie if  Jajian 

\\i-hes  to  ri-e  hi-'h.  r  in  the  -cale  of  eivili/.ation  than  < 'hina — i*.  to  In- 
relaxed,  lu-fore  tin-  Ja|iain--i-  woman  Kecoine-.  that   factor  ,,f  iiivincihle 
m'\    in  the  pro_qv--  and   r.  _:<  in  ration  <,f  Ja[ian   which  it   i-  pos.-i- 
!.],•  for  her  to  I.e. 

That   ih'-  pM-Lfre--  of  the  na'i"ii  depend.-  a-  much  upon  the  eonih- 
!;   •  :'  woman  a-  upon  that  of  man.  is  a  principle  not  yet  current  in 


THE  POSITION  OF  WOM AX.  553 

Asia.  The  idea  that  still  remains  as  a  lingering  superstition,  and  the 
grossest  relic  of  barbarism  among  Western  nations,  that  might  makes 
riirht,  makes  religion,  makes  every  thing,  is  the  corner  and  cap  stone 
of  A>iatie  civili/ation.  The  gentle  doctrines  of  the  Indian  sage  have 
mollified  the  idea  somewhat;  but  in  China  and  Japan,  the  hand  that 
holds  the  sword  is  the  sole  arbiter  of  the  destinies  of  woman.  The 
greatest  dread  which  the  extreme  conservatives  of  the  Yamoto  da/ita- 
xhi  feel  is  that  Western  notions  of  the  equality  of  man  and  woman 
should  prevail.  Such  ideas,  they  imagine,  will  subvert  all  domestic 
peace,  and  will  be  the  ruin  of  societv  and  the  nation.  For  the  state 
of  things  to  be  u  as  if  a  hen  were  to  crow  in  the  morning,"  seems  that 
point  in  the  sea  of  troubles  bevond  which  the  imagination  of  man  (in 
Japan)  utterly  fails  to  go. 

The  whole  question  of  the  position  of  Japanese  women — in  history, 
social  life,  education,  employments,  authorship,  art,  marriage,  concu- 
binage, prostitution,  religion,  benevolent  labor,  the  ideals  of  literature, 
popular  superstitions,  etc. — discloses  such  a  wide  and  fascinating  field 
of  inquiry,  that  I  wonder  no  one  has  yet  entered  it.  1  resist  the 
temptation  to  more  than  glance  at  these  questions,  and  shall  content 
myself  with  a  mere  sketch  of  the  position  and  education  of  woman  in 
Japan.  The  roots  of  this  subject  arc  not  reached  by  a  peep  into  ;t 
public  bath-house.  \\  e  must  consult  history,  literature,  art,  and  ideals. 
Our  ideas  and  prejudices  must  not  be  the  standard.  Japanese  see, 
•with  true  vi.-ion,  much  to  condemn  among  us  that  passes  for  purity 
and  religion.  Let  us  judge  them  fairly. 

Of  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  Japanese  sovereigns,  nine  have 
been  women.  The  custodian  of  the  divine  regalia  is  a  virgin  priest- 
ess. The  chief  deity  in  their  mythology  is  a  woman.  Japanese  wom- 
en, by  their  wit  and  genius  made  their  native  tonu'ue  a  literary  lan- 
rruaLje.  In  literature,  art,  poetry,  son^,  the  names  of  women  arc  amon<j; 
the  moM:  brilliant  of  those  on  the  long  roll  of  fame  and  honor  <>n 
whose  brows  the  Japanese,  at  least,  have  placed  the  fadeless  chaplet  of 
renown.  Their  mcmorv  is  still  kept  green  by  recitation,  quotation, 
reading,  and  inscription  Oii  screen,  roll,  memorial-stone,  wall,  fan,  cup, 
and  those  exquisite  works  of  ail  that  delight  even  alien  admirers  cast 
and  west  of  the  Pacific. 

In  the  records  of  the  Japanese  glory,  valor,  fortitude  in  affliction, 
greatness  in  the  hour  of  death,  filial  devotion,  wii'elv  affection,  in  all 
the  si  raits  of  life  when  codes  of  honor,  morals,  and  religion  are  tested 
in  the  person  of  their  professors,  the  literature  of  history  and  romance, 


.-,;>  i  TllK  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

the  everv -day  routine  of  fact,  teem  with  instances  of  the  Japanese 
woman'-  power  and  willingness  to  share  whatever  of  pain  or  sorrow  is 
appointed  to  man.  In  the  annals  of  persecution,  in  the  red  roll  of 
mart\r-.  no  names  are  brighter,  no  faces  ideam  more  peacefully  amidst 
tin-  flame-,  or  on  the  cross  of  transfixing  spears,  or  on  the  pviv  of  rice- 
-traw,  or  on  tin-  precipice  ed^e,  or  in  the  open  ^rave  about  to  In-  tilled 
up.  than  the  faces  of  the  Christian  .Japanese  women  in  the  seventeenth 
centurv.  Such  is  the  position  of  woman  in  Japan  in  the  past. 

So  far  of  herself.  The  foreign  reader  must  remember  that  I  have 
iiot  formed  these  opinions  l»v  a  hastv  glimpse  of  life  at  the  sea-ports 
of  Japan,  where  the  scum  of  the  world  meets  the  divu'-  of  that  coun- 
try, hut  after  several  '/ears  of  residence  in  an  interior  eitv  and  in  the 
capital.  Further,  I  am  placing  the  average  woman  in  Japan  against 
the  average  woman  in  other  lands.  I  am  stating  the  po>ition  of 
woman  in  her  relation  to  man  and  society  in  Shin  Koku.  In  com- 
paring all  other  Asiatic  nation-,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  Japan, 
iii  re-pert  and  honor  to  women,  is  the  leader  of  them  all. 

The  foreign  re-ident  of  India,  Burmah,  or  ('hina,  coining  to  Japan, 
i-  -iirpri-ed  and  pleased  to  rind  the  Japanese  accord  to  their  women 
>o  lai'u'e  a  mea-mv  of  respect  and  considerate  care.  No  woman's  feet 
are  ever  hound,  and  anioirj;  the  middle  and  lower  classes  -he  is  almost 
a-  much  at  liherty  to  \\alk  and  vi-it  as  in  our  own  land.  An  amount 
of  social  freedom  prevails  aiiion^  womankind  in  Japan  that  could 
hardlv  'he  expected  in  a  countrv  at  once  Asiatic,  idolatrous,  and  des- 
potic. No  foreign  reader  can  accuse  me  of  undue  eulogy  of  the  Jap- 
ane-c  after  including  them  \\ithin  the  pal'-  inch>-ed  K\-  the  three  ad- 
jective- ju.-t  penned,  "A-iatic,  i<iolatroiis.  and  de-pot ic  " — the  educated, 
the  enlightened,  the  n-ini;'  men  of  Japan  loathe  the  \\ords.  The  writ- 
er \\lio  applies  tlie-c  -tiiiLi'inij;  epithet-  to  them  \\ill  receive  anv  tiling 
hut  thanks.  The\  do  riot  like  to  he  called  Asiatics;  they  de-pi-e  idol- 
•tti'\  (  1  Middhi-m )  :  and  thev  are  even  nou  emeru'iiiL:'  from  dojiotism  to 
constitutional  monarchy  and  representative  ^«\  ernnient.  Ne\  ertheless 
1  ha\e  written  it,  and  it  explain-  woman'-  position  and  character  in 
Japan,  and  tiring-  n-  to  the  standiiiLf-point  where  we  mav  note  the 

-  h;l  loU  -    III    tile   plct  lll'e. 

!  -hall  not  dwell  upon  the  prevalent  belief  of  foreigners  that  licen- 
«',,i]-ne--  i- the  tir-t  and  characteri-tic  trait  in  her  character,  nor  upon 
the  idea  that  ordinarv  eha-titv  i-  next  to  unknown  in  Japan,  for  !  do 
''-I  believe  that  Mich  i-  the  case.  That  the  idea  of  spiritual  purity  as 

•  i_dij   bv  < 'hi'i-t — of  the  -in  of  defilement  \\ithoiit    reference  to  any 


THE  POSITION  OF  WOMAN.  555 

g  phvsical  or  external,  tlie  commission  of  sin  by  the  mere  thought 
of,  or  looking  upon,  lust — is  generally  unknown,  I  believe  fully.  That 
the  Inftiest  teachings  of  Buddhism  or  Shinto  have  failed  utterly  to 
purifv  them  of  this  phase  of  their  low  moral  status,  I  also  believe. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  must  be  stated  that  the  chief  patrons  of  human 
flesh  let  out  on  hire  in  Japan  are  from  Christendom. 

It  is  the  heathen  religion  itself  that  we  are  to  arraign  for  the  low 
state  of  woman  in  Japan  as  compared  with  that  in  Christian  lands. 
The  only  religion  in  Japan  worthy  of  a  name,  in  the  sense  of  a  bind- 
ing system  of  dogmatics,  or  a  purifying  and  elevating  moral  power,  is 
Buddhism.  Yet  even  in  this  there  is  no  hope  of  immortality  for  a 
woman  unless  she  is  reborn  as  a  man,  which  means  that  there  is  no 
salvation  for  a  woman.  In  the  eye  of  Buddhist  dogma,  ecclesiastical 
law,  and  monkish  asceticism,  woman  is  but  a  temptation,  a  snare,  an 
unclean  thing,  a  scape-gout,  an  obstacle  to  peace  and  holiness.  Shin- 
to, a  religion  so  called,  seems  to  accord  her  a  higher  place;  but  Shinto 
can  never  sway  the  heart  and  mind  of  modern  Japanese  people. 

A  great  principle  and  an  Asiatic  institution  are  the  causes  of  the 
degradation  of  the  Japanese  women.  The  one  is  filial  obedience,  the 
other  polygamy.  The  idea  that  filial  obedience  should  be  the  cause 
of  woman's  degradation  may  strike  the  American  reader  as  passing 
strange.  In  this  land  of  irreverent  children  the  assertion  may  be 
doubted,  yet  it  is  true.  The  exaggeration  of  this  principle  in  China 
has  kept  that  great  nation  stagnant  for  tens  of  centuries,  and  to-day 
blocks  the  advance  of  Christianity  and  of  civilization.  Dutv  to  par- 
ent-- overshadows  all  other  duties. 

The  Japanese  maiden,  as  pure  as  the  purest  Christian  virgin,  will  a: 
the  command  of  her  father  enter  the  brothel  to-morrow,  and  prostitu'e 
heiself  for  life.  Xot  a  murmur' escapes  her  lips  as  she  thus  filiallv 
obeys.  To  a  life  she  loathes,  and  to  disease,  premature  old  au'e,  and  an 
c.arlv  grave,  she  goes  joyfullv.  The  staple  of  a  thousand  novels,  plays, 
and  pictures  in  Japan  is  written  in  the  life  of  a  girl  of  gentle  manners 
and  tender  heart,  who  hates  her  life  and  would  ijladlv  destroy  it,  but 
refrains  because  her  purchase  -  money  has  enabled  her  father  to  pay 
his  debt>,  and  she  is  hound  not  to  injure  herself.  In  the  stews  of  the 
great  cities  of  Japan  are  to-day,  [  doubt  not,  hundreds  of  n'irls  who 
loathe  their  existence,  but  must  live  on  in  gilded  miserv  because  thev 
are  fulfilling  all  righteousness  as  summed  up  in  filial  pietv.* 


*  Mure  thau  one  European  \vriter  has  attempted  to  shed  a  poetical  halo  around 


,->.->l',  THE   MlKAlxrs  EMI'IRH. 

Sn  l.inir  a-  the  institution  of  roneuhina^e:  exists  in  Japan,  li.'ine-lit'e 
oaii  iie\er  approach  in  puritv  ami  di^nilv  to   that    in   ('hrUtiati   coun- 
tries.     It   U  ottcii  asked,  "Arc  the  Japanest-  polygamous  f     The  (\\\c— 
...-  two  an-weix      A  Japanese  has  luit  one  leiral  \\ifc,  luit  he  mav 
have  two  or  three   more  women   if  he  eh. \.KCS,  or  can   support   them. 

til.'  Yo-hiwara  s\-t.Mll  of  Japan,  while,  oil  til'1  other  hand.  Well  -  meaning  people 
have  i  •xteiish  ely  eirt  ulalt  d  theul'siird  statement-  that  the  Japanese  ilu  not  re- 
gard the  Lu-iiicss  ni'  these  plac'-s  a.-  iiiiinoral  ;  that  it  is  .[iiite  e< .nnini MI  fur  Jap;i- 
liese  e/eiitleincii  t.i  make  wives  uf  tin1  inmates  ;  that  t  hev  cxi-t  in  every  eitv  ;  aiul 
more  and  worse.  Not  a  l'.-\v  foreigner-  believe  that  "there  is  nut  a  virtuous 
woman  ill  Japan"— a  >land>-r  that  well  heiit-  the  inuntli.-  of  the  i^nuraiit  l.i-uts 
and  M'ar.-il  lil.ert  ines  who  alike  uttei-  it.  It  '^  t  ri;e  t  hat  in  .!a|'aii  theru  i-  not  th.it 
>en.-itivelie-s  on  lhi>  >ul.jeel  that  e\i-t>  aniuiiu'  KiiuTi.-li  -  -]M  akiim  people,  and 
that  an  ainNit  iu;i-  yoiin^  man  in  the  lower  MM-ial  I'ank-.  who  a>pii'e~  to  wed  all 
intellectual  wife,  will  occasionally  marry  cue  of  the  liriu'iil,  witty,  educated  ^irl* 
\\h<,  ni;!\  have  fascinated  him  in  the  Yushiwara.  Thi-  i-  r.ither  h.-r  coiii|iiest  than 
his.  It  is  true  that  the  yearning'  of  these  jmor  prisiMiers  who  have  women's 
hearts  i-  to  win  the  love  iil'a  u'ooii  mall,  to  lie  a  virtuous  wife,  to  keeji  liou-,-,  to 
!>e  the  joyful  mother  of  children,  and  cut  IT  the  p:ah  of  purity;  and  that  Japanese 
soeii'ty  applaud-  the  aspiration,  forgives  the  pa.-t.  and  welcomes  the  pei'-on. 
Many  a  liook  of  poem.-  w  rit  t>-n  '  \  in  mat''-  of  the  Yo-hi  wara  will  ~ho\\  this,  eye  n 
if  th'-rc  was  no  other  proof.  <  Mi  the  other  hand,  the  social  e\il  in  .Japan  i-  shorn 
:  '  lures  -o  dete-tahly  coii-pieiiou-  in  other  coiuitrio.  The  -tivet-walk- 

er  i-  unknown.     The  place  -et  apart   for  lln-  vile  liii-in.---  is  rardy  inside  the  e'n\, 
1-ul  in  i]  A  m  in  may  live  fur  years  in  a  Japanese  city,  and  see  none  of 

tli.'  iiioi-.ii  h  pro-y,  such  as  niirhtl\  ;! I-  Bruadway,  the  IlaymarkL't.  and  Hoiile- 

-    [tali    n-.      1   have   known   American    LTeiitleineii.  t  hi  M'o-i'_;'h!y   at    home   in 

i'  with   the    people   ha\  e  l|e\  er  received  an 

improper  prupo-al.      I'   i-  also  true  that   the  Yo.-hiwara,  so  l.ir  from   lu'ln^'  what 
some   Kuropeaii    writer-   :  •  •  for  mi-cry,  de^r.i.lalion, 

ami  yjce.  in  which   -uieide,  di  old  a^e.  aliandonim  nt ,  or  i'li^ht 

Wa-tr.  the  live-  of  !hou-all(l-  of  \  let  i  tils.      Ti:e  r.  al  opinion  of  Japanese  people  i-, 
ex  i  re--ed  liv  their  "  Th'-n-   i-  •.  '   truth  in  a  courtesan ;"    "  \\'hen  \  .e,i 

lind  a  1  rut  li'ul   pro-t!:  ute  and   a  four  eon  i<  red  <  •_'-:'.  ;  he   moon   will   appi  ar  l.el'ure 
ijer  t'.ni'-."     Tht -re  an    ten-  of  thou-aiid-  men  in  Japan  who  liave  never 

entered  tl.f-  Yo-hi\\ara.     The  •  ominuii   w..rd   amoni:  the  stiitl'-nts  for  what  pcr- 
t:e  i:-.  to  t  hem  i-  •/  |     ii-     ;          'I  :  •     lin'.ie.-n-    d  :i re  called  ,/«/"/.'"  ""/'</(  !iell-\\  om- 

en         The    o;  ii    on    ,,;    t||i-    (ioyi  n  n.,  n!    "i    III'   -i     place-   i-   shown   in   the  laet.  that 
;•;;••  ur   U.TO-S    crime,  ilcti-ctivc-    ill'e    s^ut    lir.-t    to    Iheni. 

Tie     Y"  spot,   a    n,  >ral    '  [ii'i  ran  i  i  In  -.  found    oliiv  ill    the 

\     I'V    ]  '     :  t-,    Ii"!     ill    tie-    old    dailuiu'-    ea|iital.-.       The   ti'iith    is, 

e  .Japan  of -oei;,l  i-\  il  to  d,-.il  with  a-  other  na- 

tion-     Tli' y  Ii  "  them  in  th          -1    way  tln-\   know.      It   mu-t  he 

.•••'•  -  ;    i  ci-d'-d  I.ett.T  t  hall  we  have.      The 

•  .  •  •  •  n  IVi'-nd  -I  Japan  know-  it ; 

•     .  '   u-  t         •         '     it  Ii,  e\  i  n  •    •   .      h>  a!  he  11.      >o   lar  a-  '  hey  t  ry  to  Lridie 

:      _     "  .  i  of  -\  mi'at  h\  .   m 't    C'-n-ure. 

HLr  of  the  Vo    :       '  I'iu'ld  medical  illsl'cetiull  willllUprOVO 

1   '  ity.  is  yet  to  In-  i'1-ovi'd. 


THE  POSITION  OF  WOMAN.  557 

<  )ne  wife,  if  fruitful,  is  the  rule.  In  ease  of  failure  of  an  heir,  the  hus- 
band is  fully  justified,  often  strongly  advised  even  by  his  wife,  to  take 
a  handmaid  to  raise  up  seed  to  preserve  the  ancestral  line.  To  judge 
<>f  the  prevalence  of  concubinage  in  Japan,  \ve,  must  not  select  either 
Tokio  or  the  sea-ports.  The  one  is  the  capital,  as  full  of  political  and 
social  corruption  as  our  own;  the  others  are  abnormally  luxurious 
places.  After  careful  examination  of  the  facts,  1  believe  the  actual 
proportion  of  men  who  have  concubines  in  addition  to  their  true  wives 
is  not  over  live  per  cent,  of  the  whole  population.  Of  those  financial- 
ly able  to  maintain  the  indulgence,  the  percentage  is  probably  twenty. 

The  husband  holds  the  power  of  the  sword.  The  divorced  wife  has 
little  or  no  redress.  Yet  the  facility  of  divorce  is  not  availed  of  as 
much  as  if  there  were  no  father-in-law,  brothers,  male  friends,  or  fe- 
male neighbor's  tongues  in  the  question.  Seven  causes  for  justifiable 
divorce  are  laid  down  in  the  classics  of  Confucius,  which  are  the  basis 
of  legal  morals  in  Japan  as  in  China,  or  as  those  of  Justinian  are  with 
us.  The  wife  may  be  divorced — 

1.  If  she  be  disobedient  to  her  parents-in-law.  (After  marriage,  in 
h<T  husband's  home,  his  parents  become  hers  in  a  far  more  significant 
sense  than  among  us.) 

•2.  If  she  be  barren.  (If  the  husband  loves  his  childless  wife,  he 
keeps  and  supports  her.) 

'•'>.  If  she  be  lewd  or  licentious.  (She  must  not  be  n'iven  to  loose 
x.ilk  or  wine.  It  is  not  proper  for  her  even  to  write  a  letter  to  any 
other  man.) 

4.  If  she  be  jealous  (of  other  women's  clothes,  or  children,  or  espe- 
cially of  her  husband). 

5.  If  she  have  a  loathsome  or  contagious  disease.      (If  dearly  be- 
loved, she  mav  be  kept  in  a  separate  room  and  cared  for.) 

G.    If  she  steal. 

7.    If  she  talk  too  much. 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  the  seventh  and  last  reason  is  the  one  fre- 
quently availed  of,  or  pretended.  The  Japanese  think  it  is  a  good  rule 
rhat  works  but.  one  way.  The  husband  is  not  divorced  from  the  wife 
for  these  equal  reasons.  Of  course,  woman  in  Japan,  by  her  tact, 
tongue,  graces,  and  charms,  is  able  to  rule  her  husband  uvnerallv  by 
mean-  invisible  to  the  outer  world,  but  none  the  less  potent.  Though 
man  hold>  the  sword,  the  pen,  and  divorce,  and  glories  in  his  power, 
yet.  woman,  hv  her  finer  strength,  in  hut  as  in  palace  hall,  rules  her  lord. 

In  the  Japanese  home,  in  which  there  is  more  that  is  good  and  mor- 

30 


,-,,-> 8  Tin-:  MIKADO'S  K 

ally  wholesome  ilian  most  foreigners  who  live  only  in  the  open  port- 
art'  willing  to  acknowledge,  mav  In-  found  the  place,  by  excellence,  of 
the  training  of  the  female  children.  The  rudimentary  literarv  train- 
ing of  girls  in  the  higher  classes  \vas  exclnsivclv  there,  at  the  hands  of 
private  tutors  or  governesses.  The  female  children  of  the  lower  classes 
received  tuition  in  the  private  schools  so  generally  established  through- 
out the  countrv  during  the  la>t  two  centuries.  After  the  elemeiitarv 
training  came  the  study  of  those  hooks  for  the  special  use  of  the  Jap- 
anese- women,  which  an-  to  he  found  in  everv  Japanese  household  pre- 
tending to  respectability.  The-e  hooks  collectivdv  are  called  O)IIKI 

Y  ii.ftlnk'ii  Milnir  llnnkn.  They  constitute  a  lihrarv  of  works  on  the 
duties  of  women,  hut  are  often  hound  up  in  one  volume.  If  the  read- 
er will  imagine  a  volum imposed  of  the  Bible,  "  Ladies'  Letter-writ- 
er," "(Juide  to  Etiquette."  "The  Young  Ladie-'  Own  Hook,"  Hannah 
Move's  \\orks.  Miss  Strickland's  "  Queens  of  England,"  a  work  on 
household  economy,  and  an  almanac,  he  will  ohtain  some  idea  of  the 
content-  of  the  iJniiko,  or  "  Japanese  La<l\'s  Lihrarv."  A\  ith  text  and 
illustration-,  the  volume  is  verv  large-:  hut  if  translated  and  printed  in 
l>ivvier  \\ith  the  cuts,  it  would  not  probably  occupv  more-  space-  than 
one  of  our  large-t  monthly  magazines  The  books  composing  it,  in 
their  order  of  importance-,  are  the  Omni  l)ui  (i<ik>i  ("  Women'-  <  iivat 
Learning" — the  moral  duties  of  woman,  founded  .>n  the  ('hhiese  da— 
s'n->) ;  (hnni  N/'v  (,'nki~i  ("Woman's  Small  Learning" — introduction 
to  the  above):  Omni  Xin'ii  no  O.v/,;///  ("Woman's  llon-eho!d  ]n- 
-truetion  " — dutie-s  relating  to  furniture,  dn-s  reeeplion  of  gue>.t>.  and 
all  the  minu1i;e  of  indoor  life,  both  daily  and  ecreinonial )  ;  F)nit«  ////"- 
i/inrii  ("Moral  L'-SS. ins"  in  paragraphs):  ()/,>i<t  }"o//////.v//o  ("Lad\'- 
Letter- writer"  i  ;  .V'}''//-.v.///  l\'<>  I  "  T\\ cut  v-four  <  'hildren  " — -tories  abmit 
model  children  in  '  'hina  ).  I  >e-ide~  t  he>e  work-  of  importance,  there  are 
lfii/nk>;  .V'."  /.•>•>•///'/ — a  collection  of  one  hundred  poems  from  as  manv 
ports,  \\ritten  in  the  "M  ^  amato  dialect,  and  learm-d  in  everv  hou-e- 
ho!d,  and  perjjeluallv  repeated  uitli  pa— ionate  fondue--  by  old  and 

\'onng:  a  coll  ctioii  of  lives  of  i Id  women:  hoii-ehold  lore;  alma- 

nac  learning:  rule-  and  e\amp'n->  to  secure  perfect  agreement  between 
man  and  wife;  and  a  va-1  and  <letailid  arrav  of  other  knowledge  of 
\ariou~-  sort-.  Imih  useful  and  ornamental  to  a  Japane-c  maiden,  uife. 
widow,  or  mother.  Thi-  ! k  is  -tudied,  not  only  by  tin-  higher 

•!a,->es,  but  by  the  daughter-  in  alnio-t  everv  re-pectable  familv 
•  iiroiiL'hout  the  couiitry.  1:  i-  read  aiid  reread,  and  committed  to 
rii'-morv.  until  it  l>ecome-  to  :i ..  Jatiaiie-c  \\omati  what  the  Uible  i-  to 


THE  POSITION  OF  \VOMAX.  559 

the  inmate  of  those  homes  in  the  West  in  which  the  Bible  is  the  first, 

and  last,  ami  often  the  only  hook. 

Only  a  small  proportion  of  Japanese  girls  attain  an  advanced  knowl- 
edge of  Chinese  characters,  though  maiiv  of  the  samurai  daughters 
have  read  the  standard  Japanese  histories;  and  in  the  best  native 
schools  at  present  a  certain  amount  of  the  reading  and  writing  of  Chi- 
nese characters  is  taught,  and  one  or  two  good  histories  of  Japan  are 
read.  In  the  national,  traditionary,  heroic,  and  historic  lore  of  their 
own  country,  I  doubt  very  much  whether  the  children  of  anv  countrv 
in  the  world  are  better  instructed  or  informed  than  the  Japanese  chil- 
dren. 

The  fruits  of  this  education,  as  modified  or  strengthened  by  social 
circumstances  and  religion,  are  seen  in  the  present  type  of  the  Japa- 
nese woman.  As  compared  with  her  sister  in  'Western  lands,  and  as 
judged  by  her  own  standards,  she  is  fully  the  peer  in  that  exquisite 
taste  for  the  beautiful  and  becoming  as  displayed  in  dress  and  person- 
al adornment ;  nor  is  she  inferior  in  the  graces  of  etiquette  and  female 
proprieties. 

Xo  ladies  excel  the  Japanese  in  that  innate  love  of  beauty,  order, 
neatness,  household  adornment  and  management,  and  the  amenities  of 
dress  and  etiquette  as  prescribed  by  their  own  standard.  In  maternal 
affection,  tenderness,  anxiety,  patience,  and  long-suffering,  the  Japanese 
mothers  need  fear  no  comparison  with  those  who  know  the  sorrows 
nnd  rapture  of  maternity  in  other  climes.  As  educators  of  their  chil- 
dren, the  Japanese  women  are  peers  to  the  mothers  of  any  civili/ation 
in  the  care  and  minuteness  of  their  training  of,  and  affectionate  ten- 
derness and  self-sacrificing  devotion  to,  offspring,  within  the  limits  ,,f 
their  light  and  knowledge.  Though  the  virago  and  the  shrew  are  not 
unknown  characters  in  this  Land  of  Great  1'eaee,  yet  the  three  funda- 
mental duties  of  woman,  which  include  all  others,  and  as  laid  down  in 
the  Chinese  classics,  are  almost  universally  fulfilled  without  murmurinu's 
or  hesitation.  These  duties  are,  first,  obedience  to  her  parents  (tin- 
father)  when  a  child;  second,  obedience  to  her  husband  when  a  wife; 
third  (at  least  formal),  obedience  to  her  eldest  son  when  a  widow.  In- 
deed, the  whole  sum  of  excellencies  and  defects  of  the  Japanese  female 
character  arise  from  one  all-including  virtue,  and  the  biography  of  a 
rrood  woman  is  written  in  one  word — obedience,  Japanese  biogra- 
phies, let  me  add,  contain  quite  as  much  truth  as  the  average  lives  of 
dead  people  written  in  English.  If  unvarying  obedience,  acquiescence, 
submission,  the  utter  absorption  of  her  per-onality  into  that  of  her 


500  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

husband,  constitute  the  ideal  of  the  perfect  woman,  then  the  Japanese 
married  \\omen  approach  so  near  that  ideal  as  to  be  practically  per- 
fect, and  in  this  respect  arc,  as  foreign  women  will  cheerfully  tyrant  to 
them,  unquestionably  superior. 

The  Japanese  maiden  is  bright,  intelligent,  interesting,  modest,  lady- 
like, self-reliant  ;  neither  a  slave  nor  a  wanton.  What  the  American 
Lrirl  is  in  Europe,  the  Japanese  maiden  is  among  Asiatics.  ]>oth  are 
misunderstood.  A  Japanese  virgin  may  act  in  a  way  not  reconcilable 
with  our  standards.  She  may  expose  her  charms  so  as  to  shock  our 
exalted  and  chaste  masculinity.  Lighter-skinned  womankind  mav  see 
moral  obliquity  in  an  eye  not  perfectly  horizontal,  when  there  is  none. 
The  Japanese  virgin  knows  nothing  of  the  white  lady's  calculated  lim- 
its ,,f  exposure,  or  of  scientific,  dress-making,  which  by  an  inch  of  af- 
fluent economy  exerts  a  more  wicked  influence  than  a  nude  bust  emp- 
ty of  intent  to  charm. 

The  importance  of  the  new  education  of  Japanese  girls  to  theii 
country  can  not  be  overestimated.  The  revolution  through  which 
the  nation  is  passing  requires  completion.  The  IK  w  reforms,  of  the 
necessity  of  which  the  leaders  of  Japan  are  convinced,  and  to  which 
they  are  pledged,  require  to  be  certified,  and  to  become  part  of  the 
home-life  of  the  people.  The  work  of  the  Government  must  be 
done  in  the  homes.  The  foundations  of  society  are  there:  and  as 
the  home  i-,  so  will  the  State  be  in  every  land.  All  LToverniiieiit-. 
in  their  various  forms,  are  but  households  of  a  larger  gruwth. 
(iivcn  a  complete  knowledge  of  the  average  household  in  anv  land, 
and  tin-  real  government  is  easily  known  and  understood. 

Looking  at  the  que-tion  of  female  education  even  from  the  vulgar 
concrete  standing -point —  that  woman  i<  merely  the  supplement  of 
man,  and  that  the  end  and  aim  and  Almighty  purpose  of  a  woman's 

creation   is  that   she  shall  become   some   man's  vvifi the   question   is 

Jill-important.  The  rising  generation,  who  are  to  take  the  plaees  of 
the  piv^-nt  leaders  of  Japan,  are  be  i  HIT  educated  in  We.-tern  idea.-,  and 
are  pa--i!i_r  through  a  developing  process  which  will  tend  to  exalt  tlu 
mental  powers  at  the  expense  of  the  animal  instinct-.  The  decay  of 
the  old  feudal  frame-work  of  society,  and  the  suppression  of  ifovern- 
ment  pensions  and  hereditary  revenues,  by  removing  ail  actual  neces- 
sity for  marriaLT1',  will  create  in  the  minds  of  the  increasing  numbers  of 
those  who  marrv  from  the  higher  motives  a  desire  for  a  congenial  lifc- 
compaiiion  and  helpmate,  and  not  for  a  mere  female  of  the  human 
specks.  Though  some  of  the  present  generation  of  students  ma}' 


THE  POSITION  OF  WOMAN.  561 

marry  ordinary  native  women,  those  who  wish  for  happiness  in  their 
home-lift*,  who  aspire  to  rise  out  of  the  old  plane  of  existence  and 
dwell  permanently  on  the  higher  levels  of  intellectual  life,  will  seek 
for  educated  women  as  wives.  The  new  civilization  will  never  take 
root  in  Japan  until  planted  and  cultivated  in  the  homes,  and,  to  secure 
that  end,  the  thorough  education  of  woman  is  an  absolute  necessity. 

In  conclusion,  1  must  add  my  testimony  and  offer  my  plaudit  to  the 
earnest  diligence  and  rapid  progress  of  the  girls  in  the  national  schools, 
of  whose  efforts  and  successes  1  have  been  witness,  and  which  must  be 
extremely  gratifying  to  those  who  organized  or  who  are  interested  in 
them.  Of  the  signal  success,  far-reaching  influence,  and  exalted  teach- 
ings of  the  Christian  missionary  schools  for  girls,  I  can  not  speak  in 
too  high  terms.  In  this  good  work,  American  ladies  have  led  the 
way.  !>}•  them  the  Japanese  maiden  is  taught  the  ideals,  associations, 
and  ordering  of  a  Christian  home,  a  purer  code  of  morals,  a  regenera- 
ting spiritual  power,  of  which  Buddhism  knows  nothing,  and  to  which 
the  highest  aspirations  of  Shinto  are  strangers.  Above  all,  an  ideal 
of  womanhood,  which  is  the  creation  and  gift  of  Christianity  alone, 
eclipsing  the  loftiest  conceptions  of  classic,  paganism,  is  held  up  for 
imitation.  The  precept  and  example  of  Christian  women  in  these 
labors  are  mightily  working  the  renovation  of  the  social  fabric  in 
Japan. 

I  think  none  will  accuse  me  of  failure  to  see  the  best  side  of  the 
Japanese  character,  or  of  an  honest  endeavor  to  estimate  fairly  the 
force  and  capability  of  the  religions  of  Japan.  Fully  conscious  of  my 
liability  to  error  in  all  that  I  have  written  in  this  book.  I  yet  utter  my 
conviction  that  nothing  can  ever  renovate  the  individual  heart,  nothing 
purify  society,  and  u'ive  pure  blood-growth  to  the  body  politic  in  Ja- 
Miii,  but  the  religion  of  Jesus  Christ.  Only  the  spiritual  morality, 
and,  above  all,  the  chastity,  taught  by  Him  can  ever  give  the  Japanese 
a  h« isne-life  equal  to  ours.  AYith  all  our  faults  and  sins,  and  with  all 
the  impurities  and  failures  of  our  society,  I  believe  our  family  and  so- 
cial life  to  be  immeasurably  higher  and  purer  than  that  of  Japan. 

The  religion  of  the  Home-maker,  and  the  Children -lover,  and  the 
\Yoman-exalter,  is  mighty  to  save  the  Japanese  mother,  and  must  be 
mot  potent  to  purify  and  exalt  the  Japanese  home.  Of  all  the 
branches  of  missionary  labor  in  Japan,  none,  it  seems  to  me,  is  of  great- 
er importance,  or  more  hopeful  of  sure  results,  permanent  and  far-reach- 
ing in  its  influence,  than  the  work  of  Christian  women  for  women  in 
Japan. 


562  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


XVIII 

JA  PA  y. 


THE  liistory  of  Japan  from  1872  to  187G  is  intimately  connected 
with  tliat  of  the  mikado.  On  the  1st  of  January,  1872,  he  visited 
the  imperial  navy,  dock  -yards,  and  machine-shops  at  Yokosuka,  dis- 
playing the  liveliest  interest  in  all  he  saw.  By  his  conduct  through- 
out the  entire  day,  and  coolness  and  self-possession  during  a  critical 
liniment,  when  a  damp  mold,  full  of  molten  iron,  exploded  and  be- 
spattered the  imperial  person,  he  proved  himself  more  than  a  petty 
pviido-  divinity.  lie  showed  himself  a  man.  The  last  act  of  the 
mystery-play  was  over.  As  a  god,  the  mikado  is  a  failure;  as  a  man, 
he  is  a  splendid  success.  If  he  has  any  divinity,  it  is  the  divinity  of 
common  sense.  From  dwelling  in  mediaeval  seclusion  in  the  palace, 
steeped  in  sensual  delights,  degraded  in  body  and  mind  to  the  intel- 
lectual level  of  a  girl,  the  sovereign  of  Japan  has  taken  his  place 
amonu  men  of  thought  and  action,  a  student,  a  thinker,  an  earnest 
and  enlightened  ruler.  In  April,  Mutsuhito  visited  the  Imperial  Col- 
lege ;  and,  bein^  in  his  presence,  several  hours,  and  immediately  before 
him  during  the  performance  of  experiments  and  recitations  bv  the 
students,  I  was  enabled  to  study  his  countenance  as  he  sat  surround- 
ed by  princes  of  the  blood,  court  nobles,  and  ministers  of  the  cabinet, 
all  robed  in  variegated  brocade.  lie  was  then  dressed  in  flowing 
robes  i'f  crimson  and  white  satin,  with  black  rap  or  crown,  bound 
by  a  fillet  of  tinted  gold,  with  a  tall,  upright  plume,  or  stiff  rib- 
bon of  gold.  He  appeared  as  the  picture  on  pago  102  represents 
some  one  of  his  ancestors.  I  afterward  (January  1st,  1873)  had  the 
pleasure,  of  an  audience  in  the  imperial  palace,  seeing  him  sitting  on 
a  '.'hair,  or  throne,  richlv  ornamented  with  golden  dragons  and  lions, 
flanked  bv  hi>  sword-bearer  and  train  of  courtiers,  in  all  the  gorgeous- 
ness  and  variety  of  silk  robe-  and  ceremonial  caps,  so  characteristic  of 
rank  in  1  )ai  Nippon.  At  the  opening  of  the  new  buildings*  of  the 

*  These  are  built  in  modern  style,  in  three  wini^,  each  192  feet  long,  joined  to 


NEW  JAPAN.  563 

Imperial  College — thenceforth  called  the  Imperial  University  of  Ja- 
pan— I  saw  him  dressed  in  the  costume  shown  in  the  portrait  on  page 
37,  thoroughly  Kuropcanized  in  dress  and  person.  I  consider  the  like- 
ness in  photograph  and  wood-cut  to  be  a  capital  one. 

On  the  3d  of  April,  187i2,  at  15  P.M.,  during  the  prevalence  of  a  high 
wind,  a  tire,  breaking  out  inside  the  castle  circuit,  leaped  wall  and  moat, 
and  in  five  hours  swept  Tokio  to  the  l>av.  Five  thousand  houses  and 
hundreds  of  yashikis  and  temples — among  them  the  great  Monzeki, 
in  Tsukuji — were  destroved.  The  foreign  hotels  were  left  in  ashes, 
which  covered  many  square  miles.  Out  of  this  calamity  rose  the 
phenix  of  a  new  plan  with  a  new  order  of  architecture.  The  main 
avenues  we're  widened  to  ninety  feet,  the  smaller  ones  to  sixty  feet. 
Hows  of  fine  houses  in  brick  and  stone,  and  new  bridges,  in  many 
cases  of  >tone  or  iron,  were  built.  Tokio  is  now  thoroughly  modern- 
ixed  in  laru,'"'  portions.  The  foreign  residents  joined  in  the  work  of 
alleviating  the  distress.  As  bearer  of  their  silver  contributions  to  the 
mayor  of  the  city,  1  found  my  old  friend,  Mitsuoka  (Yuri),  of  Fukui, 
sitting  amidst  the  ashes  of  his  dwelling,  but  happy  in  the  possession 
of  an  imperial  order  to  visit  America  and  Europe,  to  study  municipal 
government  and  improvements. 


the  inahi  liuildinn",  '>'*1  feet  lonu;.  They  contain  71)  rooms.  The  students,  who 
wear  unil'onn  as  in  American  school.--,  number  3.">0,  tauu'ht  by  ~0  foreiirn  profess- 
or*. The  Foreign  -  laminate  School,  in  which  students  learn  the  En^'liMi  or 
nthci'  laiiii'uau'e  preparatory  to  cntcriiiii'  the  college,  is  on  Hitotsubashi  Avenue, 
oppoMte.  It  has  (JOO  students  and  :20  foreign  teachers.  Both  an:  well  equipped 
with  books  and  apparatus.  At  the  banquet  »'iven  October  Dth,  Hiirashi  Fii.-h'mii 
no  Miya,  prince  of  the  blood;  .Sanjo  Saneyoshi,  Dai  Jo  Dai  Jin;  Kto  Shimpci,  ()l\i, 
and  Itan'aki,  Counselors  of. State;  8ai^'o  Vorimichi,  Yo^iida  Kiyonari,  and  many 
others,  were  present,  all  ol  whom  I  met.  The  empire  is,  for  educational  purpose?-, 
divided  into  ei<j;ht  districts,  in  each  of  which  is  to  lie  a  university,  supplied  by  '1W 
schools  of  foreign  laminates.  The  elementary  vernacular  schools  will  number 
r>:;,uuu,  or  one  for  every  000  persons  in  the  empire.  They  arc  supplied  by  native 
teachers  trained  in  normal  schools.  At  present,  nearly  o, 000, 000  youths  of  both 
se\e-  are  ill  school.  With  such  excellent  provision  at  home,  the  (iovermrient, 
having  found  out  their  expensive  mistake  of  sending  raw  students  abroad  to 
study,  and  the  political  objects  of  the  movement  having  been  secured,  recalled 
ni'i>t  of  tin-in  in  1*7:>-— an  order  that  was  curiously  misunderstood  in  America  and 
Kurope  to  mean  reaction.  This,  however,  is  a  mistake.  Trained  students  versed 
in  the  kinu'iiauvs  and  science  have  taken  the  place  of  man  v  of  t  IIOM:  recalled.  While1 
the  embassy  was  in  America,  David  Murray,  A.M.,  Th.l).,  Professor  of  Mathemat- 
ics and  Astronomy  in  Rutgers  College,  \vas  appointed  Superintendent  of  .Schools 
and  Colleges  in  Japan.  Dr.  Murray,  by  his  quiet  vi^or,  iina^sumiiiir  manners, 
thorough  com]ietence,  ability,  and  indu.-try,  has  done  much  to  improve  and  per- 
fect education  in  Japan.  He  was,  in  LS7.J,  also  appointed.  (Jomini.-^ioncr  to  the 
Centennial  Exhibition. 


r.G4 


THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 


During   the    summer.  Mr.  Katsii    Awa    was    made   Minister   of  the 
Navy,  and  Mr.  Okubo  Ichid,  Mayor  of  Tokio.      A  lar<re  number  of  e\- 
Toku^awa  vassals  were  called  into  the  service 
of  the  Government,  and  the  old  lines  of  divi-- 
•     ion   obliterated.      The   head   of  the  TokuiTawa 
familv   appointed   by   the   mikado's  court    in 
ll-Hi^,  is  Jiusammi    Tokua'awa    Kamcnosnke. 
whom  I  often  met   in  Tokio.      The  Toku^awa 
clansmen  are  now  amon^  the  loval  upholders 
of   the  throne   and   the   new   order  of  things. 
Mr.  Katsii  devoted  him.-elf  to  the  thorough  or- 
pmi/.ation   of  the  navy  (see  patre  597).      The 
British  model  had  already  been   selected.      In 
the  accompanying  cut  is  :/iven  a  specimen  of 
the    national    fleet,   the    Tfti.ikulxi    Kan,  which 
Japanese  Naval  officer.       visited  San   Francisco  during  1*75.      The  por- 
trait of  the  commander  >ho\vs  the  Japanese  naval  otliccr  of  the  period 
in  modern  tonsure  and  uniform.      The  sun-tla^  of  Japan  tloats  astern. 
In  the  latter  part  of  June.  ]s7:i,  the  mikado  left  Tokio  in  the  ilair- 
shin  of  Admiral  Akamat-u.  who  was  trained  in  Holland  with  Enonioto, 


The  .Tap.inesc  Steam  Corvette  Txnkulu  Kan, 


and  made  a  tour  in  Kiu-liin  and  tlie  South  and  West  of  the  empire. 
For  the  tir.-t  time  in  twelve  centuries,  the  Emperor  of  Japan  moved 
freely  and  unveiled  amon-  his  subjects,  whose  loyalty  and  devotion 
uere  manifested  in  the  intense  but  decorous  enthusiasm  characteristic 
f  a  people  to  whom  etiquette  i>  >econd  nature.  In  several  ancient 
plaees  the  imperial  hands  opened,  in  anticipation  of  the  Vienna  Ex- 


NEW  JAPAN.  565 

position,  store-houses  \vliieli  had  been  sealed  since  the  time  of  Seiwa 
Tenno  (A.D.  S50-87G).  Vienna  was  already  en<j.'a:/mg  tlie  attention  of 
tin1  trovernmcnt.  The  mikado  visited  Xau'asaki,  Kagoshima,  Xara, 
Kioto,  O/aka,  and  other  places,  returning  to  Tokio,  August  10th,  rid- 
inii'  from  Yokohama  hy  railway. 

The  14tli  of  October  \vas  ;i  dav  of  mati'hlcss  autumnal  beauty  and 
ineffable  influence.  The  sun  rose  cloudlessly  on  the  Sunrise  Land. 
Fuji  blushed  at  dawn  out  of  the  roseate  deeps  of  -pace,  and  on  stain- 
less blue  printed  its  white  magnificence  all  day  long,  and  in  the  mys- 
tic twilight  sunk  in  floods  of  golden  splendor,  resting  at  night  with  its 
head  among  the  stars.  On  that,  auspicious  day,  the  mikado,  princes 
•_)f  the  blood,  court  nobles,  the  "  tlowerv  nobility"  of  ex-dahnios,  and 
ii'uests,  representing  the  literature,  science,  art,  and  arms  of  Japan,  in 
flowing,  picturesque  costume;  the  foreign  Diplomatic  Corps,  in  tiu'ht 
doth  smeared  with  gold  ;  the  embassadors  of  Liu  Kin,  the  Ainu  chiefs, 
and  officials  in  modern  dress,  made  the  procession,  that,  underneath 
arches  of  camellias,  azaleas,  and  chrysanthemums,  moved  into  the  stone- 
built  depot,  and,  before  twenty  thousand  spectators,  stepped  into  the 
train.  It  was  a  sublime  moment,  when,  before  that  august  array  of 
rank  and  fame,  and  myriads  of  his  subjects,  the  one  hundred  and  twen- 
ty-third representative  of  the  imperial  line  declared  the  road  open. 
The  young  emperor  beheld  with  deep  emotion  the  presence  of  so  many 
human  beings.  As  the  train  moved,  the  weird  strains  of  the  national 
hymn  of  Japan,  first  heard  before  the  Roman  empire  fell  or  Charle- 
magne ruled,  were  played.  Empires  had  risen,  flourished,  and  passed 
a^ay  since  those  sounds  were  first  attuned.  To-dav  Japan,  fresh  and 
vigorous,  with  new  blood  in  her  heart,  was  taking  an  upward  step  in 
life.  May  the  Almighty  Disposer  ".'rant  the  island  empire  strength, 
national  unity,  and  noble  purpose  while  the  world  stands! 

These  \\vre  mv  thoughts  as  the  smoke'  puffed  and  the  wheels  re- 
volved. Vast  flower-decked  >tations,  the  train  moved  on.  Vy  hen  at 
Kanagawa,  putt's  of  -moke  and  tongues  of  flame  leaped  from  the 
fleet  of  tin.1  foreign  war-ships  as  their  broadsides  thundered  the  con- 
gratulations of  Christendom  to  New  Japan.  But  all  ceremony,  pag- 
eant, and  loyal  hosanuas  paled  before  the  sublime  significance  of  the 
act  of  the  mikado,  when  four  of  his  subjects,  in  the  plain  u'arlt  of  mer- 
chants, stood  in  the  proence  of  majesty,  and  read  an  address  of  con- 
gratulation, to  which  the  emperor  replied.  The  merchant  face  to  face 
\vith  the  mikado  {  The  lowest  social  class  before  traditional  divinity? 
It  was  a  political  miracle!  I  saw  in  that  scene  a  moral  grandeur  that 


;-,i;C  TV/ A'  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

measured  itself  against  centuries  of  feudalism.  What  were  war's  vic- 
tories, or  the  pomp  of  courts,  compared  \vitli  that  moment  when  Japa- 
nese social  progress  and  national  regeneration  touched  high-water 
mark  .'  It  foreshadowed  the  time  to  come  when  the  merchant,  no 
l"iiovr  dc-piscd,  should  take  his  place  in  the  council-halls  of  the  nation. 

When  representative  government  comes,  as  come  it  must,  the  mer- 
chant, becoming  senator,  will  help  to  sway  the  national  destinies. 
The  emperor  in  whose  reign  the  eta  were  made  citizens — an  act  as 
niorallv  grand  as  the  emancipation  of  slaves — now  dwells  at  times  the 
U'uest  of  a  merchant.  P>efore  the  end  of  this  century,  it  may  be,  the 
throne,  no  longer  stilted  on  the  effete  fiction  of  pettv  divinity,  may 
re-t  wholly  upon  constitution,  law,  and  intelligent  patriotism. 

The  doctrine  of  the  divine  descent  of  the  mikado  has  been  very 
u-eful  in  times  past;  but  its  work  is  done.  Its  light  is  paling:  it  is 
time  for  its  wane;  it  can  not  long  remain  above  the  horizon.  There 
are  -o  many  Sons  of  Heaven,  so  many  Centres  of  the  Universe,  Infal- 
libilities, etc.,  in  Asia,  \\herc  the  fashion  still  lingers  of  making  gods 
of  men  for  the  purpose-  of  political  machinery,  that  the  verv  mention 
of  such  an  idea  is  an  evidence  of  weakness,  even  of  imbecility.  Japan 
\\ill  win  the  respect  of  civilization  by  dropping  the  fiction.* 

Au'ain,  in  the  same  year.  Japan  challenged  the  admiration  of  Cliris- 
!cii'l«m.  The  coolie  trade,  carried  on  by  the  Portuguese  at  Macao, 
in  China,  between  the  local  kidnaper-  and  Peru  and  Cuba,  had  lonu; 
existed  in  defiance  of  the  Chinese  (Government.  Thousands  of  igno- 
rant Chii]'--e  were  yearly  decoved  to  Macao,  and  shipped,  in  swelter- 
ing ship-holds  under  the  name  of  "  pa— enters"  In  Cuba  and  Peru, 
their  contracts  were  often  broken,  they  were  cruelly  treated,  and  only 
a  small  proportion  of  them  returned  alive  to  tell  their  wrongs. 

The  Japanese  <  Government  had,  with  a  fierce  jealousy,  born  of  their 
experiences  of  slave-trade  in  the  sixteenth  century,  watched  the  first 
be'_finnine,-s  of  such  a  trallic  on  their  own  shores.  Certain  "Chris- 
tian" nations  seemed  to  have  a  special  inclination  to  trade  in  human 
fie-h.  The  Hutch  at  I>e-hima  during  two  centuries  gave  them  exam- 
ples (,f  sordid  greed  that  -tops  not  at  selling  men.  Kvoi  their  own 
pa-'an  morals  taught  them  the  iniipiitv  of  the  traffic.  The  works  of 

*  Tin'  propriety  of  i.'ivin_  :':.<    '::'<    "The  Mikado'-  F.mpiiv"  to  Ilii-  l>uok  iia- 

l>.  .-II  <  hall'-niri'd  by  sever,,;  m,  ulernixei]  Japanese,  \vli.i  believe  that  the  lit'-  of  the- 

Hi'' ion  i.-  in ')]•<•  tlian  tin-  iii'-,it  "f  a  tit  h1,  and  tin-  bod  v  in  ore  than  it-  raiini-nt  ot'iin- 

:    ii-m;   but  UK-  vindication  ol'il-  UM-  :.-  aljundantly  shown  in  Japan's  past  and 


NEW  JAPAX.  5G7 

Japanese  authors  condemn  the  crime  in  unsparing  terms,  arid  load 
those  guilty  of  it  with  obloquy.  In  the  last  days  of  the  bakufu, 
coolie  traders  came  to  Japan  to  ship  irresponsible  hordes  of  Japanese 
Coolies,  and  women  for  a  viler  purpose,  to  the  United  States.  To  their 
everlasting  shame,  be  it  said,  some  were  Americans.  A  few  cargoes 
were  sent  to  Hawaii  and  California,  and  natives  of  Japan  were  actual- 
ly sold  for  contemptible  sums  to  task-masters.  Of  those  who  return- 
ed were  some  of  my  own  students.  Among  the  first  things  done  by 
the  mikado's  Government  after  the  Restoration  was  the  sending  of  an 
official  who  effected  the  joyful  deliverv  of  these  people  and  their  re- 
turn to  their  homes.  No  Japanese  are  ever  allowed  to  go  abroad,  exr 
cept  as  responsible,  competent,  and  respectable  citizens,  who  will  do 
credit  to  their  country. 

The  story  of  the  J/rt/vY/  Luz  is  a  loni;  one.  I  hope  to  condense  it 
justly.  The  Peruvian  ship,  loaded  with  Chinese,  put  into  the  port  of 
Yokohama.  Two  fugitive  coolies  in  succession  swam  to  the  English 
war- ship,  Iron  Duke.  Hearing  the  piteous  story  of  their  wrongs, 
Mr.  "NYatson,  the  British  charge  d'affaires,  called  the  attention  of  the 
Japanese  authorities  to  these  illegal  acts  committed  in  their  waters. 
A  protracted  imjuiry  was  instituted,  and  the  coolies  landed.  The 
Japanese  refused  to  force  them  on  board  in  duress  against  their  will, 
and  later,  shipped  them  to  China,  a  favor  which  was  gratefully  ac- 
knowledged by  the  Pckino-  Government.  This  act  of  a  pagan  nation 
achieved  a  grand  moral  victory  for  the  world  and  humanity.  "Writ- 
ing now,  in  1870,  we  see  the  coolie-traffic — a  euphemism  for  the  slave- 
trade — abolished  from  the  face  of  the  earth,  and  the  harracoons  of  Ma- 
cao in  ruins.  China,  shamed  into  better  care  of  her  people,  has  sent 
commissioners  to  Cuba  and  Peru,  and  has  refused  to  enter  into  any 
treaty  obligation  with  any  Smith  American  State  so  long  as  a  single 
Chinaman  remains  in  the  country  against  his  will.  Instead  of  a  bom- 
bardment bv  Peruvian  iron-dads,  and  war,  so  generously  threatened, 
Japan  and  IVru  have  clasped  reconciled  hands  in  friendship.  The 
case,  of  the  M<ir'«i.  Luz,  referred  to  the  Emperor  of  Russia  for  arbitra- 
tion, was  decided  by  him  in  favor  of  Japan.  A  Peruvian  legation  is 
now  established  in  Tokio.  Yet  the'  act  of  freeing  the  Chinese  coolies 
in  ISTif  wa>  done  in  the  face  of  clamor  and  opposition  and  a  rain  of 
protests  from  the  foreign  consuls,  ministers,  and  a  part  of  the  press. 
\\n{  alulae  and  threats  and  diplomatic  pressure  were  in  vain.  The 
Japanese  never  wavered.  AS  straight  as  Gulliver  throu^li  the  hail 
of  pin-point  arrows,  the  Japanese  marched  to  the  duty  before  them. 


508  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

ThfV  hail  freed  tlirir  eta;  they  now  liberated  the  >laves.  The  Hrit- 
i-h  charjv  and  the  American  consul,  < 'olonel  (.'liarli's  ( ).  Shepherd, 
alone  <_'ave  hearty  support  and  unwavering  sympathy  to  the  riirlit  side. 

I  hirimr  the  year  1S72,  two  legations  and  three  consulates  were  cs- 
,tabli-hed  abroad.  The  number  of  these  is  now  ten  in  all.  At.  home 
the  work  of  national  consolidation  went  on,  occasionally  interrupt- 
ed l»y  sporadic  uprisings  of  peasantry,  too  ignorant  to  see  that  local 
abu-es  or  privileges  were  being  adjusted  to  a  national  basis  of  ju-t 
equality.  The  press  of  Japan  passed  from  the  realm  of  experiment  into 
that  of  an  estate.  Tin1  wondrous  growth  of  this  civilizing  force  is 
hot  seen  }>y  a  study  of  tin1  po.-tal  statistics  on  page  50U.  Ten  daily 
newspapers  in  the  capital,  and  two  hundred  publications  in  the  em- 
pire, furnished  with  metal  tvpe  and  printing-presses,  are  tlooding  the 
country  with  information  and  awakening  thought.  The  editor-  are 
often  men  of  culture,  or  students  returned  from  abroad,  and  -pecial 
-cholars  are  found  on  the  editorial  r-taff.  The  surprisingly  large 
measure  of  liberty  of  the  press  granted  in  1S7^,  1S7)5,  and  1S74  was 
severdv  curtailed  in  ls7o,  and  the  problem  of  allowing  newspapers  in 
a  country  still  ^overneil  bv  a  despotic  monarchy  remains  unsolved. 
The  Japanese  -tate-meii  seem  to  imagine  that  a  people  may  be-  educa- 
ted thoroughly,  and  yet  be  governed  like  children.  To  .-how  the  power 
pus-e—ed  by  the  < Joveniiuent  over  the  people,  it  is  enough  to  sav  that 
the  \\  hereabout-  of  ninety-nine  hundredth*  of  all  the  citixeii>  during 
any  u;iven  ]ia-t  twenty-four  hours  can  be  told  witli  t;-reat  certaintv. 

The   eMabli-iiment    (,f  the    pi'e-s   has   also    exposeil  the    fad    that   in 

the-.'  i-!r-  of  the  h|e-t,  ill  \\lliell  Sollle  foreigners  -iippo.-ed  existed 
onlv  illlio-'eliee.  ^I'lltlolll'SS,  or  gooil -HlJllineivd  poVel'tV,  1'eeks  eVel'V 

>pei'iev  i.f  moral  tilth,  abomination,  crime,  ami  corruption.  To  scan 
the  column-  of  an  average  Japanese  new-paper  is  to  read  a  tale  of 
horror  and  na-tine>s  that  put-  to  the  blush  the  o!»eene  calendar-  in 
the  seii-ational  dailie-  and  illustrated  /V/'.r  (ntzcf/cx  of  Xew  York, 
whieh  find  their  way  only  too  plentifully  into  the  editorial  rooms  of 

J.'lpalie-e  cities.        A<  olie    1 1 1  ea -II  I'e  of  cl'i  1 !  1C    ill    1  >ai    Nippon,    1    believe   the 

number  of  exeeiitious  and  death-  in  the  native  pri-oiis  averaLf1'-  three 
thousand  per  annum.  There  i-  scarcely  a  form  of  sin  known  to  Sodom, 
(ireece.  Koine,  or  India,  but  ha-  been,  or  is.  pradieed  in  Japan,  which 
has  >ofe-t  neeil  of  moral  renovation. 

Yd    in    th"    department    »(     jui'i-prudenee    va-t    j>r--j.-re-s    ha-   been 

i  le.      I  doulit  \\hdlier  anv  nation  on  earth  can  >li<>w  a  more  revolt- 

IJIL:   ii-t   of   horrible   methods   of  torture   and   punishment   in  tic-   pa-! 


XEW  JAPAX. 


569 


with  so  great  amelioration  in  so  short  a  time.     Their  cruel  and  bloody 
codes  were  mostly  borrowed  from  China. 

Since  the  Restoration,  revised  statutes  and  regulations  have  greatly 
decreased  the  list  of  capital  punishments,  reformed  the  condition  of 
prisons,  and  made  legal  processes  less  cruelly  simple,  but  with  elabora- 
tion of  mercy  and  justice.  The  use  of  torture  to  obtain  testimony  is 
now  entirely  abolished.  Law  schools  have  also  been  established,  law- 
yers are  allowed  to  plead,  thus  giving  the  accused  the  assistance  of 
counsel  for  his  defense.  The  cut  represents  the  old  style  of  trial. 


The  prisoner,  the  torturer,  secretary,  and  judge  were  the  chief  or  only 
personages  at  the  trial.  A  museum  as  curious  as  any  to  be  found  iu 
Europe  might  be  made  of  the  now  obsolete  instruments  of  torture. 
Let  us  hope  that  the  system  of  jurisprudence  founded  on  Roman  law, 
infused  with  the  spirit  of  Christianity,  may  be  imported,  and  flourish 
in  Japan.  This  is  now  being  done. 

In  nmral  character,  the  nrcrtif/e  Japanese  is  frank,  honest,  faithful, 
kind,  uyntle,  courteous,  confiding,  alFectionatc.  filial,  loyal.  Love  of 
truth  for  its  own  sake,  chastity,  temperance,  are  not  characteristic 
virtues.  A  high,  almost  painful,  sense  of  honor  is  cultivated  by  the 
samurai.  In  spirit,  the  average  artisan  and  farmer  is  a  sheep.  In  in- 
tellectual capacity  the  actual  merchant  is  mean,  and  in  moral  character 
low.  He  is  beneath  the  Chinaman  in  this  respect.  The  male  Japa- 


570  Till-:   MIKADO'S  KMTIIIK. 

nese  is  far  It >-  o\ •<•]•! ir.-iriti'j;  and  more  chivalrous;  to  woman  than  am 
other  Asiatic.  I;i  political  knowledge  or  Lnv^arious  ability  the  coun- 
tr\ma:i  i-  a  babv,  and  tin-  city  artisan  a  l>oy.  Tin-  peasant  is  a  pn>- 
iiounci  d  pau'an,  with  superstition  ingrained  and  dyed  into  the  verv 
tine-t  libiv  of  his  nature. 

In  reverence  to  elders  and  to  antiquity,  obedience  to  parents,  gentle 
nianners,  and  universal  courtesy  and  generous  impulses,  the  Japanese  are 
the  peers  of  anv,  and  superior  to  nianv,  peoples  ,>f  Christendom.  Th.- 
idea  of  filial  obedience  has  been  developed  into  fanaticism,  is  the  main 
prop  of  paganism  and  superstition,  and  is  the  root  of  the  worst  Mot 
in  the  Japanese  character — the  slavery  of  prostituted  women. 

To  sum  up:  Japanese  an;  simply  human,  no  Better,  no  worse  than 
mankind  outside.  The  attempts  of  u'ood  people,  with  eyes  jaundiced 
l>\  theological  dogmatics,  to  put  so  heavy  a  coat  of  moral  tar  and 
feathers  upon  the  Japane-e  as  to  make  them  sinners  above  all  nation-: 
'>r  of  hearty  haters  of  all  missionary  labors,  who  are  in  love  with  the 
Utopia  of  their  own  creation,  to  make  them  guileless  innocents,  mu-t 
alike  fail  before  tin-  hard  facts. 

The  \\hole  quotion  of  the  abilitv  of  the  Japanese  to  receive  the 
hi-'he-t  form  of  civilization  is  intimately  connected  with  their  ph\s- 
ical  ci .n-1 it nth in. 

The  pli\-i<|!ie  of  the  mountaineers  and  sailors,  fishermen  and  stead- 
ilv  employed  coolies,  seems  to  be  the  linest.  The  average  height  of 
the  men  i-  ti\e  feet.  The  Japan e^e  never  smoke  opium,  like  the  ( 'hi- 
nese  ;  but  the  habit  of  tilling  the  hm^s  with  tobacco-smoke  and  exhal- 
inj.'  it  thnniLrli  the  no-e  doe-  not  tend  to  pulmonary  health,  and,  in 
i-oiiipari-on  with  the  white  nation-,  tlnv  are  notablv  flat-lin-asted. 
The  qii'-tion  ha-  lieen  I'ai-cd  a-  1o  whether  the  Japanese  are  a  de^vn- 
erate  race.  I  think  the  rvidence  1  ans  to  the  negative  side.  In  their 
nn-thod  of  rearing  infanl-,  onl\  the  hardv  ones  can  .-urvive  the  expo-- 
lire to  \\hieh  they  are  subject.  I'eformitv  is  strikin^lv  rare.  Kheu- 
matism,  chills,  and  fe\''r  in  the  lo\v-l\in^  niar>hy  districts,  catarrh,  and 
diarrhea  are  common,  th'iii^h  not  strikingly  si>.  Ner\ons  di-oi'dei- 
ar--  not  general.  Lepro-v,  or  elephantiasis,  is  known,  and  kakke  (I'-j- 
hum"!1)  i-  jieeiiliar  1"  Japan.  Il  i-  probable  that  the  people  do  n»t 
•ilways  take  e\tra"rdina!'\  pain-  to  rear  deformed  infant^.  M\po-ure 
•  r  de-ertion  of  children  i-  an  alino-t  unheard-of  thinif.  The  maim- 
•  j  and  breaking  of  limb-,  caii-ed  bv  acci.lent-  —  b\'  falling  explo- 

•  '.-,  i  ''•. '  fn-ijueiit  in  countries  where  hiidi  buildin<_rs  and  niachi;,- 

•  in  general  u<e,  are  rare  amon^  the  Japanese.  \  arico>e  vein-. 


JAPAX.  571 

resulting  from  sans-culottism,  furnish  ;i  curious  argument  in  favor  of  a 
liberal  supplement  to  Eden's  costume,  even  to  the  donning  of  unpict- 
urcsque  pantaloons.  Since  the  introduction  of  the  jin-riki-sha,  the 
prevalence  of  heart-disease  among  the  coolies  has  assumed  frightful 
proportions.  The  almost  national  change  for  the  better  in  the  diet, 
clothing,  and  public  hygienic  protection  and  education  of  the  people 
must  bear  good  fruit  for  future  generations,  and  greatly  improve  the 
average  physique  of  the  nation.*' 

The  Corean  war  project  had,  in  1872,  become  popular  in  the  Cabi- 
net. It  was  the  absorbing  theme  of  the  army  and  navv.  The  samu- 
rai burned  to  make  "the  glory  of  Japan  shine  beyond  the  seas."  It 
has  been  said  that  "if  Japan  weighs  one  hundred  pounds,  Satsuma 
is  fifty  of  them.''  This  warlike  clan,  and  that  <>f  Ilizen,  boiling  over 
\\ith  patriotism,  vexed  their  righteous  souls  daily  because  the  revolu- 
tion of  1868  had  gone  too  far.  The  Yamato  damashi  and  warlike  pol- 
icy were  giving  way  to  considerations  of  finance.  They  clamored  for 
a  general  return  to  ancient  ideals,  principles,  dress,  tonsure-,  and  side- 
arms,  to  which  they  still  clung.  During  the  Tokngawa  period  Corea 
had  regularly  sent  embassies  of  homage  and  congratulation  to  Japan; 
but,  not  relishing  the  change,  of  affairs  in  ]S(js,  disgusted  at  the  for- 
ei'jnixing  tendencies  of  the  mikado's  Government,  incensed  at  Ja- 
pan's departure  from  Turanian  ideals,  and  emboldened  by  the  failure 
of  the  French  and  American  expeditions,  Corea  sent  insulting  letters, 
taunting  Japan  with  slavish  truckling  to  the  foreign  barbarians,  de- 
clared herself  an  enemy,  and  challenged  Japan  to  fight.  The  divul- 
ging of  this  news,  after  vain  attempts  to  repress  it,  acted  like  a  moral 
volcano. 

About  this  time,  a  Liu  Kiu  junk  was  wrecked  on  eastern  Formosa. 
The  crew  were  killed  by  the  savages,  and,  as  it  is  said,  eaten.  The 
Liu  Kiuans  appealed  to  their  tributary  lords  at  Satsuma,  who  referred 
the  matter  to  Tokio.  English,  Dutch,  American,  German,  and  Chines;1 
ships  had,  from  time  to  time,  been  wrecked  on  this  "  cannibal  "  coast, 
the  terror  of  the  commerce  of  Christendom.  Their  war-ships  vainly 


*  Mf<n<:<tl  X/^/V /<-.<,  t«,t  iiii'lndhii/  \<trttl  mul  .Mitif«>'>/  .}r«i;<-«l  .SY-//T,  Jf»*i>ita!x,  and 
S/ii'liiitn. —  There  were  in  tin1  empire  in  1ST4:  1  (iovernmrnt  hor-pital,  'JL  public 
hospitals  (assisted  by  Government  irrants  in  aid):  '21t  private  hospitals;  ~;>,015 
phy-ician.-  practicing  according  to  Eastern,  and  5:J47  aecnrdiin^  to  Y\\--U'rn,  >ci- 
ence  ;  5'JOr)  apothecaries;  :3(J1  inincral  springs;  ','44  patent  medicines  in  use. 
There  were,  in  1ST"),  as  many  as  •_>.">  foreiirn  surgeons  ami  physicians  in  Japanese 
Governmrnt  employ,  with  :.'r>()  students  in  the  Medical  College  in  Tuki<">,  aiui  75 
in  that  at  Nagasaki,  instructed  by  German,  Dutch,  and  English  professor?. 


.172  777  K  MIKADO'S  EM  PI  RE. 

attempted  to  chastise  tin-  savages.  Soyejima,  with  others,  conceived 
tin-  idea  of  occupying  the  coast  to  rule  the  wild  tribes,  and  of  erect- 
ing liifht-hou-es,  in  the  interests  of  commerce.  China  laid  no  claim 
to  ca-tcrn  Formosa,  all  trace  of  which  was  omitted  from  maps  of 
the  "Middle  Kingdom.''  In  the  spring  of  1-7^,  Soyejima  went  to 
iVkine;.  and  there  amon^  otlier  things  granted  him  was  an  audience 
with  the  Chinese  emperor,  lie  thus  reaped  the  results  of  the  dip- 
lomatic labors  of  half  a  century.  The  Japanese  emhassador  stood 
upright  !>efore  the  Dragon  Face  and  tlie  Dragon  Throne,  robed  in 
the  tiu'ht  Mack  dress-coat,  pantaloons,  and  white  neck  linen  of  West- 
ern Civilization,  bearing  tlie  congratulations  of  the  voting  rnikailo  of 
th-'  Sunrise  to  the  youthful  emperor  of  the  Middle  Kingdom.  In  th:1 
Tt'iit'i  Li  Yaiiicn,  Chinese  responsibility  over  Eastern  Formosa  was 
di-avowed,  and  the  riu'ht  of  Japan  to  chastise  the  savages  granted.  A 
Japanese  junk  was  wrecked  on  Formosa,  and  its  crew  stripped  and 
plundered,  while  Soyejima  was  absent  in  China.  This  event  piled 
fivsh  fuel  on  the  ilames  of  the  war  feeling,  now  popular  even  aiiion^1 
the  unarmed  classes.  The  onlv  tiling  waited  for  before  drawing  the 
sword  was  the  arrival  of  the  embassy. 

In  it-  subordinate  objects  the  embassv  was  a  signal  success.  Much 
wa-  learned  of  ( 'hri-tendom.  The  results  at  home  were  tlie  splendid 
series  c,f  reforms  which  mark  the  year  1S7-*  as  epochal.  Moral,  social, 
IcM-al,  political,  educational,  and  material  changes  were  so  numerous 
and  -wei-pini*1  as  to  ilaxe  the  alien  spectator  on  the  soil,  and  cause 
him  to  a-k  a^ain,  "Can  a  nation  be  born  at  once.'" 

In  it-  prime  object  the  emba— v  was  a  magnificent  failure.  I>e- 
vond  amii-ement,  eurio-itv.  thir-t  for  knowledge,  it-  purpose  wa- 
constant.  -iii'_;'le,  supreme.  h  was  to  a>k  that  in  the  IVUMOU  of  the 
tivatie-  the  extra-territorialitv  clause  be  stricken  out.  that  foreigners 
be  madr  subject  to  the  la\vs  of  Japan.  The  failure  of  the  mission  was 
pre<lictcd  by  all  \sho  knew  the  facts.  From  Washington  to  St.  1'e- 
ter-biirj.-.  jp.'int -blank  refusal  was  made.  No  <'hri-tian  governments 
w.p;;M  for  a  moment  trust  their  people  to  pairan  edict-  and  prisons. 
While  Japan  >landeivd  <  'hri-tianit v  by  proclamations,  imprisoned  men 
fov  their  belief,  knew  notliin'j;  of  trial  \>\  jurv,  of  the  habeas-corpus 
writ,  or  ,,f  m.idern  juri-j'ru  leiice  ;  in  short,  while  Japan  maintained 
the  institution-  of  barhari-m,  the\-  n-fn>ed  to  reco^ni/.e  her  a-  peer  in 
the  e,  iinit  v  <  if  nati'  in-. 

M>  an  while,  at  home  the  watch- word  w;i-  pro^n'<s.  The  -ale  of  orphan 
children  to  brothel -keepers,  th-  traffic  in  native  or  European 


NKVf  JAPAN.  573 

obscene  pictures,  the  lascivious  dances,  even  to  nudity,  of  the  sing- 
ing-girls, the  custom  of  promiscuous  bathing  in  the  public  baths,  and 
of  the  country  coolies  going  naked  or  nearly  without  clothing,  were 
abolished.  Public  decency  was  improved,  and  the  standards  of  Chris- 
tendom attempted.  The  law  entered  that  the  offense  might  abound. 
Many  tilings  absolutely  innocent  became  at  once  relatively  sinful.  It 
was  an  era-nest  effort  to  elevate  the  social  condition.  "With  a  basis  of 
education  and  moral  training  in  the  minds  of  the  people  to  underlie 
the  Government  edicts,  complete  success  may  be  hoped  for ;  but  even 
in  the  mikado's  empire  the  moral  character  of  a  people  is  not  made 
or  unmade  by  fiat.  Marvelous  progress  has,  however,  been  made. 
The  slanderous  anti-Christian  kosatsa  were  also  taken  down,  and  the 
last  relic  of  public  persecution  for  conscience'  sake  removed.  The 
engraving,  page  868,  represents  a  vanished  curiosity.  A  noble  step 
was  still  further  taken  in  the  face  of  a  bigoted  priesthood  and  fanatic 
conservatives.  All  the  "  Christians  "  torn  from  their  homes  at  Ura- 
kami,  near  Nagasaki,  in  1868  and  1869,  and  exiled  and  imprisoned  in 
Kaga,  Echizcn,  and  other  provinces,  were  set  free  and  restored  to  their, 
native  villages.  This  measure  had  long  been  urged  by  lion.  Charles 
E.  De  Long,  Sir  Harry  Parkes,  Mr.  F.  O.  Adams,  and  Count  Turcnne. 
In  this  year  (1872)  I  made  a  tour  of  one  month,  over  nine  hundred 
miles,  to  Shidziioka,  Kioto,  Fukui,  and  along  the  Sea  of  Japan,  to  near 
Xiigata,  thence  through  Shinano  and  Kodzuke.  1  went  to  spy  out 
the  land  and  see  how  deeply  civilization  had  penetrated.  A  week's 
journey  was  also  made  through  Kadzusa  and  Awa,  another  in  Shimosa 
and  Hitachi,  and  three  separate  trips  for  purposes  of  research  in  Sa- 
gami,  Id/u,  and  Suruga.  My  intense  enjoyment  of  the  classic  ground 
was  shadowed  bv  the  vivid  realization  of  the  poverty  of  the  country, 
the  low  estate  of  the  peasantry,  the  need  of  something  better  than 
paganism,  and  the  vastness  of  the  task  of  regenerating  an  agricultural 
nation.  The  task,  though  great,  is  not  hopeless.  I  was  pleased  to 
find  education  thoroughly  extended,  schools  everywhere,  and  boys  and 
Ljirls  alike  studving  with  the  help  of  such  new  improvements  as  slate 
and  pencil,  blackboard  and  chalk,  charts  and  text-books  on  geography, 
historv,  reading,  etc.,  translated  from  standard  American  school-books. 
In  Europe,  Iwakura  and  his  colleagues  were  cognizant  of  home 
affairs,  \\  itli  eyes  opened  bv  all  thev  had  seen  abroad  —  mighty 
results,  but  of  slow  growth  —  thev  saw  their  rountrv  going  too  fast. 
Under  the  war  project  lay  an  abvss  of  financial  ruin.  It,  must  be 
crushed,  Shrewdly  they  laid  plans,  warily  they  kept  silence,  sudden- 


574  THE  MIKADO'S  EXPIRE. 

Iv  thev  struck  tlie  blow.  The  war  scheme,  brought  up  in  a  cabinet 
meetiiiir.  was  squelched.  The  disappointment  of  tlie  army  was  keen, 
that  <>f  expectant  foreign  contractors  pitiable.  The  soldiers  vented 
their  rai;v  in  curses,  the  contractors  in  printed  mud.  Finding  it  use- 
less to  resist  the  crushing  power  of  Iwakura,  backed  by  Okubo,  Kido, 
Kat-ii  Ito,  and  Oki,  the  ablest  men  of  the  cabinet,  Goto,  Soyejima, 
and  Kto  resigned  and  retired  to  private  life. 

The  volcano  hardened  to  an  outer  crust.  The  war-loving  samurai 
It  inked  upon  Iwakura  as  a  peace-at-any-price  man.  He  was  also  inti- 
mately connected  with  the  financial  scheme,  now  promulgated,  of  com- 
muting with  a  view  to  final  extinction,  the  samurai  pensions.  The 
nation,  groaning  under  this  burden — the  legacy  of  feudalism — must 
throw  it  off,  become  bankrupt,  or  go  back  to  isolation.  It  was  throt- 
tling the  life  of  the  nation. 

It  has  been  said  that  "  the  actual  government  of  Japan  is  despot- 
ism, tempered  by  assassination."  The  old  spirit  was  not  yet  dead. 
On  the  evening  of  January  14th,  outside  the  castle  moat,  and  near  the 
palace-gates,  the  U  Dai  Jin  was  returning  from  an  interview  with  the 
emperor.  In  the  twinkling  of  an  eve,  his  bet  to  was  cut  down,  the 
driver  wounded,  and  the  sides  of  the  carriage  pierced  and  cut  to  rib- 
lions  with  spear-points  and  sword-blades.  Iwakura,  wounded  in  two 
places  leaped  out  <>n  the  edife  of  the  moat.  He  fell,  and  rolled  into 
the  water.  The  foiled  a-<a"ins,  in  the  pitch-darkness,  not  daring  to 
linger  for  search,  and  unable  to  >«•<•  or  find  their  victim,  made  off. 
In  spite  of  wounds,  cold,  and  immersion,  the  Y  Dai  Jin  recovered. 
Soon  afterward,  nine  ronins —  ei^ht  from  T-xa  and  one  from  Satsu- 
ma — were  arre-ted,  and  their  crime  proved.  The  I  I  >ai  Jin  pleaded 
that  mercy  be  -hown  them.  In  vain.  The  nine  heads  rolled  into 

the   blood-pit. 

<>n  the  17th  of  January,  the  e\-mini-ters,  <JoU>,  Soyejima.  Kto,  Tta- 
l/aki,  with  Yuri,  of  Fukui,  and  other-,  sent  in  a  memorial,  praying  for 
the  e-tal>li-lmient  of  a  representative  a>sembly,  in  which  the  popular 
\\\-\\  miifht  be  di-cu-- cd.  Thev  complained  that  authority  lav  neither 
with  the  'To\\n  n..r  people,  but  \\ith  the  official.-  in  power.  Their  re- 
<|iie-t  was  declined.  It  u  a-  otliciallv  declared  that  Japan  was  not  ready 
for  Mich  institutions. 

Hi/en,  the  home  of  one  . ,f  the  i^'eat  clans  of  the  coalition  of  ISfiS, 
was  now  the  chief  seat  of  di-atTerti<>n.  \\'ith  perhaps  n,.  ,.\il  intent. 
Kto.  who  had  been  head  of  the  Department  of  Justice,  had  <_fone  back 
to  his  home  in  Hi/en,  an  example  which  manv  of  his  elan-men  follow- 


M-:\V  JAPAX.  575 

ed,  among;  them  Katsuki  Keguro,  a  student  educated  in  Albany  and 
London.  It  was  the  old  story  of  sectionalism  against  national  inter- 
ests. It  was  miniature  secession.  Scores  of  officials  and  men,  but 
very  few  students,  bound  by  oath  and  duty  to  the  National  Govern- 
ment, which  had  nourished  or  educated  them,  assembled  with  arms 
and  traitorous  intent  in  Ilizen,  and  raised  the  cry  of  "On  to  Corea !" 

Here  was  armed  rebellion.  Were  the  flames  to  spread,  all  Kiushiu 
would  be  involved.  In  the  midst  of  the  impending  civil  war,  the  for- 
eign ministers  pressed  the  payment  of  the  last  installment  of  the  Shi- 
monoseki  indemnity,  expecting  that  Japan  could  not  or  would  not  pay 
it,  but  would  grant  more  one-sided  concessions.  In  pride  and  anger, 
the  Japanese  passed  over  the  money-bags,  and  closed  the  contemptible 
business  forever. 

The  political  barometer  now  began  rapidly  to  fall.  The  Hi/en 
war-cloud  gathered  blackness.  The  storm  broke  in  war -tires  and 
battle-blood.  The  rebels  attacked  the  castle,  and  killed  the  garrison. 
Elated,  they  waited  to  see  all  Kiushiu  I'oin  them.  Their  reckoning 

JO 

was  fifty  years  behind  the  age.  The  days  of  Old  Japan  were  passed. 
The  era  of  steam,  electricity,  and  breech-loaders  had  come.  From  the 
national  capital  darted  the  telegraphic  lightnings.  On  the  wings  of 
steam,  the  imperial  battalions  swooped  on  Saga,  as  if  by  magic.  The 
rebellion  was  annihilated  in  ten  days.  The  leader,  master-spirit,  and 
judge  was  Okubo,  modest  in  demeanor,  wise  in  council,  but  in  the  field 
the  lion-hearted  hero  that  knows  no  fear.  Eto,  Katsuki,  and  ten  oth- 
er ringleaders  were  sent  to  kneel  before  the  blood-pit.  The  sword 
fell  as  each  chanted  his  death-song.  The  heads  of  Eto  and  Shima 
were  exposed  on  the  pillory.  The  National  Government  was  vindi- 
cated, and  sectionalism  crushed,  perhaps,  forever.* 

The  storv  of  the  Kormosan  affair  is  more  familiar  to  my  readers. 
Thirteen  hundred  Japanese  soldiers  occupied  this  island  for  six  months. 
In  the  ft-w  skirmishes  with  the  savaires,  breech-loaders  prevailed  over 
arrows  and  smooth-bores.  The  imperial  troops  were  commanded  by 
Saio-o  Yorimichi,  brother  of  Saigo  fvichinosuke.  The}-  built  roads. 

*  In  tliis  campaign,  over  -10  villages  and  HiOO  house's  in  Suira  were  burned,  and 
;>r>0  of  the  national  troops  and  400  of  the  insurgents  were'  put  /«n-s  <l>'  i-^inbat. 
About  500  persons  thus  lost  their  lives  by  war's  aeeidents,  and  1'.'5  were  punished 
with  hard  labor,  imprisonment,  or  degradation  from  the  rank  of  samurai.  Eto 
was  discovered  in  digitise,  by  means  of  a  photograph  for  \vhieh  he  had  sat,  to 
betrin  a  "  rogue's  irallerv,"  when  Mmii-ter  of  Justice,  in  Tokio.  Okubo  proved 
hiniM'lf  a  Jaekson,  not  a  Huehanan,  and  made  Saga  both  the  iSumter  and  the 
Petersburg  of  the  Hizeu  secession. 


oTG  Til  K  MIKADO'S  KM  PI  RE. 

and  kept  camps,  and  made  fortifications  in  the  style  of  modern  engi- 
neering and  military  art.  Tin-  attitude  of  China  at  first  had  been  that 
of  the  -leeping  crocodile  that  allows  the  tiny  bird  to  enter  its  mouth 
to  pick  its  teeth  for  food.  Incited,  however,  bv  foreign  influence  in 
Peking,  the  sleepy  nation  woke  in  wrath  and  shame  at  the  rebuke  of 
Japan.  The  Chinese  Government  be^an  to  urge,  their  claims  on  For- 
inosi,  to  declare  the  Japanese  intruders,  and  to  menace  hostilities. 
For  a  time,  war  seemed  inevitable.  Again  the  man  for  the  crisis  was 
Okubo,  who  went  to  1 'eking.  The  result  of  this  was  that  the  Chi- 
ne>e  paid,  in  solid  silver,  an  indemnity  of  seven  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  and  the  Japanese  disembarked.  To  outsiders  in  Europe,  the 
whole  affair  seemed  but  a  ''tempest  in  two  tea-pots;''  but,  morally,  it 
was  sublime.  Japan,  single-handed,  with  no  foreign  sympathy,  but 
with  positive  opposition,  had,  in  the  interests  of  humanity,  rescued  a 
coast  from  terror,  and  placed  it  in  a  condition  of  safety.  In  the  face 
of  threatened  war,  a  nation  having  but  one-tenth  the  population,  area, 
and  resources  of  China,  had  abated  not  a  jot  of  its  just  demands,  nor 
flinched  from  the  wager  of  the  battle.  The  righteousness  of  her  cause 
was  vindicated.  China  now  occupies  Eastern  Formosa.  The  expedi- 
tion cost  Japan  five  millions  of  dollars.  Seven  hundred  victims  of  dis- 
ease in  peaceful  graves  sleep  under  the  camphor-trees  on  the  templed 
slope-  nf  the  Nagasaki  hills. 

The  Corean  affair  ended  happily.  In  isTo.  Mr.  Arinori  Mori  went 
to  l'ekiii'_r.  Kuroda  Kivotaka,  with  men-of-war,  entered  Corean  wa- 
ters. Patience,  skill,  and  taet  were  crowned  with  suceess.  On  behalf 
of  Japan,  a  treaty  of  peaee,  friendship,  and  commerce  was  made  be- 
tween the  tw«.  countries.  Februarv  L'Tlh.  1<S7<>.  Japan  has  thus  peace- 
fulh  opened  this  la-t  of  the  hermit  nations  to  the  world. 

Japan  was  amon^r  the  tir>t  to  accept  the  imitation  to  be  represent- 
ed at  the  centennial  of  American  independence.  A  commission  was 
appointed,  of  which  Okubo  was  made  president,  and  General  Sai^o 
Tsukuniichi  \  iee-pre>ideiit. 

Let  i;-  now  award  to  every  nation  due  honor.  The  Portuguese  dis- 
covered Japan,  and  ifave  her  slave-traders  and  the  Jesuits;  the  Span- 
iards sent  friars,  -!a\  vr-.  and  conspirators;  the  I  hit  eh  i^noblv  kept  alive 
our  kiiou  led'_fe  of  Japan  during  her  hermit  life;  the  Russians,  after  no- 
ble and  base  failures  to  open  the  comitrv,  harried  her  shore--.  Then 
came  1'i-rrv.  the  moral  grandeur  of  whose  peaceful  triumph  has  never 
been  challenged  or  compromi.-ed.  The  ("nited  State-  introduced  Ja- 
pan to  the  world,  thouirh  her  opening  could  not  have  been  l»ii'_r  delay- 


NEW  JAPAN.  577 

ed.  The  American,  Townsend  Harris,  peer  and  successor  to  Perry,  by 
his  dauntless  courage,  patience,  courtesy,  gentleness,  firmness,  and  in- 
corruptible honesty,  won  for  all  nations  treaties,  trade,  residence,  and 
commerce.  The  Dutch  secured  the  abolition  of  insults  to  Christianity. 
To  the  English  was  reserved  a  quiet  victory  and  a  mighty  discovery, 
second  TO  none  achieved  on  the  soil  of  the  mysterious  islands.  En- 
glish scholarship  first  discovered  the  true  source  of  power,  exposed  the 
counterfeit  government  in  Yedo,  read  the  riddle  of  ages,  and  rent  the 
veil  that  so  long  hid  the  truth.  It  was  the  English  minister,  Sir  Har- 
ry 1'arkes,  who  first  risked  his  life  to  find  the  truth;  stripped  the  sho- 
gim  of  his  fictitious  title  of  "majesty;"  asked  for  at  home,  obtained, 
and  presented  credentials  to  the  mikado,  the  sovereign  of  Japan  ;  recog- 
nized the  new  National  Government,  and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of 
true  diplomacy  in  Japan.  It  is  but  fair  to  note  that  Americans  have, 
in  certain  emergencies,  derived  no  small  advantage  from  the  expensive 
show  of  English  and  French  force  in  the  seas  of  China  and  Japan, 
and  from  the  literary  fruits  of  the  unrivaled  British  Civil  Service. 

Let  us  note  what  Americans  have  done.  Our  missionaries,  a  no- 
ble body  of  cultured  gentlemen  and  ladies,  with  but  few  exceptions, 
have  translated  large  portions  of  the  Bible  in  a  scholarly  and  simple 
version,  and  thus  given  to  Japan  the  sum  of  religious  knowledge  and 
the  mightiest  moral  force  and  motor  of  civilization.  The  standard 
Japanese-English  and  English-Japanese  dictionary  is  the  fruit  of  thir- 
teen years'  labor  of  an  eminent  scholar,  translator,  physician,  and  phi- 
lanthropist, J.  C.  Hepburn  M.D.,  LL.D.  The  first  grammar  of  the 
Japanese  language  printed  in  English,  the  beginnings  of  a  Christian 
popular  literature  and  hymnology,  the  organization  of  Christian 
churches,  the  introduction  of  theological  seminaries,  and  of  Li'irls1 
schools,  are  the  work  of  American  ladies  and  gentlemen.  The  first 
regular  teachers  in  their  schools,  and  probably  half  their  stall  in  their 
colleges,  are  Americans.  In  the  grand  work  of  agricultural  and  min- 
eral development,  in  the  healing  art,  and  in  jurisprudence,  education, 
and  financiering',  Americans  have  done  valuable  service. 

Foreigners  suppose  the  present  Government  to  be  modeled  on  tin1 
French  system  of  ministries,  whereas  it  is  simplv  the  modernized 
form  of  the  constitution  of  the  Osei  era  (see  pain's  lo:>,  104):  1.  the 
Emperor;  -2.  the  I>ai  Jo  Kuan;  :5.  the  Sa  In,  Left  Chamber ;  theGenro 
In,  or  Council  of  State;  4.  the  V  In,  or  Right  Chamber,  Council  of 
Ministers  or  Heads  of  Department  (Shu),  which  number  ten  (see  pa<;e 
59S).  The  Dai  Jo  Kuan  also  directs  the  three  imperial  cities  (fit)  and 


57  S  THE  MIKADO'S  EM  PI  I  IE. 

sixty-eight  ken.  or  prefectures.     The  '"provinces"  are  now  merely  geo- 
graphical divisions. 

In  accordance  \vitli  the  oatli  of  the  mikado  in  Kioto,  in  18G8,  that 
"  intellect  and  learning  should  be  sought  for  throughout  the  world,  in 
order  to  e>tabli-h  the  foundations  of  the  empire''  (see  page  318),  about 
four  hundred  foreigners,  from  many  countries,  have  been  in  the  Civil 
Service  of  the  Government.  All  these,  with  but  two  exceptions,  are 
simply  helpers  and  servants,  not  commissioned  officers,  and  have  no  act- 
ual authority.  To  their  faithful  and  competent  advisers  they  award  a 
fair  measure  of  confidence  and  co-operation.  To  the  worthless,  nepot- 
ic, or  those  who  would  play  the  lord  over  their  employers,  thev  quiet- 
ly pay  salary  and  snub.  Whoever  expects  to  be  master  will  find  him- 
self a  cipher.  Nevertheless,  whosoever  would  serve  well  will  surely 
rule. 

Can  an  Asiatic  despotism,  based  on  paganism,  and  propped  on  a  fic- 
tion, regenerate  itself.'  Can  Japan  y-o  on  in  the  race  she  has  beirun  ' 
Will  the  mighty  reform.-  now  attempted  be  completed  and  made  per- 
manent ?  Can  a  nation  appropriate  the  fruits  of  Christian  civilization 
without  its  root.'  I  believe  not.  I  can  not  but  think  that  unless  the 
modern  enlightened  ideas  of  government,  law,  society,  and  the  rights 
of  the  individual  be  adopted  to  a  far  greater  extent  than  they  have 
been,  the  people  be  thoroughly  educated,  and  a  mightier  spiritual  force 
replace  Shinto  and  Buddhism,  little  will  be  gained  but  a  glittering 
veneer  of  material  eivili/.ation  and  the  corroding  foreign  vices,  under 
which,  in  the  presence  ..f  the  Miperior  atf^re-sive  nation-  of  the  West. 
Dai  Nippon  mu>t  fall  like  the  doomed  race.-  of  America. 

A  ne\v  Min  is  rising  on  Japan.  In  1*70  there  were  not  ten  1'rot- 
e.-tant  Chri-tian.-  in  the  empire.  There  are  now  (May,  1*70)  ten 
churches,  with  a  membership  of  ei^ht  hundred  M>uls.  (leiitlv,  but  re- 
sistles>ly.  Christianity  i-  leavenini:  the  nation.  In  the  next  eenturv 
the  native  w.>rd  irmkn  (ru-tic.  boor)  will  mean  "heathen."  With 
tho-e  force-  that  centre  in  pure  Christianity,  and  under  that  Almighty 
I'n'vidi'nce  \vho  r;ii-cs  np  one  nation  and  casts  down  another,  I  ch'-r- 
i-h  the  til  in  hop.-  that  Japan  will  in  time  take  and  hold  her  equal 
place  anioiiix  the  forem.«-t  nations  of  the  world,  and  that,  in  the  on- 
ward march  of  civilization  which  f.-llows  the  -un.  the  Sun-land  mav 
lead  the  nation-  of  A.-ia  that  are  now  appearing  in  the  theatre  of  uni- 
'•er-al  hi-torv. 


JAPAN  IN  1883.  579 


SUPPLEMENTARY  CHAPTERS. 

I. 

JAPAN  IN  1883. 

OUR  record  of  events  in  the  last  chapter  closed  with  a  notice  of 
the  treaty  made  with  Corea,  February  i^7th,  1876,  a  diplomatic  tri- 
umph which  so  silenced  the  disaffected,  and  so  strengthened  the 
power  of  the  Government,  that  immediate  advantage  was  taken  of  it 
to  disarm  the  samurai.  In  response  to  a  public  sentiment  already 
grown  strong,  and  especially  to  the  memorial  of  December  7th,  1875, 
from  Yamagata,  the  Minister  of  War,  the  Premier  Sanjo,  on  the  28th 
of  March,  1870,  issued  a  proclamation  abolishing  the  custom  of  wear- 
ing two  .swords  :  "  Xo  individual  will  henceforth  be  permitted  to 
wear  a  sword  unless  he  be  in  court  dress,  a  member  of  the  military 
or  naval  forces,  or  a  police  officer."  This  measure,  first  advocated 
bv  Arinori  Mori,  in  1870,  now  became  law  throughout  the  laud — 
even  in  Satsuma. 

The  Corcans  responded  promptly  to  their  treaty  obligations.  A 
Japanese  steamer  was  sent  to  Fusan  ;  and  the  embassy  from  Seoul, 
numbering  eighty  persons  in  all,  lauded  at  Yokohama  May  2()th,  the 
ambassador  receiving  audience  of  the  mikado  June  1st.  These  Co- 
ivans  were  the  first  accredited  to  Japan  since  is:{5,  and  none  had 
come  as  far  east  as  Yedo  since,  the  last  century.  Then  thev  were  the 
guests  of  the  shogun  ;  but  now  direct  official  relations  with  the  mika- 
do were  resumed,  after  a  lapse  of  nearlv  a  millennium.  These  men, 
in  huge  hats,  and  white,  blue,  and  [link  cotton  or  silk  robes,  wore 
profusely  entertained  in  Tokid.  They  visited  the  public  buildings, 
schools,  founderics,  and  arsenals,  inspecting  the  curious  things  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  but  avoiding  all  white  foreigners  as  though  they 
wen;  reptiles,  and  embarked  for  home  June  18th. 

Meanwhile  the  mikado,  accompanied  by  several  members  of  his 
cabinet,  set  out  on  a  tour  overland  to  Yezo.  No  emperor  of  Japan 
had  ever  visited  the  northern  provinces,  and  the  delight  of  the  people 
at  seeing  their  sovereign  was  intense.  Visiting  Nikko  and  the  cas- 
tled towns  along  the  route,  the  emperor  made  himself  everywhere 


,-)(so  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

vi.sibK',  allowing  no  check  to  be  placed  upon  the  business  or  behavior 
of  the  people,  except  that  which  their  own  sense  of  respect  imposed. 
Among  the  excellent  fruits  of  this  tour  were:  the  erection  of  a  mon- 
ument to  the  patriot  Kin  Shihei  ;*  the  making  public  of  the  docu- 
ments and  relics  of  Father  Louis  Sotelo  ;f  and  the  gracious  reception 
of  an  address  to  his  majesty  from  the  Greek  Church  Christians  of 
Sendai,  which  augured  the  near  future  of  complete  religious  tolera- 
tion. The  imperial  journey,  begun  June  '_M,  was  continued  until  the 
middle  of  July.  His  return  to  the  capital  amid  many  demonstra- 
tions of  popular  jov  was  soon  after  signalized  by  another  bold  stroke 
of  power.  On  the  5th  of  August  the  measure,  long  before  conceived, 
of  extinguishing  the  hereditary  pensions  and  life-incomes  of  the  sa- 
murai, was  proclaimed.  Commutation  in  Government  bonds,  at  from 
five  to  fourteen  years'  purchase,  was  made  obligatory  upon  all.  The 
scheme  provided  that  the  largest  incomes  should  be  extinguished  first, 
and,  when  completed,  will  relieve  the  national  Treasury  of  an  annual 
burden  of  about  8-0,000,000.  This  act  of  the  Government,  which 
lightened  the  enforced  poverty  of  thirty  millions  of  people,  and  com- 
pelled the  privileged  classes  to  be^'iii  to  earn  their  bread,  was  warmlv 
welcomed  bv  the  masses. 

On  tin-  L'l>t  »f  August  another  measure  in  the  interest  of  public 
economy  and  of  centralization  v\a-  carried  out:  the  empire  was  re- 
divided,  and  the  sixty-eight  k<i/  or  prefectures  were  reduced  in  num- 
ber to  thirty-ti\e. 

These  radical  measures  enforced  by  the  mikado's  advisers — an  ir- 
responsible  ministry,  possessing  slight  facilities  for  adequately  «;aii<j;ing 

*  Ilin  Sliilit-i,  :i  native  of  Sendai — who-c  work  >'<(//  I\,,ku  T*nr<in  Tn-m/xii  i  "  (ien- 
eral  View  of  the  Three  Kinird'>m>  j  I ril Hilary  to  Japan  ],  i.  < . .  Corca.  Ye/.o.  and  liiu 
Kill  "  i,  wa-  printed  in  17V),  and  translated  hy  Klaproth  in  l^!'.'— was  horn  in  17:;?. 
A  far -M  cin:_r  patriot,  hr  studied  military  strategy  wliilc  making  pedestrian  ex- 
cursions over  the  whole  of  Japan,  especially  aloni:  the  coast,  and  by  learnini; 
from  lie  Dutch  at  NaiM-aki  and  the  Ku>.-iaiir-  in  Ye/.o.  He  was  keenly  alive  to 
the  -nhi.'i't  •'!  natioiia!  pi-n^rc.->  and  dclcn>e.  ]lis  maps  and  hooks  fell  undi-r  the 
c\  i-  of  the  crn-or-  i  p.  :.".»."»  of  the  .-ho^un,  who  ordered  the  plates  of  his  publiea- 
tioii-  to  lie  d.-~tro\i-d,  and  had  him  thrown  into  prison,  from  which  he  never 
came  out  alive. 

+  Father  I.oiiis  Si.telo  wa-  a  Spani-h  l-'iMiii-i^can  friar,  \\lio,  witii  Ha-hiknra 
]{'  ik  :IN  I'mon,  a  retainer  of  the  daimio  ol  Scndai.  >aileil  aero>s  Ihe  I'acitic  in  a 
Japanese  >hip  i  p.  'J4'ii  to  Mexico  in  1 1',]:;.  and  thence  readied  Sc\  ille  and  Rome, 
fhev  had  audience  of  Pope  Paul  V..  and  Ha.-hikura  was  made  a  Roman  senator. 
'I  l.ev  re'tii'iied  I'V  wav  of  Mexico  to  Japan:  hill  HaMiikura  was  compelled  to 
e  hi-  faith,  and  Sotelo  wa.-  martyred  at  Na-_ra:-aki.  (See  Jlildreth's 
-Japan."  pp.  I5\  I'M.) 


JAPAN  IX  1883.  581 

public  opinion — were  not  executed  without  protest  within  and  without 
the  cabinet.  In  the  south-west,  especially,  were  many  earnest  men, 
narrow  and  unprogressive,  perhaps,  who  grieved  deeply  over  the  decay 
of  old  customs,  the  secularization  of  the  Divine  Country,  the  arbitrary 
policy  and  personal  extravagance  of  "the  bad  councillors  of  the  em- 
peror," and  his  ''imprisonment"  by  them,  the  influence  of  foreign- 
ers, the  toleration  of  Christianity,  and  the  loss  of  their  swords  and 
pensions.  Among  the  leaders  of  these  conservatives  were  Mayebara 
and  Uyeno — the  one  a  discharged  office-holder,  and  the  other  a  man 
of  seventy — whose  followers  organized  clubs  named  Jimpu  (Divine 
Breath,  or  Wind)  and  Sonno-Joi  (Reverence  to  the  Mikado,  and  Ex- 
pulsion of  the  Barbarian). 

On  the  -24th  of  October  a  party  of  nearly  two  hundred  of  these  fa- 
natics, dressed  in  beetle-headed  iron  helmets  and  old  armor  made  of 
steel  and  paper  laced  with  silk,  and  armed  with  spears  and  swords, 
attacked  the  imperial  garrison  at  Kumamoto,  in  lligo.  They  suc- 
ceeded in  injuring  about  three  hundred  of  the  troops  before  they  were 
dispersed,  taken  prisoners,  or  had  disemboweled  themselves.  Other 
uprisings,  more  easily  quelled,  took  place  in  Kiushiu ;  while  in  Cho- 
shiu,  Mayebara  led  live  hundred  armed  men  vainly  against  the  new 
order  of  things,  in  which  rifles,  cannon,  telegraphs,  and  steamers 
played  their  part.  As  by  some  new  Jove,  with  hands  full  of  thun- 
der-bolts, these  Titans  of  a  later  day  were  transfixed  by  the  lightnings 
hurled  from  Tokio  in  the  form  of  steamers  and  rifled  artillery.  Quiet 
was  entirely  restored  by  December.  A  few  heads  were  struck  off, 
hundreds  of  the  choteki  were  exiled  or  degraded,  and  another  of  the 
throes  of  expiring  feudalism  was  over. 

The  next  insurrections  were  by  men  equipped  in  calico,  with  rush 
hats  and  straw  sandals,  gathered  under  banners  of  matting  inscribed 
with  mottoes  daubed  on  in  ink,  and  armed  with  spears  made  by 
pointing  and  fire- hardening  staves  of  bamboos.  These  embattled 
farmers  were  enraged  because  the  taxes  had  been  changed  from  kind 
to  money,  and,  instead  of  being  assessed  on  the  produce,  were  laid 
on  the  soil.  Assaulting  the  local  magistrates'  offices,  they  had  to  be 
dispersed  by  the  military,  in  some  cases  only  after  bloodshed.  Time, 
good  roads,  banking  facilities,  clearer  understanding  of  the  purpose 
of  the  Government,  have  already  changed  temporary  distress,  caused 
by  innovations,  into  satisfied  prosperity. 

These  violent  expressions  of  the  real  grievances  of  the  agricultural 
class,  on  whom  the  burdens  of  taxation  mainlv  fall — three-fourths, 


58-2  Till-:  MIKADO'S   KM  TIKE. 

or  ;?f>o, i MIH. i ini i,  ,,f  tlir  total  revenue  of  the  empire  (8<>0,00o,0<)0), 
bciiiLT  drawn  from  the  tax  on  land — hastened  another  beneficial  re- 
form. (Mi  the  4th  of  January,  1S77,  the  national  land-tax  was  re- 
dnet-il  fr«'in  three  to  two  and  a  half  per  eeiit. — a  loss  to  the  Treasury 
of  about  SS, 000, 000.  The  local  tax.  formerly  amounting  to  one- 
third  of  the  land-tax,  was  reduced  to  one-fifth,  or  nearly  one-half. 
About  the  same  time  two  other  sweeping  measures  of  economy,  in- 
truded as  an  offset,  were  carried  mit.  Besides  thus  directly  relieving 
the  people,  the  salaries  of  nearly  all  the  Government  officers  and  the 
expenses  of  the  departments  were  reduced,  several  thousand  office- 
holders were  discharged,  the  Department  of  Religion  (Kio  \\\\  Sho) 
ami  the  Prefecture  of  Police  were  abolished,  and  their  functions  trans- 
ferred to  the  Home  Department,  and  a  saving  of  about  ss,OOO,ooi) 
annually  effected,  to  balance  the  loss  to  the.  Treasury  from  reform  in 
tii"  tax  on  land.  Such  a  movement  in  otiicial  circles,  popularly  called 
•.\jialiirt  (earthquake),  met  with  the  keen  satisfaction  of  the  majority, 
the-  joy  of  tin'  eiti/ens  and  peasantry  bein^  "beyond  imagination." 
The  Government  now  beufan  to  be  less  afraid  of  Satsiima;  less  careful, 
also,  perhaps,  to  keep  informed  of  the  state  of  public  opinion,  since 
tin-  press  !a\\s  were  excessively  stringent,  and  there  was  no  safety- 
val\  e  for  discontent. 

The  year  1  S7»i  will  ever  remain  memorable  as  the  critical  year  in 
Japanese  journalism,  when  the  severity  of  the  press  laws  sind  Govern- 
ment pros,.,-ut!oi!s  \\,->  more  than  c.jiialed  by  the  courage,  tirmnes-, 
and  patience  of  a  noble  army  of  editors  and  writers,  who  crowded  the 
jails  of  Japan,  and  joyfully  suffered  tines  ,,iid  imprisonment  in  order 
to  secure  a  measure  of  "the  freedom  of  the  piv»" — a  phrase  which 
is  the  watch-word  of  liberty,  not  only  in  Kurope  and  America,  but 
amoiiir  the  Japanese  aUo,  in  whose  lanmia^e.  it  has  become  domesti- 
cated in  common  speech,  like  the  new  words  which  science,  religion, 
and  advan<-in'_r  political  knowledge  require  for  their  expression. 

Cjoseh  connected  \\iih  all  measures  of  genuine  reform  is  the  name 
of  Kid",  "the  fine-t  intellect "  and  "the  brain  and  pen  "  of  the  revo- 
lutioii.  \\hile  other  leaders  were  ea^er  and  able  to  break  (lown, 
Ki'io  was  pre-eminently  the  builder  -  up,  and  hU  genius  essentially 
Jlim-elf  the  p'M-'-^t  representative  of  the  mind  of 
applied  the  l.i^ic  ()f  the  cardinal  doctrine-  of  Japanese 
divine  ri'_rht  of  tiie  mikado  to  govern  his  people — and 
He  believed  in  di-eH^-i,  ,n,  \\\  the  \\i-dom  of  the  ma- 
he  established  m.u -jMpeis  and  pleaded  for  reprcsenta- 


JAPAN  IN  1883.  583 

tive  assemblies.  He  incarnated  the  soul  of  peaceful  progress.  He 
opposed  alike  the  Corean  and  Formosan  war  projects,  and  the  too 
rapid  capitalization  of  the  samurai's  pensions.  lie  applied  himself 
to  master  the  details  of  local  administration,  and  carefully  studied  the 
problems  of  taxation  and  municipal  procedure,  both  at  home  and  in 
Europe  and  America.  To  rare  political  ability  he  joined  an  unselfish 
patriotism  and  a  stainless  record.  Amidst  all  the  clash  of  opposing 
interests  which  the  destruction  of  the  old  and  the  creation  of  new 
institutions  called  out  the  voice  of  Kido  was  ever  authoritative. 
While  Okubo  represented  the  foreign  side  of  the  revolution,  and 
Saigo  the  military  genius  of  Old  Nippon,  Kido  embodied  in  himself 
the  best  elements  of  Xew  Japan,  lie  had  been  especially  earnest  and 
influential  in  bringing  about  the  reforms  in  taxation  and  govern- 
mental economy,  and  in  the  calling  together  of  a  deliberative  body 
of  the  ken  and  fit  magistrates,  which,  meeting  in  Tokio  in  1875,  was 
opened  by  the  mikado  in  person,  and  presided  over  by  himself.  lie 
was  now  hoping  to  conciliate  the  disaffected  samurai  of  Kiushiu  and 
the  one  man  whom  they  trusted,  after  having  been,  as  they  believed, 
betrayed  by  Okubo  and  the  irresponsible  ministers  in  Tokio.  Had 
Kido  lived,  the  sad  and  costly  civil  war  might  not  have  broken  out. 
In  the  moment  of  his  country's  greatest  need  this  noble  patriot,  over- 
wearied and  wounded  in  spirit,  was  seized  with  a  disease  which  soon 
made  him  understand  that  his  work  was  nearly  over.  He  died  at 
Kioto,  May  27th,  1S77. 

Ever  since  1.8G8  Satsuma  had  remained  the  one  portion  of  the  em- 
pire un assimilated  to  the  life  of  progressive  Japan.  The  old  clan 
which  of  old  had  awed  the  Yedo  shoguns  now  terrified  the  rest  of  the 
country.  Goaded  by  hatred  and  long-cherished  revenge,  the  Satsuma 
men,  without  any  sympathy  with  the  nation  at  large,  had  led  in  the 
overthrow  of  their  enemies,  the  Tokugawas.  The  political  education 
of  most  of  the  clansmen  was  purely  feudal.  Their  compass  of  duty, 
vibrating  between  reverence  to  the  mikado  and  hatred  to  barbarians, 
pointed  to  personal  loyalty  as  their  lodestar.  Anythim;  broader  in 
scope  than  the  old  elements  of  Japanese  politics — lovaltv  to  their 
chief,  clan-fights,  struggles  between  rival  factions  for  the  person  of 
the  mikado,  the  reign  of  the  sword  held  by  the  idle  and  privileged 
classes,  the  grinding  of  the  peasantry,  and  the  expulsion  or  subordi- 
nation of  foreigners — in  a  word,  the  virtues  and  the  vices  of  feudalism 
— was  not  within  their  horizon.  As  for  Saiuo,  their  leader,  with  all 
the  qualities  in  his  character  so  attractive  to  a  Japanese,  he  lacked 


584  Till-:  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

genuine  patriotism,  and  probably  aspired  to  be  simply  another  "  man 
on  hor-el>ack."  furnishing  to  liistorv  one  more  illustration  of  the 
Japanese  variety  of  ( 'a'sarism.  Had  not  this  ninth  decade  of  the 
nineteenth  eentnrv  been  one  of  steam  and  eleetricitv,  instead  of 
armor  and  arrows,  the  Tokio  ministers  might  hnvc  kneeled  at  the 
blo<>d-pit  as  chntt-ki  while  Sai^o  dictated  to  I>ai  Nippon  as  Sei-i  Tai 
Shugun.  Providence  meant  it  otherwi>e.  The  oJd  stvle  of  Japanese 
( 'iesarism  was  over. 

After  the  revolution  lar«;e  numbers  of  Satsuma  men  had  been  ap- 
pointed  to  posts  of  honor  in  the  armv,  navv,  and  police  force,  while 
Saigo  and  Shimad/u  Saburo  were  otTered  seats  in  the  Cabinet  ;  but  one 
after  another  the  liberal  political  measures  were  carried  out  against 
the  sentiments  of  men  steeped  in  the  vices  of  feudalism.  Peace  with 
Corea,  commutation  of  pensions,  the  abolition  of  swords,  and  the 
contempt  cast  upon  the  wearing  <>f  the  top-knot — as  significant  of  the 
feudal  spirit  to  a  Japanese  of  the  old  school  a>  a  Pawnee's  war-lock 
is  to  the  red  rider  of  the  prairie — were  too  much  for  both  Saigo  and 
Shimad/.u.  The  former,  retiring  to  Kagoshima,  founded  a  military 
school,  which  was  soon  attended  bv  the  flower  of  Satsuma's  youth, 
while  nearlv  twenty  thousand  men  in  Satsuma  and  O/umi,  living  with 
their  face."  to  the  pa.-t,  looked  to  Saiu'o  as  their  master.  The  writer 
cherishes  verv  vivid  remembrances  of  walking  unarmed  in  Tokio,  and 
meeting  face  to  face  in  nanou  streets  these  lierv  men  of  the  old 
swashbuckler  spirit.  \\ith  their  hair  >horn  olT  th<  ir  temples,  a  gen- 
eral wildne-,-,  of  expression  in  their  faces,  a  scowl  of  mingled  defiance 
and  contempt  in  their  eves,  \\ith  their  protruding  -\\onU  and  lon^, 
red-lacquered  scabbanK,  tln-v  seemed  the  incarnation  of  fanatical  pa- 
triotism  ami  diabolical  pride.  Their  favorite  proverb  was,  "  Though 
the  eacflc  be  Marvin^,  he  will  not  eat  grain,"  and  rather  than  earn 
their  living  bv  vulgar  trade,  and  accept  the  new  order  of  things,  they 
would  ^ratifv  their  thir-t  for  blood.  So  ^reat  was  the  influence 
and  pivMi"V  of  Sat-uina,  that  the  impression  became  general  through- 
out the  eountrv  that  the  <  rovi.-rnineiit  \\a-  afraid  of  thi>  one  sullen 
clan.  \\hat  lent  additional  daiiLT'T  to  the  >ituation  wa^,  that  a  laru'e 
ipped  with  -team  machinery  and  full  of  military  stores, 
th  two  powiler-mi!l>.  capiible  of  funiiiiLT  <<\il  thirty  thoii- 

of  po\\der  dai!\,  -to,,il  near  the  city  of  Ivagoshinui. 
all  revolt-^  airain^t   the  imperial  authority  had  been  minor 
c,  and    led    bv    ne  11    ..f    im    >pecial    fitne»    fur   their   ta-k. 
a!    uhi'.'ii   \\e  shall   IMW   de-cribe   ss  a-    organized  bv  the   ablest  mill- 


JAPAN  jy  1883.  585 

tary  mind,  backed  by  the  best  fighting  blood  in  the  empire.  Had  the 
Government  remained  inert  much  longer,  the  plans  of  Saigo  would 
have  been  matured,  and  with  ampler  resources  the  issue  might  have 
been  different,  or  the  struggle  prolonged  to  the  ruin  of  the  nation. 

Wiselv  the  rulers  in  Tokio  resolved  to  precipitate  the  crisis,  or  at 
least  unmask  Saigo's  designs,  and  a  vessel  was  sent  to  Kagoshima,  in 
January,  1877,  under  Admiral  Kawavnura,  to  remove  the  gunpowder. 
An  attack  threatened  upon  it  by  boats  full  of  armed  men  was  avoided 
by  the  admiral,  but  the  arsenals  and  powder-mills  were  seized  Febru- 
ary 1st,  1877,  by  a  body  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  samurai.  At 
this  time  the  mikado  and  most  of  his  Cabinet  were  in  Kioto,  whence 
they  had  come  to  inaugurate  the  opening  of  the  railway  between 
Kobe,  Ozaka,  and  Kioto,  which  was  celebrated  on  the  5th  of  February. 
At  once  recognizing  the  gravity  of  the  situation,  they  dispatched  the 
flower  of  the  army  and  police  to  Kiushiu  in  steamers.  All  doubts  as 
to  Saigo's  personal  participation  in  the  uprising  were  set  at  rest  by 
his  appearing  before  Kumamoto  castle,  to  which  he  laid  siege. 

The  Island  of  the  Nine  Provinces  was  ordered  to  be  placed  under 
martial  law,  and  Saigo,  now  named  Saigo  Takamori,  \vas  degraded 
from  his  rank  as  Marshal  of  the  Empire,  and  Prince  Arisugawa  no 
Miva  was  appointed  to  the  supreme  command.  Saigo  and  his  gener- 
als, Kirino,  Beppu,  and  Shinohara,  were  branded  as  choteki,  but  Shi- 
maclzu  Saburo  remained  loyal.  The  insurgent  ports  were  blockaded,  and 
fresh  levies  of  troops  were  made  and  hurried  forward.  After  a  siege 
of  fifty-five  days,  during  which  Kumamoto  castle  was  nobly  defended 
by  Colonel  Tani  and  his  little  band,  Saigo  was  compelled  to  retreat. 

The  war  soon  became  scattered.  The  imperial  army,  under  Yama- 
gata  and  Kawaji,  marched  in  two  large  divisions  from  Kumamoto 
and  Kagoshima,  intending  to  inclose  the  rebels  in  a  cordon.  After 
many  bloody  skirmishes  and  a  great  battle,  the  two  divisions  effect- 
ed a  junction.  Saigo  Tsukumichi,  a  brother  of  the  rebel  leader,  took 
the  field  in  July,  during  which  month,  owing  to  the  hard  fight- 
ing, six  thousand  of  the  mikado's  troops  were  killed  or  wounded. 
While  the  imperialists  were  largely  raw  levies  from  the  peasantry 
and  middle  classes,  the  rebels  were  in  the  main  the  veteran  samurai 
of  18(58.  Even  their  women  fought  under  the  rebel  banner.  De- 
fending themselves  in  some  instances  by  making  a  shield  of  the  light, 
thick  floor-mats,  or  tatami,  the  rebel  swordsmen,  by  a  sudden  charge, 
drew  the  fire  of  the  troops  harmlessly,  and  rushing  on  them  with 
their  swords  butchered  them  easily. 


",S(J  Till:  MIKMiO'S 

(  >n  the  K>th  of  August.  Saigo  Takamori's  forces,  reduced  to  less 
than  ten  thousand  men.  were  attacked  at  N'oheoka,  an  old  natural 
stronghold,  and  the  bloody  conflict  resulted  in  a  complete  victory 
for  the  imperialists.  With  a  few  hundred  followers  the  rebel  leaders 
e-eaped  into  Iliuga,  whence,  on  the  I'd  of  September,  they  made  a 
da-h  on  Kago-hima.  and  held  it  two  weeks.  Thence  they  were  driven 
.iiit  to  Shirovama,  a  few  miles  from  the  city.  There,  on  the  L'4th  of 
September.  Saigo,  Kirino.  and  Murata,  having  less  than  four  hundred 
followers,  were  attacked  bv  fifteen  thousand  troops  of  the  imperial 
armv.  with  mortars,  cannon,  and  rifles.  Armed  only  witli  swords,  the 
little  band  fought,  scorning  quarter.  Many  of  them  committed 
l«ir<i-kiri,  and  Saigo  was  beheaded  by  one  of  his  friends,  who  as  u 
favor  performed  this  act  of  kindness.  Not  one  of  the  imperial  sol- 
diers was  killed.  The  three  leaders  and  nearly  three  hundred  of  the 
band  gladly  met  their  death  with  unquailing  courage,  proud  to  (lie  in 
blo.nl  by  their  own  or  at  their  comrades'  hands,  knowing  no  greater 
glory  than  to  imitate  Kusunoki  and  the  ancient  models  of  that  fero- 
cious military  virtue  of  Old  Japan — Ymiiato  duiiidxlii. 

This  was  the  mightiest  rebellion,  inspired  by  the  spirit  of  the  past, 
aga'm-t  which  the  mikado's  Government  has  had  to  cope.  It  was  the 
supreme  effort  of  defiance  of  the  forces  of  feudalism  and  misrule 
again-t  order  and  united  government.  The  Old  met  the  New — me- 
dia-valism  wa-  pitted  against  the  nineteenth  century,  and  failed. 
"  What  Saigo  c.mid  not  achieve,  no  imitator  will  presume  to  attempt." 
The  rebellion  eo-t  Japan  fifty  million-  of  dollar-.  The  rebel  troops 
of  Sat-uma,  O/umi.  and  Hitiga  numbered  :>'.», Tfio,  of  whom  :i/j:n  men 
were  killed,  CU4  wounded,  and  :!l_:;i  mi-sing.  Of  tin-  imperial  army, 
probably  an  equal  number  or  more  suffered  the  fate  of  war,  a  very 
large  proportion  of  wound-  being  cuts  from  the  old  two-handed  sword- 
blade-.  In  the  cities  and  villages  of  Japan,  once  quite  free  from  the 
-ight  of  le^le--  and  armle-s  men  and  the  re-ult-  of  gunshot  wounds, 
the  -pectacle  .if  empty  sleeves,  of  men  hobbling  on  crutches,  and  of 
bullet-scarred  victim-  of  gunpowder  war-,  i-  no  longer  a  rarity.  In 
the  treatment  of  tin  rebel-  the  Government  di-plavcd  a  spirit  of  leni- 
eney  unknown  to  A-ia.  and  \\orfhv  of  the  <  hn-tian  name.  ( )f  the 
:;-.]•;:!  per-oti-  trie«l  in  Kiu-hiu.  tin-re  were  i."X>  acquitted,  :}.">.  n  is 
pardoned,  i'<)  fined.  117  degraded  from  the  ela—  of  samurai.  1  7!»:< 
e..ndeintie(l  to  impri-oniiieiit.  with  hard  labor,  for  terms  varying 
.  thirtv  da\  -  t"  ten  year-.  'I  wetity  person-  were  deeaj)itated. 

N    tw  ith-tatiding   the    war    in    the    -oiith,  the    enterprises    of   peace 


JAPAN  L\  1883.  587 

went  on.  The  National  Industrial  Exhibition  at  Uyeno,  on  the  site 
of  the  battle-ground  of  1868  (p.  315),  which  was  closely  modeled 
upon  the  Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia,  was  opened  August 
21st,  and  closed  November  30th,  and  was  in  every  respect  successful. 
During  this  time  the  cholera  broke  out  in  Japan,  but  by  the  stringent 
enforcement  of  sanitary  measures  its  ravages  were  slight.  Out  of 
11,675  cases,  there  were  but  6297  deaths — a  victory  of  science  no 
less  renowned  than  that  of  the  army  at  Nobeoka. 

The  year  1878  marked  the  first  decade  of  the  mikado's  government 
bv  means  of  an  irresponsible  ministry.  The  oath  made  by  Ilis  Maj- 
esty in  Kioto  in  1868  to  form  a  deliberative  assembly  had  never  been 
fully  carried  out.  The  earnest  men  in  office  were  perhaps  too  busy 
to  remind  the  mikado  of  his  promise;  but  the  equally  earnest  men 
outside,  continually  advancing  in  political  knowledge,  and  seeing  one 
cause  of  the  troubles  that  afflicted  the  nation  in  the  official  ignorance 
of  public  sentiment,  had  lost  no  opportunity  to  make  their  convictions 
known.  By  agitation  in  the  newspapers,  by  memorials  to  the  Govern- 
ment, by  public  lectures,  the  subject  was  pressed.  One  or  two  steps 
had  been  taken.  In  1875  a  Senate  (denro-in,  or  llou.se  of  Eders) 
had  been  established,  and  an  assembly  of  the  ken  governors  —  the 
creation  of  Kido — held  one  session  in  the  capital,  but  only  one.  Un- 
der the  pretext  of  the  mikado's  journey  north  in  1876,  and  of  the 
war  in  Kiushiu  in  1877,  the  meetings  of  this  body  had  been  adjourn- 
ed, greatly  to  the  irritation  of  those  who  clamored  for  it  as  a  national 
right,  and  complained  both  of  the  excess  of  personal  government,  and 
of  the  flagrant  defiance  of  popular  rights  as  based  on  the  mikado's 
oath. 

Yet,  more  rapidly  than  the  petitioners  dreamed,  the  era  of  personal 
government  was  drawing  to  a  close  ;  and,  as  usual  in  Japanese  politics, 
the  new  era  was  to  be  ushered  in  by  assassination.  Okubo  was  mur- 
dered in  the  public  highway  in  broad  daylight  May  14th,  1878. 

Within  one  year  Japan  lost  her  three  ablest  men — Kido,  Saigo,  and 
Okubo.  Of  all  these,  Okubo,  by  temperament,  training,  and  character, 
was  best  fitted  to  be  the  interpreter  of  foreign  ideas  to  his  colleagues. 
Resolute,  daring,  ambitious,  his  will  was  iron  and  his  action  light- 
ning. His  burning  desire,  to  raise  his  country  from  the  low  level  of 
semi-civilized  states  to  the  height  of  equality  with  the  proudest  na- 
tions of  the  earth,  created  in  him  a  ceaseless  energv,  that  showed  it- 
self in  a  long  list  of  reforms  with  which  his  name  is  inseparably  asso- 
ciated. He  expected  almost  to  see  his  country  regenerated  in  a  life- 


5SS  TIIK  MIKADO'S   AM//'/ It H. 

time.  Hi-  chief  idea  was  the  thorough  unification  of  Japan,  and  tlio 
extirpation  of  all  vestiges  of  the  feudal  spirit  and  of  sectionalism. 
Hi-  Win-veil  that  .1  railway  built  from  Ye/o  to  Kiushiu,  even  if  it 
paid  no  dividend  for  a  thousand  years,  would  be  of  incalculable  ad- 
vantage to  the  country  in  unifying  the  people.  In  order  to  hasten 
the  growth  of  a  century  in  a  decade,  he  considered,  perhaps  too 
hlindlv.  a  strong!  v  centralized  (Government  to  be  of  the  fust  necessitv, 
and  in  this  opinion  he  was  seconded  bv  his  colleagues  of  like  mind.* 

Hence  the  error  of  these  able  men  in  not  estimating  at  its  proper 
value  the  equally  ea^er  desire  of  men  otiNidc  tlie  Government  to  take 
part  in  the  tasks  of  civilization.  Kido  had  warned  them  not  to  clin^ 
too  closely  to  the  traditions  of  paternal  government,  and  the  charge 
be^an  to  be  made  that  Okubo  was  an  enemy  to  public  discussion  and 
popular  rights.  A^ain  the  assassin's  sword  cast  its  >hadow. 

(  >n  the  evening  of  May  l:'th,  Is7>\  having  been  warned  of  the  im- 
pending danger,  Okubo  expressed  before  a  party  of  friends  his  belief 
in  the  decree  of  Heaven,  that  would  protect  him  if  his  work  were  not 
yet  done,  but  which  otherwise  would  permit  his  death,  even  though 
he  were  surrounded  by  soldiers.  His  words  were  prophetic.  He 
spoke  better  than  \\>-  knew.  His  york — the  work  of  personal  fjov- 
ernrm'tit — wa>  over;  the  era  of  representative  ^overnmeiit  had  be^un. 
The  next  morning,  \\hile  on  his  wav  to  the  mikado's  palace,  unarmed, 
lie  was  murdered  bv  >ix  assa><ins,  who  were  >aid  to  ha\e  been  runa- 
wav-  from  the  Sat-uina  rebellion.  The  mikado  immediately  con- 
ferred upon  his  dead  servant  the  highest  rank,  and  elevated  hi-  son- 
to  fiie  iiobiliiN.  The  fiitn-fal  cortege,  in  whieh  prince-,  iinbles,  and 
the  fop-i^i,  diplomatic  corps  joined.  v>a-  the  most  impo-in^  r\vr  .-een 
in  Tokin.f 

*  I  ri'ini'inbrr,  wliilc  pri'-i-nt   at   a  diniiiT  irivii  l.y  tlii-  junior  Prime  MinistiT, 

[\v:ikura,  ill    !ii-   Imu-c   in   T"k  i"  i  .1  nl  y   liltli.   is7-li.au   Amrnrun    huly   a-ki',1   liim 

;  •;•   — '1   liim  Hi"-',   \\liilr  in   AiiiiTica,  and  ojn'cially  at    Wa-hinirtun. 

I!-   a"-'.'.  ••:•••'!   .it    (ii)ci',   "'rin-    -ti-.nu'tli   nt'thc  central   (i'lvenmieiit,   \\liicli   for  a 

rcpiilir.c  -1  ''ini-il  inc'i'i'iliMi'  1. 1  inc. " 

•*  <)KU'ii>'.~  tali,   arrnwv   1  'I'm.   Inxnriaiit  Milr-wLi-K'Ts,  lariT1',  cxprc-.-ivt-  i-vc-, 

,,11(1  .  ,i.:>  r.  rxjirctant  ln'.irimr,  LT.iV'1  liim  tlii-  :i]  \»-:i\  aiicc  df  M  Mm  u]M-an  ratlicr  tlian 

an  A-iati'1.      NV'irn    in    'I  ivi'il  IVri|iicnt    cmivcr-ati'in^    uitli  tlii-   di.-tin- 

'    -man.  tl.'-  i  mi  tin1  eye  (if  leaving  ,l:i pan  fur  Atncri- 

|i'      ,   i  S7  t '.  c!';i  iiu'  -A  :          I  i     . ',   i  a -k I'd   man\   '|ii'-stioiis  alionl   Ann-rii-nn 

\Vh'-n  a  I  ii  MI  I  t"  I'-. i    •    I     •  :  >rni'-d  l.im  "f  my  int''n:inn  \<>  write  a  work 

'  .    .!-    i'   -'    I    .     nld    !hi     ricriit    revulutioiis,  that    AnieriiMii-* 

!     .         •-•    •  •       «)!.ui,,,'-   I.J.TC'HI^  lilacl;   i  y, •-  slmm.'  wi;ii 

:         ,    in  '•'     :.;.   1'llt    iinii)''(iiaii-l\    a    -)iii<l'i\\    ji;t««C(]   ovt'l1    l.i;-    hand.-onii' 

1    .     •  -.       "  V.j;ir  i.urjMi-u  i.-  an  '  \i  (.-lii-iit   "ii>-,      I  ,un  u'lud,  and  even  Lrr.ile- 


JAPAN  IN  18,83.  589 

The  long  step  forward  toward  representative  institutions  was  taken 
July  22d,  by  the  proclamation  for  the  calling  of  Provincial  Parlia- 
ments, or  Local  Assemblies,  composed  of  one  delegate  from  each 
di-trict  (kori],  which  were  to  sit  once  a  year  in  each  ken.  Under  the 
supervision  of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior,  these  bodies  are  empow- 
ered to  discuss  questions  of  local  taxation,  and  to  petition  the  central 
government  on  other  matters  of  local  interest.  The  qualifications  for 
members  and  electors  are  limited  by  ability  to  read  and  write,  and 
the  pavment  of  an  annual  land-tax  of  at  least  five  dollars.  Each  reg- 
i-tered  voter,  who  must  be  twenty  years  of  age,  must  himself  write 
his  own  name  and  the  name  of  the  candidate  voted  for  on  a  ballot. 
In  this  one  respect  the  Japanese  excels  the  American  method.  The 
foundations  for  further  improvements  were  now  broadly  based. 

To  anticipate,  and  pass  over  details,  except  to  notice  the  constant 
agitation  kept  up  by  new  engines  in  Japanese  politics — the  press,  the 
lecture  platform,  and  the  debating  club — the  mikado,  yielding  to  the 
irresistible  pressure  of  public  opinion,  expanded  and  confirmed  liis 
oath  of  1808,  in  the  famous  proclamation  of  October  12th,  1881: 
"  We  therefore  hereby  declare,  that  We  shall  in  the  23d  year  of  Meiji 
(189U)  establish  a  Parliament,  in  order  to  carry  into  full  effect  the 
determination  We  have  announced  ["gradually  to  establish  a  consti- 
tutional form  of  government"],  and  We  charge  our  faithful  subjects 
bearing  our  commissions  to  make,  in  the  mean  time,  all  necessary 
preparations  to  that  end.  AVith  regard  to  the  limitations  upon  the 
Imperial  Prerogative,  and  the  constitution  of  the  Parliament,  We  shall 
decide  hereafter,  and  shall  make  proclamation  in  due  time." 

Three  political  parties  in  Japan  arc  now  distinctly  organized,  each 
with  its  newspapers,  clubs,  mass  meetings,  and  peripatetic  lecturers,  or 
"  stump-speakers."  They  are  the  Constitutional  Monarchists,  Liber- 
al-, and  Constitutional  Reformers,  with  minor  cliques  representing  va- 
rious phases  of  radicalism  or  conservatism.  Local  societies  cherishing 
socialistic,  communistic,  and  even  nihilist  principles  add  to  the  varie- 
ty of  opinions  now  distinguishable  in  a  once  hermit  nation,  whose 
entire  stock  of  political  knowledge,  a  generation  ago,  consisted  of  the 
t\\o  ideas  of  personal  loyalty  and  hatred  of  foreigners.  As  a  Japa- 
nese writer  remarked  in  the  Ji>j>i  Shimbun — the  or^an  of  the  liber- 
al-—  "Flic  impulse  of  progress  and  innovation  has  invaded  the  na- 


oOO  Till-:  MIKADO'S  E 

ti<-n  \vitli  tln>  -tivnu'th  of  a  ru-hiiii;-  torrent.  A  totally  new  Japanese 
empire  is  in  process  of  establishment/' 

Let  u-  n<>\\  ;_rlance  at  Japan's  foreign  policy  and  state-craft.  \Vith 
tlie  Ke-toration  of  1S(!S  was  born  the  desire  to  thoroughly  consolidate 
the  empire,  and  brin-;  its  outlying  portions  into  cl.isor  relations  to  the 
throne.  Some  students  of  history  will  also  say  that  the  lon^-slum- 
beriiiLT  lu-t  of  con.jiie-t  awoke  to  iu'w  vi^or.  A  <ehool  of  Japanese 
thinkers  claimed  that  the  fullest  expression  of  nationality  would  in- 
clude not  only  Kin  Kiu,  Ye/.o,  Sakhalin,  and  tin.-  Boiiin  Island-,  a- 
constituent  portions.  but  also  Co'.ea  and  Kastern  Formosa,  as  tributary 
dependencies — the  last  claim  bcin^  based  on  Japanese  settlement.  a- 
well  a-  lack  of  Chinese  jurisdiction.  The  solution  of  the  Formo-an 
and  Corean  problems  was,  as  we  have  seen,  soon  readied.  The  Bon  in 
I-latids.  first  held  in  fief  by  (  >-;asawara,  a  d;".imir..  in  l.W>,  and  visited 
by  a  party  of  explorers  from  Nagasaki  in  \>'i7~>.  who  nave  the  name 
Muiiin.  or  B»nin  (no  man's),  had  been  neglected  by  the  Japanese  for 
centuries,  though  lon-j;  a  noted  resort  of  whalers.  In  I1-!'.'?  the  Amer- 
ican Captain  ColHn.  and  in  ISi'T  Captain  Beediv,  an  Englishman,  vi.— 
iti-d  the  i-lands;  and  Commodore  M.  C'.  Terry,  in  1  V-">1,  stocked  them 
with  -herp.  ^-oats.  and  cattle.  In  1*77  there  were  on  the  island- 
a  niotli-y  company  of  seventy  persons,  ehietlv  sailors  from  whaling- 
ship-.  Americ-an-.  lOn^li-hmen,  and  Hawaiian-.  In  l^Ts  the  islands 
\ven:  formally  tak"Ti  ]>o— e-sion  of  in  the  name  of  the  mikado,  and  a 
local  government  e-tabli<hed  by  Japanese  ollicei-.  Cofli-i  Uland  \\ill 
jirobablv  be  the  teriiiinu-  of  tin-  propo-rd  t  !'a!. -  -  I 'acilie  submarine 
cable'  froin  San  Franci-eo  to  Yokohama. 

Sairhalin  and  the  Knrile  1-land-  had  been  the  debatable  ground  l>- 
twf-en  the  Japane-e  and  Ku— ians  since  17'.»(i,  t!f  -nbject  of  coijfer- 
•jiices  and  mutual  remonstrances,  and  tiie  scene  of  some  bonler-rutlian- 
i-m  at:d  blood-lied.  In  1>7")  Admiral  Mnomoto.  at  St.  ['etei'sbur^1, 
coii"lud'''l  a  convention  by  \\hidi  .lajian  rei'ei\cd  all  the  Kurile  I-land-. 
or  Chi--hima.  and  Russia  the  whole  of  Sakhalin.  The  Kurile-  ar«' 
ri'-li  -<  alinu'  and  ti-liin_r  'jT»und-.  and  Sakhalin  is  now  a  tloiiri-hinu 
j.'-nal  settlement.  The  empire  of  Japan,  a-  seen  »n  the  map  of  the 
uoi-M,  now  -\\iiiLT-,  b\  a  l"iii:'  diain  of  i-laiid-  at  either  end,  between 
Kam-diatka  and  Fornio-a. 

'['}•.'  i-!and  of  ^"e/.o  was  plae- d  under  the  care  of  a  -] ial  mini-tr\ 

Ka!  Takn   Shi.  or   I  >ep:ti't  m.-nt   forth.    I  >e\-.  lopment   of  Ye/.o — 

in  !  ~'i  administered  until  the  year  I^SL'.      Its  mineral  and  a^ri'-ultural 

•  ••>p!"ited  by  Ameri 'an  -'•ientitic,  men.  j,  noted  in  the  Ap- 


JAPAN  IN  1883.  591 

pcndix  to  tliis  work.  Many  millions  of  dollars  were  spent  in  devel- 
oping Ye/o,  under  the  oversight  of  Kuroda  Kiyotaku — the  negotiator 
of  the  Corean  treaty,  and  a  military  leader  of  no  mean  abilities,  a# 
shown  in  the  civil  wars  of  isijs  and  1877.  On  January  llth,  1882, 
General  Kuroda  was  appointed  Cabinet  Adviser,  and  the  property  and 
industrial  undertakings  of  the  department  were  sold — a  proceeding 
which  provoked  a  furious  controversy  among  the  political  societies. 
On  the  Sth  of  February,  Ye/o  was  divided  into  the  three  ken,  or  pre- 
fectures, of  Hakodate,  Xemnro,  and  Sapporo,  and  governed  like  the 
rest  of  the  empire. 

Before  examining  into  the  matter  of  Kiu  Kiu  let  us  glance  at 
C'orea,  with  which  a  more  vigorous  policy  was  determined  upon  im- 
mediately after  the  Satsuma  rebellion.  A  legation  was  established  in 
Seoul,  and  Hanabusa,  one  of  the  ablest  of  Japan's  rising  young  men, 
appointed  minister.  In  the  Corcans  the  Japanese  saw  themselves  as 
they  had  been — hermits  in  the  market-place — and  many  of  the  for- 
eigners' experiences  with  them  before  the  opening  of  their  ports  were 
repeated  in  Corea,  the  Japanese  in  this  case  being  the  aliens  and  re- 
puted aa'u'ressors.  A  fresh  treaty  opened  Gensan  (Corean,  VYonsan), 
on  the  north-east  coast,  May  1st,  1880,  and  three  months  later  a  sec- 
ond embassy  of  portly  Corean  men,  in  red,  pink,  green,  violet,  and 
azure,  vi>ited  Tokid,  to  pray  that  the  opening  of  the  port  of  In-ehiun. 
near  Seoul,  be  postponed.  The  Japanese  refused  their  request.  The 
Coreans  were  now  divided  into  conservatives  and  radicals,  or  progress- 
ives and  reactionists.  Even  among  the  liberals  some  favored  friend- 
ship with  and  imitation  of  Japan,  while  others  looked  to  China  as 
ally  and  model.  One  view  of  the  Japanese  which  gained  ground  in 
Ctjrea,  especially  in  1881,  WHS,  that  the  Japanese  were  arbitrary  and 
high-handed  in  their  dealing,  and  an  Exclusion-of-the-Japanese  Party 
heu'an  to  form.  Evidently  the  same  state  of  feeling  characteristic  of 
Old  Japan  existed  in  Corea,  in  which  all  the  elements  of  a  political 
explosion  lav  ready.  To  blind  hatred  of  all  foreigners  there  wa> 
added  a  conservative  bigotry  willing  to  fan  popular  passions  and  su- 
perstition into  a  ilame,  while  of  two  great  feudal  houses  in  bitter 
hostility  to  each  other,  one  was  in,  and  the  other  out  of  power. 

A  third  party,  or  embassy,  composed  of  Corean  liberals  anxious  to 
-tudy  eivili/ation  and  progress  in  the  neighbor-country,  came  to  Japan 
in  1^81.  At  this  time  it  was  uncertain  whether  the  reactionists  or 
progressives  would  sway  the  policy  of  the  Seoul  government.  The 
young  king,  who  had  come  to  the  throne  in  187:?,  was  backed  in 


.V.tj  Till'.    MIKADO'S  EMPIRK. 

hi-  enlightened  policy  hv  his  consort  and  her  relatives,  the  kind's 
mini-ler-:  hut  arrayed  against  them  were  the  Tai-\\eii  Kim,  tlie  late 
recent,  and  father  of  the  kini:.  with  his  feudal  retainers,  and  the  con- 
servative ,-ind  reactionary  literati  who  looked  to  him  as  their  exponent 
and  u'uide.  A<  this  old  man  had  persecuted  the  Christians  ami 
driven  oil'  the  Freneh  in  Infill,  and  the  American-  in  1*71,  and  wa- 
-tiil  full  of  physical  and  mental  vi^or,  lit"  was  a  liopeful  leader.  The 
jealoti-v  and  bitterness  between  his  family  (Xi)  and  that  of  the 
i|iieen'>  (Min)  kept  incrca-iuLT  dailv.  (See  "  ( 'oiva,  the  Jlermit  Na- 
tion.") 

The  treaty  with  the  I'nited  Static  was  made  May  Dth,  1*^1'.  at  In- 
eliiun,  and  .-ooii  after  convention-  were  signed  with  (ireat  IJritain  and 
oilier  European  nation-.  I  M-oii^ht  pn  vailed  throughout  the  country, 
and  the  bigoted  conservatives  wrought  upon  the  superstitions  of  the 
masses  by  a^criliiiiLT  the  lack  of  rain  to  the  an-'er  of  the  spirit-.  be- 
cause treaties  had  been  made  with  foreigners.  The  soldiery  of  the 
capital,  led  ehielly  by  otHcer-  of  the  house  of  Ni,  were  on  the  ver^v 
of  mutiny  heeau-e  of  arrears  of  pay.  They  were  further  exasperated 
because.  \\hile  their  rations  of  rice  were  stopped,  or  at  least  curtailed, 
tin.-  foreigner-  (.lapane-e)  had  plenty.  These  apparently  trilling 
causes,  aetiiiLT  at  a  time  \\hen  the  relation^  of  the  two  noble  lioii-e- 
oi  Min  aiid  Ni  (the  ijueen's  and  the  ex-re^eiit'-,  respectively)  were  so 

strained,  provoked  a  1>1 ly  riot  at  st'.oiil.  July  ^'-^}.  \x*-2.      The  pop. 

ulaee  and  -oMicrv  attaeki-d  the  i-ice-e,-ranaries,  the  Ja|iane-e  legation, 
the  v>yal  palace,  and  the  l^arrack-.  at  \shieli  a  picked  i'oiv,  ,,f  nali\e 
military  \\ei-e  ln-inu'  driil'-d  by  a  .Iapane-e  lieutenant.  Four  of  the 
court  mini-ters  ;llid  a  number  of  minor  < 'oivan  ollierr-  were  -lain. 
Tin  Japane-e.  after  hoM'nr_r  the  mob  at  bay  for  over  -even  hours, 
rM-hed  out  of  their  burning  ipiarter-.  char^^d  the  crowd,  and  made  a 
da-h  for  the  ro\  al  palace.  l-'indin^;  no  hdp  ther.-.  they  cj-o--cd  the 
river  and  marched  to  In-'diiun.  \Vhiie  a>leep  in  the  governor'-  h-'ii-e 
they  were  a^ain  attaekeil.  and  -tarted  for  the  -ea--hoi'c.  After  some 
!  .. 'ir-  -pent  on  th''  water  they  uere  re-eui-d  by  the  P>riti-h  -ur\e\- 

-hijl     /•'/'/''/•//    /•''-/'.         T!i'  ]V    Wrl'e    but    tUe]itV--i\     -lll'vix'or-    o'lt     of   aliollt 

fo»-tv  per-on-.  St'-oiil  an-1  tin-  i 'oivan  <  loycrniin ut  were  now  under 
thi  •  outfo]  of  the  Tai-\\eii  l\i.ii  and  hi-  mob. 

In  im  diate  and  thorough  p:  i  -  for  \\ar  were  made  in  Japan, 

•    :    llanabii-a,  aft-T   audience    \\ith   the    mikado    in   Tokio.  wa-   -<ent 

•   .  Sroul.  \\hich   he   eiiti-red    AiiLfu-t    1  i'>th.  \\  ith  an    e-cort   of  live 

i    iii' n.      Aft^r  delay-   and   a   menace   "f   \s  ar   ample  apologies 


JAPAN  IN  1883.  593 

were  made,  and  the  demands  of  Japan  were  acceded  to.  Corea 
agreed  to  pay  850,000  to  the  families  of  the  slain  and  $500,000  to 
the  Japanese  government,  to  dispatch  an  embassy  to  Tokio  to  offer 
apologies,  to  allow  an  armed  escort  in  Seoul,  and  to  extend  farther 
privileges  to  Japanese  officers  and  residents  in  Corea.  llanabusa  was 
soon  after  promoted  to  be  minister  to  Russia.  A  large  deputation  of 
Coreans  visited  Tokio  in  October,  making  a  long  stay,  and  receiving 
much  attention  from  foreigners  as  well  as  natives. 

China's  action  after  the  Corean  riot  and  usurpation  of  Tai-wen 
Kun  was  remarkable  and  unjustifiable.  Dispatching  a  large  fleet, 
with  several  thousand  soldiers,  to  the  peninsula,  the  capital  was  oc- 
cupied, and  the  king  restored  to  power.  Tai-wen  Kun,  entrapped  on 
board  a  Chinese  gun-boat,  was  kidnapped  and  taken  to  China,  to  live 
imprisoned  as  an  exile.  This  object  of  high-handed  assumption  of 
power  in  a  really  independent  state,  and  onlv  nominally  tributary,  was 
evidently  to  checkmate  the  suspected  designs  of  Japan,  to  assert  Chi- 
nese supremacy,  and  to  warn  her  ambitious  neighbor  that  a  third 
affair,  like  those  of  Formosa  and  Kill  Kin,  was  no  longer  possible. 

This  warlike  policy  of  China  is  but  an  indication  of  the  state  of 
feeling  between  the  rival  nations,  which  must  at  some  future  day 
eventuate  in  war.  Ever  since  Japan's  full  assumption  of  sovereignty 
over  Kiu  Kin,  the  relations  between  China  and  Japan  have  been 
strained.  At  this  little  island-kingdom,  noted  alike  for  its  sugar 
and  its  peaceful  character,  let  us  now  glance. 

On  a  Mercator  map  of  the  Western  Pacific,  looked  at  from  the  east, 
the  mikado's  empire  (cutting  off  Ye/o)  resembles  a  silk-worm  erect, 
and  spinning  from  its  head  (Kiushiu)  a  thread  of  islands  which  are 
strung  along  southwardly  to  Formosa.  To  this  lengthened  Cord  the 
name  Okinawa  (long  rope)  was  very  anciently  given.  The  name — 
which  the  Japanese  pronounce  Riu  Kiu,  the  Chinese  Liu  Kiu,  and  the 
islanders  Loo  Choo,  which  means  sleeping  dragon — well  describes  this 
land  of  perpetual  afternoon.  The  people,  numbering  one  hundred 
and  twenty  thousand — of  whom  as  many  as  one-tenth  lived  on  the 
public  treasury — are  true  Japanese  in  origin,  language,  and  dynasty, 
their  first  historical  ruiers  having  been  descendants  of  the  renowned 
Tametomo.  As,  however,  the  Uiu  Kiuans — calling  China  their  father, 
and  Japan  their  mother — sent  tribute  in  junks  to  both  countries,  cul- 
tivated religious,  literary,  and  friendly  relations  with  either,  both  rival 
empires  claimed  the  little  kingdom.  So  long  as  neither  nation  as- 
serted supreme  right  all  was  well.  The  Ming  dynasty  had  given  the 


.-,li  I  THE  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

Kill  Kiu  kin-:  a  silver  seal,  and  to  his  kingdom  a  name  signifying 
"  han_':,ii_'-bails,"  intimating  that  the  thirty-six  islands  of  his  petty 
domain  uere  a  fringe  of  tassels  upon  the  skirts  of  China'-  robe. 
Ilidevo-hi  once  demanded  that  the  islanders  should  pay  tribute  only 
to  Japan;  but  the  Coivan  war  coming  on,  he  hail  never  enforced  hi- 
demand.  In  ltid<)  Ivehi-a,  the  daimio  of  Satsuma,  conquered  the 
i-iand-,  and  secured  their  tributary  allegiance  to  his  house  and  to  the 
-ho-tni.  China,  however,  knew  nothing  of  this  act  of  Japan  until 
after  it  was  over;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  does  any  restriction  seem 
to  have  been  laid  on  the  Kiu  Kiuans  sending  an  annual  tribute  junk 
to  Xin-'po,  China.  Fifteen  embassies  from  Kin  Kiu  visited  Yedo,  for 
i'iv«.'-titure  of  the  island-king,  or  to  congratulate  the  shoguns  upon 
their  aeees-ion  to  power,  between  1011  and  1  S50  ;  but  the  same  poi- 
icy  was  pur-ued  toward  China  also.  Both  Corea  and  Kiu  Kiu  were 
political  I--achars  bowing  down  between  two  burdens  and  two  mas- 
ter-. After  the  revolution  of  l^tj>  Kiu  Kiu  was  made  a  Juiii  of  the 
Japanese  empire,  and  the  king  acknowledged  the  mikado  as  his  suze- 
rain. When,  f»r  the  sake  of  the  Kiu  Kiuans  wrecked  and  murdered 
on  Formosa,  the  Japanese  sent  an  expedition  to  chastise  the  Botan 
-avauv-.  they  took  a  step  forward,  and  reducing  the  kin^  to  the  statu- 
of  a  retired  daimio.  erected  Kiu  Kiu  into  a  ken,  or  prefecture,  like 
the  other  part-  of  the  empire.  To  this  the  Kiu  Kiuans  did  not  all 
a-Tee,  and  eoiitinuin^  to  -end  a  junk  to  Ninirp",  acted  as  suppliants 
for  Cbina'.-  mercy;  \\hile  the  Peking  government  <'on-idercd  that 
Japan  wa-  feloniou-lv  cutting  off  the  fringe-  of  China'-  robe. 

Under  Japan'-  rule  the  -leepy  dragon  i-  waking  up.  Trad-'  with 
Corea  ha-  be-un,  and  with  the  other  ports  of  Japan  increa-ed  ;  and 
old  cu-toms  are  ^ivim,''  way  to  more  enlightened  methods  of  life.  Yet 
-till  the  irritation  between  Japan  and  ('hina  continues,  ('hina  having 
already  a  lar^c  naval  force  and  a  numerous  soldiery,  the  questions  of 
in'Tea-im:  the  number  of  co-tlv  iron-clad  war  vessels,  of  building  new 
foft-,  of  eiilar-'niiT  the  armv,  and  of  levying  taxes  in  order  to  pro- 
vide the  sinew-  of  war.  have  engaged  {J,,.  attention  of  the  Cabinet  in 
Tokio  during  the  pa-t  \  ear.  A  hundred  \e--el-  of  war  and  a  stand- 
ing army  <>f  one  hundred  thoii-and  men  are  not  con-idered  too  many 
in  1-a-e  of  war  with  ('hina:  but  t"  provide  and  maintain  such  a  force 
would  require'  va-tlv  augmented  re.-oiirces,  sncli  as  Japan,  in  thi-  cen- 
'  ;rv  at  h-a-t,  will  ne-yer  ]n.--e--,  her  e-timated  total  revenue  for  Iss;} 
:  '•;:!_' but  sf'.H.^l  4,1  L'L',  "f  whi'-h  every  dollar  is  required.  Forty  ships 
•  :  :"  rtv  tli-'U^-and  S'»ldier-  are  thought  to  be  the  minimum  fur  safety 


JAPAX  ZY  1S83.  595 

in  defense.  Such  enlargement  of  war  material  means,  unfortunately, 
curtailment  in  the  amount  devoted  to  education.  A  national  debt  of 
8^49,771,1  70  (May  31st,  1S8^)  acts  as  a  wholesome  check  upon  too 
rapid  expenditure.  A  revision  of  the  treaties  with  foreign  nations 
•which  will  secure  to  Japan  the  rights  of  a  sovereign  state,  especially 
the  power,  now  wrongfully  denied  her,  of  regulating  her  own  tariff, 
may  enable  her  to  swell  her  revenue,  and  thus  in  some  measure  pro- 
vide for  that  collision  with  her  giant  neighbor  which  seems  inevitable. 

Christianity  in  three  forms,  Greek,  Roman,  and  Reformed,  is  now 
a  potent  factor  in  the  development  of  the  nation.  At  the  opening 
of  the  ports,  in  1859,  the  Roman  Catholics,  with  the  advantage  of  his- 
toric continuity,  be^'an  their  labors  at  Yokohama  and  Nagasaki.  The 
Jh'lv  Svnod  of  Russia,  five  .Protestant  missionary  societies  —  four 
American  and  one  English  —  sent  their  agent*  to  Japan.  For  ten 
years  thev  were  unable  to  make  manv  disciples,  and  none  openly,  on 
account  of  the  jealous  hostility  of  the  Japanese  Government.  The 
old  anti-Christian  edicts  were  enforced,  and  a  native  became  a  disciple 
of  Jesus  at  the  risk  of  his  life.  Some  of  the  first  teachers  of  the  for- 
eigners were  thrown  into  prison,  and  several  thousand  villagers  from 
Urakami,  near  Nagasaki,  were  deported  to  northern  provinces,  away 
from  the  influence  of  their  French  teachers.  Meanwhile  the  language 
v,;i-  being  mastered,  and  the  work  of  healing,  teaching,  and  transla- 
ti"ii  engaged  in.  The  first  Protestant  church  in  Japan  was  organized 
in  Japan  by  the  Rev.  J.  II.  Ballagh,  of  the  Reformed  Church  in 
America.  March  10th.  1S7J:  the  edifice,  costing  80000,  standing  on 
part  of  the  Perry  treaty  ground.  Other  churches  were  soon  organ- 
ized, the  first  in  Tokid,  and  the  fourth  in  Japan,  being  on  the  od  of 
September.  187-3.  I  Miring  this  year  the  anti-Christian  edicts  were 
removed,  and  Christian  churches  established  in  the  interior,  since 
which  time  the  Christians  have  worshiped  unmolested.  Most  of  the 
important  evangelical  societies  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States 
are  now  represented  in  the  missionary  work  in  Japan,  and  Sundav- 
•-chool>,  theological  seminaries,  native  Christian  associations,  the  press, 
''hristian  literature,  Bible  and  tract  distribution,  public  diseu»ions, 
and  open-air  meetings  are  among  the  varied  means  used  for  the  diffu- 
sion of  <  iospel  truths. 

TO  Protestant  missionaries  belongs  the  honor  of  having  translated 
the  Bible  into  Japanese.  Eighty  years  of  Roman  Christianity  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  failed  to  u'ive  the  people  of  Japan 
the  Scriptures  in  their  own  tongue.  Gutzlaff,  in  1S38,  and  S.  Wells 


590  THE  MIKADO'S 

Williams,  in  1^:?0,  at  Singapore,  made  the  first  attempts,  which,  after 
several  tentative:  translations  l>y  ]>rown,  Yerbeck,  Hej)l)iirn,  (liven, 
ami  others,  ripened  in  the  fruit  of  a  complete  Japanese  New  Testa- 
ment in  the  lii^h  middle  style  of  the  language.  This  event  of  na- 
tional importance  was  celebrated  by  a  public  meeting  of  the  mission- 
aries and  native  pastors  in  Tokio,  April  I'.Hh,  ]Ss().  Many  tliousands 
of  copies  have  been  sold  throughout  the  empire,  and  the  Bible  has 
ti"\v  millions  of  readers.  There  are  now  probably  forty  thou-and 
nominal  Christians  amonu;  the  mikado's  subjects.  Shinto  does  not 
si-em  to  flourish  in  the  air  of  the  nineteenth  ceiiturv,  though  Bud- 
dhism, especially  the  "Reformed"  or  Shin-shin  sect,  which  claims  ten 
millions  of  adherents,  is  vigorously  contesting  with  Christianity  the 
possession  of  Japan. 

The  wondrous  assimilation  of  the  salient  features  of  modern  civil- 
i/ation  bv  the  Japanese  has  smoothed  the  path  for  success  in  Chris- 
tian missionary  labor  which  is  marvelous.  The  literary  hostility 
to  Christianity  was  not  at  first  i^reat,  nor  is  it  yet  of  a  character  to 
inspire  respect  for  the  Japanese  intellect.  Nearly  all  the  ammuni- 
tion of  the  priests,  pagans,  and  opponents  of  the  new  faith  is  fur- 
nished by  translation  from  Occidental  >ources.  The  literary,  med- 
ical, and  pedau'oiric  work  of  the  missionaries  lias  borne  a  mighty 
harvest  of  o-o,  ,d  to  the  nation  at  laruv,  \\hilc  the  friendly  rivalry 
between  the  common  schools  and  the  missionary  educational  insti- 
tutions is  most  wholesome.  The  influences  of  the  religion  of  Jc-us 
are  penetrating  deeply  into  the  social  life  of  the  people,  and  rooting 
themselves  into  heart  and  intellect  alike.  Licentiousness,  intemper- 
ance, and  ivinir  are  the  moral  cancels  ot  the  national  character;  but 
the  ideals  of  Jesiis  are  seen  l«v  an  increasing;  number  of  the  people  to 
be,  the  ber~t  inspiration  to  individual  and  national  process. 


JAPAN  IN  1886.  597 


IT. 

JAPAN  IX  1880. 

THE  year  of  our  Lord  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-six,  the  nine- 
teenth of  the  Restoration,  and  uf  the  reign  of  Mutsiihito,  the  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-third  mikado  of  Japan,  finds  the  empire  at  peace,  and 

in  full  career  of  progress.  The  emperor,  now  thirty-three  years  of  age, 
is  surrounded  with  a  new  generation  of  advisers.  The  old  heroes  and 
counsellors  of  '68  have  mostly  passed  away.  The  old  nobilities — of 
court  and  of  land — have  slmink  to  a  status  almost  wholly  non-polit- 
ical. With  new  men  and  times  come  new  measures  and  problems. 

Notable  among  those  of  national  fame  who  have  "  changed  their 
world"  have  been  the  junior  premier  Iwakura  Tomomi,  "the  last 
tycoon "  Keiki,  and  the  elder  prince  Arisugawa.  At  an  age  still 
counted  as  mid-life  bv  European  statesmen,  Iwakura  sank  in  the 
plenitude  of  his  influence,  dying  of  an  hereditary  disease  July  20, 
1883.  Born  in  Kioto  in  1825,  of  most  illustrious  ancestry,  whose 
blood  flowed  from  imperial  and  Minamoto  stock,  Iwakura  was  made 
personal  attendant  upon  the  Mikado  Komei  at  the  age  of  twenty.  Ed- 
ucated in  traditions  of  antagonism  to  the  Yedo  system,  he  was,  in 
1801,  on  account  of  his  opposition  to  the  marriage  of  an  imperial 
princess  to  a  Tokugawa,  forced  into  exile.  Living  in  retirement  and 
with  shorn  head  during  several  years,  he  was  yet  in  active  communi- 
cation with  the  leaders  of  the  impending  crisis;  and  in  1868,  to  the 
surprise  of  the  Yedo  authorities,  he  emerged  at  the  head  and  front  of 
the  new  movement.  Lentil  the  age  of  forty -three  he  had  never  seen 
foreigners,  but  on  his  first  interview  with  Sir  Harrv  Parkes  was  con- 
verted to  belief  in  their  equality,  humanity,  and  abilities.  Heartily 
accepting  the  principles  of  western  civilization,  he  sent  his  three  sons 
to  studv  under  Guido  F.  Yerbeck,  at  Nagasaki,  and  thence  to  the 
United  States.  For  fifteen  years  lie  was  the  close  counsellor  of  the 
voting  mikado,  who  in  1871  personally  visited  his  subject,  and  said, 
'*  It  is  to  you,  under  the  favor  of  the  u'ods,  that  we  owe  the  flourish- 
ing condition  of  the  empire."  It  was  Iwakura  who,  when  opportunity 
like  a  flame  softened  the  national  heart  as  wax,  bade  the  mikado  with 
his  divine  prestige  stamp  it,  and  give  to  the  fusing  mass  the  express 


;,MS  Till-:   MIKMJO'S 

linage  <>f  a  nation  l>v  the  a!>olition  of  feudalism.  Utterly  fearless  of 
a,i  per-oiial  consequences,  this  foremost  man  anioii^  the  nobilitv 
pressed  to  their  conclusion  tlio  results  of  the  revolution  during  his 
tweUe  \var-  of  incessant  toil.  Emerging  scathle-s  from  repeated  at- 
•  upon  his  life,  he  died  quietly  in  his  bed.  Buried  with  all  pos- 
sible funereal  pomp,  he  received  from  the  mikado  the  posthumous  title 
of  I  t.-ii  Jo  ]  )ai  Jin.  Like  Moses,  haviiiLf  led  a  nation  from  narrow  hori- 
/  <:;-  to  a  higher  outlook,  he  died  at  the  ri^ht  time.  His  death,  as  we 
shall  see.  paved  the  wav  for  a  closer  union  of  the  throne  and  the  peo- 
ple. No  successor  to  Iwakura — well  named  "Rock-throne" — could  he 
found,  while  from  beiow  the  new  man  for  the  new  work  was  at  hand. 
"The  last  of  the  Tokupiwas,"  the  ex-tai-kun  Keiki  (Hitotsubaslii 
Shievliide),  who  since  1808  had  lived  in  close  retirement  at  Shid/fioka, 
.lied  Maivh  G,  iss4.  He  was  a  kindly  u'eiitleman,  of  irreproachable 
private  life,  a  patriot,  and  historically  the  \ietim  of  circumstances. 
Ari.-iiii'awa  Takaliito  no  Miva,  a  prince  of  the  blood  and  of  the  lii^h- 
e-t  rank,  father  of  the  militarv  leader  who  bore  the  imperial  brocade 
:  ani.er  in  ISt!^,  died  January  -4,  1^80.  AmoiiLT  others  who  Lave 
h  '\\ed  to  the  harvest  of  heath  were  maiiv  of  the  old  daiini«'»s,  the 
illustrious  niurchant  (imlai,  of  U/aka,  several  female  childi'eii  of  the 
mikado,  and  so  mativ  promi>iiii>;  voun^  men  who  had  entered  or  wen' 


aliese  phv-iijiie.  The  p.^rceiita^e  of  death-  aiiMn^  the  students  abroad 
and  at  hoim;  i-  a  constant  source  of  sorrow  and  disappointment.  Of 
«  ;.e  hundred  \ouths  \\iio  bc^iu  th-ir  preparatory  studies  in  the  for- 
eign lan^'iiati'e  schools,  iic.t  o\cr  live  \\m  t!i'-ir  dee/ree^  at  the  Tokio 
University,  over  iorfv  dropjtine;  out  on  aci-oimt  ot  disease  or  weak- 
ness. 

<);ii'-r  causes  than  the  kiioc.-k  of  I'aliida  Mors  have  operated   in  the 

retireim  hi    from  public  view  of  men  once  prominent.      The  tendency 

of  Japanese    jiontics,  in    its   evolution    towards    the   -'oal    of   l^'.i".  ha- 

been  to   eliminate,   entirely  the  old  nobilitv,  and  to   advance  to  power 

men  for  the  line-  bred  in  the  lower  social  ranks.      The  composite  e-o\- 

eMiiueiit    which    ros.e    on    the    ruin.-   of    the    dual    sv-lein    in    l^iis   \Vas 

;  '!,i;ded  on  the  theory  of  a  union   ()f  the  throne   \\ith  tin:  jieople,  the 

•  •uiy  intennediarv  beiir^  the    knife,  or   court    nobles.      This  took   the 

't  a  triple  premier-hip  o!  hai-jins;  Sanjo  and  Iv.'akura  fillini;' two 

;  tin-  tiiree  highest   "Hiee-.  while  tin'  iletaiU   of  administration  were 

:    on    b\    the    iinni-ter-,  who    were    men    of   tin-    -amurai    class. 

f    :  'e-    of  intellect,  of  natural    abiiitv,  and  of  uilucatiou 


y  188G.  599 

manifested  tlu'in selves,  driving  out  inferior  men,  unable  to  cope  \viih 
the  ne\v  problems  of  statecraft  or  to  resist  the  pressure  from  be- 
low, and  elevating  to  influential  position  the  able  men  of  low  rank. 
These  demanded  not  onlv  office  and  hearing,  but  tangible  recognition, 
in  the  f<>nn  of  social  advancement,  from  the  throne  itself.  In  response 
to  public  opinion  the  mikado  issued  an  edict  dated  June  G,  1884, 
which  readjusted  the  system  of  nobility.  In  the  newly-created  orders 
of  princes  marquises,  counts,  viscounts,  and  barons,  were  found  many 
men  once  in  the  class  of  gentry  only,  who  had  performed  distin- 
guished services  on  behalf  of  their  country.  Nearly  three  hundred 
persons  in  the  aristocracy  of  intellect  were  thus  ennobled  on  the  ba>is 
of  merit.  Orders  and  decorations  have  also  been  distributed  with  lav- 
ish hand  to  both  natives  and  foreigners.  It  is  expected  that  the 
nobles  will  furnish  the  personnel  of  the  Upper  House  of  Lords  or 
Notables  for  the  Parliament  of  1890. 

To  this  goal  the  forces  of  Japanese  politics  have  kept  steadily  mov- 
ing, though  with  many  fluctuations  and  vicissitudes,  among  which 
have  been  the  rise  and  fall  of  parties,  plotting*,  riots,  dynamite,  sus- 
picion, imprisonments,  trials,  release  or  executions.  For  various  rea- 
>ons  the  Liberal  party  was  dissolved  in  October,  1884. 

"Within  the  Government  circles  there  had  been  occasional  shifting 
»f  office  without  radical  change;  but  a  movement  of  almost  revolu- 
tionary import  took  place  at  the  end  of  1885.  The  death  of  Iwakura, 
and  the  apparently  approaching  senility  of  Sanjo,  gave  the  opportu- 
nity ;  while  necessity,  in  view  of  the  strides  of  time  that  wait  for  no 
man,  forced  the  issue.  With  the  unexpected  suddenness  of  an  earth- 
quake shock,  every  member  of  the  old  court  party  was  retired  from 
active  office,  while  young  men  educated  abroad — Ito,  Inouve,  Mori, 
Enoinoto — stepped  into  the  highest  offices. 

I>v  recommendation  (on  paper  at  least)  of  Sanjo,  and  by  decree  of 
the  mikado,  December  -_'^,  188,"),  the  triple  premiership,  the  privy 
council,  and  the  ministries  as  then  constituted  were  abolished.  In 
their  place  a  cabinet  was  established,  at  the  head  of  which  was  a  min- 
ister-presidcnt  of  state.  The  old  boards  of  government,  with  a  new 
one  of  communications  (railways,  telegraphs,  mails),  were  reorgan- 
ized in  such  a  wav  as  to  discharge  from  public  employ  about  ei^ht 
thousand  office-holders.  The  new  crystallization  of  political  forces  is 
in  the  interest  of  democracy  and  economy,  as  well  as  of  executive  uni- 
formity and  vigor.  All  in  the  new  cabinet  art:  men  of  modern  ideas, 
culture,  and  conviction,  while  the  Asiatic  features  of  the  Government 


000  TllK  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

have  lYtiivi  into  shadow.  Tin:  Mikado  Mntsuhito  now  meets  liis 
ministers  in  council,  deliberates  with  them,  and  must  share  personal  re- 
spon-ibilitv.  The  throne,  by  having  several  courses  of  intermediaries 
(jnietlv  and  safelv  renioveil,  is  more  nearly  "broad-based  upon  the 
people's  will."  It  may  be  that  the  future  parliament  will  cheek  any 
undue  tendency  in  the  ministry  to  bureauocraey.  As  yet  it  is  uncer- 
tain whether  the  form  of  representative  government  in  Japan  will 
most  closely  approach  the  liritish  or  the  Prussian  model.  It  \\ill  be 
a  bitter  disappointment  to  the  liberal  patriots  if  the  ministry  is  to  be 
made  responsible  to  the  sovereign  and  not  to  tin-  parliament. 

The  temptations  which  beset  Asiatic  nations  in  adopting  the  salient 
features  of  modern  civilization  to  embark  upon  costly  schemes  of  re- 
form and  equipment  are  peat,  and  the  possible  dangers  are  prater. 
The.  Japanese  (government  seems  wisely  anxious  to  study  economy  and 
avoid  undue  expenditure.  Kesides  rednciiiL;  the  uix-e  abnormal  force 
of  office-holders,  western  methods  of  book-keeping  have  been  intro- 
duced into  the  public  service,  and  the  financial  estimates  for  each 
year  are  reduced  to  the  lo\\e>t  point.  The  total  national  revenue 
for  the  nineteenth  fiscal  year  of  Mciji  was  874, GO"), 415,  and  the 
expenditure  was  874.0^1.01  4.  About  8-'<>. 000,000  is  applied  year- 
ly to  the  extinguishing  of  the  national  debt,  which  in  lss.5  \\;is 
8245,4^7,329. 

The  custom-  returns  of  trade  since  1SGS,  published  in  July,  1880, 
shows  that  the  foivi^u  commerce  of  Japan  is  healthfully  developing. 

In  ISO!*  the  expor's  were  less  than  i-slli.mm. i,  l,u;  during  eaeh  of 

the  last  five  years  they  have  not  fallen  below  s:'.o, 000,000.  The  im- 
ports in  Ijsii.S  were  valued  at  ten  and  a  half,  in  1^0  at  thirty-six,  and 
1:1  1>8.">  at  twenty-eight  millions  of  d.-ilars.  Tiie  excess  of  imports 
over  expoits  during  eighteen  years  of  foreign  trade  amounts  to  fifty- 
one  niillions.  (ireat  Britain  has  been  the  largest  importer,  but  her 
impoi-s  have  fallen  from  nineteen  millions  in  1^80  to  twelve  millions 
in  lv^.").  The  United  States  takes  mo>t  of  the  silk  and  tea  of  Japan. 
and  returns  machinery  and  oil,  two-thirds  of  the  exports  to  Japan  bein^ 
in  petroleum.  Japan's  silk  'Top,  in  all  its  products,  is  valued  at  eigh- 
t'-'-n  and  a  half  million^  ,,f  clollais,  and  her  tea  crop  at  over  tliirty-fivfi 
millions  of  pounds.  While  the  yield  of  tea  has  increased  threefold 
since  IsO^,  the  price  has  fali-'ii  one-half.  In  the  manufacture  and 

1  \poit    nf   art- products   theie    has   been    a    marked  increase.      This   is 
ma'nf."-t''d  not   only  in    the   customs   returns,  but   in  the   houses,  gar- 
'!•:,-.  and  mu-M",nus  of  Europe  and  America.     Japan  is  already  ree«jg- 


JAPAN  L\  1886.  601 

nized  as  "  tlie  land  of  dainty  decoration,"  and  her  art  has  added  new 
elements  of  delight  and  surprise  to  the  world's  store. 

The  social  revolution  which  has  affected  all  classes  in  the  mikado's 
empire  lias  given  rise  to  new  industries  and  handicrafts.  The  concen- 
tration of  capita],  the  improvement  of  labor,  and  the  elevation  of  the 
working-classes  through  the  influence  of  schools  and  the  cheapening 
of  justice,  have  changed  the  entire  industrial  system.  The  pitiful  tales 
of  the  laborer's  wrongs,  as  told  in  Mitford's  ''Talcs  of  Old  Japan," 
seem  now  mythical.  The  introduction  of  machinery  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  large  arsenals,  fouuderies,  mills,  steamship  and  railway 
companies,  seem  to  prove  that  Japan  is  not  only  providing  for  her 
own  needs,  but  is  developing  her  resources  in  order  to  enter  as  a  com- 
petitor for  the  manufacturing  supremacy  among  Asiatic  nations. 
Fullv  equipped  railroads,  men-of-war,  steam  and  sailing  vessels,  houses 
in  European  style,  the  product  of  native  brain  and  muscle,  are  no 
'onger  curiosities.  Patents  are  issued,  inventions  are  encouraged,  and 
museums  are  established  in  most  of  the  large  cities.  In  exhibitions 
of  industry  held  in  the  provinces  and  capital,  art,  mechanical  ingenn- 
itv,  trades,  and  business  are  stimulated  to  higher  excellence.  In  the 
expositions  held  in  Europe,  America,  Australia,  and  India,  the  artistic 
abilitv,  manual  dexterity,  and  inventive  genius  of  the  Japanese  have 
won  abundant  recognition.  An  exhibition  of  Asiatic  products  is  to 
be  held  at  Uyeno,  in  Tokio,  in  1890. 

It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  the  opening  of  Japan  to  the  world  was 
coincident  with  the  age  of  iron,  steel,  steam,  and  electricity.  The  tel- 
egraph, introduced  in  18G9,  has  become  a  net-work  of  fifteen  thousand 
miles  of  wire.  Four  cables  connect  the  island  empire  to  the  Asian 
main-land,  two  making  landfall  at  Vladivostok,  one  at  Fusan  in  Corea, 
and  one  at  Shanghai  in  China.  The  telephone  and  the  electric  light 
arc  seen  in  the  large  cities.  Of  railways  there  were,  in  the  summer  of 
1^85,  205  miles  open,  2"71  miles  in  course  of  construction,  and  543 
miles  in  contemplation.  Except  the  railway  from  Sapporo  to  Poronai 
in  Yezo,  these  roads  are  constructed  and  equipped  on  the  British 
m»del.  Most  of  the  survey,  engineering,  and  constructive  work,  and 
all  of  the  mechanical  labor  on  the  new  roads,  are  done  by  natives.  The 
trains,  engines,  and  offices  are  worked  bv  Japanese,  and  the  wood  and 
lighter  metal  portions  arc  made  at  home,  the  heavy  castings,  engines, 
and  rails  being  brought  from  Great  Britain.  The  Japan  Mail  Shipping 
C.nipany  employs  a  large  fleet  of  steamships  and  sailing-vessels  in 
their  coasting  trade  and  passenger  lines  to  China,  Corea,  and  the  island 


602  THE   MIKADO'S   EMPIRE. 

portion*  of  the  empire.  In  1SS5  the  postal  department  forwarded 
nearlv  one  hundred  million  letters  and  packages. 

The  return,  in  1S84.  of  the  principal  of  the  Shimonoseki  Indemnity, 
so  Ion:;-  nnjustlv  \vithhe!d  liv  the  United  States  from  Japan,  has  been 
i>f  some  as>istauce  in  carrvino;  out  her  schemes  of  national  improve- 
inent.  Desides  postal  and  money-order  arrangement  witli  the  United 
States,  a  treaty  of  extradition  \vas  ratified  l>y  the  Senate  June  -I. 
le^fl.  This  important  diplomatic  aeti"ii  places  Japan,  so  far  as  the 
American  Government  is  concerned,  upon  the  same  footing  as  that  of 
the  most  enlightened  nations  in  Europe.  In  these  two  acts  the  Unit- 
ed States  leads  the  way  in  encouragement  and  recognition  of  Japan's 
purpose  to  assimilate  her  civili/ation  to  that  of  Christendom. 

Ever  since  the  American  tla^  was  first  carried  round  the  world  bv 
Major  Shaw,  of  the  United  States  First  Artillery,  the  part  played  bv 
i'ur  countrv  towards  Asiatic  nations  has  been  in  the  main  kindlv. 
honorable,  and  unselfish.  In  the  renovation  of  Japan  this  disposition 
to  assi>t  and  not  to  retard  her  progress  has  been  manifest.  In  187s 
in  Tokio,  the  Japanese  themselves,  in  their  own  language  and  wa\. 
celebrated,  with  congratulations  and  rejoicing,  the  quarter-century  of 
the  arrival  of  Commodore  M.  ( '.  IVrrv  in  Yedo  hav.*  Our  American 
teacher-,  missionaries,  and  scientific  men  in  active  labors  on  the  soil; 
our  mini-lers  in  their  diplomacy;  our  ho>pitable  schools,  homes,  and 
friend>  in  need  welcoming  the  students  ;f  our  <  Government  in  treaties, 
have  all  Hi"\\n  a  de-ire  to  a-si-t  Japan  whicli  is  as  sincere  as  it  ;- 
morally  beautiful.  The  standard  political  literature  of  the  United 
States,  tran.-lated  and  widflv  read,  has  done  much  to  educate  Ja:>aiic-e 


*  SIT  the  "Life  of  Matthew  Calhr'ith  IV'TV.  a  Typical  American  Naval  Oili- 
CLT."  tiy  the  author  id'  tliis  \\ufU. 

•*•  '1'ln-  Miliject  (if  the  Japaiux:  >tiul''ii!s  ;,1  ,)•< KII],  h, i\v  they  came  tir.'t  to  New 
Hi'iit;-v,  irk,  N.  ,1..  with  ]'tT-<>nal  imtes,  ~tati~!ie~.  etc.,  has  hren  trvateil  liy  the  au- 
thor in  a  1 1:1111  |'h let  juiMUheil  in  Jssr,  liy  the  Mutters  ( 'nllei_re  Alumni  A~~neiat  if  in 
Dui-'mtr  the  c-i\il  war  in  Ja]i;iii  the  .Japanese  stli'lent-  \\ere  miaMe  to  reeeive  any 

I'elliittaliei'-.        A      Ulimj'illiy     df    L'elltlelllen      ailll     htiliej,      ill      till'      Urforilled      'Dlltrl,, 

Churc'li  \\a-  foi'ini'il  \"  i'.aii  tin-in  money  without  regard  \«  future  rcpaym'-;,!. 
Tlii*  L't-niTdiis  behavior  ua-  \\annly  ai'i'i-reiated  hy  the  mikado's  iroveniriicnt. 
tin  UK-  eve  i, I  th.-ir  il>  ;  :irt:;iv  tr-uu  the  United  State.-,  in  Is?'.',  the  amha-sidnrs 
!-.i,.kaia  and  Okuh-i.  in  a  letter  to  the  Kev.  .T.'hn  .Ma>on  Fi-rris,  D.I).,  wrutc. 

"  T!;i     _'':|iernii-    inliduet    exhil'lti-d    hv    \  '  e,i  I'M'' f  and    ulinT    i;-.  n  t  lelilen    in    this    ili- 

-'  nice,  a-  \\  i-i:  a~  hi  a' 1  matter-,  nf  ediieatioiia!  intereM  )"•!•!  ai  n  in  ^  to  tin-  .Tapani  ><> 
\  i  .'ith,  will  ih  r  in"  re  to  fori'ect  tlii-  impre-^i"!!  l"that  "  foreii;-ii  nations  did  ii"!  en- 
:«•*!. ;,ii   Uin'ilv   1'' eiin^s   toward  oar   |'i.-oji!e  "  j,  and  uill  do  more   to   "t-n.'-iit  'Jp- 
:,  llv   ri-iatii'ii-   of  the  two  couiiU'k^,  ti.an  ai!  other  iiilluenci-.-^  eomhii  -.  d 


JAPAN  IN  18SG.  GOo 

opinion,  and  to  show  lio\v  liberty  may  exist  under  law.  Science.1,  relig- 
ion, tlio  press,  and  public-schools  are  now  training  the  Japanese  poo- 
pie  for  their  coming  responsibilities.  Nearly  six  hundred  young-  nieri 
have,  since  the  first  exodus  in  1805,  been  educated  abroad  at  the  pub- 
lic expense,  most  of  them  in  the  United  States,  An  equal  or  greater 
number  have  attended  foreign  schools  at  their  own  charges,  while  the 
number  of  travellers  and  those  who  have  intelligently  studied  western 
civilization  cannot  fall  short  of  three  thousand.  The  Japanese  have 
now  their  legation,  consulates,  bank,  clubs,  and  a'  Christian  church  in 
the  United  States.  At  least  three  thousand  in  various  industrial 
capacities  are  living  in  Europe,  China,  Hawaii,  and  other  countries 
No  year  passes  without  seeing  delegations  of  public  inspectors  or  pri- 
vate students  abroad,  all  restlessly  eager  to  know  the  secrets  of  power 
possessed  by  the  western  nations. 

Though  the  Japanese  long  ago  accepted  the  axiom  that  "education 
is  the  basis  of  all  progress,"'  yet  their  efforts  in  intellectual  advance- 
ment have  been  impeded  by  their  long  use  of  the  Chinese  graphic- 
system.  The  best  years  of  a  student's  life  must  be  devoted  to  learn- 
ing thousands  of  arbitrary  characters  in  order  to  know  how  to  read. 
To  be  a  learned  man  in  the  Japan  uf  to-day  one  must  know,  besides 
his  own  language,  the  cumbrous  Chinese  system  of  writing,  with  much 
of  its  bodv  of  learning,  and,  in  addition,  the  English  or  some  oilier 
modern  European  language.  No  youth  are  more  burdened  in  ob- 
taining an  education  than  arc  the  Japanese.  Hence  the  vast  s;<c- 
rifice  of  health  and  life  among  them,  and  their  early  intellectual 
decay. 

Fully  realizing  these  indisputable  facts,  the  thinking  men  of  this 
generation  have  resolved  to  break  the  yoke,  to  cast  off  the  incubus, 
and  to  free  the  intellect  of  the  future.  In  1881  the  R«ma-ji  Kai,  or 
Roman-letter  Association,  was  formed  in  Tokid,  and  has  now  six  thou- 
sand members,  native  and  foreign,  ainono;  whom  are  all  the  mission- 
aries. Their  purpose  is  to  supplant  the  Chinese  character  and  native 
syllabary  bv  the  Roman  alphabet  as  the  vehicle  of  Japanese  thought. 
They  hav  demonstrated  that  all  possible  sound-  and  vocal  combinations 
can  be  expressed  by  using  twenty-two  letters.  They  print  a  newspa- 
per, edit  text-books,  and  will  transliterate  popular  and  classic-  texts  in 
the  chosen  letters  of  the  alphabet  now  most  widely  used  over  all  the 
earth.  It  has  been  proved  that  a  child  can  learn  to  read  the  colloquial 
and  book  language  in  one-tenth  of  the  time  formerly  required.  The 
reform  is  snaking  rapid  progress;  and  if,  as  seems  very  probable,  the 


,;o4  THK  MIKADO'S  EMPIRE. 

natives  universally  adopt  the  system,  tlio  pun  to  mind  and  body  will 
IK-  like  lli;rt  of  adding  youth  and  years  to  a  nation's  lift1. 

\\\  an  imperial  decree,  issued  November  29,  1SS4,  the  English  lan- 
Lrua'je  \\as  made  part  of  the  order  of  studies  in  the  common-schools. 
(Her  three  million  children  and  youth  now  attend  daily  the  public 
institutions  o-f  learnine;.  Education  is  both  compulsory  and  free. 
Enu'l'iish  seems  destined  to  become  the  speech  of  the  educated  and  the 
vehicle  of  knowledge  for  all  the  mikado's  subjects. 

The  progress  of  Christianity  shows  no  si^n  of  check  or  halt.  To 
all  three  forms  of  the  faith  converts  are  flocking,  but  indications  seem 
to  show  at  present  (18SI!)  a  greater  relative  pun  to  the  churches  of 
Reformed  ( 'hri-tianitv.  The  majority  of  the  two  hundred  Protestant 
missionaries  now  working  in  the  white  harvest-field  of  Japan  are 
Americans.  The  writer  saw  the  organization  of  the  first  Protestant 
Christian  church  in  Japan  in  1*72.  There  are  now  nearly  two  hun- 
dred organized  churches  (about  half  of  which  are  self-supporting), 
with  a  membership  of  over  thirteen  thousand.  In  1885  the  adult 
converts  baptized  numbered  :U  1  ~i.  Native  Christian  helpers,  assist  iii'.: 
tin-  foreign  teachers,  number  about  two  hundred  and  fifty,  of  whom 
seventy  are  ordained  ministers.  The  native  Christians  contributed 
in  188o  over  twenty  thousand  dollars.  The  systems  of  heathenism 
are  waning,  and  the  chief  supporters  of  Buddhism  are  now  old  men 
and  women.  The  shaven-pat c-d  pi'iests  no  longer  hold  the  monopoly 
of  fees  for  the  performance  of  burial  rite-.  P>oth  belief  and  burial 
art;  now  free.  Religious  liberty  ha-  become  a  fact.  The  attitutb- 
of  the  intelligent  people  i>  that  of  friendliness  toward-  what  thev  be- 
iii  \e  to  be  tlie  besj  religion  and  the  one  whieh  Japan  ou^ht  to  have. 

Japan"-  opportunity  seems  uni<pie  in  history.  I'nder  In'vine  Prov- 
idi'iK'e  .she  be^an  renascence  at  a  time  coincident  with  the  highest  de- 
\elopment  of  the  foree-- — spiritual,  mental,  and  material — that  control 
human  society.  ( 'hristianity,  the  press,  and  steam  are  transforming 
the  nation.  Under  sueh  continuiivj;  auspices  people  and  rulers  con- 
front  the  twentieth  year  of  Meiji  (Enlightened  1'eaee),  the  twenty-live 
',  liidi'ed  and  fort\ -s.-venth  "from  the  foundation  of  the  empire,"  and 
.  •  eighteen  hundred  and  ei^htv-seveiitli  of  the  Christian  era. 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES. 


THE  JAPANESE  ORIGIN  OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS. 

Ax  examination  of  a  good  globe  or  map  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  with  the  currents 
well  marked,  will  show  that  the  Kuro  Shiwo,  or  Black  Stream  of  Japan,  arising 
from  the  equatorial  belt,  Hows  up  past  Formosa,  Japan,  the  Kurile,  and  Aleutian 
Island;?,  Alaska,  Oregon,  California,  and  thence  bends  westward  to  the  Sandwich 
Wands.  A  junk  or  tree  left  in  the  Kuro  Shiwo  oil'  Kiushiu  would,  if  uot  stopped 
nr  stranded,  drift  round  the  circuit  from  Japan  to  Hawaii. 

For  twenty  centuries  past,  Japanese  fishing-boats  and  junks  caught  in  the  east- 
erly gales  and  typhoons  have  been  swept  into  the,  Kuro  Shiwo,  and  carried  to 
America.  Their  number,  large  before  the  full  development  of  marine  architect'.!  v 
in  the  Ashikaga  centuries,  must  have  been  greatly  increased  after  the  early  Toku- 
irawu  period,  when  ship- building  was  purposely  confined  to  junks  and  lishing- 
hoat.-.  Traditions  and  absolute  facts  of  this  kind  are  known  to  fishermen  and 
junk-sailors  all  along  the  eastern  coasts  of  Japan.  It  is  to  them  an  ever-threaten- 
ing danger.  Had  we  the  records  of  all  the  Japanese  and  Aino  boats  wrecked  on 
American  shores,  the  number  would  probably  be  thousands,  anil  the  Japanese 
origin  of  many,  at  least,  of  the  aboriginal  tribes  of  America  be  demonstrated. 

From  17S:>  to  187G,  we  have  certified  instances,  with  dates,  of  forty-nine  purely 
Japanese  junks  wrecked,  met,  or  seen  on  American  and  Hawaiian  shores.  I  had 
already  made  a  list  of  these;  but  as  that  of  Mr.  Charles  Wolcott  Brooks,  II.  I.  J. 
M.  Consul  at  San  Francisco,  is  much  larger,  I  summarize  his  data,  first  read  in  a 
pap.-r  before  the  San  Francisco  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  given  in  the  /Jitil;/  /•><•>/- 
\i:<j  Bull  dot  of  March  2d,  1*75.  Of  the,  forty-nine  junks,  nineteen  stranded,  or  their 
crews  landed,  on  the  Aleutian  Islands;  ten  in  Alaska  or  British  America;  three 
on  the  coast  of  the  United  States;  and  two  on  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Nearly 
every  one  of  the  others  was  picked  up  within  the  currents  alon<r  the  American 
coa^t,  or  in  the  westerly  current  toward  Hawaii.  Of  the  junks,  some  had  been 
eighteen  months  adrift,  a  few  were  water- logged,  full  of  live  fish,  or  black  with 
age. 

An  average  crew  for  a  trading-junk  consists  often  men:  passengers  would  in- 
crease the  number.  Of  junks  picked  up  on  the  Pacific  by  foreign  captains,  Un- 
known crews  were  respectively  17,  '.),  '.),  17,  13,  15,  ]:>,  -JO,  1:3,  and  10  souls;  the 
known  number  of  corpses  seen  were  14,  5,  14,  i),  4,  4,  11,  "many,"  "several,"  "  a 
number,"  etc.  ;  the  known  number  saved  was  112  at  lea>t.  Instances  of  men  land- 
ing from  junks  are  also  traditionally  known,  but  numerical  data  are  lacking.  In 
the  absence  of  exact  numbers,  "many,"  ''several,"  describe  the  number. 

All  probabilities  tend  to  demonstrate  the  Japanese  origin  of  a  large  portion  of 
tile  American  native  races.  It  is  evident,  that  the  number  of  Japanese  known  to 

39 


GOG 


XOTEX  A XI)  APrZ 


have  reached  America  in  eighty-six  yrars  is  but  a  fraction  of  those  subject  to  tin 
same  danger-  diir'niir  t\vu  thon-and  years,  anil  cast  away.  I  do  not  know  of  am 
lemali  -  !>e;im'  found  amonu'  tiic  waifs,  but  1  know  that  women  often  live  or  ^n 
on  tin-  Uadiim'  and  tisliinir  junks  in  Japan.  The  probabilities  favor  the  idea  of 
Japanese  women  reaehimj;  America  also. 

Argument.-  from  lanirnairc  are  not  wanting,  though  this  field  of  research  awaits 
a  c»in|>etcnt  tiller.  The  comparison  both  of  laniniau'es,  and  oilier  data  should  he 
between  those  of  <tni'!t  nt  a-  well  as  modern  .Japan  and  those  of  America.  In  ex- 
amining vocabularies  of  Indian  laniruaLj.es,  I  have  found  unaltered  Japanese  words 
and  shortened  forms.  A  knowledge  of  the  phonetic  ehanu'es,  and  a  \if\v  of  vo- 
cabularies Hoinani/.ed  according  to  a  uniform  s\  stein,  with  a  study  of  structural 
firm,  will  undoubtedly  \icld  rich  results.  Some  of  the  very  peculiar  .Japanese 
idioms.  construction-,  honorilic,  separative,  and  auu'lutinativc  particles  are  found 
identical,  or  nearly  so,  in  the  Indian  lani:'uai£es.  The  superstitions,  cu-tonis,  and 
religions  of  ancient  Japan  and  America  bear  an  extraordinary  resemblance.  The 
sacred  mask -dances,  the  worship  of  the  sun  and  forces  of  nature,  are  instance-. 
Jn  the  A/tec  and  Japanese  zodiac,  six  of  the  elements  auree  in  both.  A-  the  horse, 
-beep,  bull,  and  boar  were  not  found  in  ancient  An. erica,  the  absence  of  these  ani- 
mal- as  -iu:ns  in  the  Mexican  system  is  easily  accounted  for.  The  most  eharaeter- 
i-t  ic  superstitions  in  Japan  are  the  fox  -  mv  t  hs.  in  which  the  powers  of  me  tamo  r- 
phosi.-  and  inllietion  of  e\  il  on  man  are  ascribed  to  the^e  animals.  These  idcnii<  ai 
ideas  were  found  by  the  first  European  settlers  ani'Mnr  the  Indians  in  New  F.n- 
irland  and  in  Mexico.  They  are  still  universally  current  amonu'  the  aborigines  ot' 
the  Pacific  slope,  the  coyote  beinir  the  object  of  them.  The  totems,  crest-,  wam- 
pum-belts, calculating-machines  of  colored  threads,  picture-writing,  etc.,  all  be.ir 
striking  re-emlilance  to  ancient  method-  in  Japan.  There  is  little  in  A/.t'-c,  Cen- 
tral Am* •rlcan,  or  Peruvian  antiquities  that  miuht  not  have  been  derived  from  ".n- 
i-'n  nt  J.  • 

Ariruni'-iit-  from  phy-io-'nomy  are  not  wanting.  I  took  a  number  of  photo 
trraph-  o|' ( 'olorado  and  Nebra-ka  Indian-  with  me  to  Japan.  On  showing  them 
to  the  Japanese,  they  were  invariably  taken  fur  their  own  countrymen.  Som--  af- 
firmed that  thev  were  acquainted  with  the  per-. .11-  ivpre-.-nted.  siippo-imr  th-  m 
to  In-  kiiovvn  t'rietid-.  S'-an:  v  or  n»  beard.  eo!i  ir  of  -kin,  hair,  and  eye-  wi  re  aiik'  . 

Sii-buld  ha-  disc  u --'-d  !hi-  -ubject.  I  have  e-j  \  rn  in  thi-  note  oiilv  m  v  own  data. 
See  also  in  the  "Mc'iioiiv-  dn  (  ..n^i-es  International  des  Orientali-te-,"  Paris. 
1s 74  :  "  Rapports  ihi  Japon  avcc  1.'  Ami'i'iqiie." 

Fevv,  if  any,  Cliinese  ion  hi  have  reached  America,  a-  the  eoa-t  of  China  lie-  in- 
side the  Knro  >hiuo.  Hoat-  drifi'.iiL:'  nor:  hward  would  pa-s  into  the  (Julf  of 
I'ei  hili  and  >>'a  of  Japan,  a-  th'-y  oeea-i.  inail  y  do  now.  and  frequently  have  done 
in  the  pa-t.  The  Piiiddhist  mv-tieal  term  "  Fn-nn."  and  the  jilirases  "  lu.Odu  ri." 
'•  -jd.iHK)  ri,"  though  s!riMiiLr  in  Knu'li-h.  are  of  lit  tie  value  to  determine  u'eo^i-aph- 
i.-nl  t'ai-t-.  Tie-  t'.vn  latt'-r  are  simiily  imK  finite  expre--ioiis  for  "many."  "all," 

'  ir   "  a   LTfeat    di-taliee." 

A.  lar-v  majority  of  the  Ja]>anc-e  waif's  were  re-cm-d  by  American  captain-  in 

American   -hips.      .\   j,  \\    |,\    I;U--'KIII   and    F.n^li-h   ship-  ai'e  noted.      AIIIOIIL:  th'- 

ri  turned  -nrvivoi'-    thu-    pi<  k'-d   np   were    Mnn^i'-ri.    Nakahama,  educated    in   the 

I'n'red   Stat'-s,  now   captain    in    the    Im]ierial    \avy.\viio   tran-lated  ••  Hovs  ditch's 

tor,"  and  a-  -ailing  ma-ter  MI'  the  Imjierial  Japanese  sl'-am  curvi-tte  Km, 

->rd  the  piieiijc  to  San   Francisco,  arriving:  March  ITih.  IM',II:   Tom, 

Sentaro  ("Sam    Patch,"    -ec   pa-;.'  0^1.  and    Denkiehi   ( "  Dankireln-."   of 

•'Han     K'-teli,"    see    pa_'e-    :.".'•.'-•.".<(.    Vol.    i.,    and     ]ia^e-     Jo-- od.    Vol.    ii.,    Alcoek's 

Vears   in  Japan,"   New  York  edition  ),  w  ith  thirteen  others,  win-   picked 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES.  007 

up  after  drifting  fifty  days  at  sea.  Torn  was  for  a  time  clerk  to  Wells,  Fargo,  & 
Co.  Hi'ko,  educated  in  Baltimore,  is  now  an  American  citizen,  doing  business  in 
Yokohama.  Deukiehi  became  a  British  citizen,  and  was  interpreter  of  Her  British 
Majesty's  Legation.  Other  wail's,  whose  names  I  do  not  have,  were  more  or  less 
well  educated  in  the  United  States,  or  in  Holland  or  England.  They  returned  to 
Japan,  and  are  now  prominent  in  disseminating  the  ideas  that  dominate  in  the 
mikado's  empire. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Brooks  has  also  pointed  out.  the  hearing  of  data  furnished  by  a  study 
of  the  Japan  current  on  the  <rreat  similarity  between  the  flora  and  fauna  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  and  those  of  Japan.  The  necessity  of  supposing  the  floor  of  the 
Pacific  to  be  a  submerged  continent,  on  which  life  existed,  seems  to  be.  made  un- 
necessary by  proofs  of  the  work  done  by  this  Gulf  Stream  of  the  Pacific  in  trans- 
porting the  seeds,  animals,  ami  uieu  of  the  Central  Asiatic  to  the  Western  Amer- 
ican continent. 


ASSOCIATED  IDEAS  IX  ART  AND  TOETRY. 

THERE  are  certain  pairs  of  objects  which  form  the  main  stock  of  the  Japanese 
artist's  designs.  With  many  variations  and  combinations,  they  appear  over  and 
over  airain  in  pictures,  on  vases,  lacquer-ware,  trays,  dishes,  embroidery,  bronze, 
and  other  articles  of  use  and  virtu,  and  objects  of  art,  and  form  the  set  of  sym- 
bols oftencst  employed  by  the  poet.  The  pine-tree  and  stork,  emblems  of  longev- 
ity, are  embroidered  on  robes,  presented  to  newly  born  infants.  The  willow  and 
swallow,  and  bamboo  and  sparrow,  indicative  of  gentleness,  are  seen  oftencst  on 
screens,  fans,  and  upright  objects  of  household  adornment,  The  young  moon 
and  cuckoo,  the  bird  flying  across  the  crescent,  is  a  poetic  reference  to  Yorimai-a, 
a  renowned  archer,  who  shot  a  hideous  beast,  having  the  head  of  a  monkey,  body 
and  claws  of  a  titrer,  and  the  tail  of  a  dragon.  This  monster,  who  came  at  niu'ht 
to  disturb  the  rest  of  the  mikado  Narihito,  115:!,  was  hit  in  the  eye  by  Vorimasa's 
arrow,  three  feet  lontr,  and  finally  dispatched  by  his  trusty  sword.  The.  mikado 
rewarded  him  with  a  famous  sword,  S/nxhi  no  0  (king  of  wild  boars),  by  the  hands 
of  a  kuire  who,  when  about  to  present  it,  heard  a  cuckoo,  and,  catching  the  bird's 
note,  extemporized  seventeen  syllables,  or  the  first  strophe  of  the  thirty-one  syl- 
lable di-tich  U<'»ikn').  Yorimasa  being  as  good  a  poet  as  he,  was  a  brave  soldier, 
immediately  replied  with  the  second  strophe  of  fourteen  syllables.  The  "open 
secret"  of  the  poem  is  thus  roughly  given  in  English: 


The  cuckoo Like  the  cuckoo. 


lids So  high  to  soar. 


il  mount  (like  the  archer  to  honor).. 


Only  my  how  I  bent, 

That  only  sent  I  lie  shaft. 


The  neatness  of  the  allusion,  the  skill  of  the  improvisatore,  and  the  liquid  ca- 
dences (  utterly  lost  in  translation)  make  the  poem  a  joy  forever  to  the  ear  of  the 
native,  as  the  silver  bow  and  the  "Japanese  nightingale"  are  things  of  beauty  to 
his  eye. 

The  ph<enix  bird  (Ao/n,)  and  the  l\iitlon')iin  ini}>i-ritdix  tree,  are  often  together 
as  twin  imperial  emblem?  on  the  mikado's  robes,  rugs,  curtains,  and  painted  or 


£03  yOTES  AXD  APPENDICES. 

gilded  on  screens  and  hanging  scrolls.  This  tree,  so  common  in  Japan,  is  an 
emblem  of  rectitude.  Its  leaves  form  the  imperial  mon,  or  crest. 

The  peony  and  Chinese  lion — a  beast  which  never  trod  this  earth,  but  which 
may  be  seen  rampant  on  temple  screens,  yashiki  doors,  panels — form  a  couplet, 
with  which  lovers  of  the  hui:e  and  monstrous  may  resale  their  vision.  Another 
pair  of  these  Siamese  twins  of  Japanese  art  are  the  sleeping  wild  boar  and  a  clus- 
ter of //.I///  (Lespedeza).  The  mulberry  and  the  goat  arc  put  together  by  the  art- 
ir-t,  since  this  animal  has  the  appetite  of  a  silk-worm,  and  feeds  voraciously  on 
mulberry  leaves  or  the  paper  which  is  made  from  its  bark. 

The  hare  peeps  out  of  the  rushes  on  many  a  lacquered  box  or  tray,  or  is 
wrought  in  gold -threaded  embroidery.  Instead  of  seeing  a  man  in  the  moon 
carrying  a  bundle  of  sticks,  Japanese  fancy  beholds  this  leaping  rodent  scouring 
the  face  of  the  silver  luminary,  with  f<jt<i.*<'tii»t,  or  scouring  rush.  This  is  a  favor- 
ite subject  on  the  lacquered  bodies  of  ji>t-riki-sJttt. 

The  red  maple  leaves  and  the  stag  arc  painted  with  fine  effect  on  screens. 
''In  autumn  the  maples  crimson,  and  the  stag  calls  the  doe.'1  The  Japanese 
word  ifu  means  both  color  and  love;  and  in  this  stanza,  as  in  a  thousand  other-, 
the  play  is  on  that  word.  For  a  lover  to  send  his  once  loved  a  sprig  of  autumn 
maple  is  equivalent  to  giving  the  "  mitten."  The  leaf  and  the  heart  have  both 
changed  their  ir<>  (color). 

The  cherry-blossom  and  pheasant  are  fitly  wedded  together  in  poetry  and  art. 
The  most  beautiful  bird  (/.'/jo  is  this  many-tinted  iridescent  queen  of  the  groves 
in  the  Sun-land,  and  the  bloom  of  the  sakura-trce  (Pmnus  Jiseudo-ca-asus),  v:\i\cl\ 
is  cultivated  solely  for  its  blossoms,  is  the  national  flower  of  the  Land  of  Great 
PI, iee.  "There  are  snow-showers  which  do  not  descend  from  the  skies,''  and  the 
falling'  bloom  -  flakes  spread  many  a  white  carpet  on  the  stone  paths  lending  to 
the  temples.  It  is  often  as  large  as  a  rose,  and  as  beautiful.  The- plum  tree, 
also  admired  for  its  blosr-om«,  i:- joined  with  the  Ki/iiixn  (nightingale).  The  plum 
is,  by  excellence,  the  poet'.-  tree,  and  the  nightingale  is  the  poet  of  birds,  loving 
Fimir  more  than  they  all.  "Send  forth  your  fragrance  upon  the  eastern  winds, 
()  ilower-  of  the  plum-tree!  and  do  not  forget  the  sprint:,  because  of  the  absence 
of  the  -un."  cries  a  nat've  poet.  Not  nnfrcqiiently  docs  one  see  the  plum-tree 
etand  all  Icatlcr-s  in  the  MIOW,  but  adorned  with  white  blossoms,  like  a  bride  be- 
fore the  iiltar.  It  bur.- is  into  clouds  of  fragrance  and  beauty  in  February,  the 
leave-  appearim:  later. 

It  i-  r-aid  that  u'ee-e  in  living  on  long  journeys  carry  rur-hes  in  their  bills,  and 
drop  them  before  alighting  on  the  water,  and  then  alight  upon  them.  The  rushes 
and  tfee-e  are  figured  together.  A  comical  couplet,  i.-  the  baboon  and  the  moon's 
retleeti»n  in  the  water.  The  long-armed,  -tump-tailed  fool  sees  the  imaire  of  the 
ni'M.n  in  the  wati-r,  and  in  vain  attempts  to  grasp  it. 

The  eonpiet  of  the  chrysanthemum  and  fox  refers  to  one  of  the  hundreds  of 
the  current  fox  myth-  and  stories.  A  fox,  as- uming  the  form  of  a  lovely  woman, 
bewitched  a  certain  prince.  One  day,  happening  to  fall  asleep  on  a  bed  of  chrys- 
anthemum-, r-lie  iv-nined  IUT  normal  shape.  The  prince  seeing  the  animal,  shot 
at  him.  hilt  ini:  the  \\>\  in  the  forehead,  lie  afterward  saw  that  his  concubine  had  a 
wo'ind  in  the  corresponding  part  of  the  head,  and  thus  discovered  her  true  nature. 

The  bamboo  and  tiirer  an:  often  .-ecu  together  on  large  objects  of  ur-e  or  orna- 
in --I  it  :  tin'  timers,  hcin.:-  a  fraii!  of  elephant-,  hide  in  the  bamboo  junirle.  The  peach- 
tree-  and  oxen,  a  le:->  common  de-i^'ii,  had  reference  to  a  line  in  a  Chinese  poem. 
An  emblem  of  .-ucce-s  in  life  i:-  that  of  tin-  dragon  ciosMng  tiie  summit  of  Fuji  or; 
the  clouds.  A-  the  .-mall  snake  becomo  a  d nitron,  -o  doe-  a  man  of  low  estate 
ot'l  :.  riMj  by  triumph  over  ob^taclet  to  e.xultutiou  aud  honor. 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES.  QQQ 

For  a  number  of  the  facts  here  given  I  am  indebted  to  Captain  E.  Pfoundes, 
whose  "Budget"  of  Japanese  notes,  entitled  Fu  So  Mimi  liukuro  (Triibner  «& 
Co.,  London),  is  a  valuable  thesaurus  of  condensed  information. 


THE  TESTAMENT  OF  IYETASU. 

"TiiE  Legacy  of  lyeyasfi "  is  a  document  whose  authenticity  is  yet  to  be 
proved.  It  purports  to  be  the  testament  of  the  founder  of  the  last  shogunate; 
but  a  thoroughly  critical  examination  of  its  claims  has  not,  I  believe,  been  made. 
It  is  certain  that  it  was  not  popularly  or  generally  known  in  Japan,  nor  ever 
reckoned  as  within  the  body  of  standard  le^al  literature.  It  was  translated  into 
English  (thirty -seven  pages  print)  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Lowdcr,  some  years  before  its, 
publication  by  him  in  Yokohama,  in  1*74.  The  title  of  the  pamphlet  read  thus: 
"The  Legacy  of lyeyas  (deiticd  as  Gongen-sama) :  a  Posthumous  Manuscript,  in 
One  Hundred  Chapters,  transited  from  three  collated  Copies  of  the  Original,"' 
printed  at  The  J«IHUI  Jhralil  ollice. 

Dr.  Walter  Dixon,  also,  in  his  work  on  Japan,  gives  (chapter  vii.)  another  ver- 
sion, with  notes  and  comments.  W.  E.  Grigsby,  Professo'r  of  Law  in  the  Impe- 
rial College  in  Tokio,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Japan,  has 
given  a  scholarly  analysis  of  the  document,  showing  especially  its  similarity  to 
most  ancient  law  codes,  such  as  those  of  Solon  and  Lycurgus,  the  Twelve  Tables, 
the  Mosaic,  and  the  early  Teutonic  codes.  He  terms  it  "  the  most  original  mon- 
ument which  Japan  has  produced  in  the  way  of  legislation,"  with  which  compare 
Dixon,  pp.  ^D'.l,  :270.  Whether  authentic  or  not,  it  embodies  the  policy  of  Ive- 
yasii,  is  a  mirror  of  feudalism,  and  is  of  great  historic  value. 

The  work  consists  of  one  hundred  sections,  in  no  logical  sequence,  and  difficult 
to  determine  iu  the  original.  Of  these,  sixteen  consist  of  moral  maxims  and  re- 
flections which  are  quotations,  or  intended  to  be  such,  from  Confucius  and  Men- 
eiu.s;  fifty-five  are  connected  with  polities  and  administrations;  twenty-two  re- 
fer to  legal  matters;  and  in  seven  lyeyasu  relates  episodes  in  his  own  personal 
history.  No  sharp  distinction  is  made  in  it  between  law  and  morality,  between 
the  duties  of  the  citizen  and  the  virtue  of  the  man.  The  man  who  obeys  the  law 
is  virtuous;  he  who  disobeys  it  is  vicious  and  low.  It  is  the  province  of  the  lei,r- 
i-lator  to  inculcate  virtue.  All  that  we  understand  by  law — all  that  embraces  the 
main  bulk  of  modern  law,  the  law  of  contracts,  of  personal  property,  of  will,  com- 
mercial and  maritime  law — finds  no  place  in  this  code.  This  arose  from  the  fact 
that  human  life  within  the  daimioate  was  regulated  by  custom,  not  by  agreement  : 
and  there  \va?  hardly  any  intercourse  between  the  various  daimioates,  becau-e  the 
only  property  of  any  importance  was  land,  and  no  will  was  allowed.  On  the  oth- 
er hand,  irreat  stress  was  laid  on  criminal  law,  the  law  relating  to  landed  proper- 
ty, the  law  relatiii'j;  to  the  status  of  persons  and  classes,  to  etiquette  and  ceremo- 
nial, to  table-  of  rank  and  precedence,  ami  to  political  administration  and  tr'ov- 
ernment.  <>n  these  points,  especially  the  latter,  minute  details  are  entered  into 
with  a  peculiarity  which  is  striking,  when  compared  with  the  poverty  of  the  code 
in  respect  to  those  matters  which  seem  to  us  most  important  in  a  s\>tem  of  law. 
Another  of  the  many  points  of  similarity  to  ancient  codes  of  law,  notably  the  Mo- 
saic, is  the  elaborate  provisions  with  respect  to  the  avenging  of  blood  and  person- 
al satisfaction  for  injuries  done.  The  individual  does  not,  as  in  more  advanced 
societies,  u'ive  up  his  riirht  of  private  vengeance.  Great  stress  is  laid  on  caste  dis- 


»;10  yOTI-JS  A XI)  APPENDICES. 

tinetions,  which  are  made  more  sharp  and  distinct  by  mincing  tlicin  to  writinir, 
and  thus  perpi  -tuat'mt;'  tin-  unequal  stages  into  which  early  society  is  dividrd. 

I'r<  ife--or  driu'shy  further  remarks  that  there  i.-  one  threat  diHercnee  between 
this  and  all  i  'linT  early  codes,  vi/..,  its  secrecy,  it  was  in  express  terms  forbidden 
to  be  promulgated.  Tin-  peru-al  of  it  was  only  allowed  to  the  chief  councilors 
of  state  (fi'ij'ni].  lln\v  can  people  obey  laws  it  they  do  not  know  their  nature  V 
A  parallel  i-  found  in  the  history  of  tin-  Aryan  race.  In  (i recce  and  Koine,  at  t  lie 
hcuinnii;.:  of  their  history,  the  knowledge  of  tin;  laws  and  their  administration 
wa-  confined  to  the  aristocratic  e!a-s.  and  the  first  simple  of  the  common-  wa- 
I"  force  thi.-  knowledge  from  them — a  strui_ri:'le  which  eniled  in  the-c  code-  bcim: 
reduced  to  \vritiii!_r  and  promulgated.  The  parallel  is  not  complete  in  respect  to 
writing.  In  the  case  ofdrceee  and  Rjine,  the  laws  were  unknown  because  n.ot 
w  ritteii :  in  .lajian,  thouuli  written,  they  were  yet  to  he  unknown.  1  n  early  com- 
munities, eil-toni  has  absolute  >\\ay.  The  maL;i-trate>.  a>  lyevasu  ^a\>.  are  the 
relhetoi's  of  the  mode  of  iroyenmient ;  they  interpret,  not  make,  the  law.  Anv 
addition^  to  the  old  customs  were  to  reach  the  multitudes  by  lilterin^  down 
through  the  mauir-trate.-,  wlio  alone  would  be  con-ciou>  that  they  were  new.  To 
the  multitude  they  would  only  be  slight  modifications  of  the  customs  they  had 
i  \\ays  oi>-er\ed.  ,  Ar-n  <.-m\r  ol  law>.  thi>  was  the  character  of  the  te>tam.  nt  of 
Ive\a>u.  who  claims  merely  to  be  a  traiiMiiittcr,  not  a  Cramer,  of  the  law.  Hi- 
\\ork  i?  a  compilation,  not  a  <  realioii ;  a  >election  1'rnm  oul,  not  a  r-eries  of  new, 
laws. 

The  '•  Legacy"  i-  invaluable  in  representing  to  us  the  condition  of  society  in 
feudal  Japan.  The  basis  of  Japanese  life,  the  unit  oC  civilization,  is  ihe  famih', 
which  is  a  corporation,  the  most  characteristic  mark  of  ivhich  was  its  perpetuity. 
The  head  of  the  family  li«  hi  a  power  similar,  in  nearly  all  respects,  to  that  of  Ihe 
paterfamilias  at  Home,  having  complete  power  over  the  persons  and  property  of 
hi-  children,  and  doini:  as  he  pleased  with  both,  fettered  only  by  that  custom 
which  is  the  e/reat  hind'-rance  to  despotism  in  all  early  communities.  1'ul  hi- 
liabilitie-  \vere  equally  e'reat,  w  ith  hi-  rights.  He  was  re-pon-iMe  for  all  the  ill- 
doings  of  aij\  of  hi-  family.  A  Japanese  family  was  not,  however,  \\hat  we  uil- 
dci'-taiid  bv  the  word.  Ii  \\-a-  ol'ten  not  natural,  but  artili'Mal.  I'd'son-  \\hom 
we  shou  from  the  famih  were  admitted  into  ii,  and  tho-e  who  with  u- 
an-  constant  member-  were  sometinn's  excluded  from  it.  Adoption  i//^-/,;  ni 
tuirm  on  the  niie  Intnl.  and  emancipation,  or  the  >etidinu'-away  (kmt'ln  sui-m  of  a 
son  IV1  mi  the  latnily.  on  the  other,  w  ere  in  constant  practice.  In  Koine,  adoption 
wa-  employe.'!  ni'-relv  to  enlarge  the  familv;  in  Japan,  solely  to  perpetuate  it. 
The  -"I!  ad o I  ted  by  a  Ilia II  ha\  iln:  no  male  ||.  ir  ijlled  exact  !\  the  Jihlee  of  a  natu- 
ral child  :  and,  in  early  times  at  least,  he  mii-t  take  the  nan f  the  adopting  par- 

i  nt.  If  !!:.•  adopting  |'.n-i-nt  had  a  daii--h!er.  the  adopted  -on  married  her,  becom- 

il;_r  he'll    him-elf.  in   wh'n-ll    re.-peet   tin-  Japanese  custom   dill'el-ed  Ciom  the   Roman, 

which  Ii  lie  natural  1  i.    of  brother  anil  sister  wa-  formed  by  ado)  it  ion.  and 

1  •:••••  1  !<.  :r  1:1  •:::_•    v  a-  ii  1.  ua  i.      <  lid  y  an  adult   coil  Id  adopt  :    but  if  t  he  iiead  of 

th"  family  were  an  infant,  he  could  adopt,     'i'hi-  practice  wa-  often  re-orted  to  in 

for  two  reason-     tin    n    iuioiis  and  the  feudal ;   to  j.revent  tlie  cxtinu'iii-h- 

iii'  nt  ol  the  ance-tral  -aeritice-,  «  it  h  the  consci|'ient   distrrace  to  the  famih  :   and 

1  '. :,_  hi  .d  oni\  on  .  i  unlit  inn  of  military  f-i-rvir-c,  if  a  \-a--al  died 

:  hildn  n,  the  land-  e-chcatcd  to  the  lord.      The  second  method 

rendereil  the   fami!\   a1'  re   the  expii!-ion   and   disinheritance  of  a 

1  ,  '    •    :    mily.  \'.  hich.  !.  re  only  <  tfeeted  \\hen  he  \\a-  of  an  irre- 

ter. 

m.  \vhi'-h  was  u.iowcd — rather,  enjoined— in  the  ca-e  of  u  man 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES.  Gil 

at  sixteen,  of  a  woman  at  thirteen,  was  not  a  contract  between  the  parties  or  a  re- 
ligious institution,  but  a  handing-over  of  the  bride  to  the  family  of  her  husband 
'*v  her  own  family,  she  pas.-inu;  completely  under  the  control  of  her  husband, 
both  us  to  per-on  anil  property,  subject  to  reference  to  a  council  of  family  rela- 
tions. 

So  far  the  internal  aspect  of  the  family.  Each  family,  however,  was  connected 
with  other  families,  as  in  early  Greece  and  Koine;  and  thus  about  lifty  yrcat 
clan-  wen;  formed,  of  which  the  four  principal  were  the  .Vinamoto,  Fujiwara, 
Taira.  and  Suirawara,  all  tin-  families  of  whieli  were,  or  claimed  to  be,  descended 
1'ruin  a  common  ancestor.  Certain  sacrilices  were  peculiar  to  each,  and  certain 
dignities  confined  to  certain  families.  Thus  the  ollicc  of  kuambaku  was  monopo- 
lized by  the  Fujiwara,  and  the  sho^unatc  by  the  Mimnnoto  clans  (the  families  in 
succession  beinu',  the  line  of  Voritomo,  the  A>hikau'a,  and  the  Tokuu'awai.  This 
condition  of  society  was  analogous  to  that  in  Italy  and  Greece  from  1000  K.c.  to 
.">no  A.D.  Hut  wliat  is  peculiar  to  Japan  is  that,  with  thi-  primitive  form  of  so- 
ciety remaininir  nnehanu'ed,  we  lind  a  system  that  did  not  arise  in  Europe  till 
about  the  eleventh  century  A.I).  Thus  the  >iiperstructure  of  fendali-m  was  rear- 
ed on  the  ba-is  of  the  family — an  incongruous  social  edifice,  as  it  seems  to  our 
minds. 

In  Japan,  then,  at  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  code,  flic  mikado  and  the 
imperial  court  were  above,  ami  not  included  in,  the  theory  of  feudalism,  at  the 
head  of  which  was  the  shoLfiin,  and  beneath  him  the  daimios,  each  with  a  terri- 
tory of  uTcater  or  les-cr  extent,  which  he  farmed  out  to  the  samurai,  or  vassals,  in 
ivturn  for  military  service.  In  the  "Tcater  daimioates  these  va.-sals  underlet  their 
land-  on  the  same  conditions;  in  other  word.-,  subfeudation  was  common.  A 
vassal  not  aide,  by  reason  of  a»'e  or  sickness,  to  perform  this  service  abdicated  in 
favor  of  liis  son.  If  a  man  died  without  leaving  any  children,  natural  or  adopted, 
his  property  was  retained  for  him  by  a  leu'al  liction,  for  his  death  was  concealed 
till  pcrmi.— ion  was  i^iven  by  his  lord  for  him  to  adopt  a  son,  and  only  after  such 
permission  was  triven  was  his  death  announced.  The  necessity  of  having  an  heir, 
that  the  vas-al\s  land  miii'lit  not  e-cheat.  to  the  lord,  but  be  kept  in  the  vas-al's 
family,  greatly  extended  the  practice  of  adoption.  If  the  Missal  proved  taithler-s 
to  his  lord,  both  escheat  and  forfeiture,  were  incurred. 

The  leading  principles  oflyeya-u's  policy  are  thus  summarized:  Tiie  position 
of  the  shoirim  to  the  mikado  was  to  be  one  of  reverential  homage.  The  slioiruns 
were  in.  no  way  to  interfere  with  the  mikado'-  theoretical  Mipremacy,  but.  to 
strengthen  it  in  every  way,  and  >ho\v  all  ropect  to  Hie  emperor'-  relatives,  and 
thi  old  court  ari>toeraey.  Secondly,  toward  their  inferior-  the  :-ho^im-  were  to 
behave  with  courtesy  and  con-idcration.  All  hiMilt  and  tyranny  were  to  be 
avoided,  and  the  weight  of  power  was  not  to  press  too  har-hly.  The  neglect  of 
this  principle,  as  shown  in  insolence  to  inferiors,  was  the  rock  on  which  the  e/ov- 
ernments  in  nearly  all  ancient  communities  struck.  This  caution  proves  the  con- 
summate knowledge  of  human  nature  and  the  profound  mastery  of  -late-craft 
possessed  by  lyeyasu.  Another  recommendation  of  lyt'yasu  wa-,  that  the  ^-oveni- 
ment  of  the  lesser  daimios  !-hoiild  'he  frei|iicntly  changed.  The  motive  alleged 
for  this  wa-  'he  prevention  of  misu'overnment;  but  the  n-al  rea-on  wa-,  that  they 
miu'hi  not  ac'|uii'e  local  inlluenee,  and  so  endanger  the  |Miwer  of  the  -ho^uns. 
Thi-  was  -imilar  in  its  purpose  to  the  jiolicy  adojit.'d  by  William  the  Conqueror, 
in  portioning  out  the  territories  of  his  baron.-  aiming  se\'ei-al  counties.  In  Kn- 
U'land  the  plan  wa.-  completely  successful;  in  Japan  it  failed,  a-  we  have  seen, 
because  the  shoicuns  never  dared  to  enforce  the  measure  in  the  case  of  the  greater 
daimio.-,  who  were  the  only  ones  to  be  dreaded. 


AW  A.\I)   .U'l'h'X  DICES. 


(TASKS  OF  JAPAN  FOR'  THE   FIFTH   YEAR  OF  MKIJI,  THE  -j:.:i 
YEAR    FR'OM  THE  ACCESSION  OF  JIMMT  TEXNO  (A.I).  I-1?'-'). 

Colonies    (llukkaid.~>  —  Ye/.o    and    Kurile  Kru-i  (departments) 

Island.-) 1  Ku  icity  parishes) 

Fn.    or    imperial    cilies    ('J.Y'Ui.~',    Uzaka,  Mura  (rural  parishes) 

Ki.'to) ...  .3  Towns  . . 


I'rincrs  and  princos«cs  .  . 
Nobles  (km.''-  and  ex-dai- 


II.-M.I-  ..Ml ..ll-i-h..|.l. 

Mnl.-s         h',.,!,»lw. 
4 


T..U1.  Males. 


Slii/okii  .sumunii  of  hiLrii- 
cr  Lrr:idi->  .............. 

sr.tsn    vsainiirai   of  lower 


6r>'.i,o74         334,407 


si.  .')! 


t.r,-2i 


Common  people (;.:;-2ti,.r.71  17o,.')72  24,.T.'.V.i4s  30, ^57,271  15,01'.i,o4s 

Po])Ml  ition  ol'Sauhalii! '  }  2,:>.VS  I,lft6 

Kf-iilen;s  \from  Sinnina- 

rv  of  KoreiL'ii  Trail.-  of 

11.  I'..  M.  I.eLratioii,  An- 


1.170 
2.72H 


r..(HC,.747) 

'     •'•"•''•"'" 


IK  (  !  I'ATHiNs.    TltAlii:-    (  ADl'LT    I'OITLATIUN),  KTC. 

Mai.-.  I-.Th'd.-'. 

Kir  mere      s.ddi.nH  I',, •*<'<<*.  112 

'.-     r,-2l.2!'.'.  I-IM'21 


Totnl 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES. 


613 


CENSUS    ACCOHDINi;    TO    PROVINCES.* 


"2 

!  •£ 

Kin 

Tf.k 
Tr.z 

r  1.   Yamashiro.  . 
2.  Yamato  
3.  Kawarhi  .... 

Houses. 

Population, 

Provinces. 

Houses.          Population. 

53!  168 
60,853 

429,030        .i 
418,320       "=    ] 
237,  07x       •- 
209  174         ~ 

"  5.  Hoki  
6.  Idzuino  

45,121 
77,493 

61,626 
5,943 
156,931 
50,609 
83,302 
90,709 
99.108 
152,045 
113.058 
75,584 
136,964 
84.460 
125,704 
125,662 
171,0-20 
112,447 
87,139 
77.254 
66,8x5 
120,250 
229,441 
192,752 
90.412 
37,235 
136,407 
1,890 
4,793 
1,614 
18,392 
1.601 
288 
407 
244 
103 
480 
509 
8,757 

174.158 
340.042 
259,611 
28,531 
685.791 
215,002 
331.878 
396.880 
456,461 
667.717 
497.034 
880.502 
018,925 
164,939 
586.046 
55'.)i  7  12 
775,974 
524,511 
411,175 
391,535 
314.574 
562,318 
1,074,461 
953,037 
376,527 
172,877 
633,379 
6,003 
19,098 
6,  '251 
75,830 
0,574 
1.464 
1,734 
832 
43-7 
1.511 
1,507 
33  010 

8    Oki 

,    5.  Si'ttsu  
>  1.  [.'a  

197,137 

21,415 
190.456 

729.444       '- 
97,164 

585  '188        '- 

1.  Harima  .    ... 
2.  Mimasaka... 

,'i.  Shi  ma                       8  ;i74 

4.   (hvari  175.315 
5.  .Mikawa  linx;7 

7271437       b' 

4^2,931         ^ 

5.   Hingo  
6.  Akf.  

0.  Tr>tr>mi  

71/735 

414,928        J* 
308.505 
300.008         . 
149,749       -5 

8    Na"-at<i 

8.   Kai      

?  1.  Kii. 

9    Id/il 

2.  Awaji  
3    Awa 

10.  Salami 

11.  Musashi  

434,232 

1,943,211        "^  " 

4.  Sannki  

12.  Awa  

13.  K:ulziisa                 '•'•'  '•'"•'• 

4I't  '169       ^ 

6    To«a 

14.  Shimosa  
J.5.  Hitachi  
'  1.  omi  

121,770 
124.752 

045,029 
570.504       ,;• 

f  1.  Chikuzcn  .  .  . 
2.  Ohiku-ro  .... 
3.  Huzen 

2.  Mino.         .    . 

3    Hida 

4.  Shinano  
5.  Kf,d/.tike.... 
0.  SlPtnotsuki-. 
7.   Iwaki    

12l',010 
90,i  68 
00,251 

Ss|l2i» 

92,658 
S3.X68 
97  578 

919.115       ~ 
507.235        -J. 
498,520 

848,608 
427.933 
534.0U9 
570.521 
473,244       o 

6.  Hiiro  
7.  II  in  "a  .  .   . 

s.  Ozuini  

9.  Salsuma  
'  1.  Ishiknri  
2.  Shiribi-shi.  .  . 
3.   Iburi  
4.  Oshima  
5    Hitaka 

x.  Iwashiro  .  .  .  . 
9.  Kiku/.en  
lo.   mkur.hiu.... 
11.  Mutsu  

l:;.  l><> 

85',487       •* 
401,032       - 
408,357 

6.  Tokachi  
7.  Knshiro  
S.  Xenniro  
9.  Chishima.  .  .  . 
•10.  Kitami  

"  \.  Wakasii  
2.  Kchi/.en  
,    3.   Ka-'a  

16,994 
95',*  (27 

4.  Xoto  
5.  Etch  in  
0.  Eehiiro  

f  1.  Tamb'a  
2.  Tantro  
1    3.  Tajiina  
1^  4.  Iiiaba  

Tolal  I'll] 
li                                 2  < 

13SJS29 

22.'  259 

68,581 
57,071 

37Ji07 

illation. 
23,652      II 
,92,411      S 
<  16,  563      S 

202.480 
015.603 
1,368,428 
103,098 

295.359     ! 
100,932 

1  11.  Teshiwo  
j   1    Iki 

\  2.  Tsushima  .  .  . 
Liu  Kin  
Sakhalin  

6,802 

27,167 

Not  known. 

29,0x4 
100,7x9 
2,358 

162,842            Total  7,lo7,x41      33,110,825 

Total  Population.                                             Total  Population 

okurikudo  3,299,551     Xankaidr.  3,225.107 
nindo  1,608,501      Saikaid<~>  4,xx9,8x; 
myudo  3,431,865     Hokkaido  121,301 

aido  7,: 
mdo  0,~ 

The  Bureau  of  Oflicial  Stutisties  in  the  Nai  .Nfu  t>hf>  lias  ehurii-e  of  the  een>u~. 
and  tiie  resist  ITS  of  births,  marr'mires,  and  deaths.  The  result  of  the  second 
emimenitiun  of  the  population  of  Japan  followinu'  that  inven  above,  whii-h  was 
completed  after  two  vears'  labor.  i>  :is  fullows  :  Total  popillal  ion,  ;5J>,3()0,(>7;i  sou^  ; 
<>f  whom  lli.x'.tl  .7'.".)  are  males,  and  10.4()8,c.ll(i  are  females.  This  ~hows  an  inerea-c 
over  the  former  cei^us  of  IX'.).N"I();  nf  whom  (.C>,r>71  are  male-,  and  m.'*7'.i  are  fe- 
males. Din-in^  the  year  1*74,  '.".lO.s:;!;  males  and  :37s,l'.)8  female-  were  born;  and 
l(>s/»,):j  males  and  l'.t~.ol'2  females  died.  The  number  of  kuaxokii.  or  nobles,  was 
•|8-.>'.i.  The  number  of -hinto  oilicials  wa.-  7(5,11',);  of  Buddhist  i->i;>/!<iux,  :2U7.ti(i'.t; 
and  of  nuns  or  pric-tcsses,  '.Hj^li. 


014  XoTKS  AX  ft  APPENDICES. 

MINKS  AND  MINKK'AL  K'KSf  H'K'I 'KS. 

Hv  I";:-  tin1  be-t  .-tatements  of  Japan's  mineral  wealth  are  presented  in  the 
i;.-i.,irt  ul'  Mr.  F.  II.  I'lnnkett,  oi  the  Hriti>!i  Legation,  to  Sir  Harry  1'arkes,  aiul 
pubii-hed  in  Tin  ./'iji'i'i  \\"klij  .1/uiV  of  .January  ','Ttli,  l^TH.  Mo-t  of  tlie  matter 
five!!  heiuw  i-  from  ollieial  ilata.  "In  almost  every  portion  of  Japan  are  found 
o-i •-  of  -ome  kiml.  and  tin.1  re  is  searerly  a  district  in  which  tin-re  arc  not  traec- 
o|  miner,  having  been  worked.  MoM  ol'  ihoe,  however,  are  abandoned,  or  worked 
in  a  \erv  -lovciilv  manner."  'J'lic  methods  still  pui>ucd  arc,  with  lew  exceptions, 
the  same  as  tho-e  followed  in  ancient  times.  Mine-  arc  Mill  attacked  by  adit-. 
The  Japane-e  hardly  ever  Milk  a  >haft;  and  a.-  th--  water  ^ains  upon  the  mine:--, 
the  mine  i-  abandoned.  No  mines  can  lie  worked  without  -pedal  licence  of  the 
(lovenini'-nt.  and  foreigners  are  exchulcil  from  any  and  all  participation  in  the 
mining  indu-trv  of  the  country.  No  foreigner  can  hold  a  ?diare  in  a  mine,  nor 
li-tnl  money  on  the  >ecurity  of  a  mine.  Foreigners  may,  however,  be  employed 
a-  en^ineei>.  and  a  number  are  already  in  Midi  employment. 

Tin1  niinin--  law.-  of  Japan  arc  ba?-cd  on  those  of  l'ru>>ia  and  Spain.  Twenty- 
three  foreiirnei-5,  mo-tly  European-,  the  superintendent  bcini:  -Mr.  II.  (iodfrcy. 
are  in  the  M-rvice  of  the  Minim:  Department ;  and  a  number  of  native.-  have  b.  u'lin 
to  -tud\  the  modern  sy.-tems  of  cnuini  erinur,  both  practically  at  home,  in  America 
and  Europe,  and  in  the  Imperial  College  of  Knir'nicerin^  in  Tokio. 

The  ri--ht  to  work  a  mine  does  not  belong  to  the  owner  of  the  soil  ;  for  in  Ja- 
pan po--c--ion  of  the  surface  does  not  carry  with  it  the  riuht  to  the  mineral 
wealth  below.  That  belongs  by  law  to  tlie  (iovei'i'inent.  which  exacts  from  the 
work'1!'  of  die  ore-  a  varyinu;  royalty,  and  a  Mirface  rent  of  one  yen  p'T  eighteen 
1  :i  on -a  n  d  M  ilia  re  feet,  for  all  mine-  except  iron  and  coal,  which  pay  half  the  .-urn. 
The  ordinary  land  tax  i>  al-o  charged  to  the  miner. 

The  I);iteh  and  I'ortUL,nie-e  in  the  ^txteeiith  and  r-cventcenth  centuries  exj)orted 
IVoni  J.r,  an  prcciou-  metal?-  a?-  follow-: 


yearly  aver:i'_re.  of  Dutdi  trade  at  D.'-hima  was  i.T,r,ti.ooo. 

doid  wa-  lii-t  di-co\  ei-ed  in  .la  pail  A.I).  7-1'.'.      A-  Japan  wa-  do-  -d  to  tin-  world. 
the  e/ohl  remained  in  the  count r\'.  and  augmented  I'Vi-rv  year.     It-  abundance  w  a- 

IhllS  Ho   te-1    of  the    relative   Weallh    of  the   country.       Tlie    relative   Value  life-old   ;,, 

-ilver  wa-.  unti!  ls|'i<i.  a-  'i  !o  1.  Japan  -erm-  io  lie  falrlv  well,  but  not  riehlv,  pro- 
v'ddj  ui!h  mineral  wealth.  Hdow  arc  table-  (Vom  Mr.  I'lunkettV  Report,  which 
elates  only  In  Hondo.  Kin-hiii.  and  Shikoku. 

1.    MINT.-  wiiKKiNo   nv   I.K\SK  rp  TO  1*74. 

i  e  ild  r,:i:e-    .',.">       <  'i  ijnicr  and  Irad 7 

(i"ld  and  -iiver  mine1- '.'.       I  'upper  and  lead,  antiinnny,  and  ar.-enie 

i  ;.;.IT  m: !:••-  "'uirainii:.'  -I've:  .  '.'  [r>  .11  mi;.e- '.i 

>;.vcr  and  'upper  mi  tie- •'•'.'  Ir-in  -and 4b'> 

i ;.;.••!•.  and  lead •!  Tin  mine- -j 

MA.T  ai.d  ]e-,d >'•  Tin  and  lead 1 

miiii- lvi'5  Led 11 

i  .;,;,.T.  :."id.  and  -ilver 1  Lead  and  rapper 2 

i"  ;•>•;•  :.i.d  :ii  J  I'lutnbajro..  .  1 


AXD  APPENDICES. 
S       Amber 


613 


Copperas 

Antimony '2  Sulphur 

Yellow  realgar,  arsenic,  and  lead  mine.       1  Realgar  (orpiment). 

Arsenic  mine 1  Manganese 

Cobalt. . ,  .14  Alum 


3 

Ill) 


Agate 3       Salt  mines 

Quartz 9       Fire-clay 

Marble  quarries  (spotted) 0       Kaolin 

Marble  quarries  (white) 3    '   Mineral  resin 1 

Marble  quarries  (striped) 1       Coalmines 70> 

Steatite  mines 5       Petroleum ll'T 

Flint 7 

Mica '2          Total  number  of  leases  granted ls5(J 

'2.    LIST    OF   MINES    WORKING    FOR    EXPLORATION. 

Goldmines >2S    •    Smoky  quart/, 1 

Gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead  mine 1    i   Marble  quarries  (white) 5 

Gold  sand  (alluvial  gold) '2       Marble  quarries  (striped) '2 

Silver  mines 31    :    Agate  mines 4 

Silver  and  copper '24   >•   Steatite U 

Silver,  copper,  and  lead  mines -2       Flint 3 

Silver  and  lead 1       Kock  crystal '.> 

Lead  mine  (containing  silver) 1   '   Amethyst 1 

Quicksilver  mine 1       Quart/ 1 

Copper  mines 1S7       Sulphur " 

Copper  and  lead 13    j    Copperas  (sulphate  of  iron) 1 

Conner,  tin,  and  lead '2  !    Salt...  1 


Iron  san 

stream  tin  mines '2    ,    Petroleum 

Stream  tin  and  lead 1 

T.ead 29   i       Total  number  of  mines  working  for 

Ochre 1    I  exploration 

ESTIMATE    OF    MINERAL    PRODTCTION    OF   .T.Vl'AX    IN    1S74.':;" 


Mi 


Silver 2,f»oo  kwamme  1M    " 

(iold 100          "  '2,  .Mill     " 

Iron 5.1100  tons  :',n    " 

<'oal-oil r)7f),n('ii  sho  4  sen 

Lead 17.p>  tons  ll.S  ven 

Tin !              7{    •'  I      4(10  '  " 


ACTTVL  pRonn  TION  or  COAL  IN  JAPAN  IN  1S-i7. 
T.ikashima 

_:        \I  i.-ke 

J;        Imabuku  district 

k    j  Taku '2'2,1'.N 

—       Karatsu,  in  Ili/.en fo/j^s 

Hirado r>:;.i<;o 

Hest  of  Japan,  estimated  at 7!,'.i:;:i 


Total . 


016  yoTES  AXD  APPENDICES. 

The  total  coal  production  of  Japan  is  thus  put  down  at  300,000  tons,  of  which 
no  k>s  than  :;i.~>,tN>7  tuns  come  i'roin  the  consular  district  of  Nagasaki. 

ESTIMATE  or  TIIK  PKUIJAHLE  EXTENT  OF  THE  COAL-FIELDS  IN  Kifsnic,  NEAU 

NAGASAKI. 

T:\kashiinp. 133  acres. 

Mi.  kr 10  (?)  square  miles. 

luiiilniku  district TO  " 

Tnku 30  " 

KaratM'i  di.-trict 40  " 

Hirado          "       120 

Total -J^ 

The  total  exportation  of  coal  from  Nagasaki  lias  increased  in  a  wonderful  pro- 
portion of  late  years;  for  whereas  in  1>>»>(>  it  was  only  10, IS')  tons,  and  in  \^('n 
:;i;,17o  tons,  it  amounted  in  1*70  to  5(1, -JOU  tons;  1*71,  to  102,700  tons;  1*7:.'.  to 

i;>7,4c.i'.i  tons. 

Near  Tokio  there  is  a  coal  lield  thirty  miles  lonix  by  seven  and  a  half  mile- 
wide.  In  Kii  and  in  Kchiiro  are  alt-o  iaru'e  coal  liclil>.  For  lack  of  irood  roa>l>, 
tlu>e  are  nearly  useless.  A  u'coloyical  survey  of  Japan  lias  not  yet  l>een  made, 
and  the  Government  doi.'s  not  yet  jior-sess  a  correct  map  of  the  empire.  In  1^74. 
lo?,-J4:l  gallons  of  excellent  jictrolctini  were  produced.  With  American  method- 
of  drilliiiir.  iHimpinur,  and  refinery,  the  yield  and  area  of  trial  are  iticrea>iiiLr. 

(.'opper  is  of  very  i_rood  quality,  and  found  in  numberless  places.  Ordinary  ores 
yield  from  two  and  a  half  to  twelve  per  cent,  pure  metal,  always  free  from  anti- 
mony and  arsenic.  In  1^74.  two  hundred  mines  turned  out  only  three  thousand 
!>>n-.  Foreign  machinery  and  methods  would  in  all  probability  greatly  increa>e 
t  hi-  yield.  ( )/aka  is  the  chief  depot  fur  copper.  In  the  export  of  copper,  old  idols. 
bell-.  Buddha.-,  etc..  etc.,  litrurc  largely. 

i'l'KK,    ETC..    KXI'OIJTEI)    FKOM    JAPAN    FROM    1S70   Tf)    I.s7:!. 


1IHI 

\MI  -n.vru. 


Iii   '"-It.  'Jl. ''><><>  pound-  of  -liver,  v;:;  pound-  of  i^old.  were  produced  in  Japan 

•  m  >;|ii  -ilver  and  s'.'Lrnld  mine-.      At   1'niir  place-,  toivi^n   engineer-  work  the 
.M  -       The  S;n!ci   mine-,  it    i-   -aid    by  a   tra\eier  to  that  i.-land.  co-t  .<7").ooo  to 

•  :  k  them  in  one  vear  (  1^74  i.  but  product  onlv  -*iiO.UW  \\  orth  of  t;'oK!  ana  r-ilver. 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES.  61 7 

Probablv  the  expense  of  improved  machinery  and  tram-ways  was  not  taken  into 
account.  Tin.-  cost  of  production  of  gold  is  £:.>  for  every  58i  grains,  and  for  silver 
s'.Hi  for  ,S|y  pound?. 

Next  to  coal,  iron  is  most  commonly  found  in  many  varieties  of  ore.  In  Hita- 
chi, a  bed  of  iron-stone.,  eighteen  to  eight  feet  in  thickness,  is  worked  by  English 
enirinecrs  with  blast  furnaces.  Magnetic  iron  ore  is  very  abundant;  heretofore 
the  cost  of  production  of  this  ore  has  been  nine  dollars  per  ton.  The  total  out- 
put in  Japan  in  1873  was  but  three  thousand  tons.  The  future  yield  may  be  vast- 
ly increased.  Lead  is  found  in  twenty  provinces,  but  only  one  hundred  and 
eighty-five  tons  were  produced  in  1874.  In  187:3,  884,G(Jo  worth  of  lead  was  im- 
ported from  abroad.  The  tin  mines  in  Satsuma,  Bungo,  and  Suwo  are  not  worked. 
Quicksilver  in  Hi/en  and  Kikuchiu  await  miners.  Sulphur  is  abundant,  but 
most  of  that  mined  conies  from  Awomori. 

THE  HOKKAIDO. 

The  geological  reeonnoissances  ami  surveys  of  Yczo  have  been  under  the  su- 
pervision of  American  engineers.  Professors  Blake  and  K.  Pumpelly,  who  were 
engaged  for  one  year  by  the  bakufn,  visited  Yczo  in  180:3.  (See  "Across  America 
and  Asia,"  by  R.  Pumpelly,  New  York:  Leypoldt  cc  Holt.)  They  made  a  re- 
port, and  introduced  blasting  and  some  other  improvements.  In  1871,  Thomas 
Antisell,  M.D.,and,  in  1873,  Professor  Benjamin  J.  Lyman,aml  Henry  S.  Munroe, 
K.M.,all  on  the  staff  of  the  Department  ol'thc  Development  of  Yezo,  made  exam- 
inations. From  their  reports,  coal  and  iron  sand  seem  to  be  abundant,  well  dis- 
tributed, and  of  fair  quality ;  gold  and  silver  occur  in  small  quantities;  copper, 
zinc,  and  lead  are  found,  but  not  in  rich  deposits.  Petroleum  issues  in  a  few- 
places.  The  result  of  their  labors  seems  to  show  that  Yezo  is  poor  in  mineral 
wealth,  except  iron  and  coal,  in  which  it  is  very  rich.  The  outcome  of  the  high- 
ly creditable;  labors  of  these  gentlemen  will  be  a  vast  saving  to  the  Japanese  of 
n,u iiey  for  Useless  mining.  From  the  nature  of  the  case,  the  limited  time,  and 
small  number  of  the  staff,  the  greater  part  of  the  interior  of  Yezo  and  the  Kurile 
Islands  is  as  yet  unexplored.  For  maps,  reports,  etc.,  see  "Reports  of  General 
('apron  and  his  Foreign  Assistants,"  Tokio,  1875.  The  undoubted  wealth  of  the 
Hokkaido  is  in  timber,  fisheries,  furs,  and  agricultural  products. 


LAND  AND   AGRICULTURE. 

THE  exact  area  of  Japan  is  not  known,  though  computed  at  from  140,000  to 
150,000  square  miles,  with  a  population  of  from  'JOO  to  :J1()  persons  to  a  square 
mile.  The  number  of  acres  under  cultivation  is  about  9,000,000,  or  one-tenth  of 
the  entire  area,  supporting  a  population  of  :',h  pel-sons  to  the  acre.  Not  one- 
fourth  of  the  fertile  area  of  Japan  is  yet  under  cultivation.  Immense  portions 
of  u'ood  grass  land  and  fertile  valleys  in  Hondo,  and  almost  the  whole  of  Yezo, 
await  the  farmer's  plow  and  seed,  to  return  rich  harvests.  For  centuries  the 
agrarian  art  has  been  at  a  stand-still.  Population  and  acreage  ha\e  increased; 
but  the  crop,  in  hulk  and  quantity,  remains  the  same.  The  state  records  of  lye- 
ya-iYs  time  give  29,000,000  koku  as  the  yield  of  the  empire.  The  present  esti- 
mate of  an  average  crop  is  still  under  JiO.OOO.OUO  koku. 

In  spade-husbandry,  the  Japanese  have  little  to  learn.  In  stock-rcarin»\  fruit- 
growing, and  the  raising  of  hardier  grains  than  rice,  they  need  much  instruction. 
On  the  best  soils  they  raise  two  crops  of  wheat,  rice,  other  grains,  or  root  vege- 


CIS  .V OTA'S  .LV/> 

tables.  Fit'ty  hu-hcls  t<i  the  acre  is  a  irood  average,  tlioinrh  much  of  tin1  land 
ne\cr  e-ive-  MI  lar_rc  a  return.  Tin-  Lrreal  need  in  .Japanese  tanninjr  is  live  -lock. 
Tlu-  people  arc  -lowly  i-lianii'iiiLT  their  diet  of  Ii>h  and  vegetables,  and  becoming 
nical  eater — a  return  to  tlicir  ancient  (ire-Buddhistic  habit.-.  .Material  1'ur  tlie 
ne\\  food  Mipply  and  tor  the  raw  material  ot'Miocs  and  clothing  must  tie  provided 
fur.  At  pre-ent,  Japan  imports  55,000,000  pound-  of  woolens  and  mixed  iroods, 
which  in  time  .-he  may  di>pcnse  with.  Her  pai-tnivj  are  eapablc,  judirim;  I'ruin 
kin'un  data,  uf  keeping  r.'s.(.iOO,0(.H.i  r-hcep,  yielding  an  avcrane  weight  of  five 
pound:*  pel'  tlecce.  f-hecp  farm:-,  by  fcrtili/.imr  UK-  Mill,  will  prepare  it  for  mul- 
berrv  and  tea  plantations,  thu-  incrca-iiii:  the  -upply  of -ilk,  and  tiriu^'mu;  in  a 
train  of  new  iudiir-trics.  Hitherto,  human  manure  has  been  almo.-t  exclusively 
u.-cd,  co^tiiiir  twelve  dollar:-  per  acre. 

The  system  of  land  tenure  and  taxation  has  diil'ered  in  ancient  and  modern 
time.-.  Tlieoretieally,  all  the  Miil  beloiiir-  to  the-  mikado.  Aneiently,  the  land 
\va-  divided  into  Mpuare-N  whieli  were  subdivided  into  nine  -mailer  squares,  eii^iit 
of  which  were  cultivated,  eaeli  by  one  man,  and  the  ninth — rc-erved  for  the  mi- 
kado— wa.-  worked  by  the  nine  collectively.  The  tint  is  ?till  the  unit  of  mca-- 
uivmcnt.  Each  man  held  two  tan,  or  hall  an  acre.  In  time,  this  sy>tem  fell  out 
of  iiM'.  Fanners  in  debt  would  sell  their  land  to  a  richer  one,  and  thus  irradually 
the  land  became,  in  actuality,  the  people'^  by  an  ownership  approachim:  fee  r-im- 
]>le.  The  laml-ownei>  of  the  present  day  have  either  bought  their  liolil'mtrs  or 
liave  reclaimed  their  laiuls;  and  no  one  has  now  the  power  of  taking  thc-e  away 
from  them.  The  peasant:-,  holdin.ir  their  land  as  absolute  property,  are  easily 
iroverned  ;  but  as  soon  as  an  attempt  is  made  to  touch  their  land,  redi.-tribute 
it,  or  -hill  owncr>hip.  the  ]ia:-.-ive  peasants,  who  >ubmit  like  t  hildrcii  to  linan- 
cial  or  political  de-potiMii,  r'lM.-  in  rebellion  to  vi(;lenci'  and  lilood. 

The  tax.  -,  which  were  very  liu'lit  under  the  ancient  mikado's  rule,  increased 
irn-atly  under  the  dual  >y.-tern,  and  under  feudali-m  were  extremely  onenms.  In 
Ilidevo-hi'-  time,  the  (iovernment  tax  wa-  two-fifth:-  of  the  cr.-p;  in  the  Toku- 
irawa  period,  oi'teii  lilt','  per  cent.  Th  •  landlord  took  twenty  live  per  cent,  for 
(•'•nt  ;  -o  that  the  farmer  ^-ot  bill  one-fniirth  of  the  cro]>  for  hi-  labor,  seed-,  and 
proiit-.  In  a  vi  ry  liad  year,  the  whole  crop  went  for  taxe-  :  and  the  farmers  tlien, 

becoming  pailpel'-,  wi-re  led  IV, .111  the  public  -tore  by  the  '•  !icne\ ulelicc  "  ('.)  uf 
the  ruler-.  The  system  of  land-hohlinu'  and  taxatinii  varied  in  almo.-t  every  dai- 
m io'-  territory,  often  in  v  illaLi'e-  near  each  other.  Tin-  lir-t  at; em] it  of  the  mika- 
do'- (iovcnimeiit.  in  1^7'.',  to  correct  t  he  abuse.-  of  a  ire-  of  feudal  i- in.  and  to  place 
the  -y-tem  of  hind  taxe-  and  tenure  on  one  uniform  national  ba-is.  led  to  many 
Ii'cal  in-ur  reel  ion-.  Hand-  of  pea -a  at-  in  certain  -ection^,  jealous  of  local  rie.ht-, 
weilded  ',u  h.n^  cii-tuni,  knouin^-  little,  and  .-u-pcctinic  much,  of  the  jioiiey  of 
the  ruler-  in  the  d:-tant  capital,  re-i-tcil  \\  hal  wa-  an  act  of  beneticcnce  and  ju-- 
Iiee  TO  miliinn-  of  people  in  the  whole  empire.  They  were  ca-ily  subdued. 

Tin-  tax  on  t  le-  Miil  i-  the  chief  -0111  ce  of  (ioveniment  revenue.  Four  ela^^c.s  of 
land  — LT"od,  medium,  inl'erior,  and  bad  —  are  reckoned.  Paddy,  or  rice  land,  i.- 
uorlh  ti\.-  time-  -is  much  a-  aratile  land,  and  an  inve-tment  in  iici--]and  pays 
about  eje.|,j  !„.,.  ,.,.,,;.  per  annum.  The  pea-ant's  house-  are  rarely  built  in  the 
field-,  but  mi  i/'iJi'ik'i  land,  pay'mir  a  -lightly  hi_rher  tax,  and  the  rural  population 
i-  thu-  elii-!'  red  entirely  in  hamlet-  or  village*. 

The  tnie  ueLl]tli  ol  .Tapaji  r'on-i-t-  in  In-r  agricultural,  and  not  in  her  mineral  or 
m..n'ifaet  urinu'.  re-oiirce-.  Tic-  <  ioveriiment  and  intelligent  eia--e-  seem  to  be 
a  ivc  to  thi-  fact.  Manv  of  the  -aniurai  and  noble-  have  bee'im  farrninir.  The 
N  '.  \\-\  Sho  ha-  lie^un  a  >urvi  y  of  t  he  empire,  \\ith  special  flalion  to  the  n- 
r-i'ire  •-  and  '  avabilitie-  of  the  r-oil.  A  number  of  American  iC'-ntleinen  of  e.\i'e:'i- 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES.  019 

ence  have  been  engaged  as  theoretical  and  practical  farmers  and  stock-breeders. 
In  Tokio,  model  and  experimental  farms,  gardens  of  trial  and  acclimation,  cat- 
tle-runs and  plantations,  and  training  schools  and  colleges  have  been  established, 
in  which  the  upper  class  of  land-holders  have  taken  much  interest;  nearly  two 
hundred  acres  of  many  varieties  of  ^rass  are  beinii'  cultivated  and  tested;  a  large 
number  of  foreign  works  on  stoek-raisinn'  and  agriculture  have  been  translated 
into  Japanese  ;  t\vo  thousand  cattle  and  ten  thousand  sheep  have  been  introduced 
from  the  United  States  and  Australia. 

About  eight  hundred  beeves  are  now  slaughtered  per  week  in  Tokio  to  supply 
meat  food,  and  six  thousand  cattle  were  sold  to  natives  in  Kobe  in  1S75.  In  the 
Kai  Takri  Shi,  farms  of  two  hundred  and  lifteen  acres  in  Tokio,  arranged  under 
General  Capron's  superintendence,  the  excellent  breeds  of  horses,  sheep,  cattle, 
and  pigs,  in  spite  of  all  drawbacks  hrst  felt  from  inexperienced  keepers  and  dis- 
ease, are  thriving  and  multiplying.  Over  one  hundred  thousand  young  apple, 
pear,  and  other  fruit  trees,  from  American  grafts,  are  set  out,  and  yielding  well. 
Improved  implements  are  also  made  on  the  farm-smithy,  from  American  models, 
by  Japanese  skilled  hands.  Besides  making  its  own  tools,  the  Nai  .Mu  Sho  dis- 
tributes seeds,  cuttings,  models,  etc.,  throughout  the  country,  and  the  Kai  Takii 
Shi,  in  the  Hokkaido.  Model  farms  have  also  been  established  in  Sapporo  and 
Hakodate. 

it  has  been  demonstrated  that  Yezo  is  capable  of  yielding  good  crops  of  hardy 
cereals  and  vegetables,  that  Japan  is  a  country  eminently  adapted  to  support 
sheep  and  the  finest  breeds  of  cattle,  and  has  a  climate  suited  to  develop  to  per- 
fection cereals,  leguminous  plants,  and  artificial  grasses,  such  as  red  and  white 
clover,  alfalas,  and  the  rye  family.  Time  and  steady  perseverance  are,  however, 
needed  before  national  success  is  achieved.  It  is  gratifying  to  know  that,  in  the 
improvement  of  this  mother  of  all  arts,  Americans  have  been  the  pioneers,  and 
have  done  so  much  and  so  well.  Next  to  the  uprooting  of  superstition  and  gross 
paii'anisin  by  pure  religion  and  education,  there  is  nothing  more  important  lot- 
Japan  than  the  development  of  her  virgin  land  and  the  improvement  of  her  an- 
cient agricultural  resources.  For  detailed  information,  see  Tin,  .liijinn  JI<d!  of 
November  :.':;d,  and  December  5th,  1*74;  F.  O.  Adams's  "History  of  Japan,'1  vol. 
ii.,  chap.  xii.  ;  and  "Reports  of  General  Capron  and  his  Foreign  Assistants,''  To- 
kio, 1S75. 


MINT  AND  Pl.'HLIC  WOKKS. 

The  Ozaka  mint  is  a  series  of  fine  and  substantial  buildings,  in  the  Roman 
stvle  of  architecture.,  equipped  with  twelve  first-class  English  coining-presses, 
thirty-seven  mc'itinu-fiirnaees.  and  a  sulphuric  and  nitric  acid  manufactory.  Tin- 
mint  makes  its  own  tools,  cuts  its  own  dies,  and  performs  the  usual  bullion,  as- 
saying, re  lining,  and  analyzing  business  of  a  mint  in  other  countries.  The  estab- 
lishment was  organized  by  Major  T.  \V.  Kinder,  who  was  the  cflicient  superin- 
tendent from  1*70  to  1875.  To  his  energy  and  ability  are  due  the  success  and 
reputation  of  the  mint,  which  it  devolves  upon  the  Japanese  to  maintain.  Three 
hundred  and  eighty  natives  and  several  Englishmen  are  employed  in  it.  The 
coins  minted  are  u'old,  silver,  and  copper,  and  of  the  same  weight,  fineness,  de- 
nomination, and  decimal  division  as  the  American  coinage.  They  are  round, 
with  milled  t-du'es.  They  are  stamped  with  the  devices  of  the  rising  sun,  coiled 
dragons,  legend  of  date  and  denomination,  in  Chinese  and  Roman  numerals, 


ti-_>0  yoTES  AXD  APPENDICES. 

chrvr-anthemum,  and  I\iit!<n<'>ti<i  M/i/wiii/is  loaves  and  flower.  Japanese  preju- 
dices are  against  the  idea  of  stamping  the  mikado's  imae.v  on  their  coins.  This 
dislike  \ull  probably  pass  away  before  many  years.  From  1N71  to  is;,'),  Hie  num- 
ber of  piccc.^  coined  was  i:jli,.Vv>,.">41,  their  value  beinii  ?(<:.;, 4:.' 1,744.  The  denomi- 
nation:- are  I'ourtccn  :  live  heiiiLC  Li'old,  live  silver,  and  1'our  eopper.  The  average 
nieial  monev  now  in  circulation  is  nearly  two  dollars  per  head  of  the  population, 
;Mld  of  e-uld  about  :-e\en-ciLrllths  of  that  Mini  per  head. 

The  coasts  of  Japan,  once  the  ino.-t  daiiLCerou?,  are  now  c'omparatively  safe  by 
ni-lit  and  day.  Tlie  statistics  of  1>>7;5  (jielow  the  maximum  in  ls7i>;  show  that 
there  are  thirty-one  liijht-hotises,  two  lii^lit-ships,  live  buoys,  three  beacons,  and 
twii  -team  tenders  in  operation.  Over  three  million  dollars  have  been  expended 
by  the  LiLCht-liou.se  Bureau  (To  Dai  Rio).  All  the  modern  improvements  dictated 
by  advanced  science  and  mechanical  skill  have  been  made  use  of.  The  coast  of 
Japan  now  compares  favorably  with  any  in  Europe.  Mr.  R.  II.  Hruiiton,  the  cap- 
able foreign  superintendent,  war-  in  the  (iovcniment  service  from  INis  to  ISTti. 

The  railway  from  Yokohama  to  Tokio,  ci.u'liti  en  mile?  IOIILC,  carried,  in  1*7;-;, 
1.4:'..").(V)(;  pas-enters;  and,  in  1^74.  l..V,i-.',:jl4  passengers.  The  railway  from  Uxaka 
1"  Kobe,  twenty -two  miles  IOULT,  b.'^an  operation>  in  1^7i).  The  railway  fruin 
O/aka  to  Kioto  i~  nearly  linir-hcd,  and  will  probably  open  in  autumn,  1^7i).  From 
Ki"to  the  road  is  surveyed  to  TsuniLca.  steam  transit  line-  are  also  projected 
fri>m  Kii">to  into  Kii.  from  Kioto  to  Tokio  and  thence  to  Awomori.  The  cxcel- 
leiiee  and  eonvcnieuei'  of  transit  by  sea,  and  the  fact  that  the  mass  of  the  people 
f"llo\v  the  airricultural  life  and  habit-,  more  than  the  lack  of  capital,  will  delay 
the  completion  of  these  entcrpri.-es  for  years.  The  y;reut  need  of  Japan  is  Li'ood 
wa^'on  roads:  comparatively  few  of  these  exist. 

Telegraphs  are  now  completed  from  Nagasaki  to  Sapporo,  in  Yezo.  The  main 
line  connects  the  extremities,  through  the  centre  of  the  empire.  A  number  of 
branch  line-  are  also  in  operation.  All  the  kens  will  probably  -oon  be  in  electric 
C'linmunication  with  the  capital.  Two  -iibmarine  cable-  cross  the  Sea  of  Japan 
tn  Asia,  and  two  wire-  the  Strait-  of  Shimon,  p-.'-ki  and  TMiLCaru.  The  material 
n-.-d  i-  Knirli-h,  and  the  Wheat-tune  system  and  katauMtia  letters  are  u-ed.  All 
the  above  are  (ioverniwnt  cnterpri-e-  and  property.  The  Public  \V..rks  Depart- 
ment  also  ha.-  cluiriri1  of  mini's  (see  pa-e  (,!>.'>.  d,,ck  yanls.  and  foundrie>.  A  num- 
ber of  -team  paper-m. ikin::.  weaving,  spinninir,  sawiiiLC,  planinu',  printinir.  type- 
castiiiLC,  and  other  e-tabli-lnneiit-,  repre.-entiiiLT  a  trreat  variety  of  new  indu-tries, 
are  bein^e-tabli-iied  by  native-  with  foreign  a-sistaiicc.  Many  of  the-e  are  a?si?t- 
ed  or  encouraged  by  the  (jovernnient. 


SILK   CL'O]'  OF   1-7."). 

Tnr  follow  in-  notes  of  raw  -ilk  arrivin_  in  Yokohama  for  export  in  1^75  will 

iow    tin-    principal    localities    in    uhich    this    staple    is    produced:     In    Hitachi, 

I:;'.'.OINI  pounds  ;   Sl»inan<>.  •.':;:.  (Kid;   I  \\aki  find  Rikuxen,  ^1U,(MN):    Mu-a-hi,  175,000; 

Kod/.iike,  70.000;    Hida,  :Jl.(MMi;    K,-hixen.  17.IKM);    F.chi-o.  1-J..MIO;   various  places, 

Iv'.'OO;    total,   l.l'.Ht.(HM)  pound-.      Only  a   certain   portion  of  -ilk    raised   in   Japan 

-  spared  for  export.     Tin-  total  export  of -ilk  from  lsC,-j  to  1-74  was  l:.'.:pf, 7.000 

pounds,  or  I.(i4vooo  j,ound-  per  annum.     The  percentage  of -ilk  jM'odnetion   in 

world    i Italy.  :;7  ;    China,  :j'J  ;    France,  >* ;    Bengal,  7;    .Jajian.  0  :    Spain,  ^; 

I'e:--ia  and  the,  Levant,  4. 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES.  621 

WEIGHTS   AND   MEASURES. 

10NG    OR    TIMBER    MEASURE. 

THE  unit  of  timber  measure  is  the  shaku,  which  is  equal  to  the  English  foot, 
ami  is  divided  into  tenths  (sun),  hundredths  ('&«_),  and  thousandths  (rin).  This 
foot  is  called  the  kane-s/takii  (metal  foot). 

1  riu  =  .012  English  inch. 

1  bu  :  .12         ••          "     or  one-renth  of  a  "Japanese  foot." 

1  sun  -  1.2           "        inches,  or  one  "Japanese  inch.''. 

1  shakii  =  12  or  ;*ja  Japanese,  inches. 

3      '•  =  1  yai-d. 

6      "  :=  1  ken,  or  fathom. 

60  ken  =  1  chf>. 

36  chO  =  1  ri.  or  2.45  English  miles. 

Nice  comparisons  of. Japanese  metal  measures  in  use  in  Tfikio  have  shown  the 
iron  carpenter's  measure,  which  is  bent  at  a  right  angle  (kiyoku-fihaku,  or  bent- 
foot),  to  be  eijual  to  O.oOo  metre,  or  0.  11"  11  ,  or  .994  of  an  English  foot.  (See 
••Tables  of  Comparisons  of  Japanese,  English,  and  French  Measures,  and  of 
Useful  Properties  of  Materials,  compiled  for  the  Engineering  Classes  of  Kaisei- 
g-akko,"  by  Prof.  K.  II.  Smith,  Tokio,  18T(>.) 

CLOTH   MEASURE. 

The  cloth  shakii  ('•'  whale-foot,''  because  made  of  whalebone,  or  bamboo)  is 
three  inches,  longer  than  the  foot  of  timber  measure.  It  is  also  decimally  divided. 

1  rin         =     .015  English  inch. 
1  bu          =     .15 

1  sun       =   1.5  "        inches. 

1  shaku  =  15  " 

A  tan,  or  piece  of  cloth,  varies  in  length  from  25  to  :»0  or  more  feet.  A  Jilld  is 
'2  tan.  or  about  5;'  feet. 


1  tsubo  =     .%  square  feet.  English. 
1  se        —     30  tsubo.  01-      l.oso  square  feet. 
1  tan     =   300      •'       or    lo.^OO 
1  chf>     ---good      "      or  los.coo 
1210  tsubo  =       1  acre. 

A  tan  is  the  usual  size  of  a  rice-field,  20  tsubo  in  length,  15  in  breadth.  A  se  is 
a  rectangle  oft)  tsubo  in  length,  and  5  in  breadth.  A  elm  is  (50  tsubo  in  length, 
and  50  in  breadth.  In  Japanese  houses,  rooms  arc  measured  by,  and  their  area 
spoken  of,  in  mats  (futit/ni),  which  are  made  of  rice  straw  tightly  bound  together, 
and  covered  on  the  upper  surface  with  matting';  each  piece  being  (>  feet  long',  $ 
iVi-t  wide,  and  '2  inches  thick,  the  edges  being  neatly  bound  with  cloth.  A  mat  is 
half  a  tsubo,  and  2  mats  make  1  tsubo.  A  tsubo  is  also  called  i\  pu,  or  po. 


40 


IV22  XoTf-.'S  AXD   .\rPK.\DICES. 

stances,  such  as  rice,  beans,  salt,  irrain,  and  soy,  oil,  vineu'ar,  sake,  etc.  It  Is 
ileeiinally  divided  into  t/i'i.  xfitikii,  xni,  .int.tit,  anil  ki' .  "The  //<".  hearinir  the  (iov- 
ernment  Mamp  measure:- ju>t  ~  50  inelu>  M|iiaiv  by  1.75  inches  deep,  and,  con>e- 
i|uentl\.  contains  10.'.'o75  cubic  inches.  The  ali<~>  would  then  lie  10U.;>75  cubic 
inches,  the  t<>  \W.\.">  cubic  inches,  and  the  k»kn  10,'.i:!7.r>l)  cubic  inches.  Accord- 
ing to  this,  the  kuka  equals  :i(.t.447  imperial  gallon-,  or  4. '.II!  bushels,  or  a  little 
h---  than  5  imperial  bushels,  and  the  t<~i  a  little  less  than  half  a  hu>licl."  —  Du.  .1. 
('.  IlKi'UfKN,  in  The  Jiijian  Mull,  November  '.'5th,  l^Tii,  in  ansxvei'  to  critiei.-ms 
made  upon  tin-  statement  in  his  dictionary  (and  in  many  book?  i  that  a  koku  con- 
tain? 5.1:5  bushels. 

til  shaku  1  L''"i. 

in  £->  1  -ho. 

In  Miu  1  to. 

in  to  1  koku. 

f-'<>ffj'>  is  the  name  of  a  measure  of"  5  //<(.  A  tni'-arn  is  a  sack  or  bair  made  of 
-trau  for  hohlinir  rice,  charcoal,  or  irrain.  A  h>i/<>  is  a  straw  bale  or  hair,  contain- 
ing aliout  -'•._,  bu>hels,  or  liall  a  koku.  for  lioldimr  rice,  which  is  always  >tnred 
and  handled  in  liiyo.  In  the  (ioveruiiient  irranarit>,  as  the-  >alaries  of  ollicial>,  or 
in  allegory,  or  the  ?ymbol»  of  art.  the  full  liiyo  i^  the  cmldcm  of  \\  ealth. 

MKAsrKEs  OF  WKK;IIT. 

Weights  are  divided  on  the  decimal  scale,  with  the  exception  of  the  kin  or 
"catty."  The  unit  is  the  ?/«))////«',  which,  carefully  weighed  by  Dr.  J.  ( '.  Hep- 
burn in  November,  l^Til,  i^  equal  to  57  irrains  troy.  The  prcciuiis  metals  are  al>o 
weighed  by  this  scale. 

Id  mo  1  rin.  or     .M  L'rain  troy. 

in  riu  1  t'lin.  or  ,V7 

In  fan  1  inoniinr.  or  57  prains  troy, 

Inn  nionmv-  Inn  ni.ihiiiv  .  or  "  liivaku-nu-." 


MONKV. 


In  rin   —  1  sen.  or  rent. 

in  .-en  :    1  vcn,  or  dollar. 

The  old  money— p.iper.  e/uld,  i-ilvcr.  cojiper.  bra--,  bronxe.  and  iron— is  still  in 
circulation,  though  il  i-  i:'i'a'liiaii\  beinu  withdraw  n.  In  popular  iauirua^e,  tlie 
v-rin-  li'nj' (/,•<<  i  hundred  i.  fun.  ///<•,„,„(',  and  even  rin(\  ni'imnp'',  5  fun  i,  do  not  rep- 
'•  -'-lit  any  coin,  but  are  u-ed  to  denote  \alue-.  Tin  v  are  cxpre--imis  lielotiirinir 
•.i  tli'  1"  i'i"d  when  money  wa-  computed  by  weight  onlv.  I  )ia\'  in  mv  po>-es- 
'  ral  an  (lent  -tamped  lump-  of  uncoined  -il\i  r,  \\  hi<  h  formerly  circulated 
a-  m.iiiey  in  F.I  hixen.  The  names  of  the  old  coin?  and  paper  money,  xatta  or 
•>('.'•.  are  ;..;,(,  >/«'",  Int.  ami  ri<j. 


NOTES  AND 


Nan,e. 

V:iluc  in 
Mon. 

Y,ih:e  in 

Remarks. 

Mon  

1 

0.01 

fKound  cast  -inm  coins,  rusty,  often  chipped 
:      mid   cracked.     Of   same    si/.e   and  beariii"  j 

Shi-mon  

4 

0.04 

"|      same  Chinese  characters  as  Chinese  "cash" 

Jiu-mou. 

10 

0.1 

t    of  the  same  denomination. 
(Of    bron/.e.      Size    of    an    English    farthing. 

Jiu-go-mon  

15 

0.15 

i     trout. 
(Hound.     Larger  than  the  above.     Waved  lines 

Ni-jiu-mon  

20 

0  2 

(     on  the  back.     Chinese  characters. 
(Hound.    Larger  and  thicker  than  the  above. 

Tempo  

SO 

0  S 

(     More  brassy.     Chinese  characters. 

Is-shiii  

G25 

6  °5 

Xi-shiu  

1,250 

12  5 

Bti,or  Ichi-bu  

2.500 

25 

50 

Kir,  

10.000 

100 

i,                    n                   u 

The  new  copper  coins  have  no  holes  in  the  centre.  The  old  zeni,  or  cash,  were 
strung  on  straw  twine,  in  strings  of  one  hundred  each,  or  stuck  on  skewers  or 
pins  in  shops  or  at  the  toll-gates.  The  inscription  on  the  cash  is  usually  that  of 
the  year-name,  and  "T.SUBO"  (current  money).  "Tempo"  is  the  name  of  the 
year  in  which  that  coin  was  issued.  Of  the  square  silver  coins,  irhi-bu  and 
i.s- *//«'«,  the  former  was  first  cast  in  1837,  and  the  latter  in  18o4.  The  is-shiu, 
being  largely  used  to  pay  the  laborers  employed  to  build  forts  (dai-ba)  in  Yedo 
Bay  in  front  of  Tokiu,  were  called  "dai-ba."  The  gold  koban,  with  its  divis- 
ions of  halves,  quarters,  eighths,  and  sixteenths,  the  coins  made  of  an  alloy  of 
gold  and  silver,  and  the  issues  of  the  6-bans.  or  oval  sheets  of  gold,  from  two 
and  a  half  to  six  inches  in  length,  and  worth  from  ten  to  sixty  dollars,  have 
passed  out  of  circulation,  to  be  melted  up  and  recoined,  or  lie  kept  as  curiosities. 

On  the  subject  of  Japanese  money,  see  pp.  88-97,  "  Memoires  du  C'ongres  In- 
ternational des  Orientalistes,"  Paris,  1873;  Dr.  S.  R.  Brown's  and  J.  J.  Hoffman's 
"Japanese  Grammar;''  and  the  various  Japanese  works  on  numismatics,  and  the. 
official  pamphlets,  with  rich  illustrations  and  full  descriptive  text.  For  weights 
and  measures,  see  Smith,  Brown,  Ilolftnau,  and  Hepburn. 


NOTATION  OF  TIME. 

THE  first  systematic  attempt  at  marking  and  recording  time  was  in  A.r>.  G02, 
when  a  Buddhist  missionary  from  Corea,  named  Kuanroku,  brought  to  Japan  a 
Chinese  almanac,  ar.d  taught  its  use.  From  this  time,  the  years,  lunar  months, 
and  days  are  counted,  and  the  years  named  after  the  characters  in  a  cycle  of  .-ixty 
years,  which  is  made  up  of  one  series  often,  and  another  series  of  twelve,  charac- 
ters. The  cycle  of  ten  series  is  called  from  "the  live  elements,"  Wood,  Five, 
Earth,  Metal,  and  Water,  each  of  which  is  taken  double,  or  masculine  and  femi- 
nine. 

The  crude  of  twelve  series  is  formed,  according  to  the  division  of  the  zodiac, 
into  twelve  equal  parts,  to  each  of  which  the  name  of  some  Japanese  animal  is 
HsMi:ned.  These  are  the,  Rat,  Ox,  Tiger,  Hare,  Dragon,  Serpent,  Horse,  Goat, 
Ape.  Cock,  Dou-,  Hog. 

By  making  a  square,  in  which  twelve  lines  are  drawn  horizontally,  and  ten 


perpendicularly,  we  have  cm-  hundred  and  twenty  squares,  of  which  sixty  are 
used.  1'laee  the  ten-series  at  tin-  top,  ami  tin;  tvvclvc-.-cric.-  mi  tin-  left  side,  and 
thi-  numerals  from  1  In  til'  in  diagonal  lines  in  the1  spaces  I'roin  Icl't  to  riirht.  and 
from  top  In  bottom.  Thus  the  cyclical  name  of  the  year  1711  (see  pai^e  :J*s  i  is 
"  water" -"  dragon,"  or  the  ten-series  name,  "water,"  and  the  t  wel\  e  -  series 
name,  "drau'on."  The  first  year  of  the  current  cycle  is  \*M,  and  the  cyclical 
name  nt  1^77  is  "  lire"-"  hull,"  the  first  heloimini:  to  the  ten-series,  and  the  sec- 
ond to  the  twelve  series  cycle.  (S-e  diagram  in  Hotfman's,  "Grammar,"  pa«;'e 
l.'ii'i.  i  This  method  of  reckoninir  time  is  still  in  Use  aiming  the  Chinese,  C'oreans, 
and  the  Japanese  Buddhist  world  and  priesthood.  All  Japanese  literature  is  full 
of  it.  and  it  will  lie  printed  in  the  native  almanac.-  l'or  some  years  to  come.  As  it 
i-  the  oti'-prinir  "f  Chinese  philosophy,  so  the  doctrine.-  ol  in  (female  principle) 
and  >/<>  (male  ]>rinciple ),/<  inj-sl,n,  >j  ("air  and  water"— a  sy.-tcm  of  uross  Chinese 
superstition)  are  involved  in  it,  and  from  its  very  nature  it  is  the  mother  of 
superstitions  innumerable.  No  severer  blow  liar-  been  dealt  at  priestcraft,  nec- 
romancy, and  the  thou>and  form-  of  delusion,  than  the  abolition  of  the  lunar  cal- 
endar, and  no  greater  evidence  of  the  desire  of  the  rulers  of  Japan  to  break  from 
Asiatic  trammels  has  been  iriven  than  their  adoption  of  the  solar  calendar.  The 
measurement  of  apparent  time  in  hour.-  and  minute:-  wa.-,  for  centime:-,  by  the 
<•!>  pr-ydni.  The  tir-t  is  -aid  to  have  been  made  by  Tenehi  Tenno  when  still  a 
prince,  and  was  re-mountrd  in  (171  A.I).  Time-keeper.-  after  the  European  lar-hion 
wi-re  inti'odueed  from  China  duriiiir  the  time  of  Taiko.  In  ordinary  Jap.me>e 
clocks  the  dial  is  perpendicular,  and  the  hour  and  minute  hand,  beinu'  one,  de- 
sr.  nds,  while  seconds  are  beaten  by  an  escapement,  and  -hown  on  a  small  round 
dial  at  the  t"p.  At  present,  many  thou-and  New  Kii^land  clocks  and  foreiirii 
watch'-s  are  in  n.-e,  and  even  the  common  people  are  learning  the  meaning  ol  a 
"second  "  of  time. 

KM MHUATHiN  OF  YKAUS  I'.Y  VKAK-I'EKIODS. 

I-'rom  >'<-\'i  \.t>..  under  the  mikado  Kotoku,  the  system  of  reekutiini:  the  years 
by  elironolo^ieal  jierlods  called  /n //-//•/,  or  year-names,  ha-  been  in  use.  In  his- 
torical work.-,  and  in  .Japanese  literature  Lreiierally,  these  year-periods  are  al\\a\< 
ivl'-rrcd  to,  and  1'ornierly  many  natives  eommittid  the  entire  list  to  in;  morv. 
Others  U-'-d  little  n'f.-rmrr  table-,  keipt  ill  their  poeket-bouks  or  near  al  hand. 
No  special  rule  or  -v-tem  wa-  ob-erv  ed  in  chanirin^  the  names.  thou«_rh  the  acees- 
s-ion  of  a  new  -uverei^n,  the  advent  of  uar  or  peace,  a  trreat  national  calamity  or 
lile-sin^,  a  profound  social  change  or  ^ri'at  national  event,  was  made  the  pretext 
for  adopting  a  new  name.  It  thus  result-  that  from  <>4:>  to  W.s  A.D.  tliere  have 
bi-.'ii  •,'->'. i  year-name's,  ineludinu'  tlm-e  used  by  the  "northern  dynasty"  during 
the  period  ].':.;>',- 1  :;'.<•.'.  treated  of  in  Chapter  XIX.  The  year- names  are  appointed 
b\  the  mikado,  and  are  elio-en  from  -i\ty-ei^ht  Chinese  words  or  characters  -pe- 
el.illy  n  -ervi-d  l'or  that  purpose.  They  are  often  very  poetic  and  strikinir.  (See 
ii.  I)' .  -I  •'.  1 1  oilman'-  "  ( i  ram  mar."  pai;-e  1.".7.  i  In  the  follow  in  ^  li~t.  it  will  be  no- 
ti'-ed  Iha»  the  -aim-  -yll.ible-  recur  often.  The  date-  eaii  not  exactly  corn  -pond 
to  our  years,  -inee  the  Japam--e  New  year's-day  «  as  often  a-  much  a-  -i\  weeks 
Lit'-r  than  January  1-t.  A  leu  years  au'o  --  -1S7'.'—  t  lie  (ioveinment  fixed  upon  the 
y.-ar  f.''.u  i:.(  .  a-  that  in  u  hieh  Jimmii  Ti  lino  "  a.-cended  the  throne."  and  Chri-t- 
!)•  i -i 'in be r  -jrith,  a-  tie  dav .  II-  nei',  in  the  iiew-]ia|»-r-,  official  doeuments, 

and  t k-  priiited  sinei'  1S7'.',  tip-   time   i-   expn---ed   in    "\cars   o|   the  Ja]ianese 

i  mpire,"  or  "from  the  foundation  of  the  empire,"  or  "from  the  aeep.-sjon  of 
Jimmu  Teniio."  The-e  phi'a-e-  have  a  value  at  par  with  the  Komaii  "Alt  urbc 
coiiditu,"  tli--  date  ol  Jimmu'-  "ascension"  lieimr  pun-lv  urbitrarv. 


AND  APPENDICES. 


LIST   OF   YEAR-PERIODS. 


A.D. 

A.I). 

A.D. 

Taikua  

C.45 

Otoku  

10S4 

Einin  

1-293 

II  ikuchi 

10S7 

T299 

!Stij;ik:i  

072 

Katu)  

1094 

Keiinen  

1302 

Hakiih.)  

673 

Hicln)  

lOSMi 

Kairi-n  

1303 

Shurhd  

C,-C> 

Shotoku  

1097 

Toktiji  

1306 

605 

1099 

Eokei  

130$ 

Taicbo  

697 

Choji  

1104 

Ocho  

1311 

Taihd  

Till 

Ka.jo  

HOC, 

Sliowa  

1312 

K  i-  m  n  

....      TU4 

'I't'iinio  

110S 

Hiiiupo  

1317 

Wadi>  

.  .  .  .     70s 

Ti'iivui  

lllo 

(ilemvo  

1319 

Ildki  

715 

Kikiu  

lllii 

(-Jt-iiki)  

1321 

Y.iro  

717 

(icnvei  

111^ 

Sli.>chiu  

i:i-24 

Jinki  

....      7'-'4 

Hoan  

U-20 

Kan'-ki  

13-26 

Tempio  

....     7-29 

Tenji  

H'24 

Contoku  

18-29 

Tcmpio  Sliolio  

74',l 

l»aiji  

11-2C, 

(ifoko  

13iil 

Tcinpid  Hoji  

.  .  .  .     757 

Tensho  

lllil 

KeniiiHi  

io34 

Tempio  Jingo  

....     765 

Cliosho  

118-2 

JiiiL'o  Keiiiu  

....     767 

HoviMl  

lliif. 

BOTTIIEKN    DYNASTY 

Ildki  

.  .  .  .     77o 

Kiji  

1141 

Tt'-iid 

7S1 

Koji 

114'2 

1330 

Enri'ki  

7^2 

'IV  11  vo  

1144 

Kokoku  

1340 

Dairto  

.  .  .  .     Sir, 

Kiuan  

1145 

Shohui  

134C> 

Konin  

Mo 

Niinpei  

1151 

Kentoku  

1370 

Tenrho  

....     M>4 

Kiiijiu  

1154 

Jiiini-hiu  

137-2 

Jd\va  
Ka-hd  

....      834 
S4S 

Iln-rcn  
Ileiji  

115<; 
1159 

Tcnjiu  
Kn\va  

1375 
13M 

Niiijiu  
Saikd               .     . 

....      -.51 
.  .      *54 

Eirc-ki  
Ovei 

11  tiO 
lltil 

(Jencliiu  

13s4 

Tenan  

s57 

cinikiiuu  

lltiii 

XOETHKUX    DYNASTY 

Jokuan  

S59 

Kiinan  

lltift 

Genkei  

S77 

Ninan  

HOC, 

Rekiuo  

inns 

Ninna  

SSI5 

Ka\vo  

iiwi 

Kovei  

1342 

Ktianipei  

....      S-.9 

Shnali  

1171 

Tei\va  

1345 

Shdtai 

^'IS 

1  1  75 

1  350 

KiiL'i  

....     901 

Jijo  

1177 

liunwa  

1352 

Kiidid  

....    H2:< 

Yowa  

11S1 

Einbiin  

1356 

Shdhci  

....    !i;u 

•Tuvci  

11S-2 

Own  

1i561 

IVnjrio  

....    !i:;s 

Monji  

llSft 

Toji  

136-2 

'IVnreki  

....     947 

Ks'iikiu  

1190 

Oan  

136S 

Tentdkn  

....    9r>7 

Shoji  

1199 

Eiwn  

1375 

(  )\\  ';}                      

.  .   .    9»;i 

1201 

137') 

Kdlu;  

....     9tU 

Gcnkiii  

T204 

Eitoku  

13-1 

Ainva  

!MN 

Kenvei  

1-20C, 

Shitoku  

KN4 

Tcnrdku  

970 

ShoL'Oll  

1-207 

Kakci  

13><7 

Tcnyeii  

....      973 

Kcnreki  

1111 

Kowo  

13-9 

JdiTCll  

....      97Ci 

Kcinpo  

1-21;! 

Meitokn  

1390 

Teii<'en  

97S 

.Tokiu  

1-219 

Oven  

1394 

Kikuan  

l^li 

.Imvo    

1222 

Sciclio  

142*1 

Ktiauwa  

'.IN") 

(ieiinin  

1  -2-'4 

Kikio  

1429 

Eiven  

C.K7 

Kaniku  

1  2-25 

Kakitsu  

1441 

Kis.)  

....       '.IS'I 

Antfi  

1  -227 

Hunan  

1444 

Shdix-ki  

990 

Kuanki  

1-2-29 

Ilutoku  

1449 

rhdtdku  

....      995 

J.'.vci  

i-2:;-2 

Kiotoku  

1452 

C'hdho  

999 

Teinbuku  

1-2i'.:i 

Kosiio  

1  155 

Kiianko  

1004 

Hiinivki  

12M4 

clioroku  

1457 

rhow.-i  

101-2 

Katt-i  

1-2M5 

Ku;ui>ho  

1  160 

K  iianiiiii  

.  ..  .    1017 

I,'('kiiiin  

T2)iS 

Hunsho  

14C.C, 

('liiaii  

lo-Jl 

KllNVO  

12H9 

Onin  

1467 

Man  jiti  

,  ...    IO-.M 

N"  i  1  1  j  i  

1240 

Btimmei  

1469 

Cho'Tii  

....    10-2, 

Kii.-uitrcn  

1-24;} 

Chokio  

14-7 

nion'ki  

'o:;7 

lloji  

1-247 

Entoku  

14^9 

Cliokiu  

M.JO 

Ki-ncho  

1249 

Mciwo  

1492 

Kuantdku  

1014 

Ko-,-11  

1-25C, 

15unki  

150] 

K.jd  

104C> 

Slmka  

T257 

Ei.-ri  

1504 

'IVnki  

..  ..  lor,:', 

siiniri'ii  

1-259 

'1'aivci  

1521 

Kdhci  

10.V, 

Hiinwo  

T2C.O 

Kioi'iiku  

152* 

Chm'ki  

.  .  .  .  ior,5 

Korlio  

v_><;i 

'rcinbuu  

1532 

Knkiu  

....    10C,9 

Hiinvei  

l-2f,l 

Koji  

1555 

-Jdiid  

..  ..    1071- 

Kenji  

1-275 

Kimkii  

155$ 

Jdi-Oki  

....   1077 

Koan  

127-, 

(JiMiki  

1570 

Eihd  

....    10S1 

Slunvo  

126s 

Tciisho  

1573 

-\OTKX  AXD  APPENDICES. 


A.n. 

A.n. 

A.n 

Kt'ifho 

l.V.'t1.      Ilovri 

l-i  >4 

It  ir.     sintti.L-ii 

1711     Bun-t'i 

]s|S 

Kiiaiivt'i  

It 

•14    llokio  

171t;     Tempo  

It 

It 

44     (n-iiil)iiii  

.    ...        17)1      Kiivt'i   ... 

1-44 

li 

.')•'     Knkio 

1744      \n-ci 

l-'4 

M  i'  i  'v  k  i 

.  .      .        It 

1  Sl'M 

Manii   

.  .  .    .        It 

„•,-      lloirki      

17.M     Hmikin    . 

1-til 

It 

ill     Mriua    

17i'4     (JIM.  ji    

l-t'4 

KllljM) 

It 

1772     Kcixvo 

1  -ii') 

Tri'xva  

It 

17-1     Mi'iji 

1  -r,- 

Jokio... 

..   10-4     Kuansi'i..  . 

..   17-9     Mi:iii  itcnth  vear)  ... 

FOREIGN   THAPK   OF  JAPAN. 

Iinj-.ru. 


1-71 *17,74.'i.fi0.p)  sjsl9.lM.S05  !      ,*St5.'.»3(i.41o 

1-72 '-jr,.l—  .441  •.'4.'.".'4.W.'  Mi.t--.'.'.i7H 

1-7:; :        27.444.".;-  a<i.r,r,n.'.iy4  4-.lnr,.ni;-j 

1-74 ,         •J4.2.':i.i;--".i  l-.(il4.-'.»i  44.-."Ar..--T,f, 

1^75...  i'.i^iM.i't-M  •-'".niil.037  47.l-l.y.',7 


CHIEF    ARTICLES    OF    EXTORTS    AM)    IMTORTS    IN 


rtnii-.ru                                                                                                       Kx,,..rt-. 

f  rton  "ood-                                       i-  ''"4  'i'"      P'txx-  -ilk 

*fi  fi-'o  ;u 

M:\i-il  rottoii  anil  xvoolen  "ood-      •J.'i--'i;..'.:i2      'l\-a 

7  ".'.'.  "4 

•",''  l',- 

•'  1  rl  I'l  1 

F  i-lfni  ni'tj  ''!'  r                                         4  -i'j     I--       \S'tv'\  t-ilil'' 

11''  -1 

('    •  1 

'.',1  ",; 

Total                     i.".'.4i;7.i'i;7       hi-'i-i!  li-h 

-Ml]      r,~ 

Hi,  f  

-:,;..i;i 

;",,„'..  :;"  ^'."'''.t';  ;•.!:£!  -i,,-,  *"::.  ';..":          ' 

...  :f'j»."(iij;:; 

FI>I:I:K.N  -IIIITIM,  I:\TI:UI:I>  AT  THE  UTEN  Ti>in>  IN 


2-  4:i.:n;i 

71  !il.->1 

L'n  t'.M7 

f,  I.'''., 

1.4-J7 


NOTES  AXD  APPENDICES. 


627 


FOREIGN    RESIDENTS   AND    FIRMS   AT    THE    OPEN    PORTS. 
U.,  residents ;  F..  firms. 


Yokohama. 
Nationality 

Tokio. 

Ozilkii  and 

Ko!,,-.. 

Nagasaki. 

Hakodate. 

Total. 

II.           F. 

R. 

R.             F. 

II.            F. 

H. 

R.           F. 

American  1>5        2o 
Austrian      ....          15          I', 

41 

MJ            7 
5 

33            3 

6 

353         30 

33          3 

Be!"ian.              :       IT          1 

17          1 

Hritish  i    G->0       fis 

2S5 

2M5          32 

l'"J            9 

13 

1282      109 

D,ini-h  .              1      IS         1 

2 

U 

33          1 

Dutcli  C,\          3 
French  127 

17 
S3 

5S             S 
24             3 

0            J 

IS            2 

142         12 
254        42 

4') 

IJl           12 

15            4 

''79        43 

Hawaiian  
Tta'ian  19          (i 

6 

2 

27          6 

Peruvian  
Portuguese.               27 

5 

35 

Russian  It! 
Spanish  42 

14 

2 

3 

35 
42 

Swedish...                 15 

3 

IS 

Swiss  ,       23          7 

4 

<J             3 

33        10 

Total  i:5:i5      10(5 

510 

474          05 

°34          19 

22 

25S3      258 

In  the  above  tables  (from  the  British  Consular  Trade  Report  for  1S7G)  all  the 
nations  with  which  Japan  has  treaty  relations  are  represented,  exeept  China;  and 
no  return  of  Chinese  commerce  is  made,  except  in  the  totals  of  imports  and  ex- 
ports, in  which  the  value  of  Chinese  merchandise  is  included.  In  the  table  of 
foreign  residents,  the  children  are  not  reckoned.  Of  these,  there  must  be  about 
400  in  Japan.  Probably  100  foreigners,  in  the  employ  of  the  Japanese.,  reside  in 
the  interior,  bevond  treaty  limits. 


LEGENDARY  ART  AT  THE  CENTENNIAL  EXPOSITION. 

ON  the  rotunda  of  Main  Hall,  south  side,  were  painted  representative  Asiatic 
scenes,  objects,  and  persons.  Verging  on  the  centre  of  the  <j;roup  was  a  Japanese 
"poem-card,"  inscribed  in  hii-<<t/(tn<i,  with  the  following  stanza  from  a  very  an- 
cient poet,  by  one  of  the  Japanese  commissioners: 

••WHLM  knni  no  Y.-imato*  shima  no  ni  hl/uni  hi  \va,  Morokoshit  hito  mo,  awoga  zara- 
incya ;" 

or,  in  English, 

••  In  tlie  ancient  Yamato  island,  my  nal/ve  nand.  the  suu  rises:  must  not  eveu  the  West- 
ern foreigner  reverence ':" 

o  r. 

••  When  the  foreigner  comes  to  my  country,  the  o'luen  isle  or  Japan,  must  lie  not  re- 
spect it  ?" 

Of  the  two  platfornTs  in  the  Japanese  section,  one  was  devoted  to  porcelain  oi 


*  Yamato  is  the  ancient  name  of  Japan. 

t  Momkoshi  is  an  archaic  geographical  term  applied  to  China,  India,  or  the  'Western 
world  generally.  The  penman  evidently  meant,  "Even  when  Christendom's  siL'ht-seers 
at  the  Centennial  Exposition  come  into  the  Japanese  section,  will  they  not — nay,  must 
they  not — admire  our  art  and  country?". 


S  A.\'D 


Arita  and  K.ira^fi.  in  TIix.cn  ;  the  other,  to  tlic  bronzes  of  Etehin,  Kaira,  and 
Kioto,  and  tin-  doi-onnee  enamel  of  Owari.  Between  thoe  two  platform^  in 
tin1  ai>lc.  were  <.;old  inlaid  bron/e.-  in  t;'la>?  eases.  On  tin'  car-tern  .-ide  of  tin.1  r-cc- 
ticin  \\ere  :  1.  'l'"kin  porcelain  and  .SatMima  faience  (white,  ereani,  Imtf,  and  dead 
•Told  surfaces);  '2.  Kutani  i  Kai;'a  )  porcelain  (  red  and  bright  irold  )  ;  '•'<.  .Seto  (Owari  ) 
jinveelain  (blue,  white,  and  liver-colored).  In  the  centre  of  the  section  were  the 
ijold  lacquered  work,  Kioto  porcelain  and  faience.  >crcens,  wood  and  ivory  carv- 
ing-, \\  eapon>,  arniur,  and  ancient  copper  hron/o  aiid  jewel?.  It  was  in  the-e 
article-  chielly  that  legendary  art  found  its  best  illustration.  Mor-t  of  the  myth- 
ical, legendary,  poetical,  and  hir-torical  incidents  noted  in  previous  pa^c?  of  this 
work  were  portrayed,  some  of  them  many  timer-  over.  The  r-imie  ideas  or  >ym- 
bol-  were  repeated,  with  slight  variations,  in  bronze,  porcelain,  laei|uer,  ivory, 
wood.  Mlk,  01  in  plastic  forms.  I  have  space  to  notice  but  a  very  few  of  the 
subjects  mo-t  frequently  treated. 

1.  Tin  tin  -;/<•<!  fisi,,;/  out  of  t/ti:  l>m>.  —  Hiu  -fin  <  Dragon  •  u'od  ),  or  Kai  Kin  O 
(\  •  •a.ron-kini;  of  the  Sea),  paire  4'.>\  is  the  pcrsonitietitioii  of  tin.  dragon  ;  and  the 
monarch  of  the  \\orhl  under  the  sea  appears  in  many  fairy  tales  and  very  ancient 
legends,  his  palaces  licinsj;  located  under  the  ocean,  the  Inland  Sea,  or  Lake  Hiwa. 
lie  i-  a  reality  r-till  to  million-  of  .lapane-c  people.  He  i-  rcprcr-entcd  in  terrible 
ina'|e>ty,  anil  of  awful  mien,  I'i.-im;'  out  of  the  ilei']i.  His  helmet  and  mail  i-  a 
liviiiLt  dragon  —  the  symbol  of  irresistible  m'm'ht,  motion,  and  ubiquity.  His  robe- 
are  i^nUl  and  jewels.  Around  him  the  waves  mount,  part,  roll,  and  churn  into 
white  foam-cdsics,  thoir  translucent  Lrreen  curves  decked  with  silvery  foam-bells. 
lie  holds  in  hi<  hands  a  ca-ket,  in  \\  hich  art'  the  jewel-  that  control  the  ebb  and 
How  of  the  tides  (the  powers  of  the  si  in  and  moon[.  ',  ),  >ii,rni!ie:int  of  victory.  Ion- 
u'evi'.y,  valor,  and  invulnerability  to  ()jin  (|iaire  T'.'i.  the  infant  irod  of  war,  uhom 
lie  otfcr>  to  endow  -with  them.  ''Quick;  take  this  ca-ket:  the  opportunil}  i- 
lir'uf.  I  d'-i^'ii  not  loni;  to  remain  in  this  upper  world,"  i^  the  expression  on 
lli^  face.  In  picture-,  Takenoiichi  j.,  holdim:  the  infant  iroil  when  the  Dragon- 
kin^  ajij-ear.-.  In  M'\eial  bron/e-  and  ivory  iiarvin^>  hi>  i|ueen  (pau'e  4'.)v>i  is 
repre-i'iiti  d  in  robe>  •  if  -hell  and  coral,  with  diadem  of  rare  si  i  el  Is. 

•„'.  K)til«,tht  I'liiitt-nt  Hnitir  th,  \Y,itir-f,iU.  —  ()\\  tliree  of  the  !ar-'"-t  and  tim-t 
bron/es  W.L-  jMirtrayed  this  .-tory  of  mad  love,  murder,  remorse,  and  penance. 
Endo,  one  of  the  captain-  of  the  Kioto  Lrarri-oi,  during  thc-Tair.i  rule,  a  bra\e 
and  LTailant  -oldi.T,  contracted  an  unlawful  alfection  I'm-  the  youiiL,'  .md  beautiful 
wife  of  a  fi'KoW-oMieer.  The  lady,  made  a«areof!ii-  p;i--ion.  >leadlix'  rejeeti  (I 
his  advance-,  when  the  foiled  lover  threati'in'd  to  kill  h'-r  au'ed  mother  if  -he  did 
not  \  i'-ld  to  hir-  u  i.-hc.-  and  con-ent  to  the  death  <  if  her  hii-band,  or  e\e]i  if  -hi- 
intoniied  on  him.  In  the  aumiv  of  contlict  bi(u,-,-n  wifelv  and  filial  love,  .-he 
tinally  nxilved  on  a  jilan  whc-reby  >he  -hmihl  \indieate  li'-r  own  and  her  hu-- 
band'.-  honor,  and  -avc  her  mother's  life.  Thi.-  \\  a-  iiothinir  le--  than  to  mak'- 
her-elfthe  victim.  Pretending  to  yield  to  Kudo'-  -nit.  >ln  fixed  a  certain  niu'ht 
wh'-n  -he  would  have  him  M-cretlv  admitted  into  hi-r  -leepiiiLT-cliamber.  On  that 
niirht  -he  per-uaded  her  husband  to  lie  ab-ent  ;  and  dre<-in^  ]|,.|-  I,MJ|-  after  the 
male  fe-hinn.  she  donm  d  her  hii-hand's  dn-s.-,  and  lay  down  in  hi-  place.  The 
,!--a--in  entered  through  the  door  h-ft  open,  -lid  a-ide  tin-  partition-,  and  in  the 
'i'-iniv  li^hti-d  ehamber  -aw,  a-  he  -uppo-ed.  the  uncoiir-ejoiis  form  of  hi-  victim. 
\\\(\\  .....  Mow  he  r-evered  tin-  head,  but,  mi  holding  up  tie-  blei'dinu  trophy,  -aw 
that  it  wa-  a  woman';-,  and  the  olij.  et  ol'hi-  pa--ioii.  In  h.irroi-  and  remi>r-e.  ),e 
rn.-hi  d  to  the  temjil'',  confe-.-i-d  hi.-  -in.  -ha\i-d  hi-  hair,  and,  though  in  the  mid-t 
i  -f  winter,  wi  nt  out  and  -t  .....  1  diirinu'  twenty  -one  day-  iind'T  the  jey  flood.  A  HIT 
d'c  -'.ilf'/rihLr  bv  i-i  iiior-c  and  einai-iation.  the  im^.-ciu'er-  of  lie-  uod  Fudo  ap;  rar 


XOTES  AXD  APPENDICES.  629 

In  the  cloud,  or  in  the  foliage  above  the  crairs,  and  declare  his  penance  complete, 
and  grant  him  pardon,  lie  became  a  learned  and  holy  monk,  and  built  the  great 
temple  of  Todaiji  at  Xara,  in  Yamato,  which  Yoritomo  endowed,  and  visited  in 
11 '.to.  His  priestly  name  is  Mongakti  Shonin  (His  Exalted  Reverence  Mongaku). 
In  tlie  bronxes,  the  shorn  monk,  bis  body  bound  with  straw  rope,  and  bared  to 
the  waist,  with  rotary  in  hand,  stands  under  the  icy  waters,  while  snow  burdens 
the  dense  foliage,  and  caps  the  gloomy  crags.  Remorse,  torture,  and  fear  are  de- 
picted in  his  1'aee  ;  while  peering  through  the  boughs  is  Fuc'.o's  gentle  messenger 
bearing  the  flowery  wand  of  peace  and  pardon;  while  below,  with  his  frightful 
scowl  relaxed,  and  his  iron-spiked  club  at  rest,  the  demon  avenger  proclaims  that 
justice  is  satisfied,  and  henceforth  the  sull'erer  i.-  to  be  the  holy  bonze. 

o.  FM  Icojn/if/  the  Water-full. — Once,  when  Kiyomori  was  on  his  way  to  view 
Kumano  water -fall  (near  Kioto),  in  his  state  barge,  surrounded  by  his  cham- 
berlain, nobles,  and  sword-bearer,  a  white  koi  (carp)  leaped  up  out  of  the  river 
upon  the  deck  of  the  boat.  All  rejoiced  at  this  auspicious  omen. 

The  koi  leaping  the  water  fall  is  a  symbol  of  aspiration  and  ambition,  and  an 
augury  of  renown.  The  origin  of  the  symbol  is  Chinese.  In  an  old  book  it  is 
said  that  ''thi'  sturgeon  of  the  Yellow  River  make  an  ascent  of  the  stream  in  the 
third  moon  of  each  year,  when  those  which  succeed  in  passing  above  the  rapids 
of  the  I, mm'  Men  become,  transformed  into  [white]  dragons." 

4.  TiikniiKi'-hi.  (paia-  10!);,  the  founder  of  the  Taira  family,  one  night  accompa- 
nied the  mikado  on  a  visit  to  one  of  his  concubines,  who  lived  at  a  distance  from 
the  palace.     As  the  imperial  niirht-walker  was  passing  what  is  now  Gihon  Street, 
in  Kioto,  he  met  what  appeared,  in  the  gloomy  darkness  and  drizzling  rain,  to  be 
a  demon  with  horns,  and  rays  of  lire  streaming  from  its  head.     The  emperor  was 
greatly  frightened,  but  Takamochi  boldly  seized  and  threw  down  the  apparition. 
It  proved  to  be  an  old  priest,  going  out  to  light,  the  shrine.     He  had  on  a  grass 
rain  coat,  and  a  straw  cone-shaped  hat  over  his  head,  under  which  lie  carried  a 
lamp,  holding  his  pitcher  of  oil  in  his  hand.      Both   parties  apologized,  and  a 
famous  subject  for  artists  was  the  result. 

5.  ''  The  Witter -full  if  i'o/v)"   is  an  ancient  story.     An  aged  wood  -  cutter,  no 
longer  able  to  work,  was  supported  by  his  dutiful  son,  who  daily  set  out  with  axe 
and  cord  to  cut  fagots.     These  he  sold  to  buy  rice  and  sake,  the  latter  being  a 
necessity  to  the  old  man.     Finally,  times  were  so  hard  in  winter,  and  the  snow  so 
dee]),  that  the  son  could  not  earn  enough  to  buy  even  a  gourdfiil.     One  day,  while 
filially  irricvinir  over  this,  as  he  passed  a  water-fall  near  Takada  in  .Mino,  with  his 
empty  gourd  in  hand,  be  looked  up,  when  some  of  the  spray  touched  his  tongue, 
and  he  beheld  the  water-fall  turned  to  sake.     His  filial  piety  was  rewarded.     Joy- 
fully tilliuic  his  vessel,  he  returned  home,  and  thenceforward  kept  the  old  man's 
veins  warm,  and  supported  him  in  comfort.     Hearing  of  this  wonderful  reward 
of  filial  piety,  the  emperor  and  his  train  went  out  to  see  it  ;   and  in  honor  of  the 
event  the  year-name  (pau'c  (ill!)  was  changed  to  Yoro  (nourishing  old  aii'ci. 

ti.  \<i  is  a  kind  of  pantomimic  opera,  or  "lyrical  drama,"  in  which  the  chief 
actor  performs  a  variety  of  dances,  while  a  band  of  musicians,  usually  behind  a 
looped  curtain,  plays,  and  a  precentor  recites  the  words  and  leads  the  chorus, 
both  of  which  contain  much  ancient  poetry.  The  Xi>  depicts,  by  word  and  dance, 
the  iincient  mythology  and  legendary  and  historic  lore.  The  dancer:-  wear  mag- 
nificent brocade  drescs  with  !oni£  trails,  suits  of  feathers,  burnished  armor,  hnu'e 
red  \\  iirs.  and  a  variety  of  mask-,  which  represent  mirth,  sorrow,  wrath,  serene  old 
a^re,  wicked  old  aii'e,  blooming  vouth,  beauty,  deformity,  benevolence,  malignity, 
and  the  various  pas-ions.  In  Fehruary,  I*?:.',  iu  Tokio,  I  witnessed  a  A"«  perform- 
ance bv  four  dancers,  t \vcntv  musicians,  and  a  singer.  All  of  these  belonged  to 


(i:U)  JWr/'A'.S  AXD  APPENDICES. 

tip-  mikad"'-  palace  hard,  and  wore  their  ancient  tror^eous  robes  of  crimson  and 
uohl  brocade.  The  Tuiir  sets  of  A'o,  which  were1  tir-t  composed  in  the  sixth  ccnt- 
n  r\.  were:  1.  "(iivat  Peace,"  intended  to  ;>ro]iitiate  the  irods.  '2.  "The  Joy-at- 
tractinir  l)anee,"  representini;-  the  dance  of  Suxume  and  the  mirth  of  the  ii'ods. 
before  the  ei\c  in  which  the  sun  •  !_rodde><  hid  herself.  These  were  by  four 
masked  performers,  li.  "The  Dance  <.f  the  Drai_ron-i:'od  "  wa.-  by  one  person  in 
dragon  ma-k  and  helmet,  and  robes  of  resplendent  brocade,  representinur  Kin 
Jin.  -J.  "The  Mountain -i^od's  Dunce"  was  by  a  very  handsome  Japanese,  in 
.-ilvcr  buhlric  anil  (lowing  opaline  silk  dress.  In  one  of  the  cases  at  the  (Vntcn- 
nial  Kxpo-itioii,  a  collection  of  the  \<>  masks  in  miniature  were  shown.  '  Most  of 
tho-c  in  actual  use  in  .Japan  are  many  centuries  old.  The  .\"  dances  and  the  sub- 
ject- illustrated  in  them  are  repeatedly  depicted  on  Japanese  art-products. 

7.  Tin  ''"••/,-  mi  tin  Itriuu  is  often  chosen  by  the  artist  in  eloi.-onnee,  lacquer, 
porcelain,  and  bronxe.  It  refers  to  the  ancient  custom  in  China  of  stationin<j;  a, 
drum  on  a  stand  in  front  of  the  mairi-tratc's  ollice.  Any  one  oppressed  or  unil- 
treated  could  come,  and,  by  luatii'i;-  the  drum,  call  attention  to  his  plaint,  and 
receive  redress.  In  time  of  peace  and  irood  LTO\ crnment,  the  drum  was  neglected 
and  nevi-r  sounded:  hence  the  fowls  would  mount  it  fearlessly,  and  tin1  rooster 
would  u-e  it  a-  a  favoriti.1  crou  ini;'-place.  The  hen  would  lead  her  brood  around 
is.  In  one  ot'  Hokiisai's  sketches,  a  vine  and  leaves  have  entwined  it,  and  doves 
are  coning  and  making  love  on  it.  Hence,  an  emblem  of  peace. 

V  <>n  man\  of  the  hronxcs  one  or  two  horsemen  are  depicted  ridinir  through 
the  waves.  In  the  campaign  au'ain-t  the  Taira,  Voritomo  ^ave  to  Takat-una  his, 
lleete-t  and  be-t  charter  from  the  stable-  of  Kamakura,  the  same  for  which 
Ka'_;e-H\e,  his  rival,  had  vainly  a-ked.  At  the  tiattle  of  Fujikawa,  the  Tuira  hc- 
in.;  "ii  the  \\est  and  the  (ienji  on  the  east  bank.  Yoshitsiine  ordered  the  bridge 
to  be  cleared  of  the  planks,  and  the  soldiers  to  unclasp  their  armor,  ami  swim 
over.  Tu  ii  horsemen  whipped  up  their  horses,  and  plunged  into  the  stream.  The 
loreiaii-t  ua-  Ka^esiiye,  the  la-t  \\as  Takatsuna.  1  akatsiina,  from  behind,  "lied 
t'i  Kai:'''su\  ••."  and  cried  niil,  "  Ymir  hm'-e'-  uirth  is  loose."  KaLTi'-uye  stoj'ped 
hi-  -teed,  and  tightened  the  -;i-a]i;  upon  which  Takat-un.i  rode  up.  passed  him. 
land' d  tiist.  and  shouted  out  hi-  own  name  in  dcliatice  at  the  enemy  and  lor 
cheer  In  hi-  friend-.  In  the  report  of  t lie  di-tin^ii-iied  -en;  to  Kamakura.  Taka- 
t-una «a-  nienti'ilii'd  tir-t.  and  Kau'i;-u\e  second.  linth  heroe-  rmle  throiiuli  a 
-h"Wer  of  a ri"  in  - .  and  tle-ir  fame  i~  a-  immortal  as  Japanese  art  can  make  it. 

At  th«-  battle  .,f  I'jikawa.  near  Kioto,  Sasaki,  a  in. 'ted  (leiiji  kni'_rht,  pluiiirecl  into 
tin-  river,  and  in  the  face  of  a  hail  of  arrows  rode  to  the  oppo-ite  shore.  He  is 
n-iiallv  ri-pi'e-i-iited  brandishing  his  sword,  the  arrow-  he'iim'  cut  in  two  by  his 
stroke-.  ||e  ina\  be  ea-il\  r> •eo'jfnixcd  bv  hi-  cre-t  of  lour  hollow  square-,  ar- 
ranu'ed  -o  .1-  to  form  a  loxenn'e,  \\ith  a  space  between  each  square. 

Another  lamou-  eqiie-trian  feat  i-  that  of  Yn-hit-nne  whippiiiLT  his  hor-e  into 
a  le-adl.'li-'  gallop  doun  the  pi'eeipit  oils  -ide-  of  the  hill-  faeini;-  Ichinotani.  in 
vv  hieh  ili  •  Taira  were  lie-ieired  ,  pau'e  bl.'i,  note).  He  wa-  told  that  only  deer  and 
tin-  \\lld  boar  eoiild  (|e-ceml  the  path.  Yo-hit-nm'1  thereupon  clapped  hi-  stir- 
rup-  a^ain-t  hi-  hor.-e'-  llank-.  j_rave  loo-e  rein,  da-hed  do\\n,  and  the  cavalry 
alt'-r  nim.  and  iv.ieherl  the  Inwer  uToimd  in  -afetv. 

\Vh--ii    Hid'  \o-hi  marehe.l  t  ,  defeat   Aki-ehi  Mi!  -uhid';  >  paire  -.>:;M,  the  brother 

o!  the  Litter,  named  Saniano-uk''1,  i-milil   not   in   honor  ti_ht   a^ain-t  hi-   brother, 

leir  eoiiid  he  di-obey  hi-  lord,  Hiih;yo-hi.     Cotniu-  to  the  -horc  of  Lake  Miwa.  he 

;•.  '1  into  t!..'  water,  rmle  :n  m--  tin    -irm  of  the  lake.  -1,-w  hi-  family,  set  hi- 

n  !ir-  .  aiid  Ih'-n   perlormed  !,  i,--i  kit-!.  \»  -ave  hi-   iiann-  and  iionoi-,  as  one' 

uld  lijit  neither  a-'ain-t  lord  nor  brother,  vet  was  not  afraid  of  death. 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES.  (j:U 

TEA  CHOP  OF  1R75. 

THE  total  export  of  tea  amounted  to  22,5S2,152  pounds,  of  which  10,540, 289 
pounds  were  shipped  from  Yokohama,  4,292,159  pounds  from  Kobe,  and  043,159 
pounds  from  Nagasaki.  All  Japanese  tea  is  green,  and  the  United  States  is  the 
chief  customer  for  this  tea.  About  400,000  pounds  were,  sent  to  England  from 
Nagasaki  in  1875.  Some  consignments  are  also  made  to  China  for  conversion 
into  black  tea.  The  tea  is  picked  in  the  spring  and  fall.  About  nine  per  cent, 
weight  is  lost  by  retiring  or  redrying  for  export.  The  best  tea-producing  prov- 
inces are  [sc,  Suniga,  Inaba,  and  Yarnashiro,  which  produce  for  foreign  export 
2S,000,  :.>0,()00,  2:3,500,  and  r.>2,0()0  pounds  respectively.  Kiushiu  sent  22,000;  Yama- 
to,  Kawachi,  Iga,  and  Kii  sent  12,000;  Omi,  9000;  Mino,  '.WOO;  Shimosa  and  Kad- 
zusa,  0000;  Tamba,  5000;  Echizen  and  Kchigo,  15500 ;  and  sundry  small  districts, 
5000  pounds  fur  export  in  1875.  The  area  of  plantations  and  crop  of  tea  is  in- 
creasing steadily  every  Year. 


THE    CERAMIC    ART   OF   JAPAN. 

The  first  historic  notice  of  the  ceramic  art  in  Japan  is  that  of  the  terra-cotta 
figures  set.  in  the  earth  in  a  circle  round  the  dead,  in  place  of  the  living  victims 
formerly  buried  up  to  their  necks.  After  death  by  starvation,  a  circle  of  skulls 
marked  the  site  of  the  illustrious  dead,  like  the  cairns  of  Britain.  Ancient  graves 
occasionally  opened  ii\  the  vicinity  of  Xara  and  Kioto  are  found  surrounded  by 
a  circle  of  clay  images.  At  the  death  of  the  wife  of  one,  of  the  ancient  mikados, 
who  had  been  grieved  at  hearing  the  groans  of  the  dying  victims  buried  alive  to 
their  necks  with  the  dead  I'rincc  Yamato  hiko  no  mikoto,  he  permitted  bis  ad- 
viser to  bring  a  hundred  workmen  in  clay  from  ld/iimo,  who  made  clay  images  of 
men,  horses,  and  other  things,  which  were  buried  in  lieu  of  men  witli  the  empress. 
Potters,  brick  and  tile  makers,  came  over  from  Corea  with  other  artificers  (p.  Sol 
in  the  seventh  century:  and  in  \.n.  724  progress  in  the  ceramic  art  began  by  the 
introduction  of  the  potter's  wheel,  and  continued  for  five  centuries  in  the  work- 
ing of  faience  only,  pure  Japanese  porcelain  being  unknown  till  the  time  of 
H'.deyoshi.  In  the  days  of  the  IIojo,  Kato  Shiro/.aemon  having  visited  China  to 
study  the  art,  came  back  and  erected  his  wheels  and  kilns  in  Seto,  Owari,  making, 
however,  only  pottery  of  an  improved  sort.  "  Seto-mono  "  (Seto  ware,  or  seto, 
like  our  term  "china")  is  the  common  name  for  household  crockery  in  Japan. 
The  making  of  real  porcelain  in  Japan  was  ben'iin  by  the  (Jorean  potters  brought 
ii-to  Japan  by  the  Japanese  who  invaded  Corea  (1 592-151)7).  These  captives  were 
settled  in  Hu/en,  Higo,  Hi/en,  Ox.iuni,  ami  Satsuma,  in  Kiushiu,  where  are  still 
the  oldest  seats  of  the  ceramic  industries,  and  at  Yamaguchi,  in  Xagato,  and  near 
Kioto.  About  the  same  time  a  Japanese  from  Is<;,  who  had  studied  the  clays, 
pigments,  and  methods  of  the  Chinese,  settled  in  Hi/en,  where  he  found  bed.-  of 
day  with  the  varied  qualities  neeessarv  to  produce  the  famous  llixen  ware.-.  It 
i-  only  in  very  recent  times  that  the  potteries  of  Owari,  Mino,  and  Kaga  have 
become,  celebrated;  and  those  near  Tokio  ;md  Yokohama  only  within  the  la-t 
decade.  At  present  it  is  notorious  that  the  ''old"  Satsuma,  Hi/en,  and  Kioto 
wares  are  imitated  in  scores  of  kilns  all  over  the  countrv.  Very  few  pieces  of  tin; 
highest  arii>tic  merit  have  been  produced  since  the  Restoration,  as  the  making 
of  porcelain  and  faience  in  Japan  has  since  1SOS  degenerated  from  an  art  to  a 
trade.  In  the  days  of  feudalism,  masterpieces  of  the  ceramic  art  were  made  for 
princes  and  lords,  for  presentation  to  fellow -daimios,  the  sho^un  and  court  no- 
bles. Such  things  were  not  bought  and  sold.  There  wen-,  propcrlv  speaking, 
no  shops  for  their  sale.  Only  household  crockery  was  seen  in  the  shops.  Fine 


032  y  OTA'S  A XI)  APPEX DICES. 

pieces  were  nut  in  tin-  trade  :  a  fuel  which  explains  what  foreigners  have  so  often 
wondered  at  ;  namely,  that  until  ei^ht  or  ten  yiars  asro  the  rarest  porcelain  was 
made  in  .Japan,  and  occa-ionally  found  its  way  to  Kurope.  yet  the  keenest-eyed 
visitor  in  .l.ipan  in  ver  saw  it  mi  sal''.  Formerly  the  artisan  was  an  artist,  and 
worked  for  low  w  au'es  and  lionor.  He  lived  mi  a  few  bronze  cash  per  day,  yet 
cuioyed  the  presence  and  frieiul.-hip  of  his  lord.  The  daimio  visited  the  potter 
at  iii-  wheel,  and  the  potter  ?at  in  lionor  before  his  master  on  the  mats  of  hi? 
palace— a  place  in  wliieh  the  richest  trader  in  the  province  could  not  -o  nnich  as 
enter.  To  imprint  liis  stamp,  or  to  scratch  with  his  little  tinier-nail  his  name  or 
mark  on  the  bottom  of  a  tea-how],  or  "  clove-boiler,"  or  va-e.  over  which  lie  had 
spent  a  year  or  three  years,  and  which  should  adorn  for  ircnerations  the  (<ik<»i<i/,,<i, 
or  nooks  of  a  daimio's  chamber,  was  suHicient  reward  to  the  wurkman  alreadv 
proudly  happy  in  his  own  work.  Of  this  contented  happiness  in  work  which 
found  its  reward  in  honor,  not  train,  I  was  more  than  once  a  witness.  It  i.-  to 
In-  hoped  that  the  elt'orts  of  the  u'ovenimcnt  and  native  art  -  lovers,  and  the 
proper  foreign  influence,  will  he  able  to  arrest  the  downward  tendency  of  Jap- 
anese art  in  ceramics,  and  re-tore  it  to  its  former  u'lory,  even  though  the  social 
atmosphere  and  environment  arc  now  so  wholly  changed. 

The  village-  in  which  faience  and  porcelain  are  made,  whose  names  are  hou-r- 
hold  words  in  America  and  Kurope,  look  like  any  other  Japanese  villages.  In 
the  diniry,  weather- beat  en  cottages,  made  of  wood,  mud,  reed,  and  thatch,  the  pot- 
ters work  In-fore  their  paper  windows,  the  force  in  each  "establishment"  usnaliv 
eon-i-tinir  of  father  and  son,  rarely  of  more  than  thive  or  four  men.  Tlii'  kiln  or 
kilns  are  the  roinmon  property  of  a  villa-re,  built  up  the  sides  of  a  hill,  and  lin-d 
with  pine  wood,  tin-  workmen  taking  turns  in  notinir  the  iemperature  and  watdi- 
inir  tlnj  meltinir  of-ample  enamels  on  bits  of  clay  set  near  the  pluvr-hole. 

Often  the  hi-cuit  i-  made  in  one  place,  and  the  irhixini^  done  at  another.  Many 
potters  nu'A  -ell  their  baked  wares  to  artists  in  Tokio  and  the  lanre  cities,  who  lav 
on  the  colors,  decorate1,  and  tire  in  their  own  furnaces — a  process  I  have  often 
watched  in  Toki<">.  New  de-iirns  are  wrought  by  the  artist  from  a  drawing,  b;.t 
stock  subject^  (]>.  .Osl  i  are  laid  on  from  memory,  and  for  the  cheaper  ware- 
dabbed  on.  In  the  potteries  the  principle  of  divi-ion  of  labor  is  well  under-tood, 
one  man  making  bodie-,  another  spouts,  another  handles  or  ears,  his  specially. 
Of  late  years  coinpanie-  employing  capital  have  cent  rali/ed  labor,  and  collected 
worknn  n  in  iarire  c-tabli-hment-,  imprnvinir  their  fortune-,  and.  in  rare  ca-es, 
the  art. 

Jajiancsc  porcelain  or  faienec  takes  its  name  from  the  name  of  the  trading 
to\vn.  the  place  of  manufacture,  the  port  whence  it  is  shipped,  the  name  nf  the 
province,  or  the  place  where  it  i-  decorated.  The  following  wares  are  the  mo-t 
celebrat"d  : 

S  \T-rM  \.—  'I'he  oldest  -peeimens  have  no  colored  decoration,  and  date  from 
about  U'iJ-4,  those  of  the  latter  part  of  the  century  hciiiir  hut  -lightly  adorned  in 
r-oli'rs.  From  the  be^innine;  of  the  eighteenth  ct-ntury,  appe;ir  liu'iires,  land-cape-, 
and  th"  LT'  neral  -tyh-  of  dee, .ration  in  e-,,ld  and  bright  tint-  called  „;.>;,;/,-/  M!o\v- 
ei-ed  siik.  or  brocade).  The  rich  :rildin:r.  the  harmony  of  color-,  and  the  delicacy 
of  (l/;iwinir.  ha\e  united  to  trive  "old  Sat-uma"  ware,  which  is  mo-tly  in  small 
pieces,  it-  renown.  Mo-t  of  it  i-  crackle,  called  ti',l',l;>  fsnake  poi-celain ).  the 
cracks  im;t.itiiiLr  a  scrjient's  -kin.  The  body  of  nearly  all  line  Satsiima  ware  i< 
\\hit--,  or  cream.  01-  buff  color,  t hou u'h  red,  <rreen.  chocolate,  purple,  blue,  white, 
aril  black  i;!a/,e-,  made  of  native  minerals  and  metallic  oxide-,  are  n-ed.  All 

>;•;-,  ijiialiti1'-.  and  colors  arc  now  made  and  exported  from  Sat-uma.  Nearly 
.".'.  >at-uma  ware  i-  fai--nce.  -emi  porcelain,  or  stone-w;irc^not  trne  porcelaii:. 


NOTES  AND  APPENDICES.  633 

HIZKN.  — Arita  and  Karatsu  are  the  chief  places  of  manufacture  in  tliis  province, 
Arita  alone  having  over  two  hundred  kilns.  The  wares  made  for  home  use  are 
called  5M>mt't<uki  (dyed  in  patterns,  or  figured),  which  has  blue  paintings  under 
the  u'laze.  The  whole  design  is  traced  by  the  artist  in  black  Hues,  the  shades  be- 
inu'  indicated  merely  by  a  stroke.  The  colored  enamels  are  then  laid  on;  thin 
when  opaque,  thick  when  to  be  transparent  after  fusion.  Usually  the  entire  dec- 
oration i>  fused  at  one  firing.  H!/.cn  porcelain  and  faience  have  usually  lively 
tint?  in  the  style  called  Mii.\/iiki  (many-tinted).  Imari  is  the  sea-port. 

Ow.ua  and  MINO. — Most  of  the  work  of  these  two  provinces  is  Sometsuki  por- 
celain or  Mile  ware.  The  finest  dee[i  cobalt  gla/.es  are  from  Owari.  Vases,  llower- 
holders,  tallies,  wall-pieces,  screens,  fan  and  poem-plaques,  and  large  pictures  are 
wrought  in  faience,  coated  with  a  lilm  of  linest  kaolin,  on  which  artistic  symbols 
and  figures  are  wrought.  Se'to  is  the  chief  place  of  manufacture,  and  Nagoya  of 
sale.  Owari  also  is  famous  for  its  cloisonne  work,  both  on  copper  and  porce- 
lain. The  application  of  this  delicate  art  of  applying  enamel  in  cells  or  between 
threads  of  metal,  producing  the  ell'ect  of  shining  silver  or  gold  among  dead  tints 
of  minerals,  or  of  metallic  outlines  with  opaque  shadings  in  color,  to  porcelain, 
is.  in  its  development,  at  least,  a  recent  Japanese  art. 

KAC;A. — The  characterise  color  of  Kaga  ware  is  red,  produced  by  rouge  or 
oxide  of  iron,  with  bands  and  lines  of  gold,  and  much  iiguro  decoration.  Five 
miles  from  the  tr.vn  of  Terai  are  the  clay  beds  of  Kntani  (nine  valleys),  whence 
Hie  ware  is  marked  and  named.  The  colors  and  paintings  are  not  done  by  one 
tiring  as  in  Hi/en,  but  the  clay  form,  the  black  tracing  of  the  design,  the  red 
gla/i-,  and  the  u'ohl  lines  receive  each  a  linking. 

KIOTO. — At  Awata,  a  village  in  the  suburbs  of  Kioto,  faience  having  a  yellower 
tint  than  the  butf  wares  of  Satsuma,  but  crackled,  is  made1,  called  tanuKjo  yaki 
icn'g-potUTy ),  the  decoration  being  usually  a  few  sprays  of  grasses  or  flowers, 
with  birds  and  insects.  Eraku  ware  has  gold  figures  of  poets,  warriors,  Chinese 
sages,  or  mythical  heroes  and  creatures,  upon  a  red  glaze  or  dead  surface.  All 
kinds  of  faience  and  true  porcelain  are  made  in  Kioto,  the  "pierced,''  the  "net- 
ted.'' "sieve,"  "rice-grain,"  "egg-shell,"  "  i»»kn-»if,"  "watered,'1  "wood-grain- 
ed." "marbled,"  "wicker-work,"  "woven,"  "veined,"  "shell-pink,"  cloisonne, 
celadon,  lacquered,  figured  in  high  relief,  and  in  imitation  of  inlaid  gold  and  bronze 
work,  called  ?.<>t/ti)t,  etc.,  etc.  "  Vaki  "  is  the  general  native  term  for  baked  clay. 
On  Awaji  island  are  made  delicate  buff  crackle  and  celadon  faience.  Banko- 
yaki  is  made  of  a  touu'h  brown  clay  in  Lsi'-,  taking  its  name  after  the  inventor. 
The  ware  (usually  teapots  and  small  utensils)  is  very  light  and  thin,  having 
sprays  and  splashes,  and  perfect  designs  in  opaque  colored  enamels  slightly 
raised  from  the  surface. 

TOKIO  aiul  YOKOHAMA. — Very  little  work  is  produced  in  the  neighborhood  of 
these  places,  except  imitations,  though  some  are  very  line,  and  will  pu/xle  any 
one,  except  a  real  expert,  to  tell  them  from  "old  Satsuma"  or  "old  lli/eu" 
wares.  Scores,  if  not  hundreds,  of  artists  and  decorators  live  in  these  cities  who 
buy  baked  ware  from  Owari,  Mino,  Ilizen,  Kaga,  and  local  potteries,  and  decorate 
and  sell  it  to  foreign  customers.  Most  Japanese  pottery  and  porcelain  L-  stamp- 
ed, scratched,  or  marked  in  color  with  the  name  of  the  place  where  made,  the 
name  of  the  decorator,  or  the  companv  which  sells  it.  There  is  an  excellent  na- 
tive work  of  Japanese  faience,  in  five  volumes,  by  the  learned  antiquary  N'inagawa 
Xoritane.  For  some  good  notes,  see  Official  Catalogue  of  the  Japanese  Section, 
International  Exhibition,  Philadelphia,  ISTIi.  A  work  on  the  .History,  Ideals, 
Symbolism,  and  Technique  of  Japanese  Art  is  in  preparation  by  the  author. 


G:U  XuTES  AM)  Ari'E 

int.  .1.  c.  nr.pnriiN's  MF.TFOROLOGICAL  TABLES.  FROM  OHSKK- 

VATIONS  MAI>F  FKOM  W.\  TO  1H51)  INCLFSIVF,  READ  IJKFORK 
Till:  ASIATIC  SOCIETY  OF  .lAI'AN,  .H\\K  1TTU.  1ST  1. 

MONTHLY  AM)  VKAHI.V  AVF.K.UJK  (  lS(»:>-lSfift ,  OF  THE  THEHMOMETEK  (FAIIR.). 


!-nH ,Y>  .Tniia.-iry 4<i  .2S  July T.V.-il 

l-ci4 .'.-  .n-.'       February 41  .-"2  AnL'iist 7--.I1.' 

l»h') :<<>  .1."         Mari'll.  ." 47   .nit  September. .  .  7"  .4^ 

1-ilf. .',7  .11]         April. Ml  .If,  0,-|c,bei- til    ..',s 

1-tlT .V.i  .-..'' 1        MMV 114.117  November   ..  .V 

1-ilS .r>>  .-HI       June O'.t  .44  December....  4i,  . }:. 


••  Yiiknliaina  is  >ituatrd  in  hit.  !J5'  *J(J  N.,  anil  lonir.  lo'.C  :>',»  K.  I'nini  (irfcnwicli. 
It  i>  aimut  thirt\  >L'\cn  milr-  I'mm  (J-^\n-  Kin-j;,  tin-  ncai\'>t  jHiint  on  tin-  I'ac-ilic.-. 
The  Bay  of  Ynlo  at  Yokohama  is  about  t\vi/lvr  inih>  \vidc.  Tin1  city  '^.  Tor  tin1 
iim^t  part,  built  on  a  plain,  about  from  two  to  tt-n  f<vt  above  bi^h-watcT  mark,  at 
tin-  mouth  of  a  valley  opt -uinu'  on  the  bay.  Tin1  valley  is  about  a  mile  with1,  ami 
e\tciiil>  back  in  a  wi>icrly  direction  MUIIC  three  miles,  LrraduaHy  narrowini;  to  a 
quarter  of  a  mile.  It  is  bounded  on  each  >i<le  by  a  row  of  hill:-,  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  \\  e!  wide.  It  i-  cultivated  in  paddy  field-,  is  consequently  wet 
and  mai>hy,  and  i~  c.\]io.-etl  to  the  r-wecp  ot' north-east  and  ca>tcrly  winds  IVuin 
acro>:-  the  bay,  and  to  r-outh-wot  and  westerly  wind.-  through  the  valley. 

••The  \\iniU  of  Japan  are  at  all  ?iiasons  exceedingly  irreiriilar,  iVeiniently  vio- 
lent, and  subject  to  Midden  changes.  The  north-east  and  easterly  winds  are  u'en- 
erally  a'-companied  by  rain,  with  a  hiirh  and  falling  barometer,  and  are  usually 
not  violent.  The  so'ith-we-t  and  we>te|-l\  wiinl-  are  generally  hiirh.  often  \  io- 
It-nt,  and  acodiiijiiinied  with  a  low  barometer.  Ii  i- IVoin  the  Miiith-we-t  that  the 
(•yclones  or  tyjiliooiis  almost  invarialilv  conic.  ( )n  eh-ar  and  ph-a-ant  da\>,  u  hic-h 
are  in  excess  of  ail  other-,  then-  i-  a  regular  land  and  -ea  bree/.e  at  all  M-asoiis. 

"The  rain-fall  i>  above  the  average  of  nio-t  eountrie-,  varying  irrcatly,  howev- 
er, in  difTerciit  yeai-.  About  two-thirdr-  of  ihe  rain  fall?  during  ti:e  six  month? 
from  April  to  October. 

"The  -tc.uly  ln>t  weather,  when  it  is  con-idcrcd  safe  to  chanire  to  lLrht  suin- 
incr  clothiiiir.  doc-  not  ireinTallv  >et  in  till  the  latter  decade  of  Juno  or  1-t  of 
July,  and  end:-,  "f i'-n  vcrv  abrupt  1  v.  about  the  middle  of  Se]'teml«er. 

"The  .-now  fall  i-  for  the  mo-t  Jiart  liirht.  Hot  often  cxccedilii;  two  or  three 
inche-.  In  iMll.  on  one  occa-ioii,  it  fell  to  the  depth  of  twenty  inches,  '['he  ice 
,-eliloiii  exceed-  one  inch  or  one  and  a  half  inchc-  in  thicknos.  Fo^s  are  rari'ly 
noticed.  PCI  al-o  i-  hail.  Thnnder.-tonn-  are  neither  frequent  nor  >cvere.  Karth- 
ijU.ikc  -hock-  are  frequent.  avcraLiinir  more  than  one  a  month:  f'lit  hitherto, 

per  the  ri--idct.ee  of  foreigner:-  in  Yokohama,  no  very  severe  or  dantreroiis 
tliock.i  ha\  e  occurred." 


I  N  I)  E  X. 


A  in  Japanese,  pronounced  as  a  in  arm.  See 
also  under  Ha. 

Abacus.     See  fllitxl ration,  231. 

Abbe  Sidotti,  202,  263. 

Abbot,  394. 

Abdication,  114,  122. 

Ablutions.  92,  97.  9s,  500. 

Aborigines  of  America,  29,  31,  299,  570-5S1. 

Aborigines  ol'  Japan,  20-35,  55,  65,  68-70,  SO, 
87,  105,  200. 

Abseut-mir.ded  man,  496. 

Allusive  names,  512  (note). 

Actors,  8.7,455,515. 

Acupuncture,  206,  207. 

Aduni",  Mr.  K.  O.,  author  of  "History  of  Ja- 
pan," 573,  5sO,  593,  595,  607. 

Adams,  Will,  201,  202. 

Adoption,  277,584. 

Ad/uniil,  72,  204,  205,  362. 

A.nate,  003, 

Age  of  persons,  5s,  CO.  93,  449,  600. 

Agricultural  class,  loO,  107,  2sO,  000. 

Agriculture,  49,  100,  107,  523,  57s,  005-007. 

Aid/.u,  Prince  of,  309,  310,  313,  411,412. 

Ailio,  20-35,  55,  200,  565. 

Akadnuki,  3'J9. 

Akamairaseki.    See  Shimonoseki. 

Akumatsii,  f>(J4. 

Akcetii,  231,  23S,  61S. 

Alaska,  15,  579. 

Albino  ponies,  3S2. 

Alcoek,  Sir  Rutherford,  305,  349,  309,  594,595. 

Aleutian  Islands,  117,  579,  580. 

Alkali,  350. 

Alrnshouscs,  550. 

Alphabets,  91,  92,  102. 

Alum,  On:;. 

Aina.     See  .Y»/i,  and  130  (note). 

Amakusu.  253. 

Aniatrrasu,  45,  47,  48,  50.  553. 

Amber,  On.'!. 

Amerieii,  relations  with  Japan,  29,  31,  299, 
3-24.  r>79-5si,  591.  See,  under  Perry,  'Cnited 
States. 


America,  P.  M.  S.  S.,  550. 
American  geographical  names,  329. 
Americans  in  J apan,  327-352, 533, 545-548, 

501,  577,  57S,  005,  607. 
Amethyst,  603. 
Amida,  252. 
Amulets,  22S,  410. 
Amusements.     See  Games,  Sjmrtti,  T!tt'< 

Cards. 

Ando,  155, 156. 
Angels,  384,  4s9. 

Animals,  domestic,  23-25,  111  (note). 
Animals,  wild,  24,  420,  542. 
Anjiro,  249. 
Antimony,  22,  002,  603. 
Antisell,  Thomas,  Dr.,  19   (note),  26  (n 

605. 

Antokn,  134,  130,  139  (note),  Is8. 
Aqueducts,  2SO,  394. 
Arabic  numerals,  591. 
Arata,  83. 
Arbitration,  507. 
Archers,  121,  130, 137,  3SS. 
Archery,  226.  227,  3S8. 
Architecture,  89,  90,  392-398,  532,  533,  503. 
Area  of  Japan,  17,  005. 
Armor,  219,  220. 
Armorer,  132. 

Armorial  bearings.     Sec  Crest*. 
Arms.    See  Militari/  iwajtonis. 
Army,  104, 105,  595-597. 
Arrows,  33.  121,   136.   137,  189,  190,  227. 

422,  575  ;  poison,  35. 
Arsenic,  550,  602,  603. 
Ait,  92,  94,  123,  334,   3Ss,  389,  390,   30s, 

Artisans,  40,  53,  2SO,  281  :    guilds,  227, 

600. 

Artists,  92,  123,  379,  3SS,  522. 
Asakura,  419  (note). 
Asakusa,  4S5-4sS. 
Asama  yama,  21. 
Asano  family,  275. 
Ashika^a,  154,  1SS,  189,  192,  249,  309. 


JMH:X. 


A-hika-a  Takatij:.  150,  1-2.  1-3,  1-1,  1-5,  l-'.i,     Heof,  472,  007. 

A-mka-a  Yosliinki.  '.'3O.  Bc-L'ary,  abolition  of,  5.V2. 

Asatic  Soeioty  of  Japan,  3.M.  Bellows,  3tl.'.. 

A-peci-   of   nature,   25,  55,  -3,  13'2,   154,  473,      Ut'llc,  h*,  2110,  »U,  206,  290,  351,433,479. 

477.  lienkei,  '-'Oti.  13-. 

A-sassiiiations,  121.  14-,  22'2,  '.'31,  3o'.',  34(i,  34'.t,      Ben-I.eri.     See  A'uMV. 

:.t'.2,  :•', 4,  377,  .'.74.  Hftte,  :173,  374.  540. 

A— oi-ialioli  of  idea-,  44'.',  .',-1,  ,',-2.  Belt",  230.  3,'.3.  3.V.I,  427,  M2,  574. 

A-:e; •-,  43lT.  Binznni.  :;-.'.. 

Hi !••.!-.  24,  177. 
Hisliaiin.ii,  p.m. 
Hiwa,  Lake-.  177,  41  1.  41.ri,  41.'. 
j  Black-eyed  Su-aii.  :;.'.'.'. 
]  Hlaki-ton.  Captain,  20  -Vnote). 
,  I!Ia,-ksniiili,  41',,  :;05. 

B'md  nifii.  t'.ir..  M''.',  MI.  in  in. 

Boats,  31.  03,  331,  33'2.  3<in.  40-,  4i>9,  427,  .V2!. 

i/.u.  II. 
r.MiniiardiiH'iit-.  3n!>,  311,  35n,  5'.'2,  .')'.'4. 

'Minim;!,  I',  and  ().  S.  S.,:;2;i. 

!on/.os,  lf.--M7.'.,  P.'-,  2i'4,  207,  231-235,  2.'-0,  2.'i3, 

37'.',  420,  47o,  MO,  M:;,  r,2.'i,  ,'<:»>. 

Hot  any.  22. 

I'.ows,  220. 

Hivad,  200,41-. 

Broakfa.-l,  424.  3,r.5,  401".  410,  .',44. 

r>reatli-.-Ui'kin.r,  211  \iiote  ,  222. 

Ii.  from  tht'  Japanese  h  or/,  by  ni;i"ri,  or  in     Breech-loaders,  240,  111.  524,  ,r»73,  .VJC. 
cotnbiiiaiion.  Bi-ititri'fonl,  Captain,  20  viiotei. 

Hab 5-2.  HriilL'e-.  44.  ::.'.!.  r,03. 

Hal.y.  ::•_'.  3M  I'.Mi,  444,  472,  570.  Hi  inckley.  Lieutenant,  533  ^note'. 

Baccliu-..  4—.  Brocade.  :;15.  502. 

Hack_'aninion,  15s.  Br.m/.es.  P.I'.I.  -jo:;,  j-j;',. 

HaiL-.-is.  5-1.  Brook-,  Ilon.t  InrlesWolcot!.  57!i.  5-o. 

H  ikin,  17-.  Brown,  l.'ev.  S.  H..  100.  20:;. 

I'.runton.  Mr.  It.  II..  tio-. 

Bryan,  M-.  s.  W.,r.'.il. 
Bamboo,   -j::,   I..-.'.   3M».  .-,;.'i.  417.    11-.    132.    111.      Hiid'lhi-n\  -o.  -I.   114    15-,  175,  1!'-,  '22-.  251, 

514.  51'.'.  .',31.  r.37.  5-2.  -",'7.  551.  555. 

H.:i:i-liiiient.  115.  l!0.  121.  127.  1  I-.  151.  Hu--.  157. 

Bank-note.-,  picture.-'  from,  121,  130,  153,  155,      Bund.  33<i.  353. 

l-o.  Huii'i-alovv-.  330.  370. 


A.-lon.  Mr.  \V.  (;..  nn,, roil.  213. 
.\:a_-o  \aina.  -23'.',  374,  4i:.'i. 
At-miim-i.  1  If.. 
Atljury.  4ii.  tl!',  .r.-l.  .r.-2. 
A'lL'U-tiniau  friar-.  2'>o. 
AlIMill.   Hull.       Sec   l\t,ilixlli. 
Avalam  lie-.  Ml'.  M2. 

Aw  i,  i:;i,  :;•-".<,  r>7:;. 
Awni'i.  !V2l. 
A \vaj:.  44. 
Awoil.i,  !4'.». 
A  wcnnori,  tins. 
Ayuthaya,  'J4il. 
A/ai.  .'41,  'J42. 


Hank-,  .'.'.<!.  Hun.'o,  21-.  21'.',  25O,  •£,?,. 

Baii'ior  of  T:iira.  130:   of  Minainotn.  1::--,  ;  ,,f  Huni,\  5-0. 

Nitta,  !5l  :   of  Uideyoshi,  -23-  :   of  ly.-vasu.  Burial,  '.'2,  437,  I.".-,  |3'.i,  40-. 

2_'o.  22-.  '207.  .!!5.  liurtnah,  240. 

Hariiers  33,1.  Htltchers,  33'2.  357.  472,  tit'7. 

'.ark.  33.  10.  -'.'.  ','0. 

1  ,!  ]i-v--'.iL'ar.  3-n.  I    '.      ve  11'    'or  K  or  >'. 

'.  iv:  i,-r-.  (',-    note  .  201',.     See  <;at<  ft.  Cactus  3-ti. 

'.  ii-row-,  -.-.  215.  -jO'.i.  515.  Calendar.  113.  122. 

;  :•'•-.  Mr..  5l'.i.  California,  '.".''.'.  57:'  5-1. 

iaMi-.  04.  77,  !'4.  1 10.  51'.'.  55o.  Cain, -ilia,  205.  2:"'.  333.  12-.  l.;0,  MO.  51 1.  5G5. 

:  ,'•;.•<!>.:',•  and  -Imtllccoek,  155.  (  'amphor-t  roe-.  I'.'1',  155.  570. 

1  -y  of  'I  i  do.  7o.  32-.I.  33.0.  CanaN.  H!L 

'•'.',-.  I'.i.  t'J".  127.  151.  liV.i.  I  and:,--.  110.  117. 

'•••  <vds  :n.  3-.',  '.'::,  2!7.  523  ;  rut-.  37.  02.  501.  t  'annon.  -213.  257.  (o-.  411. 

Cape.  Kin-.  32-. 


INDEX. 


637 


Capital,  5V,  110,  ill. 

<_'apmn,  (General  Horace,  19  (uote),  550,  005, 

007,  OIK  (note). 

Cards,  428,  430  ;  Barnes,  450,  457. 
Cars,  197  (note),  212.     See  Hallway. 
carp,  403,  439.  017. 
Carpenters.  46,  227,  357,  305,  443. 
Carts,  332,  383. 

Curving,  33,  94,  157,  203,  288-290,  523. 
Cash,  243,  332,  355,  360,  4%,  5S7,  Gil. 
Castira,    See  Sponge-cake. 
Casties,  217,  283,  392,  393,  545,  547,  550. 
Catapults,  177. 

Cats,  12S,  449,  451,  487,  495,  502,  505,  509. 
Cemeteries,  2S7,  2UO,  34(5,  513,  514. 
Censer,  382. 
Censors,  295,  299,  5S7. 
Census,  174,  ii(H),  001. 
Centennial  Exposition  of  the  United  States, 

570,  592,  598. 
Centipedes,  550. 
Cereals,  4S  008. 
Chamberlain,  110,  527. 
Character  of  the  Japanese,  65,  103, 107,  251, 

257,  312,  343,  539,  542,  550,  569,  570. 
Charcoal,  22.  33,  350,  519,  5-49. 
Charity,  309. 

Charlevoix  quoted,  247,  203. 
Checkers,  45S  r>03. 
Cheese,  5115.     See  neaiia, 
Cherry  blossoms,  3S4,  582. 
Chess,  45s. 

Children,  354,  421,  429,  43T,  452-4C5. 
Children's  hooks,  491,  492. 
Children's  ga.nes  and  sports,  452-465. 
Chin  (lap-dog),  209,  210. 
China.  170.  ISO,  242,  418,  552,  572.  575,  570. 
Chinese,  54,  f>8,  242,  452,  453,  473,  512,  K72,  576, 

OoO.     See  J'l-ffaci'. 

Chinese  in  Japan,  331,  338,  351,  352,  56C,  567. 
Cliishi,  000. 

Chishima  (Kuriles),  001.    See  )fap. 
Cliiu/cnji,  2^1,  '2*i5. 
Chopsli<-ks,  221,470,514. 
Chushiu  clan,  207,  209,  277,  301,  309,  310,311, 

312,  313,  321,  593-595. 
ChoU'ki,  Is:;,  HI,  mo,  313,315. 
Christianity,  247-203,  578. 
Ciiristians,  native,  243,  247,  '263,  266,531,552, 

Christinas-day,  537,  538. 

Chronology,  59,  122,123,  599. 

Chrysanthemum,  67,  384,  582,  COS. 

Cipansro.     See  Jipanyfi. 

Cities  of  Japan.  392. 

Civil  officials,  103,  110,  110,  141,  19G  (note), 

214-211',.  520. 
Civil  wars,  119,  122,  130-139,  151, 154-157,  182- 

190,  230-235,  238-240,  206-209,  316-319,  575. 


Civilization,  59,  75,  SO-S4,  292,  318-324,  352, 
1      572,  579,  590. 

Clans,  216,  217.    See  under  names  of  military 

families. 

;  Clark,  Mr.  E.  W.,  527,  546,  547,  548. 
•  Classes  of  society,  '280,  540,  552, 
I  Cleanliness,  97,  35C. 

Climate,  25,  588,  590. 
i  Clocks,  546. 
!  Clogs,  118,  370,  372,  468,  4^2. 

Cloistered  emperor,  120,  134. 

Clothing,  90,  106,  107,  208,  331,  361,  366,  370, 
3S3,  384,  427,  520,  524,  534,  540,  550,  562-565, 
572,  596. 

Cloud-cluster,  49,  58,  69. 

Coal,  510,  002-605. 

Coasts  of  Japan,  18,  25,  56,  405,  603. 

Cobalt,  603. 

Cocks,  40,  618. 

Cocks,  Mr.  Richard,  261. 

Codes  of  law,  361,  362,  508,  509,  583. 

Coinage,  40,  286,  547,  667,  608,  610. 

College.     See  Imperial  CaUi'iie. 

College  of  Engineering,  307,  602. 

Columbus,  247. 

Commandments,  90, 194, 195. 

Commerce,  03,  246,  597. 

Compradores,  338. 

Couch  s,  220,  269. 

Concubines,  108,  556,  557. 

Confucianism,  80,  83,  160,  297,  557,  559. 

Conquerors,  28,  55,  08-70,  75,  91. 
I  Conquest  of  ancient  Japan,  28. 

Consul,  United  States,  349,  402,  568. 

Consulate,  United  States,  331,  333,  349. 
!  Consuls,  349,  350,  376,  507. 
!  Contracts,  402,  577. 

Convents,  199. 

Coolie  traffic,  500-507. 

Coolies,  331,355,  300,  301. 
;  Coopers,  357,  365. 

i  Copper,  22,  111  (note),  199,  201,  602-005. 
j  Copi>eras,  603. 
i  Corea,  63,  79,  S3,  241  -240,  280,  324,  304,  571, 

57(3. 

i  Cormorants,  209. 
I  Comes,  Rev.  Mr.,  383. 
|  Corpse,  -108. 
i  Cosmogony,  43-45. 
;  Cotton,  91,  230,  301. 
!  Councils,  103,  140,  149,  280. 

Court  noble,  93,  101-114,  216,  217,  321. 

Courtesans,  139,  555,  550. 

Cranes,  381. 

Creation,  43,  44. 
i,    Cremation,  175  (note),  198.  437,  513,  514. 

Crests,  imperial,  00,  67,  271,  274,  275,  410. 

Crime,  56<. 

Criminals.  568,  509.  000. 
4L 


L\DI-:.\. 


<  'row.  .'•-.  i  i-.   '.I1.'.  .M',1"). 
( v:i<-iti.\:  in.  255.  5M. 
C:-\-;a:.  :•>!,  »7'.'.  (Xi. 

dirk.....  5-1. 
C;:,v;ii:in'i>.  4-1. 


'  Di"',  or  circuit^.  05,  -4.     Sec  .»//;;>. 
I  Doctors,  207,  571.     Sec  /'/... >*,<•, <m* 

Do-s. ::::.  2"'.>,  :;5-,  :c.'i>,  451,  40-,  471. 

j  Dominicans.  25". 
'  D,-ha,  2"7. 

Dr  in  .Iajiane-e  word*.     See  under  Hi. 
DraL'oli.  4'.',  :;-!,  425,  47s-4-u.  5--2,  010. 
Dreams,  472. 
Dre.-s.     See  Cl-t hi,,,. 


Curtains,  1"2.  111.  141,211,212,  353,  39%  410. 

i  'n<I, nn-honses,  :;::•.'.  ;;4'.',  :,04  ;   receipts,  5'.'-.         Dua;vh\ .  1  I".  140,  1-2,  1-5,  1-0. 

i  u;!ery,  224.  22,">,  :;57,  422.  '  Duck-.  wild,  42",  422,  ''17.  5;:7. 

(  :i:;Y-ti-h,  415,  521.  Dumb  per-on-,  0"o. 

i  '\  >  l.ijiedia-.  41,  7-  \note\  247  (uote).  ;  Dun-e.ins,  It',.'),  1-4. 

Dinch.  254,  257.  '2:,-.  ;;n,  3V.',  4;>i.  571  (note-, 
D.  lYoin  t.  by  n>':t»ri.  or  in  comlnnalioD.  .''77.  ,v.i.;,  MM;.  r,i>2. 

D-ii  Hutsu.  !'.'•.'.  2"".  Dwarfed  trees,  L!M,  3b<5. 

Da-  -I"  Dai  .Jin.  1";'..  11'.',  ;;ir.i,  59-. 
I ',,:  -I..  Kuan,  IK!,  577. 
Da;   Ki.k;i.  41'.  125. 

Daiini."..  217,  :;21,  ::22,  4"2,  4"3. 

"  Dai  Ninon  Shi,"  4".  122  (uutc),  29S. 

Da:  Nipi'.m,  17.  -5. 

D.iiri.  1H7. 

Dai/.aifu,  177.  '  Ka.-tern  Japan,  r,-  7",  :;yi,  3'.i2. 

i  >ain  in-,  47.  1-.  .'•::,  :;7-.  45('i,  52S,  529,  573.  Cls.    '  Kln-u,  2-,  2'.'.  52. 

D.uiiioiira.  i:;5.  Iv-lii/en,  Prince  of,  :m5.  3"7.  H"-.  :U3. 

Darunui,  45-    K.".  I  Kdii/en.   I7i'..  271.  272,  270,  :;"",  :;"7,  111",  .'i!3, 

D.iru:i:ian  lhe";\.    '.'.  512.  I      5-t'i.  5-7. 

Datr    t'.iinl'.y,  274.  .'•->'•.  Krlip-e-,  52,  471.472. 


Del'..:- !  pi  r-  1:1.-,  472.  570.  He;-,  c.'fi. 

De  I.  ,!:_•.  ».. ii.  Charles  K.,  :;4".  57:i.  K.'--.  I'.'l   .'.17,527,52-. 

Dei.;!.-;.  t',.>.  Klephai,;,  47'.'. 
DC;. artineii!-    of   ^,,\ eniinent,   1"3,  104,577,  I  Klepliantiacis,  570. 

5.'-.  Klve-.  4'Ji,  4'.'.'.. 

D.'-hiina,  21".  2.'.7,  2.'.-,  2i',".  r.t'.t',,  002.  Kin'i.  I.-:d  of  Hell,  :;-7,  ::-'.'.  5"7. 

Deua,  71.  112.  Kmba--;e-.  f.::,  -:;.  -1,  1  7i',,  1'.i,\  242.  25*'.  :w, 

D:.  ••.  -I  Kmb-is-y  of  1-72,  25,  :;2:;.  :;-J4.  54".  55",  572-574. 

j  Kiimri,  Mr.,  4Ki,  .',:;",  .V,l. 
Knii).-rors,  !i-t  of.  123. 

D:;l:er,  :;!".:.  11.   12.!,   1 2).  512.  5(3,  '•  (-.  55".  Knamei-Ware,  2".;,  541',. 


Eto  Shimpei,  503,  574,  575. 
Kiirasian  children,  351,  352. 
KveniiiLTS,  450. 
KverL'ri'ens,  22,  23,  359. 
Execution  ground,  301. 
Executions.     See  I, (tics. 
K.xile,    115,    127.    14>,    250,   3n5. 

tin-tit. 
Kx'ira-ierriforiality,  310,  572. 


IXDEX. 

Fish-ponds,  397,  430. 
Flajj  of  Japan,  national,  3G2,  53G,  504. 
Fleas,  5(4,  55H. 
Flies,  5H5,  52s. 

Flint  and  steel,  350,  357,  304,  440,  003. 
Flirting,  211  (note). 

see  Banixh-     Flowers,  23,  3-4,  3sG,  3s7,  397,  514,  5S1. 
Fotrs,  5-9,  5O5. 
Folk-lore,  491-503. 


Jv.  es,  29,  30,  2'i-  Ul»te),  442,  444,  455.  Food,  23,  24,  49,  90.     See  Diet. 

Foot-ball,  HS. 

F,  for  words  in  Outch  books,  or  in  wriiini's     Foreigner-haters.     See  J»-i. 
copied  therefrom,  see  under  //,  or. I.     In     Foreigners,  327-352,  493,  513,  549,  57S,  COO,  615. 
foreign  books,/  or.//'  is  ofien  inserted,  or  forests,  22,  41S,  543,  54S. 
made  terminal  in  a  Japanese  word  which     Forfeiture,  5s5. 

ends    in    an    open   vowel.     Thus  Shikoku     Formosa,  21s,  257,  25S,  571,  572,  575,  576. 
and  Ilokusai.  appear  as  Shikokf,  llokfl'sai,     Fortifications,  179,  302,  4oT. 
etc.  Fortune-tellers,  505. 

|  Forty-seven  ronins,  302,  400. 

Fox  myths,  495,  5s(l,  5s2. 

Foxes,  420,  495,  503. 

Franciscans,  249.  254,  255,  250,  409. 

Francis  Xavier,  249,  25n,  251,  412. 

Freeman,  Captain,  J.  II..  32s. 

French,  259,  201 ,  331 , 340,  350,  351,  3S3,  399, 577. 

French  relations  with  Japau,  331,  593-590. 

Frogs,  50-. 

Ftichiu,  422,547. 

Fudai,  275,  394,  403,  5S5,  5sO. 

Fuji  sail,  or  Fuji  yama  (mountain),  IS,  142, 


Faces,  Ain»  and  Yamato,  2'J,  30,  401. 

Falconry.  m\,  -JMI. 

Families,  noble,  Ml-114. 

Family.  f>s4,  5sf,. 

Family  names,  109. 

Famine,  I'.i.").  51:;. 

Fans,  s7.  MS-  ,v.'u,  527,  529,  54S. 

Tanners.  IMI;.  H'7,  513,  GIJO. 

i-'a'ina.  24.  ;>1. 

1-axiba.     See  llhi;^,*!*. 

Fea>t  of  Dolls,  4uO. 


Feast  of  Flairs,  403. 

Female    characters  -  Tatara,    5S ;    Yamato  330,374,404,415,472,530,546,532. 

hime.  01  :  Jinjru  ko£i''j,  chap.  viii.  :  Ilaruko,  Fuji  liiver,  132. 

si;    Tokiwa,  123:    Tadamori's   wife,    125,  Fujiwara.  ion,  115.  110,  150,  237,  270. 

I2i') :    Masau'o.    l-.'O;    Tomoye,   135   (note);  Fukni,  17(1,  1^9, 190,  23S,  423,  536. 

Taiiro,  137  ;    Tokiko,   137;   Tamayori,  170 ;  Fukui  Han,  Us,  520,  5s  7. 

Kadoko,  Is;; ;   I-e  no  Taiyu,  21u  ;  Murasaki  Ftikuwara,  120,  135,  400. 

Sliikibn,  212  :  Shibata  Katsitiye'.s  wife,  23s,  Fukn/.awa  Yukichi,  192  (note),  320,  4(>0,  54S. 


240  :   Ad/.uma  Lrirl,  205. 
Female  divinity,  45. 

Feiie;  Shuey.  47:;. 

Festivals,  92.  97,  520.  525,  520,  53-- 


Funerals.  43s,  439,  513. 

Fiisan,  243,  5sO. 

Fushimi.  240,  200,  313,  40$,  411-413. 

Fu-himi  no  ^liya,  503. 

Fusi  vama.     See  Fn}\  xai'.. 


F'-nd-,  -J10,  217.  222.  22:;. 
Filial  piety,  12:;.  124.  147,555. 
Fillmore.  President .  329,  347. 
Finaii'-e.-,  573.  T.74.  ;V.ls. 
Filr_'er-!iail.-.    (IM.  4'i9. 

Firando.     Sc<!  llini'l'i. 

Fire-.  :;7.ri.  39S,  471.  503. 

Fii'c-rlay,  00:;. 

Fire-lookouts,  2^0. 

Fire-,, m. -us.  471. 

{•'ire-proof-.  ::!<>.  ;;f,(',,  :">,70,  ;;0s,  .",'J4. 

Fire-works,  521, 

1'i-hermen.  3'.^.  329.  521,  522,  54t'i. 
FUllllli:.  7i '.  2i in,  470,  521. 


(I,  pronoiiiK  ed  hard.  From  k  by  n!<inn, 
or  in  combination.  Few  pure  Japane.-e 
words  beirin  with  ;/. 

Oambliii'.'.  311,    50.  309. 

(James,  209.  210.  452-405,  529,  530. 

(Jardeners,  3s4-3sO. 

<;ariic.  7:;. 

(Jas,  illuminatin::,  21,  333,  :;s(. 

Cates,  200.  219,  394,411,  421,427. 

(iate-keepers,  13f,.  III. 

(Ja/.etteers.  41  :   of  !->hi/.en,  170.  419.  422. 

(,eese,  425.  117.  419.  537,  5>2. 

("Jeiho,  459. 

Geisha,  2o9.  4os,  41s,  r,>_>0.  573. 

(ien.     See  Mimiw.ito. 


t;io  /.Y////.Y. 

(ifn.-hi-  Kh  .1!  .  :;.'..  Ilakama  kill  or  loose  troweers),  36(5,  U7u,  11:;, 

(,,'i;ji.     Si',    I/./.  •„,:.(.,.  :>:;4. 

(,-•!:.!;  ami  llr:k.  .  K.-.  4iV».  .|;i'.',  .Vj'.'.  Ilakudatr.  MMI. 

»;,'ii.ii  M  >ii'._-a;ari,  -:-.  Ilakk. •iidi-n.  17-. 

(,,•  .--api.y  ,.|'  .1  ipail,  17   •.':,.  .',.;,  li>  74,  -1.  -.'.,      llak..i.r,  Lakr.lit:    I'a-s.  •_'<«.>.  MS 

:.-•.'.  :;r.".  :i'.M.  :i'.>_.  ir.1  ^n.'U1  •,.'>'•"',  i;ni.i'.'.7.  r.i1-.     llaku/.an,  1-.  .1.  .'.'.4,  .'•:;. i.  .'.;;•_'. 

>IT  .I/.'/..  llaiiiainal-u.  :'.'.'•.'.  MI'I. 

i'  .- ni  .lapan.  Is  1'.'.  6n2--(iH5.  Han.  .  Ian,  ur  ]..ca!   I'ruda]   •rovi-rniiicnt, -Us 

i  u>. 'J47   11. iie\  :;::i,  .I;;-.',;;'.)'.'.  r,7i  (imti-'i.         •»•_'.'>. : '<•>•!,  '>.'•'>  (notf,  r.-ii,  .'.->7,  i;no. 

.  Ci-.  l.;n  47ii.  llam.iira.  I!  1    11''.. 

i.       lll>.  I1.".'.  I'.'li.  Hani!   iir   l.rad   krr-'liirf,    K'7   V1H)U-',  ^"1,  -11 

(     '  ..  -.'.7.  ,       (iiutr  ,  .'.;>:>. 

dinia'-.  :;M,  :'.v.».  :'.7'.',  I"-,  tir,,  47n.  lla.'ii  ^li-e.-^-cuat  einbroideri'd  with  crc.-ts'', 

Ula.-c.  41-.  M'-l. :,::-!. 

(,    ,.,..,„„,.,,.,,.  ,vji.  liaia-kii'i.     S.-e  .Wyyii/i-ii. 

-',-.:-.::.:'.  Hariiur.-.  2:.,  ;;-.".i  .;;:;!,  :;H.  :;.'>•_',  Jit1,:;,  4ii.pi,  4"fi, 

t,.i.  li.,i)u!-ary  j,ieils.     See  under  letters  fol-         til',  tin^. 

Hare.  .'.-•_>. 
Hai-iina.  -.'.Ml. 

Haniki',  ::>'.    notc\  -n,  -1. 
Ha-l.iha.     S-c  lli>i,':>:*M. 

lia-hiin.it.i  ^aiiai.  ^.t'.1,  iiuti-). 
Ha>iiiinut.i.  Dr..  :I'M;.  M  1. .',:;.'). 
Ha-hiin..[M  vilhiL'i1.  4"'.". 


1  Hatamoto,  -7".  1"".  r,-c..  r.-7. 

Hats.  :tr,,ri.  :;r,r..  :;:>7,  :;,"•_',  i-jr.,  M  i,  MO.  r»oa 
i  :  •-:...M,-..  Hatnlia. . ';:;!.  :;4'.i. 

tin.  r.  i.  MO. 

i-uki.  4i»0. 
nu'fi..  !'.'-.  '.'-4. 

- 


( 

in. 

(    i_-iiy.  r  ••,',.  \v.  K..  r,-:,. 
(  ii:iril-!iu>i-i'-.  in',::,  :;7>'..  11".  .'.r 
:.     Sec  /;.///. 

;  •  ;v. 

<  •  ;"  .  -;-.  -.'.-,  :;r,-j. r,;:;. 

!4-.  •_:.-. 


linn; .  i.-,.  ;--.  ir.'.  r,:;i. 
H.-pl.  .  u,  Dr.  ,!.  C..  H1,(i.r.7T.r,»S  ,VJO. 
ilrr.i-\v..rship.  -7.  — ,  K.". 
Hi'iuii.  -1.  177.  M  1. 
llil.a'-hi.      Srr  llmlinn  n/>),<ir>itiu. 
II.     In    D  I'.  Ii     nd  I1     '  .     .'    •    '      ik-  /  ..:•-     Hi.l(-ii..l.i]. -jt;.1.. 

.        '      .  -  !c|    /•'.       h,       Ilidriada.  -.V,.  -J-t.  --:>.  •_'-!»,  W>. 

',.  i      Hidr    i-  ..  /;-.  ir.i   nuii".  j:r,. 

M  .  •-.."/  11     ,  -...-iii.  .•..'..  •_•:•.••.  -I.',.  -:.i.  -:.:,.  -7",  41'i,  4'.v>. 

!l  .    :  .  :.   He.  HI.  II     '•    :  :   K   i/.'.  .'17. 

!I  .   :  117.  II    ">.  I-    :t"!<    .  -71.  -77.  :._:;. 

Ii  .  Ii:k  mi'.  •.'::;.  .'''.7 

:':..>-..  -v;.  -71. 


1XDEX. 


Ilimeshima,  5;i3. 

Hiniii,  2Mi,  MO. 

Hiou'o,  1-Jo,  l:;3,  I'.io,  312,  393,405,  406. 

Ilirado.  254,  250,  261. 

Hir;i'_'iui:i.  102,  174,  492. 

llir:il:i,  :;oo. 

Hiroshima,  392,  394. 

Hiro/awa.  312. 

Historv,  materials  of,  3(5-42,  298,  299. 

Hi'oiMihaMu,  503  i,iiote}.    Sue  Ki'iki. 

Hiu-a.  55. 

Iliyei/an,  Kit.  -.'32,  233. 

Ili/.cn  clan.  32 1,  5T1,  575.  WO. 

IlofVinan,  Or.  J.  ,1.,  quoted,  59. 

Hoffman,  J.  -I. .59  (note). 

Hogs,  3s2,  420,  543,  f>80. 


Ike  Island,  243. 
Ikcda,  230. 
Ikegami,  165. 

Ikk".     See  Sfn'n  xec.t. 

Immortality  of  the  soul,  97,  161,  555. 

Imperial  College  ol'Tokio,  117  (note),  370-3T5, 

562,  503. 
Inakn,  488,  578. 
Ltuur.ura,  Saki,  154. 
Incense.     See  Censer. 

Indemnities,  311,  350,  377,  401,  575,  592-595. 
India,  34  (note),  111  (note\  159,  164,  174,  175. 
Indians  of  North  America,  29,  31,  299  ;  origin 

of,  579-581. 
Indigo,  531. 
Informers,  369.    See  Spies. 


family.  127,  128,  146-157,  165-181,  404.        ;  Ink-stone,  390,  512. 


Inns.     See  Jlutelx. 
Inland  Sea,  55,  56,  57,  118,  119,  120. 
Inquisition,  252,  259,  203. 
Insects,  157,  550. 

Insurrections,  58,  05,  70, 105,  215,  216,  473,  573, 
000. 


Hojf,  of  Odawara,  217.265. 

II'">jr>  Tokimasa.     Sec  Tokhnasa. 

Hokkaid".  601,  605.007. 

Hokke.  classic,  285. 

Holiday.-,  453.     See  FfxtimU. 

Hollanders,  25,8-200,  512  (note).     See  Dutch. 

lloknsai.  30.  ill,  107,  223,  230,  333,  357.  300,  305,  Intemperance,  520. 

37ii,  410,  420.  441,  442,  447,  487,  524,  528.  Interpreters,  213,  401,  548. 

Honiir,.  114,  -J-.S,  514.  Iris,  359. 

Houmra.  350.  !  Iron,  22,  125,  602-605. 

Hondo,  17,  is,  19,  27,  2S,  29,  69,  34,  85, 100,  602-  Iron  Duke,  ship,  507. 

On.x  i  Irrigation,  63,  04,  90,  417,  418. 

Iloncn,  145.  170.  i  Irving,  Washington,  524  (note),  53T.    See  Rip 
Honey,  51o.  I'nn  W'ink!i' mytlus. 

HoiiL's,  337,338.  Ise,  Mr.,  523. 

Honnoji,  231.  Ise  vshrines),  01,  73,  99,  179,  1S1. 

Honor,  code  of,  150, 157,  191, 192,  221-225,  569.  Isliida,  255. 

Horseback  game.     See  I'olo.  Ivory,  304,  502. 

Horses,  340,  3(55,  306,  382,  427,  471,  512,  516,  '  Ivy.  439. 

522,  019.  Iwabuchi,  401,  402,  412,  422,  428,  440,  510,  518, 

Hosokawa  family,  274.  Iwaktira  Tomomi,  312,  313,  321,  322,  399,400, 

Hosokawa  Yoriynki,  193.  !      527,573,574. 

Hospitals,  340,  400,  571.  lyemitsu,  250,  285,  280.  287. 

Hotels,  2^3,  414,  544,  550.  lyemoehi,  Princo  of  Kii,  289,  305,  312. 

Hot  M>m:<;s,  21.  lyesada,  273,  305. 

Household  customs.  i  lyeyasn,  230,244.  255-257,  264-209.  270-272,  275, 
IloiiM'-,  ancient,  '.'0,  420,  435  ;  number  of,  600.         270,  2>0-280,  287,  323,  547,  583-5S5. 

Sec   Yn.<liil:i.  •  lyeyoshi,  273. 

Hi'ibner,  Karon.  349.  I/anagi,  44. 

Hunting,  537.  I/.anami,  45. 
Hymn,  national,  387,  524,  505. 

Hymns,  Christian,  351,  577.  J,  derived  from  riiimaln'  by  ninnrt,  or  in  com- 
bination.    See,  also,  under  )'.  h',  or  7.. 

I,  pronounced  as  i  \\\  ,,in<-hhu> ;  before  a  final  Jttnti'xftitni,  United  States  corvette,  5'.i3. 

liquid,  as  /'  in  tin.      For  names  in  Dutch  J.iponica.     See  Cunicllia. 

books,  see  under  }' or  K.  ,  Jealousy,  451,  475.  557. 

I  i  rank).  139  ,  notel.  !  Jean  Kaptistc.  202,  203. 

Ibuki  yama,  711,207,  231.  Jenghi/  Khan.     See  C,,  iinhix  Klian. 

'"'.  •r>s'-).  Jesuits.  197.  247-263,  293,  409,  577. 

Idols,  :KT.  388,  510,  520.  541.  I  Jewels,  40.  50. 

Id/il.  12!.  129.  104,  405.  !  Jews.  35.  3:;7.  346. 

li,  Kamon  no  Kami,  305,  307,  401,  550.  Ji.     See  sin. 


.linniri.  1".  .'  I..'.'.  -»•.,.'.-.  M>. 
.lip.  (••  Iviai,,  1"... 
.J  i  111:11,  7.'.  -i.  ,"•;. 
.link.'  r.ve.  len. 
.):n-nk:--ha,  .,;;-».  ;>:ir>.  MS  :>~". 
Jit.,,  i  ii. 
.I:;>:i!iL'u.  '.'IT. 
,1.  ..i,-,  -r,  ••.  iii1.'.  •_';;;:.  -.''.MI. 
.l.i-i.  ::!(',.  ;;;;;.  -;4n. 
,I,)--<Iii  k-.  >".  :;-7.  I'.'-. 
Journey,  -i.'.'.i.  4i'.7.  471. 
,!:i.i_-e<.     See  Liui-x.  <ika. 
.lii_'_-ler-.  M'.i.  r.-.T.. 

Junk-.  i:v.,  ;;;».  r.71.'  r^i. 

.':]ii--hi.  '.'..  _7'J.  ~'i.'. 

.l'i:  ;-j>nn!enre.     See  l.ni'-.-i. 

•  I'.i-iiee.  .iepannieMt  of.  lu;i.     See  Awx. 


Kenci.d.  :>:;-.  rv.i-. 

Kcrai,-.'lT. 

Ken.-ene.  l-jn.     Sec  /'.  truJciim. 

Kiiln,  :;i-j,  :;i;'.  :'.-'•!,  r>74. 

Kii  family,  -J7::.  r,-i;. 

Kii  promontory,  Mi,  AT.  405,  60S. 

Kinainera  Shiraiu,  .Vj;i. 

Kinder.  Major  T.  \\'..  f,n7. 

Kin-L'iyi'.  4.M. 

KiliL'-.  i'.'.'',  I'.'i'-  iimtel. 

Kifito.  1H'.  ill.  1:14.  i::y.  ir.i1,,  174.  IN'»,  192,  194, 

•     ^4'.),  -.IM,  :<HT.  :uo,  317,  3i».  .'iT::,  000,  60S. 

Kiri  Take.  'J^.'i. 
Kinn.  17'.'.  1-". 
liirisliima,  ftO,  Bft. 


Kad/.'.isa.  l.;i.  :i'j;i.  r,7::. 

Kaeinpt'cr,  .r>ii  (note'.  '.".':;.  414. 
K:;_M.  '-•»].  .'.::".  .'.-r,.      See  Mut'lu. 
Ka.'o.  •><•,!.  :;(',.',.  ,',44. 

K  !_••-!, iii!  i.  'Jt'.i.  ::'i-J. :;'".'.  ::77.  .v.i-j.  r.n.s. 

K.-iiiia-itaclii,  4--J.  4-::.  Kobe.  n>r,.  HM;. 

K.iinakara.  i::l.  14".  14:;.  ir.r,.  1M',.  K'^i,  17l'.,  1-4,     Kot),-,  Da:~hi.  H',2.  1  7.\  '.'-4. 


Kila  Mandc-M  .n>,  '.'41.     See  .l.vu'. 
Kitchen.  4  l.'i,  44»'.. 

Kite-,  -j-.'i.  ir,-. 

Kiii<liin.  l:>.  I-.'.  -.'.Vi,  •_177,  r.iil,  i'."4.  On,'). 

Kiy.'iniil/ri.  -.'l_. 

Kiy..iiiori.  11-.  II1.*,  1'J",  l;;;;,  ir,7. 


•.'41.  -'''..  1"4. 
K'.n.e  111".  1"". 
Kami,  4::.  7.'.     See  >/(,'/,/.'-. 
K  iini^liiino.  .'••-'.'•.  r,:',4. 
K;inn.  picture-,  uf.  17:'.  ,'••--'. 
K'lin-i  Uivei.  -.'in. 
K  ,iiij-ir:i.  4iV.i.  174. 


K  ii.il-,  Mir.  Jin.  ; 

Kan.  la.  1--. 

K-i'.'i.-i.  Mr..  4"1'. 

K;ii!a/:.\v:i.  ;.!i  Sajrilni.  "i.M  i.  404. 

Ka..lin.  r,ii:;. 

K  i;,|,a.  4-1.  i-J.  r.-j:.. 

K-irai'm.    ••.••-•,,,,•;„,/;„. 

lvi:-r,-.  :I]IP.  :;'.''.'.  (..:;. 


Kod/uki-,  7'J  .iidti". 
K-L-'-n,  1".  1-'.'. 
K,  .jiki.  ,;'.i.  1^.  r.l.  r,l. 
K-iima  T:ik:inori,  ift-J.  iri::. 
l\..ku.  -.'7:;  J7r,.r.-t',.  t'.n.'..  I'.IK',. 
Knk'in  clan.  '-'77.  :;»'.>. 

l\.,k'i~hiu  iliiinir,-.  14  1.  -.'74,  v7.ri,  L'--.  ;:;M,  •):>? 
ti'7. 


i  Kmii-lii.  '.'i::,  .'I  I.  '.'.',.',.  '."'.7.  -jr.1.*. 
Ko-atsu.  L'.V.I,  :nVJ.  ::i',-.  :;iV.i.  ti-.  r,"3. 
Kr,-lii  no  kiini.  4-2    imte'. 
Kotat-i'i,  41  1.  Hi;.  :,»•_'. 
Kuaiabakn.  In1.'.  I'.ir.  'nuti^.  •>:','. 
Kiianilii1:.  '_':,'-'. 
K  iiaii-:.'n  n.  1  -  I.  :>.'.'^. 
Kuainui.  :;7-. 
Knanivi.  I'.M. 

Kiiantr..  i'.-,  117.  1-.".i.  141.  14'J,  n;i2 
Kilblai  Khan.  17i',.  177. 
Kill...  .-aina.  1'.*.;.  l'.n;    in.te). 
Knilaii  /.  ika.  ::74. 


043 


Kuriles,  17.  32,  240,  579,  5SO. 

Kuro  Shi  wo.  2.0,  27,  299,  579-5S1. 

Kuroda  family,  274. 

Kuroda  Kiyoiaka,  570. 

Kusakabe  Taro.  430,431. 

Knsanojiro,  177. 

Kusunoki  Ma.-ashige,  152,  1*2,190,  191,400. 

Kusunoki  Masatsura,  191,  219. 

Kuwana.  313,  41 1. 

L.  There  i-  no  letter  I  in  Japanese.  The 
name  Liu  Kin  is  Chinese  ;  Japanese,  Riu 
Kin.  The  Kurile,  or  Kuril,  Islands  derive 
their  name  from  the  Russian  Kuril,  to 
,s//r</,v,  from  the  active  volcanoes  on  them. 
Sakhalin  is  Russian.  See  under  Ji. 

Laborer-,  132,  2-o,  355,  301,  393,  426,  529.     See 

Lac'itier.  99,  157.  204.  219,220,  360,  398,  527,  549. 

Lake  Uiwa.     See  IUwti. 

Lamps,  440.  447,400,  525. 

Lam1.  107.  194,  210,  272,  277,  583-5-6,  005-607. 

Landscape,     Sec  Keener;/. 

Language,  21 1,  212,  213,  260,  338,  5SO. 

Language,  Aiuo,  29,33. 

Lanterns,  stone,  or  bronze,  273,  237-290,  381, 

5' '7. 

Lanterns,  paper.  375,  439,  495,  507,  528,  541. 
La'.utory,  2--,  380. 
Law-.  149.  309.  50-,  509,  5S3-585. 
Lawyer,.  r,H9. 
Lead.  002-OO5. 
Li-cky,  Mr.,  197,  259. 
Legacy  of  lyeyasu,  5^3-585. 
Legation,  340.  l"o,  401,  507,598. 
Le-ends,  491-503.     See  Mythology. 
Leprosy,  57o. 

Letter-,  -o.  s3,  91,  92.  162,  212,213. 
Libraries.  Ill,  150,431,432. 
Lie-.  295.304,  409. 
Liirgins,  Rev.  J.,  512. 
LL'ht-hou-es,  405,  Oo8. 
Lilie-.  132.  I!2. 
Lion-.  5lo,  r,s2. 
Lip-,  painted.  455. 
List-  of  sho.'im-.  150,  197,  273. 
Literature,  92.  213.  320. 
Liu   Kill.  122.  24 s,  270,505.571. 
Lock-.  300. 

I, on.'. -vity.  5-.  00,  93.  Io2,  4s7. 
'•  I.o-t   Tribe-  o|'l-rael/'35.  50  (note). 
Lot',!-.  103,  3-1.  394.  137,  439. 
Love,  -jus.  -211.  174. 
Lowder,  Mr.  J.  K..  5-3. 
Lucky  days  ami  si^ns,  400-473. 
Lucy,  Mr.  Alfred,  533. 
Lu-wen,  503. 
Lll/'in,  24ii. 

I.yman.  Pr.,f.  1!.  S.,  19  ;note),  20  (note),  005. 


|  Mabtichi,  300. 
Macao,  560,  567. 
Macaroni,  422. 
Maeda,  241. 
Maeda  family,  274. 
McDougall.  Captain,  593. 
Mairatama,  jewels,  40.  53.  93. 
Magistrates,  584.     See  JMU-S. 
Magnet,  509. 

Mails,  59M.  .091.     See  /Wman. 
Maimed  persons  472,  •>'<l>,  600. 
Main  island.     See  IInu:i/t. 
Malays,  20  (note),  27,  S7,  240. 
Males  and  females,  600,  601. 
Mandokoro,  140. 
Manganese,  603. 
Manners,  211,  223,  224,  361,  413,  423,  42?,  430, 

517,  524,  52-,  570. 
Manufactures,  202-204,  224,  225,  598,  600,607, 

60S. 

Manure,  25,  546,  606. 
Maple-tree,  211  (note),  5-2. 
Maps,  17,  27,  55  (note),  66,  84  (note\  243,  2>6, 

303,  391,  392,  519,  547,  5SO,  5—,  Ool,  6o5,  Oo'J. 
Marble,  Oo3. 

Marco  Polo.  170,  177,  247,  249.  512. 
Maria  Luz,  ship,  507. 
Marine.     See  Sarul. 
Marriage,  32,  44,  5S  93,  94,  10s,  HO,  115,  117, 

277,  352,  43s,  407,  552,  5i!n,  5-5. 
Martyrs,  250-259,  203.  3i  5.  300,  554. 
ManVika,  531,  532,  5-0. 
Masago,  127,  147,  1-!-,  150. 
Masakado,  1-7,  1—. 
Masse-.  lUiddhist,  252,  2-5,509. 
Matches,  357,  440. 
Matsudaira,  271. 
Matsudaira,  Echizen  no  kami.  305,  30-.  313, 

397,403. 
Matsudaira,  Mochiaki,  428,  429,  525,  527,  528, 

Matsumae,  299. 

Maisumoto,  Dr.,  400. 

Matsuri.513.  525. 

Matsuyama,  547. 

Maxims.     See  I'rori-rbs. 

Mayeda.     See  M«i''it(. 

Maye.-hima.  II. ,  591. 

Meals.     See  Hut. 

Mechanical   arts,  202.  203,  225,  227,  355-358, 

304-  300.  40-.  513.  510  523.  Oo7.  (',0-. 
|  Medicine,  -n,  200.  2"7,  407,  571. 
Mi'i/iiKfi.  Dutch  man-of-war,  593. 
Melons,  5lo. 
Memorial  tablets,  139. 
Mende/.  Pinto.     See  1'into. 
Merchants,  125.  132.  27-.  337,  33-:  420,  505.  566, 

6ni). 
Mermaid,  390,  4— .  521. 


M<-V:M:II>.  I—. 

M.  -M'-.  .'•-'.  I'-'.'-.  ':"    .'"4.  4—.  i-.i-2-tW). 

Mr  mi;  -  .        .  AM    .  '."> 

M,  •:,.,:•,.;       v.  :  •••-.<••••..  :,---,','.  MI. 

M.  \  .    •  s  :.:;•„'.::.',:;,.  •„•,;,  4"7. 

v  ..  .  1. 

M;.,ko.      S,-,    A'  .  •  . 

\!      .  •_'  ;  v;;..;t-  ,  (in;;.  . 

M     ....'.-.'I. 
M.   :.    iri,  179. 

.  .  11.',,  11  ti. 

M  :.;,"-  ;.  :..i.  -ji.M. 

.  ;;•.',  i"i.  in-.1,  ii;!.  i-.1;;,  IN'.,  IM!,  1-7. 

N-f   '/  •  •-    ;    '  . 


Monkey  and  .-nib,  49:;,  I'.U. 
Monkrys  -_M,  -J;;7,  :;--.',  4-Jii,  4%,  Ml,  r-4-J. 
Monk-.  M".  H.'.I.  .v.'.',. 
Mono-nan.  -in.  ]-J-_>.  -Ji:;. 


Mooii-L'ortclrss.  4'.',  .'.-:.'. 

Morality,  MI.  <M,  '>u;i.  Mf>,  .'.«;>,  r>70,  ,  TO. 

M..rali,y  in  Yokohama.  -J"'.i.  :p.U. 

Mori  Avinnri.  i""  .in.'ir  ,:;'.''.',  -IIKI,  ri7i'.. 
M'ri  familj  .  -'.".-,  -Ml,  -J7.'.,  -i':',  :;m.  ;;;  i.  31.".. 
Monyot-hi.  1.VJ,  IN'!,  1M,  1-^. 


M        irj   .,';-.>;.•.. 
Miiilary  ri.-i--i-.  1"  I.  .'.IT.  ,'.'.'7. 
Mi  r,;:n-y  i->lal)!i~l:n,  .  -nt,  ,V.i.p.  .','.'7. 
Mi'.ii;iry  fami  lies. 


Mother's  memorial,  l«i»,lfi'.»,  170. 

Moil:i-i>.  fxaiiii^U'.-  of,  1C,;;,  104,  1M.  1'."',  144. 

H.',.  MU.  fh'.'.i. 

'iunx,  '/'.///••(.  aii'l  .)//'•     M>  ''.iirain~.  IN  !77. 
//.(  M.  '  .  Mouniitr_'  ilrt  --.  4;iN 

\!  .   _-ov.-rnniriit.  1  1!.     Hi-v  Hakufii,  Mi-     MotoJ'.ri.  lim,  ::IK.I. 

Moxa.  '."i7.  lii-. 

M     :'  ry  >ystcin,  ^,r>.  l"l.  Ml.  •_'>.  .'.'.'.V.'.'.i7.  M  Jikoiiina.  -I'"'. 

M      •.-•.'.•:-.  -.':-.  .".'.'    .'.'.'7.  M  •,'.'..•:•:•;.  .  !•'.  Ml.  .',--.'. 

M      •  iry  weapon.-,  ,  MI,  -J14,  'J'2%  ;it'.0,  .'.!i,')-'.'J7.          Maut'-mon.  Ki'.i. 
Mir.t-i,  :;.',.'..  k  iliaiaa,  r.-^o. 

Mi.!-.  H".  .',;:.  ,  .v.i-.'.  C.HN  Muni-oc.  I'n.f   llnu-y  S.,  I'.i,  '2ii   notn.  r.nr.. 

Mimii'./.uka.  '.Mr..  Murray.  I)r.  I  iavi'i.  .',(',;{  viioto;. 

\1  ••.'.  :-ji.  :  in  1  17.  :4-.  i—  ,    Mii-ii-.  47.  .vj:;.  .',.'.'.. 

•J!  I,  -I.',.  '.'I.;.  .'7n  -J71,  :-:.  Mnskfis.  -IN 

Mi.,  i:  M:I-I  i.  in  -.  :;i,  .::.  i.'.v  -17-. 

Mil  •     ii  x'.'   .  M..  --.  '•"-  i1.".'..  Miil-u.  1  -.'«. 

M  U.-N  J-.    f,ii-j  i'x,.  M  it-nhi;o.  :,.;.  :;>.  ;•;,;:.  M-,  i^i.  .",<vj  vv,. 

MlnhiL-  ,    iv-,  i;..-j.  M\;l,  ,M;.|     -.  177  -I--.  :.-':..  M:'. 

M  :    i.  -j;    .   ;'.i-'.  Mi.W.'..  Mythoio  ;y.  4;    :  .  ,  .'.  !  .-.  7-J   7:t.  rr.'C,. 

M  '      .  it;,'.. 

v     -.   -•-.  i1.  7.  iv  N  \  ,/  ,-r  is  -   -.  ;.;-  nv...  ;;.. 

N;         i        .  '-.  ..-  ::'.in.  Sa    i-    ;,    •  ;  •   .'.',•  .  -.'.M;,  _:•;'.  ;;•.'!.  ,',70. 

/.,'<. 

Nal»'-!iii:i  i.  .'i-ei. 
Mi--ioi:ar  •-,!;.:  llii.-r,  N;,  I.V.i,  ion,  :<:*.  174,     \  ;  - 

17.',.  Nai  [>     .lin.  i'i-:.  -j:;». 

M     -  !          '  an   Li47  •.'•',:  !,  Ml.  :;!,',.  .'.77.     \  .,!_  u  ii.  f.r..  r.7. 

:.:-.  Nak.iiiri    U-olilii'i-  .4".".,  4ii4.  41iMl-_'.  4-.';:.  i-J7. 

\  •    i1,. 

\  ikaiun-  ••  M  is  mavvo.  :;-j,i,  r^;-. 
\  .. 
Nak.i! 

\  itin  -   of  .1    ;.  .    .   '7.  41.  .V.I;    of  mikati.,-.  IK!, 
••:,...-.   i-.'.  71.  iV  I]  .   of  :hr  p..,.r- 
n'.i  ':.•-.   !  17.  -.'..i;  :    of   i'.  •;•:•,! 

•  Hi.  I   v   i-!r  .....  :.  J..7-  ,,t 

-.  '.  '7  :    '    '   •        1  .;i   U  ,  i.  .  ;;'.!  :   ,,f  -i.r.^illJ, 

'  .     .   ; 
/     .  :-.  •  --i. 

.     .  ;•    ,   -. 


M:--:--   .  M". 

\!:i:'.:,!.  M       •  .  i:  .    .  .    ••   :.  '.' 
J  -   .  i'.', 
M-...  I'  1'4 

M   •..••;..-••::../ 


INDEX.  <'4j 

Nao/ane.  144.  145.  O  (king1),  30  (note),  190,  205,  3SO. 

Nara,  11",  111,  199,  213.  :  O,  honorary  prefix,  to  be  neglected  in  ana- 

Nature,  47:;,  477.  lyzing  a  word. 

Naval  architecture,  130, 177,  24C,  256,  419,  570,  O  Island,  405.     See  Oshima. 

507.  O  Kura  Sho,  103,  104. 

Naval  battles,  130, 137,  138,  139, 177.  Oak,  78. 

Naval  enterprise,  '-'40,  507.  ;  Oath,  220,  250,  2SG,  310. 

Navy.  34::,  302,  :>'.!7,  504,  007.  '  Obedience,  390,  405,  550,  570. 

Needle*,  207.  '-'1C,  505.  !  Obiko,  05. 

NepotiMii,  llii,  110,  120. 147.  577.  Occupation?,  32,  33,  03,  194, 198- 20S,  270-2S1, 
Neutrality,  ;::;!.  6UO. 

New.-papers,  319.  337,  342.  :;52,  5GS  500,  591.       •  Ocean,  IS,  24,  508. 

New-year's-day,  :UO,  352,  502.  Ochre,  (103. 

Ng ;  for  this  cdinbination,  sue  under  G.  \  Odani,  544. 

Nichiren,  103.  104, 105.  100.  Odawara,  205,  392,  549. 

Nichireu  sect,  233,  404.  Odes. 

Niehi/.o,  105.  Odori.     See  Tori. 

Night  scenes,  447,  450,  400,  52S,  520.  ,  Officials,  103, 104, 140,  141,  190  (note),  295,  322, 

Nitron,  the  impure,  or  soft  sound  of  a  conso-        340.  520,  530. 

nant,  expressed  in  Japanese  by  two  dots  Ogaki,  267,  268,  394,  545. 

or  a  circle.     f'!<i  or  xhi  by  ni'jori  become  Ogasawara  Morinori,  42S,  530. 

ji:  ho,  bo,  j>o  ;  fxii,  <izit ;  an,  zu ;   kit,  <ju  ;  Oho.      See  O. 

fo,  In  ;  etc.,  etc.  !  Oils,  22,  440,  513. 

Nigrito,  SO,  87.  |  Oji,  374,  400,  543  (note). 

Nilion  I'.ushi,  309,  378.  '  Ojiu,  TenuO,  79, 117,  410,  411,  419  (note),  GIG. 

\ilniii  'iiMi  >•/-/,  298,  290,  545.  (~ka.  the  judize,  500-502. 

Nihontri.  •'>'•>.  42,  51.  ,  Okasaki,  205. 

Niiirata,  573.  '  Oki  Island.  151. 

Nikko,  2^4.  2-5,  287,  480.  ;  uki,  minister  of  education,  1S72, 1S73  ;  coun- 

Ml.  M.  .M.  S.  S.,  405.  seloi'  of  state,  322,  5SO. 

NiiiLTpo,  I'.'fi.  i  Okubo,  Governor  of  Sado,  256. 

Niniiri,  50,  51.  Okubo  Icliio,  315,  548. 

Ni-o,  :;MI.  Okubo  'I'oshimiti,  302,  303,  312,  317,  ::is,  319. 
Niphon.     See  Ilando.  321.  322,  309,  574-570. 

Nippon,  17.  Omens,  40,  50,  57,  04,  77,  242,  243,  207,  449,  400- 
Nirvana.  158,  li;0,  101,  340,  387,  437.  473. 

Nit-uki.  304.  305.  Omctsuke.     See  fyif*. 

Nitta   Yoshisada,  154,  155,  182,  184,  1-0,  19<i,  omi.  41-.  544,  545. 

404.  410  (liute),  422.  niiuira.  250,  253. 

No,  Japanese  particle  (/.sometimes  omitted.  (>i>t'id<t,  ['.  S.  S.,  ;!29,  592. 

sometimes  expressed.    /.'.  </.,  Kuji  yama  nr  0/uitt  hat  (!i.iku.     See  "Woiiiaii'a  (.,'n-tit  Xtu- 

Fuji  no  yama.  <///.'' 

Nobies,  ;i3:    onlers  of,   ln3;    families,  UN;  ono,  5;;l. 

iiumbci-,  i'in(!.  Oo,  sound  of  no  in  boot.     See  under  I'. 

Nubori,  i:;'.i,  li'.::.  Open  polls,  300,  312,  317,  348,  349,  :if>2.  ;>'.<*,  59',i, 
No!)iinaLra,  2:'.(i,  238,  -250,  270,  275,  270.  0<M. 

N'iriiiioiio.  117.  Opium,  570. 

North-eas;,  47.'.  Opium  \\"ar,  418. 

Northern  dyim-ty,  1-0,  192.  Oranges,  331,  428,  430,  431.  51V.  540. 

Niini;u!/u.  M-.  Ordeal,  '.12. 

NumaL'aua,  Mr. ,523.  ,  (j-n-nniiiitii,  I".  M.  S.  S..  4114.  .jer,. 

Nunneries.     Sec  fnni'i'n/x.  Origin  of  Aim",  2-;  of  North  American  In. 
Nuns.  l:!'.i    note:,  175  ,note>,  199,600.  dians,  47'.'. 

Nur>ery  rhymes,  405.  ilsci  era,  in;;.  104,  300,  578. 

Oshima,  121.  122.  154. 

O.  pronounced  as  u  in  bunt.     O  denotes  ]>ro-  Ota,  220.     See  Xobiiuaya, 

_  longed  ».  Ota  I),.kuan,  204,  205, 

O.  prefix,  meaning  great,  large,  imperial.  30  Otani,  255. 

viiotc,..  Otnkii  yama,  410, 


r,4ii 


Petition-,  il".  .''7!. 
lV;r'i!rii:n.  21,  f.-j;..  T40,  0(4. 

Phalli,-  fyiiiiinis,  a:i. 

Phea-ali!-,  ,•>•_>, 

1'lifnix.  4-".  I-'!,  .',-1. 

P!i!;i;>  II.  of  Sp-iiu,  -Ml. 
Philippine  Mnnils,  •_'!'•,,  2.'>7. 
I'hvM.  ;an-,  -.'117.  :,71.  M*. 


(    IU      I.          >T.        '      . 

<  '\.  -1.  .  -"-.  -1  '7.   i '.'"•,  .')"'.i,  fi-n,  'jl'7. 

u;,e  !.o  Iliroinoto.  Ml.  1  i:i. 
i~'vr  Tak  ,    .  >. 

'~/  ;ka.  .'.>;.  •-'...'.  -j;:::.  •_':;!,  -jjn,  2'>»'i,  -jr,.;,  2('.o,  277.  Pliy-i,|::e. :;-.".'  :;.;•_'.  .',71.,  .-,71. 

.'...:  1.  4"7.  -I"-.  Pii-kapai-k  riding',  :;M.  Mi!. 

Pi-  nic-.  2»f>.  1-7.  Ml,  r,-j:;. 

the  M-C'Hiil  miuliflc:itit>n  of/,  or/,  ami  Pierre.  Franklin,  lie, n..  4nl. 

;'!.••  tir-t  of  /..     Probably  no  purr  J:i]iane.-e  Pijeon,  1-J7.  i2-  (note  .  :;•>!,  W*. 

wort]   !ii-_-ili>   with   j)i  ex, •(•;,:    onomatope-,  !';  L'rini.-.  •-'»".  -.'nr,.  -J:>'J.  :;:{7.  :,.r)^,  ^S  4m".,  4'i" 

!:,-;,•-   \\, ,r,K     Doiiiile  7;  .pp>  in  a  Pillory.  I'.iu,  ;iny,  ytil,  f>,M. 

i-om;iountl  \voyi  i-  t!]..' -;re;i:r;!ienin_' of  a  l'illo-,v-.  42:1.  4'.'7. 

'    .'    :    -       -pirate  into  two  explor-ive-,  i  ':;.--•  i  ,•,--,  :;.ro.  f.-l. 

a  -'./:.   of  carele-s  -;,t_-ak;ni:.  ami   lack    of  Pluto.  217. -41-,  24'.*. 

ai:'1.   l-^pirate  :-  the  mark  of  ^o.nl  lin-uai  I'ir-ites,  11'.',  24(>. 

mil  )'•  /"-  ,  of  tin  Jap  i  Pith  il    we  ,-, :;-". 

••  i'ar  in,  >re  eie^'ant  than  P',,,\v-,  (',1,7. 

A  :  i>">,  \\\:<\   )"  /,;,--,.,, f  ;he  common  pro-  p'um-tn-e  Mo>-om>.  ::-l.  42-.  4.M.  r,-.'. 

;     .     (tin1     in  ti-il  a  [lur.-on   of  cultivation  Plniuli.-iu'o,  r.u-J. 

Maii  s  s.i    ,M',p'i':v.  :,-j7.  :,2-.  :;.rin.  :>t.  P.,  i' . •..''''.  :•:>«,  :•.'-•. 

P..  iri.-ne,  i  ..  .  .7 ..._-.. M.'..  I'olo.  .vj;i.  r,:(.i. 

I':i,!(lv-lit-]il.      -,  «    .:  !',,'%  _-    ::iv.  :;•!.  !'i-,  2"'.',  211,241.  .W,.  .',.',7. 


1'  irt-nvi!  a-;:!iority.  i-.'.i.  i-j|.  !  17. 

]'.,:•;  ill-.     >-.    /.'„ 

I1    :K.-.  -::    li  r.!-y.  qu.itcrl.  :»".  :,' 

/••/  •  ..-../,.,-,.(//,.  .-,7,  :,-].>;"- 


I'ortin'in,  Mr..  ::i". 

P  •  ,  ••;  .  -17 -2'1.:;.  r,-ir,,  :,' 

P   -       r-'in!-.  M'l. 

Po-tal  -tati-'i'  -.  r.'.'ii.  M  i. 


IT:.  -:-.    Srr  /;-.//:.*.  >/,/,//.., 

]'•!..-     .f  'lir  1,1  .0,1.   in-.i,  lie',,  MJIi  (n.itr 

r,'.tn.r.;>i.  ••"-.  !'.";  uotci. 

I'!!!  (•::-.  ::M.  !."-'.  '•-'".  M-. 


INDEX. 


047 


Pullman  car.-,  334. 
I'unch,  'Hi,-  Ju_iMin,?,rrt. 

Pun:?,  304.  370,  405,  4o;>,  471. 

Puriratory,  Hi'.',  170,  228. 
Purple.  407.  4;>9. 


R  in  /•(  sounds  like  <li\ 
Rabbit  or  hare.  420,405.  582. 
Races  in  Japan,  27.  -0. 
Radishes,  355,  409,  410,  001. 
Kai  Sanyo,  155,  20s. 
Raibio,  570. 
Raiden.  4s4-4>0. 
Raiko.  401.  402. 


Rinnoj:  no  miya,  285. 

Rio,  104,425,  GiO. 

Kip  Van  Winkle  myths,  403,  502,  503. 

Kin  Kiu.     See  Lin  Kin. 
'^Rivers  of  Japan,  20. 

Roads*,  207,  283,  340,  353-302, 411, 412, 41T,  418, 
541-550,  (jus.     See  Iluil.i/-a!j<j. 

Robbers,  1-20,  140,  195,  389,  300,  540. 

Rokugo  River,  300. 

Roman  Catholicism  aud  Buddhism,  resem- 
blances, 252. 

Roman  letters,  501. 
i  Ronin,  -'23,  27S  307,  300,  315,  310,  373,  574. 

Roofs,  00,  2M>,  200,  3S2.     Sec  Tltatch. 
\  Rooms,  205,  435. 

Roses,  505. 

Rosaries,  beads,  105,  ICO,  252,  370,  3S3,  400, 
420. 

Russians  200,  331,  337,  348,  350,  4Sf>,  577. 

Rutgers  College,  431,  533  (note),  503  (note). 


Rain,  470,  5-0. 

Rain-coat.  Oo,  205. 

Rank-,  in;;.  237,  270,  321,  323,  324. 

Ranters.  103. 

Ratification  of  the  treaties,  300,  312,  317. 


tion,  z.     See  under  ./  and  ^. 
Sabae,  474,  531,  536. 
Sabbath,  420,  430. 

Sacrifices,  human,  02  ;  animals,  OS. 
Sadamori,  l^s  (note). 
Sado,  '22,  157,  2SB,  (104. 
Sadoxvara,  on  map.     See  Miyazaki. 
Saddles,  427. 
Saga,  575. 

Sagami,  04,  70,  131,  132,  202,  573. 
Sagt'alin.  17,  200,  505,  000. 


Rats,  4ii(.>.  4-H>,  4511. 

Rebellion.     Sec  1,,,-oirrertionx. 

Reception  of  Perry,  3os,  314,  ;:20,  347,  348. 

Reception  at  Washington,  324. 

Red  tape.  340. 

Kefrc.-limeiHs,  42-i,  431.     See  Dirt,  Dinner.  Saigo  yvichinoMike,  302.  312,  315. 

!-!eg;i!ia  of  the  Japanese  sovereigns,  50,  58,  SaigO  Yorimichi,  218,  503,  575,  577. 

01.  122,  130,  130.  1^4.  Saikei,  or  Saikin.     See  Kifitu. 
1,'e^ents.  70,  lo'.i,  110,  244,  200,  305.                        ;  Sailors,  native,  240.  3-vi,  403. 
Relay  towns,  204.  422.                                              '  Sailors,  foreign.  347,  350,  403.  542. 
Relics,  40,  111  (note).                                             |  Sajima,  iss  (note). 

Rijigiou.  33,  :!4,  52,  01,  so,  s3,  S8,  SO,  02,  05,  00-  Salvador!.  5:17. 

loo,  15>-175,  300,  3(11,  323,  555,  501,  578.  Sake,  31,  207,  2o^,  331,  357,  4^. 

Remington  rille-,  411.  Sakurada  Avenue,  307,  304. 

Remiio,  173.  Salt,  'J7,  3>7,  442,  407,  470,  511,  003. 

Rents  of  land,  5x5,  OOfi.  Salt-making.  540. 

Representative  ^overmnent.  50(5,  574.  Sama,  title,  30  (note),  237. 

Ke-eniblances  between   Buddhism  and  Ro-  Sameshima.  400. 

man  Christianity,  2,52.  Samisen,  304,408. 

Revenue,  135-130,  222,  474.  Sam  Patch,  548,  5SO. 

Revenue,  lo'.),  140.  ^7:1.  274,  275,  278,  508.     See  Samurai,  83,  100,  108,  27s,  420,  574,  000. 

Ttir.i-x.  Sandals,  350,  :;so. 

Revival.-    of   pure    Shinto,  3oO  :    of   ancient  Sandwich  Inlands,  570--58I. 

leaniiui:,  2'.»s  ;  of  P.uddhism,  103.  Sanetomo,  Us. 

Rii-e.  311,  4-,  4'.i,  53,  Kit,  107,  143,  273,  27^,  355,  Sanjo  Saneyosbi.  300,  313,  503. 

372,  :M,  4HO,  415.  41S,  423,  470,  400,  500,  515,  Sanke,  273,  307. 

523.  5-f,.  (',05-007.  Sanskrit,  1(12,  100,  245,  3S7,  440. 

Rii-iiantron,  Mr.,  350,  502.  Sapporo,  OIK 

Riddle--.  405.  Saratoga.  Cajie,  320. 
Riding,  300.  52-,  520.                                               I  Saris.  2C.1. 

RitU's,  311,  350,  513,  508.  Sasaki  Oonroku,  424,  513,  510,  537. 


(it-  i\/)j-:x. 

Satow,    Mr.    l->i:e-t.  ii'>.  I'.'.',  W,  1H<\  i;i<,  :>,i>r>  Shimojo.  Mr..  r>47. 

Sat-aina.  IVin.  <•  of.  :;ui.  .v.i-j.  MI:;.  MI,',. 

Sat-;;ni  i.  .  !an.  ii',7.  -.','.'.  iT-1.  i7(',,  i77.  :innT  ;;ul,  Shin:ii.ra\va.  .,«;•_'. 

Savatier'-.  !-:ii'.iiiic:  a:io,  i;i,  i4.  Shim:o.  1-7. 

S-i«  a  N-  'V,iyo-hi.  IHiy.  Shinran,  1  7n.  -I1"1.  .'>:>-. 

s.iuiiij.  :;r.r,.  shin  M-i't.  i7n,  17:;.  174.  i".:(, 'i:>4. 

Snyonai-a,  ;;.v.t.  41:'..  4!-,  .',41.  >hinlo.  -^  :  model  of  tenijile.  '.in  :  festivals,1. 

Se.-iiery.  .'i7,  -i.  -:;.  HI,   Hi.  11-,  li<,  l.r>4.  inr..  din.  •_,',!.  :',un.  :;.il.  4in,  .Jll,  41'j  ;  Mirines,  Ui 

I!-    Ii.',.  4UI'.,  4:17.   17:;,  47  t.  477,  47-.  .','•;;,  M4.  Ships     See  .\.trnl. 

,'.-.':;.  r,:;7.  Ml-.'i.M i.  Shiio  \ania.    S(.'i>  lltikiizaii. 


SlnViii!.  c,r>,  14'J.  l.V,.  V.'T,  -JT:'.,  IU3. 

,  siuVumitc.    s,-.-  /;,(/.--//--. 
Mi.  i-.  ;;:.•;.  ::»;4. :;»;:..  ;;7n,  :;7-.  :;7!'.  MI',  wit. 

Shuyrn.   U!. 

s,"u'!ii:_'. :;:;.  :i;;i.  :;:;•_',  4iM;.  siiriiii's.  71,  ^'.i.  -\'.',<'>.  tiou.    Soc  T>-tn)>l-it. 

S,  nljijurc.     S'<-  Cni-ri,iLi.  Slitl-Ici.  I'.n.li.  t'.i'J,  4'.i;i. 

S.-:i-L'.iil,  »'.<•-.  Shllt-ikil.  1--. 

Seal  .,(' ),..,„„!.  •_'.',«;.  'J-r>.  Si.     SoiMiiidvr.sA/. 

Si   i-ons,  •.'.">.  Tx^,  ,V.tn.  Siain.  ill. -.'lii. 

S-:i-wci>(l,  A'), '.MI,  r.'4.  Silu-ria.  ac.  i7,  :5tVt. 

Sens  of  n>.iiM!,i-ni.  liVJ,  103.  104,  175.  Sid.ittf.  Abbi',  -.'f,-.',  '2G:l. 

•  ciiijiomr,  I4ii,  1ST).  Silk.x;  vi!otf  .  (',n7. 

Tai  SliuL'iin,  1 ).',  -j74,  ::]-J.  :;Ki.  Silver.  GM-J  r,nr,.  •'.n-. 

^i'ki.      So<'  ','  ^\?i:'':\>^-'j;\r'i~.      Src  d'.i.-tfm. 

Si"k;j.iii:i'  i.  -j •_'.'.  -J.'i.r>.  -ji'.i'i,  -_'r,7,  -.T,-,  -jiv.i,  -j;-;,  sin_'!i.'  cuiuliat-,  i-'.'.  -Jl^. 

r,t:..  sitiin-  pnsiurc,  :;l,:;r,t;,  ;;c,.r>,  41::,  4 'J  1,4-15. 

>'Vinnni].     Si"v  .••''! a- '"inn.  Six  /:iard-.  '_'7.'i. 

S.'inlai.  r.-fi.  Sl:ivc-;r'i(!i'.  it),  it-.  ir,4,  .W,,  f,r,7. 

Sc;,ii'ik:).  ir.f1.,  I'.'li.  iil,  -_MU,  ^7i,  ;;i4)  r,H.  Sli-    ;:.  4il.  4i::.  -J';-.   17-'. 

Sei-ptMits.    s.'c  y/i  -  "  I*;-.  47n.  r.f.i. 

s-rvjint".  .",»•».  n:1,  nr,.  Sm. ikinif.  i.'.-.  :i47,:i7--',  421,  r ,  .vii.  r,i-,  r.:; 

S.-rvi!i!v.  i:.'..  i:in.  r,7". 

>.  fit  in  "in  'it  •'•  iif-iU*.  :>n.  ">nak.  -.  '.-.  :i-'.'.  .',!".  .'rjr,. 

St'to  :vlii.     Si-c  //;'.;,!-/  vV(i.  Snow.  •-'.'..  -.;    Huh'  .  !-.'4,  4'i>.  I',::.  4i".  4-V.i, 

S.-;t>;i.  c,i.  I"'.'.  -M.V  .'•-'.'. 

si,,k:i.    Set- /;»././/•(£.  sn. . \v-.-iiiif-., 4-.'i,r>4-.'. 

S:,rr|i,  iV'>;.  So  family.  i'li. 

si;.-:;-.  •_•;(..  IH.-,.  1-7.  !',:<.  t:.:t  Snap.  :;M;.  Mf. 

Si,.-:)   M    •,  (i  ikko.  r,..~      [nrorpor.itcd  with  Sm-i;il  cnMnnis,  !12-:?4.  .'.:?.!>::.  !'4. 1nri~lii7.  li', 
[IM;I.        loll      .  \\h;.  ii  -(•••.  KI',  in--ii.;.  i.'ii   iil,  ii-.  4:;r.-44n.  4,v.M7 

S!,«-;,h  .          -    (i..  mi.  :,.;-.  :  ill. 

-  .  ••  -oil.  in.  in.  (<\.  •.".»!•.. ^iri-«;u7. 

:-;.    --.'.'-!'.  ii'H.  Sol, !:.•!•-.  :.i'.i'.. 

..  ',  i:;-,  •-':;:>,  i4'i,  ill,  i:;s,  Solomon,  the  .lapiineM1.  Mm-.Mii. 

.'7  Sol      -.:.  I. -17.  :::.--'.  M'1.  4"i.  l-i    il"tc-.  454,  '4!'. 
Sin  !/-'i    k  i.  •-"•.]     i-l,  ..'-I,  M7.  .'-4-.  Ml. 

-       -    .tl:'..4M  SI?>:II,OM.  l.r..  -!-.  i'.'. 

H'.i.  Sove:-.  :.-ii-.  !i-l  of.  Ii::. 
S..-iI.  It'.".  47i. 

MI  ilvnfl-ty,  1--,  1-0.  I'.'i. 

-    ,  ,7.  -  i-.     -lioy:i  ,  id..  ;;,',7.  4.V,,  UN;. 

',i  r.'.i-j,  -      r:  ,\v-.  ii...  ,M..'I.  r,i7. 

s!  S|  e  ."  .  xL'i-<  i-i-,  4:1.,. 


1XDEX. 


049 


Spiritual  emperor,  140,185. 

Sponire-cake,  25^  200,  428,517. 

Sports.  209,  350,  452-105. 

Sportsmen,  3.94,  397,  549. 

Springs.  21,12s 

Stature.  47n.  590. 

Steamboat,  414,  415,597. 

Steamships,  328,  339,347,575,597. 

Steatite,  Ol>3. 

Stirrups,  300,  457,  530. 

Stockings  :',7::.  434,537. 

Stone  Age,  29. 

Ptimticnll,  iron-clad  ram,  72,  3C2,  597. 

Stories.  :;5.  49(1-503. 

Stork^.  24.  109,  420. 

Storms.  25.  1  7s  1^S  -4T9,  525,  5S9. 

Story-teller?.  423, 491. 

Stowaway-,  32^. 

Straw.  90.  :;f,s.  :>,i;o.  42G. 

Street-cries.  333,  427. 

Street-tumblers.  332. 

Student  sin  America,  57,329,358,522,523,503 

StxTosion  to  the  throne,  04,  110. 

SuckiiiL'  breath.  211  (note),  222,  524. 

Sudani.  4Mi. 

Suirawara,  K>9,  115,  110,400. 

Suicide.   144,   150,  190,  221,  240,  315,  473,  55( 

(note.. 
Snido.  !-s  (note). 

Sulphur,  21,  002-005. 

Sumida  Kiver,  131,  378,482. 

Sumpu,  547  (note).    See  Slridzt'wka. 

Sunday,  200,  402,  4^0. 

Sunday-schools,  351,  426. 

St!!i-L'"dde-s,  4S 

Sun-worship.  5tJ,  97,  580. 

Superstition.  25,  400-408,  570. 

Surface  of  the  country,  17-25,  G3,  *U,  21=:,  ooil 

41  I.  412,  59fi. 

Stir'-reoo-.  221,  300  (note),  '',75.  571  (note). 
SUI-ULM,  01.  09,  131,  132,  230,  2G5,  284,  370,  374 

415.  547,  5  IS  573. 
S:ini_'a  dai,  :;74,599. 
Sutras,  -Jii3. 
Suwo,  250. 

Su/ume.  47.  48,  53,  491. 
Swans.  397. 

Sweetmeats,  359,  422.  517,  54S. 
Sweet-potatoes,  355,  517.  540. 
Sword-racks,  372,  415,  434,  550. 
Swords.  49.  09,  154,  155,  221-225.  300, 


37-1- 
488, 


T  in  combination,  <l. 

Tables,  200,  423,  424,  533,  541. 

Tablets,  2S9,  3S1,  383,  440. 

Tachibana  hime,  70. 

Tachibana,  70. 

Tadamori,  118. 

Taiko,  237.    See  UUfiinxhi. 

Taikun,  273  (uotc),  2SO,  287,  295,  304-36T. 

Taira  family,  109,  115-139,  1S8,  214,  215,  216, 

229,  23(1,  400,  419,  017. 
Taka  Island,  181. 
Takanawa,  302,  400. 
Takashimaya,  Mr.,  334. 
Takeda,  217. 

Takcfu,  1 70.  419,  422, 423,  541. 
Takenouehi,  79,  419  (note). 
Tukiaivj,  steamer,  593. 
Tales.    See  Folk-lore. 
Tumagushi,  40. 
Tametomo,  121,  122. 
Tamura,  2S 

TuHfi'i'dc,  French  man-of-war,  593. 
Tanegashima,  24^. 
Tanners.    See  Eta, 
Tartars,  35. 
Tartary,  170-1S1. 
Tatsu  no  kuehi,  177. 
Tattooing,  32,  512. 
Taxes,  03,  104,  100, 107,  140,  141,  151,  205,  217, 

f>98,  ('iOO. 

Tayasu  Kamenosuke,  504. 
Tea,  112,  337,  357,  300,  3S7,  3SS,  409,  410,  415, 

471,  472,  542,  599. 
Tea-crop,  599. 

Tea-houses,  358,  359,  3>S,  523.  542. 
Teachers,  S3,  109,  150,  204,  371,  527,  503,  577. 
Teeth,  32,  80,  210,  21 1  (note),  359,  362,  409,  507, 

544. 

Telegraphs,  343,  350.  473,  545,  575,  OIK. 
Temples,  01,  7o,  79,  88,  90-97,  99,  131,  157,  17::, 

199,  2(i4,  200,  22%  229,  232,  242.  24.r>,  252.  284, 

285,  287-290,  378- .390,  400,  410,  411,  419,  438. 
Teniujii),  144  (note). 
Ten  Shu  Dai  Jin.    See  Amatemnu. 
Tengu,  409,  487. 
TeHiin,1lO,  144  (note). 
Tenno,  30,  39. 
Terashima  Mnm'nori,  399. 
Terraces,  04.  90,91,  417,  41s 
Thatched  roofs,  89,  90,  212,  328,  420. 
Theatres.  94,  4i>7,  515. 
Thieves,  140,  195. 
Throe  jewel.".     See  R-'finlia. 
Thunder,  4,84,  4^1,  589. 
Tidal  wave,  25,  !!4S  477,  4sO. 
Tiilin,  370. 
Tiger,  500,  509,  5v_>. 
Ti-er  .-kins,  220. 
Tiles,  3-vJ,  394,  ;;U7.  43,0. 


Twins  1C,-. 

TWO-MVO:  <lfi'.  nu'li.     Set1  N.r/M//-.<(',  Stci>r<!x. 
Tii:.  r.i-;;.  ••,»;,.  Tycoon.     Si-c  Sl,i"iun,  Titi-kun. 

Ti:-i!-li,  'J'i;        :t  Typhoon,  17i'>,  17-,  1-1,  477.  r.2S,  579,  r>-0. 

T.I!M.  i  •_•:;.  ill,  ii-J. 

T.  'I'.i'vo,  -•'>-.  '"i1.  T>"1.  '>7'>.     St'o  *i,i»kiii-i.  I'.  i'l-onomii-fil  a-  »  ill  >•»«/<',  or  n»  in  6""f. 

!•.'".  .''",•-'.  •'.!''>.  r>  17.  r_".i;-n.     Si-r  O"-A-"i.. 

;.-..  :;n;.  1:4-,  :;.',::  :;»•,•_•  .  -H4.  M.r.  r,4'.i.  I'.m.        I.ji.  >u. 
;     :ni"tlifl-    |i|-oiuiiir::itioii     n!'    'I'okiri,      I'kt'iiitM'hi,  4H.  -11!'  \liotoi. 
wliich  M-C.  I'inbivlla-.  .'M.  i::.',. 

I'niU'.l  Sjnu--.  rflniitui-  «  ii!i  Japan,  29'.>.  ;'.":!. 


-.u;i.  r,7.  KM.  ^7"  -J7t.  •J-7--2!'i'.  •2'.»4--J1.' 

;.;,  ;«i-,  M7.  r.t-.  r,m,  r.-c,. 
T..',i.  :;•-,". 

T.  unli;.  nf  cinixTiirs.  i'i-.',  ir)7. 

T.-iiili-  nf  MioL'iin-.  ii-4-  -"."'. 
Toiul'Moiit--.  r,l  i. 
••  Tuininy.'  4"1. 
Tuinuyr.  i:;r,   n  no  .  ir.-. 
T.  ,!.,'  ...TAJ.  ;;'.'!. 
T.in-Mf.  44.  Ml. 
T  i]  -.  l.'.'.i. 


Tow-path.  ',-•<•.  I"' 
T..y..ioiui.i;:;7.    s(  ,   / 
T.IV-.  :n;ii.  :i7-.'.  4.vj   • 
T../-iiiiM.--'7.'-. 
Tr.i.!--i!  .::  .:•-.  1'  7. 


i  '-.:.  t.iki  nniri.  171.  47r>. 
iKitioii.  Ut;.  n-.    Sf, 

1  '     :Min:i.  .,17.  ::.'!',  .'.I-. 
r\t'i,.>.  -j~7.  :;"i'..  :;!.'). 
Cyt'siiL'i.  217. 


V.    TliiTf  i-  no  /•  in  Ja]);uu'M'.    See  uiuVr  IV. 

V.-ni  Kt-i-tl.  K.,  r,'."J.  .'.!•:!. 

Viii    \  n  ki  nbiTL'ti,  (..•iHTiil.  I'M. 

v:1-rn  i!a  <;  nna.  -J47. 

V.-L'c'aliit  -.  ^'..  V.'.  2n:'..  :i.r>7.  " 


V,.I,-an  i.-.  •-">.  21. 
r.'i-li-.'J"::  •-'".'•.  •-'71.'.  2-'.  ::r..\  raw.  r.iMi.  n  M     i-:e:\  !• 

-.  1  1-.1,  ::•''.  ..-.  ;•  '     i-jt.  471.  M>'.I,  Ml       \  •..•;•,.••,!.'.•:-.;;-::. 
:,;;;.  \'  >\v-,  I'.r.'.  -."J-. 

:-.'  ;-r,!v  il.-s      '  '    •     '    '   .  .  !"l.r.'.'-.  r,n-. 
i>,    i-'iiv-h;']-.   !-'.  IV-'.  "^       '•  -.  '•'>•'•>• 

-.  :.i,;.  :;.,,•,.  .  ;  .>.  :,;  7,  :;4-.  \\  k  .....  i  -fi.  :\\\  ::f,r,. 

T  ....-,•..;.  17   ..  \\  iki/  i-ii'.     S,  .    Dirk. 

-  .     s,  \V  '  '.'  -,  Mr..  -•'-,-. 

\\  •    .-::. 


\V- 


;.-  i.  •,.•- 

.     I,,.]. 


L\L>EX. 


051 


Wayside  shrines,  S3,  SO,  19?,  252,  541. 
Weasel,  471,  4S2. 

Weather  probabilities,  44T,  469. 

Weaving,  31,  :!i!,  40,  4!l,  53,  540. 

Webber  Isle,  329. 

Weddings,  43S  471,  472,  515. 

Whalebone,  45s. 

Whales,  299. 

Wheat,  340,  007. 

Wheaton's  ''International  Law," 399. 

Wheeled  vehicles,  114.  212,  332,  333,  334. 

Wild  fowl,  24,  132,  394,  420,  537. 

William  the  Conqueror,  5^5. 

Wiutl,  4M,  5-9. 

Wind-imp,  4S3. 

Windows,  394.  44S,  471. 

Winter,  25,  72  (note),  124,  404,  540,  545,  5SS, 

Wurman,  Mr.  A.     See  Punch. 

Wistaria,  274. 

Wo.    See  under  0  or  O. 

Woo.     See  under  U. 

Wood-cutter,  390,495,503. 

Wolves,  -.'4,  :'o9,  540. 

Woman,  41,  75,  117  (note),  20S,  210,  212,  213, 

551.501.     See  /•'< -'nirilf  rharai'trrx. 
••  Woman's  Great  S;udy,"  L'll,  212,  555. 
WOOIIIL',  3S5.  523.  524. 
Wool,  000. 

Wrestling.  34s.  4:;:i,  441,  442,  519. 
Wri!ii',_%  HI.  92,  11::,  114,  153,  1G2,  194,  20G,  212, 

402. 
H>, ,/////./,  U.  S.  S.,  593. 

X.  For  words  beginning  with  x  in  Portu- 
irue-e  books,  or  those  copied  therefrom, 
see  tinder  >'/</. 

Xaviev,  249,  250,  252,  412. 


YaLT'.ira  (castle-towers),  414. 

Yakuiiin  (business  man,  official),  421,  52G. 

Vamu-bushi,  2oO. 

Yamanouchi,  5SG. 

Yamaoka  Jiro,  523. 

Y.amashiro,  02. 

Yamato,  lid,  57,  5s:,  05,  309,  523. 

Yainato-Dake  no  mikoto,  09,  72.  73,  419  (nntt 

Yamaro  damashi,  31S,  435,  571,  597. 

Yama/.aki.  409. 

Yashiki,  393,  394,  397,  39S,  407,  427,  530,  503. 

Yasuke,  230. 

Yasutoki.  149. 

Yatabori,  Mr.,  543. 

Yawata,  4lo,  -111. 

Year,  divisions,  63. 

Years,  critical  in  life,  472. 

Yedo,  204,  205,  307.  31s.     See  T<~>ki~>. 

Yexo,  19,  20-35,  Our,,  Oi>7. 

Yodo,  river,  112,  4Hv4Hl. 

Y(jdo,  town,  411. 

Yokohama.  ,';27-352,  399,  5S9. 

Yokosuka,  202,  502. 

Yoriiye,  147,  14S. 

Yorimasa,  5sl. 

Yoritomo,  125-144,  223.  241,  293.  323,  404,  4C 

Yoshida  Kiyonari,  Mr.,  503  (note). 

Yosliida  Shoiu,  305,  300. 

Yoshinaka,  134. 

Yoshitomo,  111,121,  123. 

Yoshitsune,  34,  124,  143,  144,  200,  404,  45S,  51 

Yoshiye,  117. 

Yoshiwara,  302,  304,  555,  550. 

Yuri.     See  Mitsfi-i'ika. 

Z.     Sec  under  J  or  N. 
Zempnknji,  400,  401. 
Zen  sec!,  1(!2,  li'.-i. 
Zodiac  siirns.  i>s-2,  5sO.  Oil. 
Zo/,oji,  2s7,  2bS,  2s'J,  290,  394. 


THE  END, 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 

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